CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alfred Hugenberg - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f37dd47f-4858-44ca-810d-6b6ffb881a3c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alfred_Hugenberg","wgTitle":"Alfred Hugenberg","wgCurRevisionId":1258679952,"wgRevisionId":1258679952,"wgArticleId":239459,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2021","Use American English from October 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles that may be too long from August 2022","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023","Articles containing French-language text", "Articles needing additional references from February 2024","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is on Wikidata","1865 births","1951 deaths","Politicians from Hanover","People from the Kingdom of Hanover","People from the Province of Hanover","National Liberal Party (Germany) politicians","German Fatherland Party politicians","German National People's Party politicians","Alldeutscher Verband members","Members of the Weimar National Assembly","Members of the Reichstag 1920–1924","Members of the Reichstag 1924","Government ministers of Nazi Germany","Leaders of political parties in Germany","German Protestants","20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)","German anti-communists","Agriculture ministers of Germany","Agriculture ministers of Prussia","Economy ministers of Germany","German mass media owners","19th-century German publishers (people)","German nationalists","Political party founders","Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger", "Members of the Reichstag 1924–1928","Members of the Reichstag 1928–1930","Members of the Reichstag 1930–1932","Members of the Reichstag 1932","Members of the Reichstag 1932–1933","Members of the Reichstag 1933","Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936","Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938","Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alfred_Hugenberg","wgRelevantArticleId":239459,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby": true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q65121","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1714"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1143"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="914"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alfred Hugenberg - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alfred_Hugenberg rootpage-Alfred_Hugenberg skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alfred+Hugenberg" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alfred+Hugenberg" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alfred+Hugenberg" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alfred+Hugenberg" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Political philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairman_at_Krupp_Steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairman_at_Krupp_Steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Chairman at Krupp Steel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairman_at_Krupp_Steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 First World War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First World War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annexationist_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexationist_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Annexationist beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexationist_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_media_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_media_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Beginnings of media empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_media_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_disillusionment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_disillusionment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Post-war disillusionment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_disillusionment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalist_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nationalist leader </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nationalist_leader-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nationalist leader subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_National_People's_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_National_People's_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 German National People's Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_National_People's_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_media_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_media_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Growth of media empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_media_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_reparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_reparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Opposition to reparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_reparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Putsch_discussions_with_Heinrich_Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Putsch_discussions_with_Heinrich_Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Putsch discussions with Heinrich Class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Putsch_discussions_with_Heinrich_Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_DNVP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_DNVP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Leader of the DNVP </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leader_of_the_DNVP-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leader of the DNVP subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_DNVP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ousting_of_Westarp_as_party_chairman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ousting_of_Westarp_as_party_chairman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ousting of Westarp as party chairman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ousting_of_Westarp_as_party_chairman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism_and_the_Führerprinzip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism_and_the_Führerprinzip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Nationalism and the Führerprinzip </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism_and_the_Führerprinzip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_politics_of_polarization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_politics_of_polarization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 The politics of polarization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_politics_of_polarization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The politics of polarization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_politics_of_polarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Young_Plan_and_work_with_the_Nazis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_Young_Plan_and_work_with_the_Nazis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Opposition to the Young Plan and work with the Nazis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Young_Plan_and_work_with_the_Nazis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_failures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_failures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Leadership failures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_failures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Harzburg_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Harzburg_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 The Harzburg Front </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Harzburg_Front-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Harzburg Front subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Harzburg_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DNVP-Nazi_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNVP-Nazi_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 DNVP-Nazi cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNVP-Nazi_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNVP_losses_and_rise_of_the_Nazis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNVP_losses_and_rise_of_the_Nazis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 DNVP losses and rise of the Nazis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNVP_losses_and_rise_of_the_Nazis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hitler's_rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hitler's_rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Hitler's rise to power </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hitler's_rise_to_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hitler's rise to power subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hitler's_rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negotiations_with_Papen_and_Hitler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_with_Papen_and_Hitler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Negotiations with Papen and Hitler </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_with_Papen_and_Hitler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_the_Hitler_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_the_Hitler_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Member of the Hitler cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_the_Hitler_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_from_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_from_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Removal from politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Removal_from_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Removal from politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Removal_from_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers_by_Scherl-Verlags_(bought_by_Hugenberg)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_by_Scherl-Verlags_(bought_by_Hugenberg)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Newspapers by Scherl-Verlags (bought by Hugenberg) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_by_Scherl-Verlags_(bought_by_Hugenberg)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers_owned_or_partly_owned_by_Hugenberg-company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_owned_or_partly_owned_by_Hugenberg-company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Newspapers owned or partly owned by Hugenberg-company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_owned_or_partly_owned_by_Hugenberg-company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alfred Hugenberg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="ألفريد هوغنبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفريد هوغنبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Альфрэд Гугенберг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфрэд Гугенберг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Альфрэд Гугенбэрг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альфрэд Гугенбэрг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="آلفرد هوگنبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد هوگنبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9B%84%EA%B2%90%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="알프레트 후겐베르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알프레트 후겐베르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="אלפרד הוגנברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד הוגנברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ ჰუგენბერგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალფრედ ჰუგენბერგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredus_Hugenberg" title="Alfredus Hugenberg – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfredus Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Алфред Хугенберг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алфред Хугенберг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="الفريد هوجنبرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفريد هوجنبرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="アルフレート・フーゲンベルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレート・フーゲンベルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Гугенберг, Альфред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гугенберг, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Алфред Хугенберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфред Хугенберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred Hugenberg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Альфред Гугенберг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред Гугенберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%B9%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="阿尔弗雷德·胡根贝格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·胡根贝格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q65121#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alfred_Hugenberg" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alfred_Hugenberg" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&oldid=1258679952" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Alfred_Hugenberg&id=1258679952&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlfred_Hugenberg">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlfred_Hugenberg">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alfred_Hugenberg" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q65121" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German businessman and politician (1865–1951)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Talk:Alfred Hugenberg">talk page</a>. (August 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Alfred Hugenberg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500,_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Hugenberg in 1933</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_economics_ministers" title="List of German economics ministers">Reich Minister of Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 January 1933 – 29 June 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Hermann Warmbold</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Reich Minister for Food and Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 January 1933 – 29 June 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_von_Braun_(senior)" title="Magnus von Braun (senior)">Magnus von Braun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 21 October 1928 – 27 June 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">Kuno von Westarp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Party abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1920–1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westphalia_North_(electoral_district)" title="Westphalia North (electoral district)">Westphalia North</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_National_Assembly" title="Weimar National Assembly">German National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 6 February 1919 – 21 May 1920</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alfred Ernst Christian Alexander Hugenberg</div> (1865-06-19)19 June 1865 <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 March 1951(1951-03-12) (aged 85) <a href="/wiki/Extertal" title="Extertal">Kükenbruch</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1933–1951)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (1918–1933) <a href="/wiki/German_Fatherland_Party" title="German Fatherland Party">German Fatherland Party</a> (1917–1918)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Gertrud Adickes (1900–1951)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strassburg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism in Germany</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft">Gemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mannheim_stabbing" title="2024 Mannheim stabbing">2024 Mannheim stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018">Erklärung 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a> (1918, 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a> (2017)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> (BP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> (BD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> (CSU)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> (ÖDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> (REP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> (WU)</li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> (BVP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> (FKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> (DkP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> (DVP)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Alfred Ernst Christian Alexander Hugenberg (19 June 1865 – 12 March 1951) was an influential German businessman and politician. An important figure in nationalist politics in Germany during the first three decades of the twentieth century, Hugenberg became the country's leading media proprietor during the 1920s. As leader of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>, he played a part in helping <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> become <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor of Germany</a> and served in his <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler Cabinet">first cabinet</a> in 1933, hoping to control Hitler and use him as his tool. The plan failed, and by the end of 1933 Hugenberg had been pushed to the sidelines. Although he continued to serve as a guest member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> until 1945, he wielded no political influence.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Following World War II, he was interned by the British in 1946 and classified as "exonerated" in 1951 after undergoing <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>. Hugenberg's fundamental political and philosophical principles can be traced back to his youth. His university studies and early work organizing agricultural societies led him to view the independent farmer or small businessman as the ideal German. He believed in <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>, despised communism, socialism and trade unions, and was in general skeptical of big business and finance. He thought that Germany needed an authoritarian government – ideally a monarchy – and strongly supported nationalism and imperialism in the belief that Germany could be secure only as a great power. The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern monarchy">Hohenzollern monarchy</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> came as a tremendous shock, and from that point until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi state">Nazi state</a> in 1933 he focused on bringing down the parliamentary government of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Hugenberg earned degrees in both economics and law. In 1891, at the age of twenty-six, he co-founded the nationalist organization that later became the <a href="/wiki/Pan-German_League" title="Pan-German League">Pan-German League</a>. He worked in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> civil service and in private business before joining the <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> steel works where he was chairman of the board of directors from 1909 until 1918. His work there led to seats on other supervisory boards and trade associations.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Hugenberg was an annexationist who wanted the Empire to expand to the east through German settlements. He blamed Germany's defeat on Jews and socialists who had supposedly <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stabbed the Germany army in the back</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197711-4">[4]</a> After the war, Hugenberg left Krupp to concentrate on politics and building up the media empire that he had started in 1916 when he bought the <a href="/wiki/Scherl" class="mw-redirect" title="Scherl">Scherl</a> publishing house. That purchase was followed by the news agency Telegraphen-Union, numerous newspapers and in 1927 a controlling interest in the <a href="/wiki/Universum-Film_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Universum-Film AG">Universum-Film-<abbr>AG</abbr></a> (Ufa), a major film producer.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> Hugenberg's media outlets provided stiff and sometimes dominating competition to older liberal media companies such as <a href="/wiki/Ullstein_Verlag" title="Ullstein Verlag">Ullstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mosse" title="Rudolf Mosse">Mosse</a> (both of which were owned by Jews). As a representative of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP), Hugenberg was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_National_Assembly" title="Weimar National Assembly">Weimar National Assembly</a> from 1919–20 and then of the German <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> until 1945. For many years he provided the majority of the DNVP's funds, and his influence dominated the right-wing press in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> As the most influential voice in the DNVP's pan-German bloc, he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a>, which attempted to resolve the issues surrounding Germany's <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations payments</a>, in the belief that a return to the economic chaos of <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a> would bring down the Republic. Hugenberg became chairman of the DNVP after the party's substantial losses in the <a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928 Reichstag elections</a>. He obtained "dictatorial" leadership powers and tried to transform the party into a "Hugenberg movement". He also shifted emphasis to the extra-parliamentary sphere with the aim of forcing the replacement of parliamentary government by an authoritarian regime.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> His radicalism caused the DNVP to split, with many key industrialists leaving the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163-5">[5]</a> Hugenberg's first tentative media support of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> came following the failed <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> in 1923. The relationship deepened in 1929 when the DNVP and Nazis joined forces in an unsuccessful bid to stop the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a>, a second attempt to resolve the reparations issue. The two parties were also part of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Harzburg_Front" title="Harzburg Front">Harzburg Front</a> of 1931 that was formed to create a united front against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Br%C3%BCning_cabinet" title="Second Brüning cabinet">government of Chancellor Heinrich Brüning</a>. Both efforts at cooperation benefited the Nazis more than the DNVP. The Nazis gained the most from the radicalization of the middle classes, and the moderate elements in the DNVP continued to move away from the party.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> By early 1933 Hugenberg realized that his attempt to ally with the Nazis had failed and that they presented a danger to the state and society. He nevertheless became minister of Economics and of Food and Agriculture in the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Hitler cabinet</a>. He became increasingly isolated in the cabinet and failed in his attempt to become "economic dictator". He was forced out of the cabinet after five months, on the same day that the DNVP voted to disband. After that he no longer had any political influence and over time also had to cede his media holdings to the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> After World War II he was interned by the British. He died in 1951. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political philosophy">edit</a>]</div> Born in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> to Carl Hugenberg, a royal <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanoverian</a> official who in 1867 entered the <a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fischer_Landtag" class="mw-redirect" title="Preußischer Landtag">Prussian Landtag</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a>, the young Hugenberg studied law in <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, as well as economics in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strassburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kirk-6">[6]</a> As a child, he had a love of writing poetry, which was strongly discouraged by his father who instead raised Hugenberg to be a bureaucrat like himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977174-7">[7]</a> In 1891, Hugenberg was awarded a PhD at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strassburg</a> for his dissertation Internal Colonization in Northwest Germany,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19771-8">[8]</a> in which he set out three ideas that guided his political thought for the rest of his life: <ul><li>The necessity for <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> economic policies to allow German farmers to be successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19771-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Despite the necessity for the state to assist farmers, the German farmer should be encouraged to act as an entrepreneur, thereby creating a class of successful farmers/small businessmen who would act as a bulwark against the appeal of the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a>, whom Hugenberg viewed as a grave threat to the status quo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19771-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Finally, allowing German farmers to be successful required a policy of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, as Hugenberg argued on <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">social Darwinist</a> grounds that the "power and significance of the German race" could be secured if Germany colonized other nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19771-8">[8]</a> Hugenberg maintained that Germany's prosperity depended upon having a great empire, and argued that, in the coming 20th century, Germany would have to battle three great rivals, namely Britain, the United States and Russia, for world supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19771-8">[8]</a></li></ul> Later in 1891, Hugenberg co-founded, along with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Peters">Karl Peters</a>, the ultra-nationalist General German League, and in 1894 its successor movement, the <a href="/wiki/Pan-German_League" title="Pan-German League">Pan-German League</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alldeutscher_Verband" class="mw-redirect" title="Alldeutscher Verband">Alldeutscher Verband</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kirk-6">[6]</a> From 1894 to 1899, Hugenberg worked as a Prussian civil servant in <a href="/wiki/Posen_(region)" title="Posen (region)">Posen</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań, Poland">Poznań, Poland</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19771-8">[8]</a> In 1900, he married his second cousin, Gertrud Adickes (1868–1960), with whom he had four children.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Gertrude was the daughter of Franz Burchard Adickes, Mayor of Frankfurt. The son of an upper-middle-class family, Hugenberg initially resented the <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a> (landed nobility), but over time he came to accept the idea of "feudal-industrial control of Germany", believing in an alliance of Junkers and industrialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977168-10">[10]</a> Alongside these beliefs, Hugenberg maintained an ardent belief in imperialism and opposition to democracy and socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977169-11">[11]</a> At the same time, Hugenberg became involved in a scheme in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Settlement_Commission" title="Prussian Settlement Commission">Prussian Settlement Commission</a> bought land from Poles in order to settle ethnic Germans there.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder-12">[12]</a> In 1899, Hugenberg called for "annihilation of Polish population".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Hugenberg was strongly anti-Polish, and criticized the Prussian government for its "inadequate" Polish policies, favoring a more vigorous policy of <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19771–2-14">[14]</a> Hugenberg initially took a role organizing agricultural societies before entering the civil service in the Prussian Ministry of Finance in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder-12">[12]</a> Hugenberg came into conflict with his superiors, who opposed his plans to confiscate all the non-productive estates of the Junkers in order to settle hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans who would become his idealized farmer-small businessmen and "Germanize" the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19772-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairman_at_Krupp_Steel">Chairman at Krupp Steel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chairman at Krupp Steel">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach_in_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach_in_1915.jpg/163px-Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach_in_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach_in_1915.jpg/245px-Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach_in_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach_in_1915.jpg/326px-Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach_in_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach in 1915</figcaption></figure> He subsequently left the public sector to pursue a career in business, and in 1909 he was appointed chairman of the supervisory board of <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> Steel where he built up a close personal and political relationship with Baron <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach" title="Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach">Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach</a>, the CEO of Krupp AG.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006373-16">[16]</a> Krupp had been "in search of a man of really superior intelligence" to run the finance department of Krupp AG and found that man in Hugenberg, with his "extraordinary" intelligence and work ethic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19772-15">[15]</a> In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Alfred_Krupp" title="Friedrich Alfred Krupp">Friedrich Alfred Krupp</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> was revealed to the public. He killed himself<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> or died from illness<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> shortly after the Social Democratic newspaper <a href="/wiki/Vorw%C3%A4rts" title="Vorwärts">Vorwärts</a> published love letters he had written to his Italian male lovers. After Krupp's death, the entire firm of Krupp AG was left to his eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Krupp" title="Bertha Krupp">Bertha Krupp</a>. As Krupp AG was one of the world's largest arms manufacturers and the chief supplier of weapons to the German state, the management of Krupp AG was of some interest to the state, and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> did not believe that a woman was capable of running a business. To solve this perceived problem, the Emperor had Bertha marry a career diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach" title="Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach">Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach</a>, who was regarded by the Emperor as a safe man to run Krupp AG. Gustav Krupp, as he was renamed by Wilhelm, knew little about running a business and so depended on his board to assist him. Hugenberg's role in the management of Krupp AG was thus considerably larger than would be indicated by his title of director of finance; in many ways, he was the man who effectively ran the Krupp corporation during his ten years at the firm between 1908 and 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19772–3-20">[20]</a> During his time at Krupp AG, Hugenberg was known for his "inflexibility", "stubbornness", and "self-righteousness" as he constantly fought with the two unions representing the workers, one allied with the Social Democrats (SPD) and the other with the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19773-21">[21]</a> Hugenberg did not approve of either union and instead sponsored a "yellow" union representing the management, making his tenure a time of endless disputes with the workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19773-21">[21]</a> Hugenberg favored the idea of a Werksgemeinschaft (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> economic community), where the Krupp family would act as the patriarchal authority to their workers, granting them higher wages and even junior shares in Krupp AG, in exchange for which the workers would be subservient and loyal to die Firma ("the firm") as Krupp AG was always called.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19773-21">[21]</a> Very little came of his plans for a Werksgemeinschaft, and living conditions and wages for the workers at die Firma did not change very much during Hugenberg's time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19773-21">[21]</a> Hugenberg's interest in having the workers own their own houses stemmed only from his interest in stopping demands for democracy and socialism. His strong social Darwinist views led him to argue that the problem of poverty was a genetic problem, with the poor inheriting bad genes that made them unsuccessful in life. Improving their living standards for him was only necessary to halt demands for political and social change as opposed to a positive goal in and of itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19773-21">[21]</a> At the time, Krupp AG was Europe's largest corporation and one of the largest corporations in the world, and Hugenberg's success in raising annual dividends from 8% in 1908 to 14% in 1913 won him much admiration in the world of German business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19772-15">[15]</a> A more unwelcome appearance in the limelight occurred with the Kornwalzer affair, in which the Social Democrat Reichstag member <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> exposed industrial espionage by Hugenberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19774-22">[22]</a> The management of Krupp AG did not even try to deny the allegations of bribery and industrial espionage, with Krupp arguing in a press article that any attack on the firm of Krupp AG was an attack on the ability of the German state to wage war by the socialist-pacifist SPD, and although several junior employees of Krupp AG were convicted of corruption, Hugenberg and the rest of the Krupp board were never indicted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19774-22">[22]</a> In 1912, Emperor Wilhelm II personally awarded Hugenberg the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a> for his success at Krupp AG, saying that Germany needed more businessmen like Hugenberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19773-21">[21]</a> At the ceremony, Hugenberg praised the Emperor in his acceptance speech and went on to say that democracy would not improve the condition of the German working class, but only a "very much richer, very much greater and very much more powerful Germany" would solve its problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19773-21">[21]</a> After the Social Democrats won the largest number of seats in the Reichstag in the 1912 elections, Hugenberg first became interested in the media. He believed that center-right and right-wing parties such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberals</a> and the Conservatives needed more newspapers to champion their views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19775-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexationist_beliefs">Annexationist beliefs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Annexationist beliefs">edit</a>]</div> As well as administering Krupp's finances with considerable success, Hugenberg also set about developing personal business interests from 1916 onwards, including a controlling interest in the national newsmagazine <a href="/wiki/Die_Gartenlaube" title="Die Gartenlaube">Die Gartenlaube</a> (The Garden Arbor).<a href="#cite_note-Snyder-12">[12]</a> In 1914, Hugenberg welcomed the onset of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and resumed his work with his close friend <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Class">Heinrich Class</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-German_League" title="Pan-German League">Pan-German League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19776-24">[24]</a> During the war, Hugenberg was an annexationist who wanted the war to end with Germany annexing portions of Europe, Africa and Asia to make the German Reich into the world's greatest power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19776-24">[24]</a> In September 1914, Hugenberg and Class co-wrote a memorandum setting out the annexationist platform, which demanded that, once the war was won, Germany would annex Belgium and northern France, British sea power would end, and Russia would be reduced to the "frontiers existing at the time of Peter the Great".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19776-24">[24]</a> Beyond that, Germany was to annex all of the British, French and Belgian colonies in sub-Saharan Africa and create an "economic union" embracing Germany, France, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, Italy, the Scandinavian nations and the nations of the Balkans, which would be dominated by the Reich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19776-24">[24]</a> Finally, the Hugenberg–Class memo called for a policy of colonization in Eastern Europe, where the German state would settle thousands of German farmers in the land annexed from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19776-24">[24]</a> On 7 November 1914, Hugenberg and Class presented their memo before the Central Association of German Industrialists, the Union of Industrialists and the League of German Farmers to ask for their support, which was granted, albeit with the request that Hugenberg and Class rewrite their memo to remove some of the blunter social Darwinist language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19777-25">[25]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg_1913.jpg/166px-Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg_1913.jpg/249px-Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg_1913.jpg/332px-Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg in 1913</figcaption></figure> The chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a>, was initially an annexationist himself but refused to support the annexationists in public. Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire" title="Constitution of the German Empire">Constitution of 1871</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> had limited powers, one of which was the right to pass budgets. In the <a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912 elections</a>, the Social Democrats won more seats in the Reichstag than any other party. In 1914, they split into two factions, with the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democrats</a> opposing the war and the Majority Social Democrats supporting the war on the grounds that Russia was supposedly about to attack Germany. However, the Majority Social Democrats were opposed to the annexationists, and to secure their cooperation in passing budgets, Bethmann Hollweg refused to support the annexationists in public. Bethmann Hollweg's <a href="/wiki/Septemberprogramm" title="Septemberprogramm">Septemberprogramm</a> – drafted in September 1914 at a time when the fall of Paris was believed to be imminent, as the German armies had almost reached the French capital, and to be issued when Paris fell – was remarkably similar to the Hugenberg–Class memo.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Aside from his membership in the Pan-German League, Hugenberg had a more personal reason for being an annexationist. Together with his industrialist friends <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kirdorf" title="Emil Kirdorf">Emil Kirdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Stinnes" title="Hugo Stinnes">Hugo Stinnes</a> and Wilhelm Beukenberg, Hugenberg in 1916–1917 founded a number of corporations to exploit the occupied parts of Belgium and northern France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197710-26">[26]</a> These companies were favored by the Army, which ruled occupied Belgium and France. Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a> – both firm annexationists – appreciated Hugenberg's willingness to spend millions of marks to mobilize public support for their cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197710-26">[26]</a> In 1918, after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, Hugenberg founded two corporations, the Landgesellschaft <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Kurland</a> m.b.H and Neuland AG, which had a combined budget of 37 million marks, to establish cooperative funds that would make loans to the hundreds of thousands of German farmers that he expected to soon be settled in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197710–11-27">[27]</a> After Germany's defeat in 1918 put an end to the plans to settle German farmers in the <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> (living space) of Eastern Europe, Hugenberg used the money that had been allocated to the colonization schemes in Eastern Europe to buy up newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197715–16-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_media_empire">Beginnings of media empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Beginnings of media empire">edit</a>]</div> Believing that Bethmann Hollweg was not one of them, Hugenberg, like the rest of the annexationists, spent the years 1914 to 1917 attacking him as essentially a traitor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19777-25">[25]</a> In 1915, Hugenberg published a telegram to Class in the name of the united chambers of commerce of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>, demanding that Wilhelm II dismiss Bethmann Hollweg and if the emperor was unwilling, that the military should depose Bethmann Hollweg, stating that if the Reich failed to achieve the annexationist platform once the war was won, it would cause a revolution from the right that would end the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19777-25">[25]</a> It was Hugenberg's interest in mobilizing support for the annexationists and bringing down Bethmann Hollweg that led him into the media, as Hugenberg in 1916 started to buy newspapers and publishing houses in order to create more organs for the expression of his imperialistic views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19776–8-29">[29]</a> Hugenberg was secretly assisted by the state in his efforts to build a media empire, all the more so as the state distrusted the liberal newspapers owned by the <a href="/wiki/Ullstein_Verlag" title="Ullstein Verlag">Ullstein brothers</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mosse" title="Rudolf Mosse">Rudolf Mosse</a>, all of whom were Jewish, leading the state to request that a circle of "patriotic" businessmen lend Hugenberg the necessary funds to buy up newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19778–9-30">[30]</a> The most important of Hugenberg's allies in lending him the money were various members of the Krupp family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19778–9-30">[30]</a> After buying the <a href="/wiki/Scherl-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Scherl-Verlag">Scherl newspaper chain</a> in July 1916, Hugenberg announced, at the first meeting of the board under his management, that he had only bought the Scherl corporation to champion annexationist and Pan-German war aims, and that any editors opposed to his expansionist views should resign immediately, before he fired them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19779-31">[31]</a> In buying the Scherl corporation, Hugenberg acquired the Berlin newspaper Der Tag (The Day), which became the flagship paper of his media empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19778-32">[32]</a> Der Tag had a daily circulation of 18,000–20,000 when Hugenberg brought Scherl in 1916 and was a "quality" paper mostly read by educated middle-class people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19778-32">[32]</a> Another Scherl newspaper was the Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, a paper aimed at lower-middle class readership that had a daily circulation of a quarter of million; Der Tag was the more prestigious newspaper, but the Lokal-Anzieger was the more profitable one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19778-32">[32]</a> Hugenberg's biographer, John Leopold, wrote: "This very visible success of the Scherl concern led to the charge that Hugenberg was a war profiteer and an unscrupulous manipulator of the postwar inflation. This was undoubtedly true. During the period from 1914 through 1924, Hugenberg had securely established the basis of his entire syndicate. His business transactions were filled with plans to buy and sell shares of different companies, the creation of new corporations as holding concerns to take various firms, contracts with confidants acting as middlemen and ever-present schemes to avoid taxes. Hugenberg exploited the corporate law, which he knew so well, and used his own financial acumen, which had been so finely developed, to secure his empire. He knew the rules of the game and manipulated them to full advantage."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197715-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_disillusionment">Post-war disillusionment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war disillusionment">edit</a>]</div> Hugenberg remained at Krupp until 1918, when he set out to build his own business, and during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> he was able to buy up dozens of local newspapers. Hugenberg's increasing involvement in Pan-German and annexationist causes together with his interest in building a media empire caused him to depart from Krupp, which he found to be a distraction from what really interested him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197711-4">[4]</a> These newspapers became the basis of his publishing firm, Scherl House, and, after he added controlling interests in <a href="/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Universum Film AG">Universum Film AG</a> (UFA), Ala-Anzeiger AG, Vera Verlag and the Telegraphen Union, he had a near-monopoly on the German media, which he used to agitate for opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> amongst Germany's middle classes.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Despite his media empire, Hugenberg detested intellectuals and avoided their company as much as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977179-35">[35]</a> A workaholic, Hugenberg rarely went to the cinema or the theater, and he spent most of his free time at either his mansion in <a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Dahlem</a> (the most expensive district in Berlin) or his estate at Rohbraken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977179-35">[35]</a> His only vacations were to visit the spa at <a href="/wiki/Bad_Kissingen" title="Bad Kissingen">Bad Kissingen</a> once every year to treat his obesity and to visit his friend Leo Wegener in <a href="/wiki/Kreuth" title="Kreuth">Kreuth</a> in Bavaria about twice every year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977179-35">[35]</a> In the words of his biographer, Hugenberg lived "...the life of a stolid burgher surrounded by business associates, family and friends who reinforced his basic ideas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977179-35">[35]</a> For Hugenberg, the great trauma of his life was Germany's defeat in World War One, which he blamed on the <a href="/wiki/November_Revolution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="November Revolution of 1918">November Revolution</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab-in-the-back</a>" that was alleged to have defeated the Reich just when it was alleged to be on the verge of victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197711-4">[4]</a> Hugenberg was always convinced that Germany would recover from the defeat of 1918, all the more so as he believed the German military had not actually been defeated in 1918. In his viewpoint, because it was the "stab-in-the-back" that caused the defeat, all that was necessary was merely to remove the "traitors" from the scene in order to win the next world war that he expected to occur sometime in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197711-4">[4]</a> In Hugenberg's viewpoint, just as the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> was followed by the rise of Brandenburg/Prussia, and the crushing defeat of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1806 was followed by the <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">War of Liberation in 1813–1814</a>, so too would the Prussian-German state rise again to emerge victorious over its enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197711-4">[4]</a> Hugenberg's devotion to the "social Darwinist and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzschean philosophies</a>", with their emphasis on the power of willpower that he had embraced in the late 19th century, further reinforced his commitment to doing his part in bringing about the revival of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197711-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationalist_leader">Nationalist leader</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nationalist leader">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_National_People's_Party">German National People's Party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: German National People's Party">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNVP_logo_(basic).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/DNVP_logo_%28basic%29.svg/220px-DNVP_logo_%28basic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/DNVP_logo_%28basic%29.svg/330px-DNVP_logo_%28basic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/DNVP_logo_%28basic%29.svg/440px-DNVP_logo_%28basic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the German National People's Party (DNVP)</figcaption></figure> Hugenberg was one of a number of Pan-Germans to become involved in the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a> in the runup to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> During the war, his views shifted sharply to the right. Accordingly, he switched his allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Party_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherland Party (Germany)">Fatherland Party</a> and became one of its leading members, emphasizing territorial expansion and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> as his two main political issues.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 1919 Hugenberg followed most of the Fatherland Party into the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP), which he represented in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_National_Assembly" title="Weimar National Assembly">Weimar National Assembly</a>, which wrote the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Constitution of the Weimar Republic</a>. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920 elections to the new body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wistrich158-38">[38]</a> Hugenberg defined his interests as finding a "cure for the sick and crazy climate" of the Weimar Republic, which for him was "power and the use of power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197721-39">[39]</a> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> and Wilhelm II, Hugenberg believed in <a href="/wiki/Sammlungspolitik" title="Sammlungspolitik">Sammlungspolitik</a> ("the politics of rallying together") to create a broad national opposition to the Weimar Republic and to hold together the DNVP, which had strong fissiparous tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197721-39">[39]</a> Unable to find positive goals that were capable of holding the DNVP together, let alone of creating the sort of national unity that he wanted, Hugenberg came to define his Sammlungspolitik in negative terms by seeking to find "enemies" to provide a unity in hatred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197721-39">[39]</a> In his first speech before the Reichstag, Hugenberg called the Finance Minister, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a>, a "traitor" for having signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 1918</a>, and claimed his policies as Finance minister were meant to bind the Reich to "international economic slavery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197721-39">[39]</a> To create the desired rallying together, Hugenberg supported what was known at the time as Katastrophenpolitik (catastrophe politics), believing that the worse things were, the sooner the Weimar Republic would end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197721-39">[39]</a> After speaking in 1919, Hugenberg would not give a speech again in the Reichstag until 1929, and he rarely spoke at meetings of the Reich Association of German Industry; however, his ability to donate millions of marks to his favored causes made him an important figure within the DNVP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197722-40">[40]</a> Hugenberg was a poor speaker and devoid of charm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197734-41">[41]</a> Those who knew well stated he was "not a man, but a wall" owing to his extreme obstinacy, as he loathed any sort of compromise, and it was often stated he was "not an easy man" to deal with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197717,_31-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_media_empire">Growth of media empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Growth of media empire">edit</a>]</div> In 1920, Hugenberg founded a populist tabloid, the Berliner Illustrierte Nachtausgabe, which became his most profitable newspaper, having a daily circulation of 216,000 by 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197715-33">[33]</a> The most important of Hugenberg's media properties were the Telegraphen-Union, which he founded in 1921 by buying and merging the Dammert Verlag GmbH, the Deutscher Handelsdienst and the Westdeutscher Handelsdienst.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197714-43">[43]</a> The Telegraphen-Union (TU) played a role in the German media analogous to Reuters's in the United Kingdom and the Associated Press in the United States, employing some 250 journalists in thirty offices around the world to report on national and international news for smaller newspapers in Germany that could not afford national and international correspondents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197714-43">[43]</a> At the height of its influence, some 1,600 newspapers in Germany subscribed to the Telegraphen-Union, making it an effective competitor to the Telegraph Bureau, owned by the liberal and Jewish journalist <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Wolff" title="Theodor Wolff">Theodor Wolff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197714-43">[43]</a> Hugenberg had founded the TU to compete with the Telegraph Bureau following complaints from German conservatives of "liberal bias" at the Wolff-owned Telegraph Bureau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197714-43">[43]</a> Though the Telegraphen-Union was described as "non-partisan", its coverage of both national and foreign news tended to be very sympathetic towards right-wing political parties opposed to the Weimar Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197714-43">[43]</a> The Hugenberg papers constantly hammered home the message that the Weimar Republic was born of the "<a href="/wiki/Stab_in_the_back" class="mw-redirect" title="Stab in the back">stab-in-the-back</a>", and its leaders were the "November criminals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197713-44">[44]</a> Those who endorsed such views were always described as "the experts" while those opposed were "partisan politicians", creating the impression that the belief in the "stab-in-the-back" was the objective truth, while those opposed were people subjectively pursuing their own agenda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197713-44">[44]</a> To reinforce the point, the Hugenberg papers blamed every conceivable problem in Germany on the defeat of 1918 while painting a counter-factual picture of the Empire being a utopia had the war ended in victory in 1918. In cities such as Berlin, the Hugenberg newspapers had to compete with the liberal newspapers owned by the Ullstein and Mosse families, and the Hugenberg media empire was most influential in the small towns and rural areas of Germany where the newspapers owned by Hugenberg were most people's main source of the news.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197738–39-45">[45]</a> Even in areas where Hugenberg did not own the newspapers, the local newspapers were dependent upon the Hugenberg-owned Telegraphen-Union for news outside of their areas; about 600 newspapers in the rural areas and small towns of Germany exclusively reprinted articles written by TU journalists for their national and international news.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197739-46">[46]</a> During the Weimar Republic, Germany had about 3,000 newspapers, of which only 14 were owned by Hugenberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197713-44">[44]</a> It was via the TU that some 1,600 newspapers, mostly in rural areas and small towns, used for national and international news that Hugenberg had influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197714–15-47">[47]</a> Although Hugenberg was often described as representing the interests of the industrialists, John Leopold wrote: "His nationalist insistence on autarchy and his diametrical opposition to all forms of unionism represented not the attitude of most businessmen, but the ideology of the Pan-German League. No longer concerned with the profits and losses of any industry other than his media empire, Hugenberg was free to criticize the immediate demands of industrialists for practical solutions and he reverted to the simplistic solutions espoused by the Pan-Germans since the prewar era".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197741-48">[48]</a> Hugenberg's social Darwinist views remained unchanged as he argued that the "survival of the fittest" should become "the life principle of development", a stance that put him at odds with the leaders of the left wing of the DNVP such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schlange-Sch%C3%B6ningen" title="Hans Schlange-Schöningen">Hans Schlange-Schöningen</a>, Gottfried Treviranus, Walther Lambach, and Gustav Hülser, men who shared his vehement opposition to Marxism, but were opposed to his harsh social Darwinism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197741-48">[48]</a> Amongst the DNVP Reichstag members whom Hugenberg associated with were General Wilhelm von Dommes, the emissary for the emperor in exile; Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a>; Gottfried Gok, a Pan-German leader; and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Duesterberg" title="Theodor Duesterberg">Theodor Duesterberg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Der Stahlhelm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197737-49">[49]</a> Hugenberg founded a thinktank, the Wirtschaftsvereiningung zur Förderung der geistigen Wiederaufbaukräfte (the Economic Association for the Promotion of Intellectual Forces of Reconstruction) to promote his ideas, while he lived a pseudo-aristocratic lifestyle at his estate at Rohbraken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197718–19-50">[50]</a> In 1922, together with the industrialist <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kirdorf" title="Emil Kirdorf">Emil Kirdorf</a>, Hugenberg created an investment fund known as Webegemeinschaft that served to subsidize groups "very effective politically, but not commercially profitable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197718–19-50">[50]</a> Hugenberg was the chairman of the fund, which started out with 600,000 marks and averaged a quarter of million marks in subsidies to any group that Hugenberg and Kirdorf approved of.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197719-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_reparations">Opposition to reparations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opposition to reparations">edit</a>]</div> In January 1923, when Germany defaulted on its <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations to France</a>, the French premier <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">occupation of the Ruhr</a>, marking the beginning of "passive resistance" that led to <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a>. As a supporter of Katastrophenpolitik, Hugenberg rather perversely welcomed the inflation as the beginning of the end of the Weimar Republic, arguing that the economic disaster would awaken the furor teutonicus that would lead to the "Third Reich".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197721-39">[39]</a> In an essay he wrote at the time, he stated that what Germany needed was a leader who had the charisma to "attract the masses behind him like the <a href="/wiki/Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin" title="Pied Piper of Hamelin">Pied Piper of Hamelin</a>...Only a few will and can do this. We, the entire spectrum of non-socialists, can do no more than prepare the way for these few. Hopefully we will find that which we desire."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197722-40">[40]</a> In this spirit, Hugenberg declared one could "not be radical enough".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197722-40">[40]</a> It was during the crisis year of 1923 that Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz suggested that Hugenberg should pursue the chancellorship because there was no other "personality in Germany who would be so suited to bring the 'expeditious' understanding necessary for the salvation of our country and so suitable for the situation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197723-52">[52]</a> The decision by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a>, until then considered a part of the "national opposition", to accept the chancellorship and to end the passive resistance in September 1923 was condemned by Hugenberg as a betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197723-52">[52]</a> Stresemann became a Vernunftrepublikaner ("republican by reason" – someone who was still loyal to the monarchy in his heart, but accepted the republic as the least bad alternative), and insofar as his policies aimed at economic and political stability, he became the subject of immense hatred from Hugenberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197723-52">[52]</a> In November 1923, when the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> in Munich, they received significant coverage in the Hugenberg newspapers for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197722-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the other Nazi leaders were portrayed as well-meaning but misguided patriots who were trying to end the Weimar Republic in the wrong way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197722–23-53">[53]</a> In an editorial in the Hugenberg-owned München-Augsburger Abendzeitung newspaper, Hitler was praised as an "exceptionally popular speaker" who had "liberated" the minds of "innumerable workers from international socialism", but the putsch was condemned on the grounds that "You must gather together and not scatter! You must bind together and not tear apart!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197723-52">[52]</a> To end the hyperinflation of 1923, a new currency, the <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a> was created to replace the worthless <a href="/wiki/Papiermark" title="Papiermark">Papiermark</a>, reparation payments were lowered through the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a>, and a huge loan to Germany was floated in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197724-54">[54]</a> The American bankers insisted that the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">Deutsche Reichsbahn</a> railroad be put up as a collateral for the loan, which in turn required amending the constitution with a two-thirds majority vote in the Reichstag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197724-54">[54]</a> As the DNVP did well in the <a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">elections of May 1924</a>, to amend the constitution would require the votes of the DNVP Reichstag members, which split the party into two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197724-54">[54]</a> The industrialists who supported the DNVP were in favor of the Dawes plan and threatened to cut off funding for the party forever if it voted against the Dawes Plan, while another faction still attached to Katastrophenpolitik favored rejecting the Dawes Plan on the grounds that a return to the economic chaos of 1923 was the best way of ending the Weimar Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197724-54">[54]</a> Hugenberg emerged as one of the leaders of the latter faction that wanted to reject the Dawes Plan, writing bitterly at the time that "two-thirds of the German people including those behind the German National People's Party are internally prepared to let the freedom, honor and future of their land be sold in exchange for a few pieces of silver".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197725-55">[55]</a> When the vote occurred on 27 August 1924, 49 DNVP Reichstag members voted for the Dawes Plan while 48 voted against; Hugenberg missed the vote with a doctor's note saying he was too unwell to attend the Reichstag that day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197725–26-56">[56]</a> Since the DNVP agreed to support the government of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a>, Hugenberg grew more embittered, writing a series of essays in February–March 1925, later published as a book, that included such lines as "it stinks in the German Reich" and the "false leaders belong in the asylums".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197728-57">[57]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925 presidential election</a>, the Hugenberg newspapers supported <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> for president, despite Hugenberg's private reservations, as he believed Hindenburg as president would give the Republic more legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197720-58">[58]</a> Hugenberg's principle fear was that the DNVP under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">Kuno von Westarp</a> was moving in a "Tory" direction, by which he meant that it was starting to become a "big tent" conservative party like the <a href="/wiki/British_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Conservative Party">British Conservative Party</a> that combined different interest groups and as a result was toning down its ideology in a favor of pragmatic approach to power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197730–31-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Putsch_discussions_with_Heinrich_Class">Putsch discussions with Heinrich Class</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Putsch discussions with Heinrich Class">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Cla%C3%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Heinrich_Cla%C3%9F.jpg/191px-Heinrich_Cla%C3%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Heinrich_Cla%C3%9F.jpg/287px-Heinrich_Cla%C3%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Heinrich_Cla%C3%9F.jpg/382px-Heinrich_Cla%C3%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cla%C3%9F" title="Heinrich Claß">Heinrich Class</a>, whose plans for a putsch included Hugenberg</figcaption></figure> In January 1926, Hugenberg was involved in a plan for a putsch organized by his good friend, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cla%C3%9F" title="Heinrich Claß">Henrich Class</a>, calling for President Hindenburg to appoint as chancellor someone who was unacceptable for the Reichstag, which would lead to a motion of no confidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197731-60">[60]</a> Hindenburg would respond by dissolving the Reichstag and resigning while the election campaign was in progress; the Chancellor would become acting president, and Class planned to have him issue a declaration of martial law and become the "Reich Regent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197731-60">[60]</a> Class planned to have Hugenberg serve as minister of finance in the new government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197732-61">[61]</a> The Social Democrats controlled <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and the Prussian police arrested those involved in Class's scheme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197732-61">[61]</a> None of the accused was brought to trial except Class, and the judge dismissed the charges because of a lack of evidence, stating that merely talking about a putsch was not the same thing as planning a putsch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197732-61">[61]</a> The charges brought Hugenberg much attention, and the spokesman for the Hugenberg press, Ludwig Bernhard, used the case to praise Hugenberg as a great German patriot who had used his fortune to buy up newspapers to protect the German press from the "alien" Ullstein and Mosse families. Bernhard noted that the Mosse and Ullstein families were Jewish while Hugenberg was not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197732–33-62">[62]</a> Bernhard's pamphlet first made Hugenberg well known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197732–33-62">[62]</a> It was during this period that Hugenberg's friends such as Class and Leo Wegener started to promote Hugenberg and his business empire as a sort of brand despite his manifest lack of charm, proudly adopting the label "Hugenberg press" to describe his media empire, and gave him the image of a corporate superhero leader who could save Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197733–34-63">[63]</a> The fact that Hugenberg rarely spoke in public during this period aided their efforts, giving him an aura of mystery. As the DNVP took part in several coalitions, Hugenberg emerged as one of the leading critics within the party of the approach of the party's leader, Kuno von Westarp, charging that he was betraying the party's principles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197734–35-64">[64]</a> In 1927, the Scherl press published Hugenberg's essays of 1925 as Streiflichter aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (Highlights from Past and Present), in which he attacked the policies associated with Westarp and implicitly challenged his competence to be the DNVP's leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197735–36-65">[65]</a> In March 1927, Hugenberg purchased <a href="/wiki/UFA_GmbH" title="UFA GmbH">UFA</a>, Europe's largest film studio, which brought him further attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197719–20-66">[66]</a> Hugenberg presented the purchase of UFA as a political move instead of a business move. The Hugenberg newspapers loudly announced that UFA had been brought to prevent "republicans, Jews and internationalists" from making any more films at UFA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197719–20-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_DNVP">Leader of the DNVP</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leader of the DNVP">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ousting_of_Westarp_as_party_chairman">Ousting of Westarp as party chairman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ousting of Westarp as party chairman">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuno_von_Westarp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Kuno_von_Westarp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>Kuno von Westarp, chairman of the DNVP before Hugenberg</figcaption></figure> The DNVP suffered heavy losses in the <a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928 election</a>, leading to the appointment of Hugenberg as sole chairman on 21 October that same year.<a href="#cite_note-Wistrich158-38">[38]</a> Hugenberg moved the party in a far more radical direction than it had taken under its previous leader, <a href="/wiki/Kuno_Graf_von_Westarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuno Graf von Westarp">Kuno Graf von Westarp</a>. After the 1928 election, a DNVP Reichstag member, Walther Lambach, published an article in the journal Politische Wochenschrift, saying that the poor showing of the DNVP in the election was due to its monarchism. Lambach argued that the vast majority of the German people did not pine for the return of the exiled Emperor, and the party's emphasis on this point was alienating the public, which had come to accept the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197745–46-67">[67]</a> Lambach ended his article by writing that the DNVP needed a Volkskonservatismus (popular conservatism) that addressed the concerns of ordinary Germans and that restoring the monarchy was not one of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197746-68">[68]</a> Hugenberg was the leader of the DNVP monarchist purists for whom no changes in the party's platform were acceptable, and he started to press for the DNVP to expel Lambach as a way of bringing down Westarp, who only agreed to censure Lambach for his article.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197747-69">[69]</a> At Hugenberg's instigation, the Potsdam branch of the DNVP expelled Lambach on its own in July 1928, presenting Westarp with a fait accompli, which showed the way the party's grassroots members felt about the Lambach affair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197747–48-70">[70]</a> Hugenberg followed up this triumph with an article saying that the DNVP was "not a parliamentary party in the proper sense of the word, but a grand group of men – a community of opinion, not a community of interests", which in his view had caused the DNVP to degenerate from its core principles, of which Lambach's article was only the most deplorable and recent example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197748-71">[71]</a> Hugenberg argued that the DNVP could not change its values, writing: "Only an ideological party which is led and which leads can save the soul and economy of the German people!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197748-71">[71]</a> Using Lambach as a surrogate for his attack on Westarp, Hugenberg argued that the DNVP could not be a brei ("mishmash") of people of different values such as monarchists and republicans, and could only be led by a "strong" leader fanatically devoted to upholding the party's values, who would lead in an authoritarian style, by which he clearly meant himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197748-71">[71]</a> Lambach appealed against his expulsion and was allowed back into the DNVP, arguing that he himself was still a monarchist and his article was intended only to spark discussion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197748–49-72">[72]</a> However, the Lambach case had galvanized the DNVP's membership against Westarp and for Hugenberg, who knew that the DNVP would be calling a party congress later that year that would have the power to elect a new leader, and that the Lambach affair was a godsend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197749-73">[73]</a> Using the Lambach case as his rallying cry, Hugenberg campaigned aggressively amongst the party's membership, greatly helped by the fact that the Pan-German League had taken over many of the DNVP's local branches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197749–50-74">[74]</a> When the party congress opened on 20 October 1928, Westarp was on the defensive right from the start as he was forced to apologize for the DNVP's poor showing in the most recent election, and he appealed to the delegates themselves for ideas about improving the party's image, making him look like a weak leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197751-75">[75]</a> By contrast, Hugenberg – who while lacking in charm and charisma – was able to present himself as a man with a definite plan to restore the party's fortunes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197751-75">[75]</a> The fact that the members of the Pan-German League were overrepresented at the party congress further favored Hugenberg, who was elected the DNVP's new leader on 21 October 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197752-76">[76]</a> As part of his campaign against Westarp, Hugenberg stressed his success as a businessman, but at the same time he also stressed that he was so wealthy that he was independent of big business and could follow his own line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197744-77">[77]</a> Hugenberg gave the impression that the DNVP would not need any more donations from big business as he was so wealthy that he would fund the DNVP entirely out of his own pocket.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197744-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism_and_the_Führerprinzip">Nationalism and the Führerprinzip</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nationalism and the Führerprinzip">edit</a>]</div> He hoped to use radical nationalism to restore the party's fortunes and eventually to overthrow the Weimar constitution and install an authoritarian form of government.<a href="#cite_note-Kirk-6">[6]</a> Up to this point, right-wing politics outside of the far right was going through a process of reconciliation with the Weimar Republic, but this ended under Hugenberg, who renewed earlier DNVP calls for its immediate destruction.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Under his direction, a new DNVP manifesto appeared in 1931, demonstrating the shift to the right. Amongst its demands were immediate restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern monarchy">Hohenzollern monarchy</a>, a reversal of the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, compulsory military conscription, repossession of the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a>, a concerted effort to build up closer links with German speaking people outside Germany (especially in Austria), a dilution of the role of the Reichstag to that of a supervisory body, a newly established professional house of appointees reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corporative_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporative state">corporative state</a>, and reduction in the perceived over-representation of Jews in German public life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200495-79">[79]</a> Hugenberg also sought to eliminate internal party democracy and instill a <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a> within the DNVP, leading to some members breaking away to establish the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Conservative People's Party (Germany)">Conservative People's Party</a> (KVP) in late 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200495-79">[79]</a> More were to follow in June 1930, appalled by Hugenberg's extreme opposition to the cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a>, a moderate whom some within the DNVP wanted to support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004259-80">[80]</a> Despite Hugenberg's background in industry, that constituency gradually deserted the DNVP under his leadership, largely due to a general feeling amongst industrialists that Hugenberg was too inflexible, and soon the party became the main voice of agrarian interests in the Reichstag.<a href="#cite_note-Wistrich158-38">[38]</a> Hugenberg's unwillingness to have the DNVP enter the Brüning cabinet greatly embittered the industrialists, who complained that the DNVP under his leadership was a perpetual opposition party, and as a result the largest contributor to the DNVP by 1931 had become Hugenberg himself, which had the effect of cementing his control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197794-81">[81]</a> Hugenberg had purchased the UFA studio – the largest film production company in both Germany and Europe – with the aim of making right-wing "national" films, but in this case, his concern for profits overrode his ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197794-81">[81]</a> The transition from silent film to talkies had imposed significant costs on UFA, which chose to mostly produce films designed for the widest possible audience in order to recoup the costs of installing sound equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197794-81">[81]</a> Between 1930 and 1933, only a limited number of UFA films were the type of "national" films that Hugenberg had envisioned when he brought UFA, and of the "national" films only <a href="/wiki/The_Flute_Concert_of_Sanssouci" title="The Flute Concert of Sanssouci">Flötenkonzert von Sans-souci</a> (1930), <a href="/wiki/Yorck" title="Yorck">Yorck</a> (1931), <a href="/wiki/In_the_Employ_of_the_Secret_Service" title="In the Employ of the Secret Service">Im Geheimdienst</a> (1931) and <a href="/wiki/Morgenrot_(film)" title="Morgenrot (film)">Morgenrot</a> (1933) were successful at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197794-81">[81]</a> Despite his anti-Semitism, Hugenberg did not fire the many Jews who worked at UFA as directors, script-writers, actors, etc. as he did not want to lose any talent to rival studios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197794-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_politics_of_polarization">The politics of polarization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The politics of polarization">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1929_German_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 German referendum">1929 German referendum</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_the_Young_Plan_and_work_with_the_Nazis">Opposition to the Young Plan and work with the Nazis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Opposition to the Young Plan and work with the Nazis">edit</a>]</div> Hugenberg had a grand strategy to bring down "the System" as enemies of the Weimar Republic always called it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755-82">[82]</a> Hugenberg believed in the politics of polarization under which German politics were to be divided into two blocs, the right-wing "national" bloc whose leader he envisioned as himself and the Marxist left consisting of the Social Democrats and the Communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755-82">[82]</a> As part of his strategy of polarization, Hugenberg intended to seize upon <a href="/wiki/Wedge_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge issues">wedge issues</a> and present them in a highly inflammatory manner in order to create a situation where one could be either for or against the "national" bloc, which was intended to lead to the electoral decline of all centrist parties in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755-82">[82]</a> Leopold noted that Hugenberg "debated political issues in terms of a simplistic, philosophic disjunction – a man was either for the nation or he was against it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755-82">[82]</a> Hugenberg wrote in 1929 in a memo outlining his planned politics of polarization that "fate is only for the weak and the sick. The strong, healthy man molds his fate and that of his nation with his own will."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755-82">[82]</a> Hugenberg believed that the same skills that made a successful media magnate would bring down the Weimar Republic as he deliberately pursued his strategy of Sammlung (rallying together) as he called his polarizing strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755–56-83">[83]</a> As a part of this polarization, he planned to turn the DNVP from a party working within the Reichstag to advance its goals – which was what the DNVP had more or less become under Westarp – into a movement that would work for the destruction of "the System".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755–56-83">[83]</a> Hugenberg had initially intended as his wedge issue the subject of constitutional reform, but he dropped it in the spring of 1929 as "too abstract" for most people in favor of opposing the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a> for reparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197756-84">[84]</a> Taking advantage of a clause in the Weimar constitution that allowed a referendum to be called if enough people signed a petition demanding it, Hugenberg decided in June 1929 to collect signatures for a referendum on the Young Plan, which was intended to discredit the <a href="/wiki/Second_M%C3%BCller_cabinet" title="Second Müller cabinet">"grand coalition" government</a> led by the Social Democratic chancellor <a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Hermann Müller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197756-84">[84]</a> Using highly emotional, visceral language, Hugenberg and his newspapers presented the Young Plan – which actually reduced reparations – in the starkest terms possible as a form of "financial slavery" for "our children's children" which would reduce living standards in Germany down to an "Asiatic" level of poverty (at the time, the term "Asiatic" poverty referred to what today would be called a Third World living standard).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197756–57-85">[85]</a> By pushing for a referendum on the Young Plan, Hugenberg as intended forced the Müller "grand coalition" government to defend the Young Plan while Hugenberg as an opposition leader felt free to make extravagant promises about what he would do if he was chancellor, claiming that the Reich would pay no reparations at all if he were in charge. Even at the time, it was widely recognized that Hugenberg's status as an opposition leader free from the burdens of office allowed him the luxury of not suggesting a "realistic alternative" to the Young Plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197772-86">[86]</a> This was especially the case as the French government had agreed that in exchange for German acceptance of the Young Plan that France would end its <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">occupation of the Rhineland</a> in the summer of 1930, which was five years earlier than the Treaty of Versailles had called for. At the time, Hugenberg's critics pointed out that if the Young Plan was rejected, then the French occupation of the Rhineland would continue until the summer of 1935, an aspect of Hugenberg's rejectionist strategy that he never dwelled on. Hugenberg's strategy was a negative one intended to create the "national bloc" that he envisioned meant there could be little discussion of what the "national bloc" intended to achieve, since there were too many divisions on the German right for a positive program, and instead the "national bloc" was to be united by what it was against instead of what it was for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197759-87">[87]</a> Hugenberg was vehemently opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a>, and he set up a "Reich Committee for the German People's Petition" to oppose it, featuring the likes of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Class">Heinrich Class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Duesterberg" title="Theodor Duesterberg">Theodor Duesterberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Thyssen" title="Fritz Thyssen">Fritz Thyssen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> On 9 July 1929, Hugenberg founded the Reich Committee on the German Initiative to campaign against the Young Plan, which the Hugenberg newspapers hailed as the most important political development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197759-87">[87]</a> Hugenberg saw the referendum as the beginning of the counterrevolution, writing at the time that thanks to him "a front has arisen that knows only one goal: how the revolution [of 1918] can be overcome and a nation of free men can again be made from Germans".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197761-89">[89]</a> To achieve this goal, Hugenberg took 551,000 Reichsmarks from the Scherl corporation for discretionary spending and another 400,000 for "special purposes", all of which he spent on the referendum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197761-89">[89]</a> However, he recognized that the DNVP and their elite band of allies did not have enough popular support to carry a rejection of the scheme through. As such, Hugenberg felt that he needed a nationalist with support amongst the <a href="/wiki/Working_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Working classes">working classes</a> whom he could use to whip up popular sentiment against the Plan. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was the only realistic candidate, and Hugenberg decided that he would use the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> leader to get his way.<a href="#cite_note-Fitz-90">[90]</a> As a result, the Nazi Party soon became the recipients of Hugenberg's largesse, both in terms of monetary donations and of favorable coverage from the Hugenberg-owned press, which had previously largely ignored Hitler or denounced him as a socialist.<a href="#cite_note-Fitz-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, who had a deep hatred of Hugenberg, initially spoke privately of breaking away from Hitler over the alliance, but he changed his mind when Hugenberg agreed that Goebbels should handle the propaganda for the campaign, giving the Nazi Party access to Hugenberg's media empire.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_1929_Referendum_Campaign_Medal_against_the_Young_Plan,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Germany_1929_Referendum_Campaign_Medal_against_the_Young_Plan%2C_obverse.jpg/220px-Germany_1929_Referendum_Campaign_Medal_against_the_Young_Plan%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Germany_1929_Referendum_Campaign_Medal_against_the_Young_Plan%2C_obverse.jpg/330px-Germany_1929_Referendum_Campaign_Medal_against_the_Young_Plan%2C_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Germany_1929_Referendum_Campaign_Medal_against_the_Young_Plan%2C_obverse.jpg/440px-Germany_1929_Referendum_Campaign_Medal_against_the_Young_Plan%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption>Referendum campaign medal against the Young Plan. The inscription reads “Freedom Fight of the German People”.</figcaption></figure> The infamous paragraph four in the proposed "Law Against the Enslavement of the German People" (more commonly known as the "Freedom Law") – as the proposed anti-Young Plan bill to be submitted in the referendum was called – stipulating that those Reichstag members who voted for the Young Plan and those civil servants who handed over reparations were to be imprisoned, was inserted by Hitler and accepted by Hugenberg, who believed it would attract voters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197762-92">[92]</a> Paragraph four of the "Freedom Law" instead divided the DNVP. Westarp and several other DNVP Reichstag members came out in opposition, arguing that paragraph four was going too far, while the Reich Association of German Industry declared its neutrality, despite Hugenberg's efforts to have the association support him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197763–65-93">[93]</a> Several industrialists such as Albert Vögler and Fritz Thyssen supported the "Freedom Law", but the majority were opposed, favoring the Young Plan since it promised economic stability; rather than risk a split, the association declared itself neutral at a meeting on 20 September 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197763-94">[94]</a> On 24 September 1929 at a gigantic rally in the Berlin Sports Palace, the four leaders of the Reich Committee against the Enslavement of the German People, namely Hugenberg, Hitler, Seldte and Class, formally began the campaign for the "Law Against the Enslavement of the German People".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197765-95">[95]</a> On 30 November 1929, when the "Freedom Law" came up before the Reichstag, 14 DNVP representatives abstained from voting while 3 voted against the "Freedom Law", citing concerns about paragraph four.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197770-96">[96]</a> When Hugenberg tried to impose party discipline, 12 DNVP representatives left the party in protest over his leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197770-96">[96]</a> The Hugenberg newspapers went all-out in support of the "Freedom Law", running glaring headlines in support, but when the referendum was held, only 5,538,000 Germans voted yes for the "Freedom Law", which was insufficient to for the law to pass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197770-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_failures">Leadership failures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Leadership failures">edit</a>]</div> Hitler was able to use Hugenberg to push himself into the political mainstream, and once the Young Plan was passed by the Reichstag, Hitler promptly ended his links with Hugenberg.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Leopold noted that Hugenberg's polarizing strategy to divide Germany into two blocs had, starting with the Young Plan referendum, worked successfully, but the man who benefitted was not Hugenberg as intended, but rather Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755-82">[82]</a> Hitler publicly blamed Hugenberg for the failure of the campaign, but he retained the links with big business that the committee had allowed him to cultivate, and this began a process of the business magnates deserting the DNVP for the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Hitler's handling of the affair was marred by one thing, and that was the premature announcement in the Nazi press of his repudiation of the alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Strasser_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Strasser brothers">Strasser brothers</a>, whose left-wing economics were incompatible with Hugenberg's arch-capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On 6 January 1930, Hugenberg was summoned to meet President Paul von Hindenburg, who told him that now the Young Plan had been passed, he had no more need for Müller, and he was planning to bring in a new <a href="/wiki/Presidential_cabinets_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Presidential cabinets of the Weimar Republic">presidential government</a> very soon that would be "anti-parliamentary and anti-Marxist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197771-100">[100]</a> Hindenburg explained the intention behind the presidential government, which would be based on the "25/48/53 formula" (a reference to the articles in the constitution that made such a government possible), was to gradually end democracy, and he wanted Hugenberg to be a cabinet minister in the new government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197771-100">[100]</a> Much to Hindenburg's vexation, Hugenberg refused to take part, maintaining that he would not be a cabinet minister in a government that paid reparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197771-100">[100]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504,_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/184px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/277px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/369px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Chancellor Heinrich Brüning, who attempted unsuccessfully to have Hugenberg join his cabinet</figcaption></figure> In an attempt to induce Hugenberg to support the new presidential government of Heinrich Brüning, a bill was introduced to increase taxes while also increasing government aid to farmers, one of the key groups that voted for the DNVP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197777–78-101">[101]</a> The promise of more aid to farmers was popular in rural areas, and several DNVP representatives led by Westarp wanted the party to vote for the bill, which Hugenberg was opposed to on the grounds that some of the tax revenue raised would go to France in the form of reparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197778-102">[102]</a> On the first reading of the bill on 12 April 1930, the DNVP split with 31 representatives voting for while 23 led by Hugenberg voted against; on the second reading on 14 April 32 DNVP representatives voted for the bill while 20 voted against.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197775-103">[103]</a> That Hugenberg was incapable of controlling his own Reichstag delegation led Hitler to openly mock him as a weak leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197775-103">[103]</a> When the bill was enacted under <a href="/wiki/Article_48_(Weimar_Constitution)" title="Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)">Article 48</a> (that is, by presidential decree), Hugenberg ordered the DNVP representatives to vote to cancel the bill on 18 July 1930; 25 DNVP representatives led by Westarp broke with party discipline to vote for the bill and left the party in protest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143-104">[104]</a> Bills passed under Article 48 could be cancelled by the Reichstag, but Brüning threatened to have Hindenburg use Article 53 to dissolve the Reichstag for a new election if his bill should be cancelled. As a consequence, Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag for an election only two years into its mandate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197779-105">[105]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930 election</a> campaign, Hugenberg's shortcomings as a speaker were cruelly exposed. He came across as awkward, arrogant and above all very dull.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197782–83-106">[106]</a> During the campaign, the Hugenberg press largely concentrated its attacks on "Marxism", warning that the SPD was working for a revolution and wanted to increase spending on the welfare state as the first step towards "Bolshevism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197781–82-107">[107]</a> The Nazis by contrast were treated relatively kindly by the Hugenberg papers with a Der Tag editorial saying there were no differences between the DNVP and the NSDAP on "culture and religion, the attitude towards Jewry and the will towards reconstruction in individual social and economic questions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197782-108">[108]</a> The election ended with the DNVP being reduced to only 41 seats from 73 in the Reichstag, while the Nazis went up from the 12 seats they won in 1928 to 107 seats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197783-109">[109]</a> On 26 November 1930, Brüning met with Hugenberg to ask him to join his government, only for Hugenberg – who was still following Katastrophenpolitik – to tell him that he would rather see the "collapse which I predicted", and "I must fight you and the entire system".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197787-110">[110]</a> Despite the way that Hitler now overshadowed him, Hugenberg was convinced that Hitler still owed a debt of some sort which he would have to repay by deferring to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163-5">[5]</a> On 10 February 1931 Hugenberg joined the Nazi Party in walking with the DNVP out of the Reichstag altogether as a protest against the Brüning government. By then, the two parties were in a very loose federation, known as the National Opposition.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> By 1930, Hugenberg was spending about 4,600 Reichsmarks per month on the DNVP and another 7,500 RM on special expenses on the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197795-112">[112]</a> By 1931, when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> caused profits in the Hugenberg papers to drop by 30%, Hugenberg became insistent that the DNVP start to become financially self-sufficient instead of depending on him to subsidize the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197796-113">[113]</a> Though the Berlin newspapers such as Der Tag and Berliner Nachtausgabe saw circulation decline, they continued to be in the black; by contrast, the provincial newspapers such as the Süddeutsche Zeitung in Stuttgart and München Augsburger Abendzeitung in Munich were losing so much money that in 1931 Hugenberg seriously considered shutting both newspapers down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197796-113">[113]</a> Despite the anti-Semitic and generally xenophobic line taken by his newspapers, Hugenberg had no hesitations about using the services of a German Jewish banker, Jacob Goldschmidt, to arrange a loan from a group of New York financers in May 1931 that allowed him to keep his provincial newspapers afloat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197796-113">[113]</a> Although President Paul von Hindenburg disliked Hugenberg, his neighbor in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and a fellow Junker, <a href="/wiki/Elard_von_Oldenburg-Januschau" title="Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau">Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau</a>, was a DNVP member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197784-114">[114]</a> Through Oldenburg-Januschau, Hugenberg was able to meet Hindenburg on his estate at Neudeck, where the former pressed the latter to appoint him chancellor, saying he was the only man who would "master the situation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197785-115">[115]</a> However, Hugenberg's hubristic arrogance enraged Hindenburg, who complained that he was a Junker, a field marshal and the president while Hugenberg treated him "like a schoolboy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197785-115">[115]</a> The flagship paper of Hugenberg's media empire, Der Tag, in an editorial praised the Nazi "will to sacrifice" and "courage to battle", but charged that the Nazis were too rash and too ignorant of economics to govern on their own, requiring the DNVP as a coalition partner, since the latter party was the party of "schooled, conservative, constructive, youthfully strong determination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197785–86-116">[116]</a> The appeal did not work as intended, and Ludwig Klitzsch, who ran the Scherl press, warned Hugenberg that the friendly coverage of the Nazis had "...frequently exceeded the bounds of political wisdom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197786-117">[117]</a> The fact that DNVP members did not have to pay dues, as NSDAP members did, proved to be a weakness, as the requirement to pay monthly dues inspired Nazi Party members with far more devotion to their cause than the DNVP members, who blithely assumed that Hugenberg's fortune was more than enough to handle the party's financial needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197788-118">[118]</a> In 1931, Hugenberg, whose fortune was not as vast as believed, was forced to cut DNVP's budget by 31% in order to keep the party solvent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197793-119">[119]</a> Hugenberg's support for high tariffs for agriculture and his call to replace the welfare state with a program of "self-help" for the unemployed offended many in the cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197791-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Harzburg_Front">The Harzburg Front</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Harzburg Front">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harzburg_Front" title="Harzburg Front">Harzburg Front</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNVP-Nazi_cooperation">DNVP-Nazi cooperation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: DNVP-Nazi cooperation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0129,_Gr%C3%BCndung_Harzburger_Front,_Hugenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0129%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_Harzburger_Front%2C_Hugenberg.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0129%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_Harzburger_Front%2C_Hugenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0129%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_Harzburger_Front%2C_Hugenberg.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0129%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_Harzburger_Front%2C_Hugenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0129%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_Harzburger_Front%2C_Hugenberg.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0129%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_Harzburger_Front%2C_Hugenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Hugenberg in Bad Harzburg, 1931, with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eitel_Friedrich_of_Prussia" title="Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia">Prince Eitel Friedrich</a></figcaption></figure> The collapse of the German banking system in the spring and summer of 1931 was seen by Hugenberg as an opportunity to create the nationalist Sammlung (rallying together) that he had sought with the Young Plan referendum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197798-121">[121]</a> On 9 July 1931, Hugenberg released a joint statement with Hitler guaranteeing that the pair would cooperate for the overthrow of the Weimar "system".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Hugenberg wanted to announce the creation of his front in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Harzburg" title="Bad Harzburg">Bad Harzburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, a land (state) governed by a DNVP-NSDAP coalition, to symbolize unity on the right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197798–99-123">[123]</a> Hitler was wary of the plans, leading Hugenberg to complain in private of his "megalomania, but also of uncontrollability, imprudence and lack of judgement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197799-124">[124]</a> To show his strength before the joint rally in Bad Harzburg, Hugenberg held the DNVP's party congress in September 1931 in <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, which was intentionally modelled after a Nazi rally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977100-125">[125]</a> The presence at the congress of such figures such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Oskar_of_Prussia" title="Prince Oskar of Prussia">Prince Oskar of Prussia</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Ludwig von Schröder">Ludwig von Schröder</a>, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Thyssen" title="Fritz Thyssen">Fritz Thyssen</a> was intended to show that Hugenberg was a militaristic monarchist whose economic policies were supported by big business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977100-125">[125]</a> At the party congress, Hugenberg blamed the Great Depression on the Treaty of Versailles, the gold standard and a misplaced belief in "international capital".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197791-120">[120]</a> The first part of his solution to the Great Depression was a policy of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> and protectionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197791–92-126">[126]</a> Ultimately, Hugenberg argued that the solution to the Great Depression was imperialism as he argued that Germans were a "Volk ohne Raum" ("people without space"), which he felt was the fundamental problem with the German economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197792-127">[127]</a> As such, Hugenberg argued that Germany needed the return of its former colonial empire in Africa and to conquer Lebensraum ("living space") in Eastern Europe, which would provide sufficient space for the Germans to colonize and people to exploit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197792-127">[127]</a> For the Bad Harzburg rally, Hugenberg wanted a broad front that emphasized being respectable. Amongst the people he invited to Bad Harzburg who attended the rally were <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Wilhelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince Wilhelm">Crown Prince Wilhelm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Oskar_of_Prussia" title="Prince Oskar of Prussia">Prince Oskar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eitel_Friedrich_of_Prussia" title="Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia">Prince Eitel Friedrich</a>, Heinrich Class, Count Eberhard von Kalkreuth, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Magnus_von_Levetzow" title="Magnus von Levetzow">Magnus von Levetzow</a>, Fritz Thyssen, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Trotha" title="Adolf von Trotha">Adolf von Trotha</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a>, General <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_von_der_Goltz" title="Rüdiger von der Goltz">Rüdiger von der Goltz</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Einem" title="Karl von Einem">Karl von Einem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977102–103-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNVP_losses_and_rise_of_the_Nazis">DNVP losses and rise of the Nazis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: DNVP losses and rise of the Nazis">edit</a>]</div> Hugenberg and Hitler presented a united front at <a href="/wiki/Bad_Harzburg" title="Bad Harzburg">Bad Harzburg</a> on 21 October 1931 as part of a wider right-wing rally, leading to suggestions that a <a href="/wiki/Harzburg_Front" title="Harzburg Front">Harzburg Front</a> involving the two parties and the veterans' organization <a href="/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Der Stahlhelm</a> had emerged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner199769-129">[129]</a> The two leaders soon clashed, and Hugenberg's refusal to endorse Hitler in the <a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932 German presidential election</a> widened the gap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner199769-129">[129]</a> Indeed, the rift between the two opened further when Hugenberg, fearing that Hitler might win the presidency, persuaded <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Duesterberg" title="Theodor Duesterberg">Theodor Duesterberg</a> to run as a <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junker</a> candidate after Prince Oskar of Prussia declined to run as the DNVP candidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977108–110-130">[130]</a> Although Duesterberg was eliminated on the first vote, due largely to Nazi allegations regarding his Jewish parentage, Hitler nonetheless failed to secure the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> As Duesterberg won only 6.8% vote of the vote compared to Hitler's 30.1% and Hindenburg's 49.6%, he was eliminated from the second round of the presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977111-132">[132]</a> In desperation, Hugenberg tried to get Crown Prince Wilhelm to run as the DNVP's candidate, only for the exiled emperor to issue a statement saying it was "absolute idiocy" for his son to run for president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977111-132">[132]</a> More damaging, Crown Prince Wilhelm announced he would not run as the DNVP candidate, and instead endorsed Hitler for president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977111-132">[132]</a> Hugenberg's speeches were intensely boring, and his attempt to create a Hitler-style personality cult around himself failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105-133">[133]</a> Hugenberg's mannerisms and his upper-class accent gave him the image of "...an arrogant, unapproachable demigod" who knew nothing of the concerns of ordinary people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105-133">[133]</a> Hugenberg's cunning in business had earned him the nicknames the "Cross Spider" and the "Silver Fox"; however, as DNVP leader he was widely known as "the Hamster".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105-133">[133]</a> Hugenberg's rotund build and short stature together with his handlebar mustache, brush-cut hairstyle and the Wilhelmine way of dressing with a high collar made him resemble a hamster, giving him a nickname that he hated; more broadly, the nickname suggested that he was not being taken as seriously as he would have liked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105-133">[133]</a> By 1932, Baron Thilo von Wilmowsky, who was married to Barbara von Krupp, the younger sister of Bertha von Krupp and was widely regarded as the spokesman for the Krupp family, was seeking to oust Hugenberg as the DNVP leader, convinced that his utter lack of charisma and charm was leading the party to disaster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977113-134">[134]</a> A group of Hanoverian industrialists offered 100,000 Reichsmarks to assist anyone was willing to try to depose Hugenberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163-5">[5]</a> Other industrialists such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Springorum" title="Friedrich Springorum">Friedrich Springorum</a> of the Ruhr were still committed to Hugenberg, albeit only on the negative grounds that to depose Hugenberg would split the DNVP even more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163-5">[5]</a> The steel magnate Fritz Thyssen abandoned the DNVP for the NSDAP, issuing a statement blaming all of the problems in the Harzburg Front on Hugenberg, and claimed that Hitler was the best man to end the Weimar Republic, which was why he had joined the NSDAP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105–106-135">[135]</a> Seeing his plans unravel inspired Hugenberg to write in a letter to Leo Wegener on 15 March 1932 that he was not a leader, but a "chicken ladder", a reference to the German proverb "life is a chicken ladder – shit on from top to bottom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977232-136">[136]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Landtag_elections_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Prussian Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic">election for the Prussian Landtag</a> on 24 April 1932, Hugenberg campaigned for a NSDAP-DNVP coalition, stating in a speech on 21 April 1932: "We owe it to youth and to our children, to stress loudly and clearly in this campaign that we are not National Socialists and that the National Socialists alone on their own and without us are unable to solve the problems of our time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977114-137">[137]</a> Despite his appeal, DNVP voters deserted their party for the Nazis in massive numbers, with the DNVP suffering a 56% decline in their share of the vote compared to the last Prussian election of 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977114-137">[137]</a> By contrast, the Nazis went from having 8 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Landtag" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Landtag">Prussian Landtag</a> to having 162 seats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977114-137">[137]</a> As Prussia was the largest and most populous of Germany's states, the Prussian election was widely taken as a sign that the Nazis had replaced the DNVP as the main party of the right.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plakat_Hugenberg_Papen_Seldte_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Plakat_Hugenberg_Papen_Seldte_1933.jpg/220px-Plakat_Hugenberg_Papen_Seldte_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Plakat_Hugenberg_Papen_Seldte_1933.jpg/330px-Plakat_Hugenberg_Papen_Seldte_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Plakat_Hugenberg_Papen_Seldte_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hugenberg-Papen-Seldte campaign poster: "Vote list 5 / Battle front black-white-red"</figcaption></figure> Together with the German People's Party, the DNVP was the only party in the Reichstag that supported the new government led by <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>, and though three ministers in the new cabinet were DNVP members, Hugenberg himself was excluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977115–117-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Bredow" title="Ferdinand von Bredow">General von Bredow</a>, the right-hand man of General <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a>, the mastermind who created the <a href="/wiki/Papen_cabinet" title="Papen cabinet">new Papen government</a>, wrote in a memo that Hugenberg's "appearance, his speeches, his intractability" caused most people to naturally hate him, and keeping him out of the Papen cabinet would be an advantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977116-139">[139]</a> As Papen was not a member of any party after he resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>, Hugenberg during the first Reichstag election campaign in the summer of 1932 presented voting for the DNVP as the best way to vote for Papen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977118-140">[140]</a> As Papen was an extremely unpopular chancellor, this strategy was a disaster, and in the Reichstag <a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">election on 31 July 1932</a>, the DNVP suffered its worse result ever, winning only 5.9% of the vote, giving the DNVP only 36 seats in the Reichstag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977118–119-141">[141]</a> By contrast, the NSDAP had its best result ever in a free election, winning 37% of the vote and 230 seats in the Reichstag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977119-142">[142]</a> Hugenberg, despite drubbing the DNVP had suffered in the election, remained optimistic. For Hugenberg, his politics of polarization had achieved their purpose by collapsing the "middle" in German politics as he had intended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120-143">[143]</a> Moreover, for him, the purpose of the "national bloc" was only a means to end "the system", as he called the Weimar Republic, from below; now the presidential government headed by Papen offered the means to end the Weimar Republic from above.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120-143">[143]</a> The possibility of an alliance between the Nazis and the Centre without the DNVP, which was openly discussed, led Hugenberg to condemn Hitler for using parliamentary methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120-143">[143]</a> Leading ministers in the Papen cabinet such as Defense Minister General Kurt von Schleicher; Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a> and Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Gayl" title="Wilhelm von Gayl">Wilhelm von Gayl</a> often met with Hugenberg in private to discuss policies that the DNVP might support, and Papen in a letter stated that he agreed with Hugenberg's economic policies of cutting wages and protectionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120–121-144">[144]</a> When the Reichstag met on 12 September 1932, Papen was defeated by the most overwhelming motion of no confidence ever in German history with 512 Reichstag members voting for the motion while only 42 voted against.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977121-145">[145]</a> At Papen's request, Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag for new elections rather than allowing another government to be formed, and in the ensuing election campaign, Hugenberg took a strongly anti-Nazi line, portraying Hitler as irresponsible and dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977121–122-146">[146]</a> Hugenberg presented him as the foremost supporter of the Papen government, and the Hugenberg newspapers launched a sustained line of attack on the Nazis as opportunists who were willing to take Hugenberg's money, but not his guidance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977123–124-147">[147]</a> During the election, Hugenberg came under pressure to resign from within his party and from many of the industrialists, with Hugo Stinnes in a letter of 19 September 1932 stating: "Hugenberg is certainly right, but he cannot inspire enthusiasm and that's what it's all about."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977122-148">[148]</a> Hugenberg's party had experienced a growth in support in the <a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 election</a> at the expense of the Nazis. Hugenberg once again declared his support for Papen's presidential government and advised Hindenburg: "I have not found Hitler to be very loyal to agreements; his whole manner of handling political affairs makes it very difficult to be able to entrust Hitler with political leadership. I would have very grave reservations against this."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977126-149">[149]</a> In December 1932, Hugenberg drew up plans for a presidential government to be headed by the popular mayor of Leipzig, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Goerdeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Goerdeler">Carl Goerdeler</a>, in which Hugenberg was to act as "economic dictator".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977129–130-150">[150]</a> As part of his plans, Hugenberg drew up a list of 13 "Urgent Measures" to impose totalitarian control, with all opposition to be considered treason, censorship to be imposed, strikes made illegal, and the police to be given power to take people into "protective custody" without charges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977130-151">[151]</a> At the same time, Hugenberg wrote Hitler a letter suggesting that the Nazis take part as cabinet ministers in this proposed government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977130-151">[151]</a> At a secret meeting between Hugenberg and Hitler, a reconciliation of sorts was agreed upon. Hugenberg hoped to harness the Nazis for his own ends once again, and as such he dropped his attacks on them for the campaign for the <a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner199769-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hitler's_rise_to_power">Hitler's rise to power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hitler's rise to power">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_with_Papen_and_Hitler">Negotiations with Papen and Hitler</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Negotiations with Papen and Hitler">edit</a>]</div> In early January 1933, Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a> developed plans for an expanded coalition government, to include not only Hugenberg, but also dissident Nazi <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Adam Stegerwald</a>. Although Hugenberg had designs on a return to government, his hatred of trade union activity meant that he had no intention of working with Stegerwald, the head of the Catholic Trade Union movement. When Schleicher refused to exclude Stegerwald from his plans, Hugenberg broke off negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner199789–92-152">[152]</a> Hugenberg's main confidant, <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Quaatz" title="Reinhold Quaatz">Reinhold Quaatz</a>, had, despite being half-Jewish, pushed for Hugenberg to follow a more <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">völkisch</a> path and work with the Nazi Party, and after the collapse of the Schleicher talks, this was the path he followed.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In Germany at the time, there were no public opinion polls (an American invention that only crossed the Atlantic later in the 1930s), and state elections were treated as the best barometer of public opinion. In the election held on 11 January 1933 in the small and mostly rural and Protestant state of <a href="/wiki/Lippe_(district)" title="Lippe (district)">Lippe</a>, the DNVP fared badly, losing 4,000 votes while the Nazis gained 5,000 votes compared to the last Lippe election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977133-154">[154]</a> Although Lippe was only a small state, the election result was taken as a sign that the Nazis had regained the momentum that they had lost with the most recent Reichstag election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977133-154">[154]</a> Moreover, after almost five years as DNVP leader, Hugenberg was deeply frustrated and angry with his failure to achieve power despite all his efforts, and he became more desperate in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977132-155">[155]</a> Knowing that many people in his party wanted to see him resign, Hugenberg felt besieged. He wrote to Wegener on 2 January 1933: "I see the difficulties growing all around...I myself am growing older and often do not [know] how the difficulties should be overcome."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977132-155">[155]</a> Hugenberg desired a presidential government that would carry out the "urgent measures" he had envisioned, and although he initially wanted Goerdeler appointed chancellor, he was prepared to accept either Papen or Schleicher as a substitute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977134-156">[156]</a> Hugenberg and Hitler met on 17 January 1933, and Hugenberg suggested that they both enter the cabinet of Kurt von Schleicher, a proposal rejected by Hitler, who would not move from his demands for the chancellorship. Hitler did agree in principle to allow Schleicher to serve under him as Defense minister, although Hugenberg warned the Nazi leader that as long as Paul von Hindenburg was president, Hitler would never be chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner199769–70-157">[157]</a> A further meeting between the two threatened to derail any alliance after Hugenberg rejected Hitler's demands for Nazi control over the interior ministries of Germany and Prussia, but by this time <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> had come round to the idea of Hitler as chancellor, and he worked hard to persuade the two leaders to come together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997137–141-158">[158]</a> During the negotiations between Franz von Papen and president Paul von Hindenburg, Hindenburg had insisted that Hugenberg be given the ministries of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Minister_for_Economics_and_Labour_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Minister for Economics and Labour (Germany)">Economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Food,_Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection">Agriculture</a>, both at national level and in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, as a condition of Hitler becoming chancellor, something of a surprise given the President's well publicized dislike of Hugenberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997146-159">[159]</a> Hugenberg, eager for a share of power, agreed to the plan, and continued to believe that he could use Hitler for his own ends, telling the Stahlhelm leader <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Duesterberg" title="Theodor Duesterberg">Theodor Duesterberg</a> that "we'll box Hitler in".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997147-160">[160]</a> On 27 January 1933, Hugenberg met with Hitler when he was informed Papen was now supporting a cabinet with Hitler as chancellor and Papen as vice-chancellor. Hugenberg could either realize his long sought dream of being the "economic dictator" or go into the opposition; he was inclined to the former.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977135–136-161">[161]</a> On 29 January, Papen met Hugenberg to tell him that he could be the "economic dictator" in a Hitler cabinet, a proposal that Hugenberg's deputy Otto Schmidt-Hanover dubbed "an attractive offer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977136-162">[162]</a> Papen's assurances that Hitler would be "boxed in" since the majority of the cabinet would not be Nazis, coupled with the chance to be "economic dictator" led Hugenberg to accept Hitler as chancellor and join the new government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977135–137-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_the_Hitler_cabinet">Member of the Hitler cabinet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Member of the Hitler cabinet">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28422,_Reichskabinett_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28422%2C_Reichskabinett_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/275px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28422%2C_Reichskabinett_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28422%2C_Reichskabinett_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/413px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28422%2C_Reichskabinett_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28422%2C_Reichskabinett_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/550px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28422%2C_Reichskabinett_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Hugenberg (standing, on the far right) in the first Hitler cabinet, 30 January 1933</figcaption></figure> Hugenberg agreed to join the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Hitler government</a> with the understanding that there would no new Reichstag elections, and upon waiting to be sworn in by President Hindenburg, he first learned that Hitler was planning to call new elections, precipitating a lengthy shouting match with Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977137-164">[164]</a> The chief of the presidential chancellery, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Mei%C3%9Fner" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Meißner">Otto Meißner</a> was forced to appear at the president's office to relay that Hindenburg had been forced to wait an extra half-hour and was threatening to call off the swearing-in ceremony. Papen mediated the dispute, stating that the matter of new elections would be considered after the new government was sworn in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977137-164">[164]</a> Hugenberg initially rejected Hitler's plans to immediately call a fresh election, fearing the damage such a vote might inflict on his own party but, after being informed by Otto Meißner that the plan had Hindenburg's endorsement, and by Papen that Schleicher was preparing to launch a military coup, he acceded to Hitler's wishes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997154–157-165">[165]</a> Hugenberg vigorously campaigned for the NSDAP–DNVP alliance, although other leading members within his party expressed fears over socialist elements and Nazi rhetoric. They appealed for a non-party dictatorship, but Hitler ignored their pleas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004369-166">[166]</a> Knowing of Hugenberg's strong anti-Polish tendencies, the Polish ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wysocki" title="Alfred Wysocki">Alfred Wysocki</a>, reported to the Polish Foreign Minister, Jozef Beck, that the most dangerous member of the cabinet of the new government was not Hitler, but rather Hugenberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977138-167">[167]</a> Hugenberg, who served jointly as the Reich and Prussian ministers of economics and agriculture, and boasted of his plans to be "economic dictator", was widely seen as the dominant minister in the new government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977138-167">[167]</a> The French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="André François-Poncet">André François-Poncet</a> reported to Paris "in the association of the three men [Hitler, Papen and Hugenberg]...the least dangerous, the least troublesome is certainly not M. Hugenberg".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977138-167">[167]</a> Hugenberg named Paul Bang, the economic expert of the Pan-German League, as the state secretary (the number two man) in the Economics ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146-168">[168]</a> Bang was noted for his "autarkic ideas and racist fanaticism" and proved more interested in anti-Semitic laws than in the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146-168">[168]</a> The man whom Hugenberg named as state secretary in the Agriculture ministry, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Joachim_von_Rohr" title="Hans Joachim von Rohr">Hans-Joachim von Rohr</a>, proved more interested in his portfolio, but in common with many other people found Hugenberg a difficult man to work with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146-168">[168]</a> Hugenberg made no effort to stop Hitler's ambition of becoming a dictator; he himself was authoritarian by inclination. On 2 February 1933, Hitler asked Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag for new elections, a request that was granted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977139-169">[169]</a> In a statement to the press, the new government announced with no sense of irony that the elections were necessary to "end the loss of honor and freedom" in Germany said to have started with the November revolution of 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977138-167">[167]</a> Hitler wanted a new Reichstag to pass the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a>, a special emergency law that would allow the chancellor to govern via decree instead of the Reichstag. In an editorial published in all his newspapers, Hugenberg defended the new government as necessary to defend the "Christian conservative way of life" against the forces of "atheism and liberalism, socialism and Marxism" and to return to the "pure state" that operated "according to the Prussian tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977140-170">[170]</a> Though he could not attack his coalition ally too much, Hugenberg argued that his supporters should vote DNVP because the Nazis had "not unambiguously recognized the principles of private economy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977140-170">[170]</a> At a rally on 11 February 1933 attended by Papen and the Stahlhelm leader <a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a>, Hugenberg announced the formation of the "Battle Front Black-White-Red", saying the "national movement advanced in two columns", one being the Nazis and the other being the "proper right, the Battle Front Black-White-Red, the national bourgeoise of the best tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977141-171">[171]</a> Hugenberg used his control of UFA in the election, having UFA cinemas show newsreels that emphasized his role in the new government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143-104">[104]</a> During the election, UFA cinemas played films that were markedly nationalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143-104">[104]</a> When the Reichstag was <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">burned down</a> on 28 February 1933 in act of arson committed by the Dutch communist <a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a> who had decided to burn down the Reichstag as an act of political protest, Hugenberg agreed with Hitler's claim that the fire was part of a Communist plot. In a speech given right after the Reichstag fire, Hugenberg spoke of the need for "draconian measures" against Communists and of "exterminating the hotbeds in which Bolshevism can flourish", adding that "in these earnest times there can no longer be any half measure ...no compromise, no cowardice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143–144-172">[172]</a> Along with the other DNVP members of the cabinet, he voted for the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a> of 1933, which effectively wiped out civil liberties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977144-173">[173]</a> The Reichstag <a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">election of 5 March 1933</a> was by Hugenberg's own admission a "failure" as the DNVP won only 3.1 million votes compared to the NSDAP which won 17 million votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977144-173">[173]</a> Under the Reichstag Fire Decree, Hitler had banned the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">German Communist Party</a> (KPD), which meant that even without the DNVP the Nazis still had a majority in the new Reichstag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977144-173">[173]</a> Hugenberg was quietly concerned what Hitler might do if the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, and tried to include some amendments intended to limit Hitler's power, only to be undercut by Hindenburg and by calls from within his own party to merge with the Nazi party.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Hugenberg together with the rest of the DNVP Reichstag members voted for the Enabling Act, which Hugenberg rationalized on the grounds that the activation of the Enabling Act referred to the "present government", which Hugenberg took to mean that Hitler could not dismiss him from the cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977145-175">[175]</a> Of the all members of the Reichstag, only the Social Democrats voted against the Enabling Act (the KPD having already been banned). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removal_from_politics">Removal from politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Removal from politics">edit</a>]</div> In the elections, Hugenberg's <a href="/wiki/DNVP" class="mw-redirect" title="DNVP">DNVP</a> captured 52 seats in the Reichstag, although any hope that these seats could ensure influence for the party evaporated with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a> (which the DNVP supported) soon after the vote.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Nevertheless, Hugenberg was Minister of the Economy in the new government and was also appointed Minister of Agriculture in the Nazi cabinet, largely due to the support his party enjoyed amongst the north German landowners. Papen, who envisioned himself as a check on Hitler, proved to be too superficial a personality for such a role while Hugenberg, who usually worked 14 hours a day, proved himself to be too involved in the intricacies of his portfolios to offer an effective check.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146-168">[168]</a> Hugenberg, who refused to hire a secretary and wrote all of his lengthy memos by hand as he did not know how to use a typewriter, proved to be a stubborn and unlikable man, whom even the other conservative ministers found difficult to deal with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146-168">[168]</a> Hugenberg fancied himself the "economic dictator", but at cabinet meetings the other conservative ministers such as Papen, Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath and Defense Minister General <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a> all objected to Hugenberg's plans for an <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarkic economy</a> as unworkable and likely to isolate Germany internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977152–153-177">[177]</a> Neurath, an experienced diplomat who had previously served as the ambassador in London and Rome, argued that the principal danger from abroad was the prospect of a "preventive war" from France. To end this prospect, Neurath argued that Germany for the moment needed to present itself as a more or less cooperative member of the international community, and that the economic policies advocated by Hugenberg were likely to cost Germany goodwill at a time when goodwill was much needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977152–153-177">[177]</a> As Minister, Hugenberg declared a temporary moratorium on foreclosures, cancelled some debts and placed tariffs on some widely produced agricultural goods in order to stimulate the sector. As a move to protect dairy farming, he also placed limits on margarine production, although this move saw a rapid increase in the price of butter and margarine and made Hugenberg an unpopular figure outside of the farming community, hastening the inevitable departure of the non-Nazi from the cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006420-178">[178]</a> The DNVP for its all hostility towards liberalism was deeply committed to the <a href="/wiki/Rechtsstaat" title="Rechtsstaat">Rechtsstaat</a> (Rule of Law) and unaccustomed to dealing with Nazi dynamism and contempt for laws, as the Nazis tended to act illegally and present a fait accompli to their DNVP allies, who meekly accepted what had been done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977148-179">[179]</a> On 17 May 1933, Hugenberg met with Hindenburg to complain that the Nazis forced some civil servants who were DNVP members out of their jobs or alternatively forced them to join the NSDAP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977151-180">[180]</a> Hindenburg proved to be uninterested and told Hugenberg of his belief "that the Reich Chancellor has the best intentions and with clean hands works in the interest of the Fatherland and in the spirit of justice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977151-180">[180]</a> Hindenburg conceded that some of the Nazis were acting illegally, but told Hugenberg that he would take no action because this was a "critical time" and one must remember "what a national upsurge the new movement has brought us".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977151-180">[180]</a> Meanwhile, in June 1933, Hitler was forced to disavow the plan Hugenberg proposed while attending the <a href="/wiki/London_Economic_Conference" title="London Economic Conference">London World Economic Conference</a>, that a program of German colonial expansion in both Africa and Eastern Europe was the best way of ending the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, which created a major storm abroad.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Hugenberg argued in a speech given in London on 16 June 1933 that Germany needed the return of all its former colonies in Africa in order to "open up for a Volk ohne Raum (nation without space) areas which could provide space for the settlement of its vigorous race and construct great works of peace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977154-182">[182]</a> Both the French and Soviet governments formally submitted notes of protest, the French government because of the demand to return the former colonies in Africa, while the Soviet government objected to the fact that the Soviet Union was the Lebensraum that Hugenberg had in mind for German colonization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977155-183">[183]</a> In an attempt to contain the damage caused by Hugenberg, Neurath issued a statement to the British press, saying these were merely the "private" views of the Economics minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977154–155-184">[184]</a> Rather than accept the rebuke, Hugenberg chose to issue a statement claiming he was speaking on behalf of the German government, an action that made the German delegation appear to be "ridiculous", as Neurath complained at a subsequent cabinet meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977155-183">[183]</a> Neurath told the cabinet that "a single member cannot simply overlook the objections of the others" and that Hugenberg "either did not understand these objections, which were naturally clothed in polite form, or he did not want to understand them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977155-183">[183]</a> The fact that Hugenberg chose to engage in a vendetta with Neurath over the conflicting press releases issued in London instead of dropping the matter as Neurath had urged him to do, made him appear very petty and spiteful and cost him whatever sympathy he might had enjoyed from the other conservative cabinet ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977156–157-185">[185]</a> In a further blow, during his time in London, the party had disbanded both the Kampfring, the para-military wing of the DNVP and its youth wing, the Bismarck Youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977157–158-186">[186]</a> Hugenberg's fate was sealed when the Prussian State Secretary <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reinhardt" title="Fritz Reinhardt">Fritz Reinhardt</a>, ostensibly a subordinate to Hugenberg as Minister of Economy, presented a work-creation plan to the cabinet. The policy was supported by every member except Hugenberg.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> An increasingly isolated figure, Hugenberg was finally forced to resign from the cabinet after a whisper campaign against him to remove him from power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200613-188">[188]</a> He announced his formal resignation on 29 June 1933, and he was replaced by others who were loyal to the Nazi Party, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a> in the Economics Ministry and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a> in the Agriculture Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200627-189">[189]</a> A "Friendship Agreement" was signed between the Nazis and the DNVP immediately afterwards, the terms of which effectively dissolved the Nationalists, with members urged to join the Nazi Party. Indeed, the German National Front (DNF), as the DNVP had officially been called since May 1933, had officially dissolved itself on 27 June.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Hugenberg signed a written agreement to dissolve the DNF in return for which Hitler promised that civil servants who were DNF members would be recognized as "full and legally equal co-fighters" and to release those party members in jail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163-5">[5]</a> Hugenberg's last statement to the party's executive committee was that "we all have cause to go home and to crawl into our closets or go into the woods".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163-5">[5]</a> Although driven from his cabinet post, Hugenberg was, along with Papen and other former DNVP and <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> members, included on the Nazi list of candidates for the <a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_election" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1933 German election">November 1933 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006109-191">[191]</a> However, his stock with the Nazis had fallen so much that in December 1933 the Telegraph Union, the news agency owned by Hugenberg, was de facto taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda Ministry</a> and merged into a new German News Office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006146-192">[192]</a> Hugenberg was allowed to remain in the Reichstag until 1945 as one of 22 so-called "guest" members who were officially designated as non-party representatives. Given that they shared the assembly with 639 Nazi deputies, and given that the Reichstag met on an increasingly infrequent basis in any event, independents like Hugenberg had no influence.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers_by_Scherl-Verlags_(bought_by_Hugenberg)">Newspapers by Scherl-Verlags (bought by Hugenberg)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Newspapers by Scherl-Verlags (bought by Hugenberg)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_von_Bucovich_Berlin_Scherlhaus_1928.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mario_von_Bucovich_Berlin_Scherlhaus_1928.png/220px-Mario_von_Bucovich_Berlin_Scherlhaus_1928.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mario_von_Bucovich_Berlin_Scherlhaus_1928.png/330px-Mario_von_Bucovich_Berlin_Scherlhaus_1928.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Mario_von_Bucovich_Berlin_Scherlhaus_1928.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Berlin Scherlhaus, 1928</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Special:EditPage/Alfred Hugenberg">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" width="10%"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tag_(1901%E2%80%931934)" class="extiw" title="de:Der Tag (1901–1934)">Der Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Lokal-Anzeiger" title="Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger">Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Illustrierte_Nachtausgabe" class="extiw" title="de:Berliner Illustrierte Nachtausgabe">Berliner Illustrierte Nachtausgabe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Woche_(Scherl)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Woche (Scherl) (page does not exist)">Die Woche</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherl%E2%80%99s_Magazin" class="extiw" title="de:Scherl’s Magazin">Scherl's Magazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Gartenlaube" title="Die Gartenlaube">Gartenlaube</a></li> <li>Silberspiegel</li> <li>Allgemeiner Wegweiser</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top" width="10%"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scherls_Wohnungs-Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scherls Wohnungs-Zeitung (page does not exist)">Scherls Wohnungs-Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filmwelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filmwelt (page does not exist)">Filmwelt</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denken_und_Raten" class="extiw" title="de:Denken und Raten">Denken und Raten</a></li> <li>Das Grundeigentum</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Kinematograph" class="extiw" title="de:Der Kinematograph">Der Kinematograph</a></li> <li>Echo</li> <li>Deutsche technische Auslandszeitschrift</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Adler" title="Der Adler">Der Adler</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers_owned_or_partly_owned_by_Hugenberg-company">Newspapers owned or partly owned by Hugenberg-company</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Newspapers owned or partly owned by Hugenberg-company">edit</a>]</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" width="10%"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannoverscher_Kurier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannoverscher Kurier (page does not exist)">Hannoverscher Kurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlesische_Zeitung" title="Schlesische Zeitung">Schlesische Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lippische_Tageszeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lippische Tageszeitung (page does not exist)">Lippische Tageszeitung</a></li> <li>Merseburger Tageblatt</li> <li>München-Augsburger Abendzeitung</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheinisch-Westf%C3%A4lische_Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rheinisch-Westfälische Zeitung (page does not exist)">Rheinisch-Westfälische Zeitung</a></li> <li>Bergisch-Märkische Zeitung</li> <li>Schwäbischer Kurier</li> <li>Magdeburger Tageszeitung</li> <li>Weimarer Zeitung</li> <li>Saale Zeitung</li> <li>Mitteldeutsche Zeitung</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top" width="10%"> <ul><li>Eiserne Blätter</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Zeitung_(1896%E2%80%931934)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Zeitung (1896–1934) (page does not exist)">Deutsche Zeitung</a></li> <li>Motorschau – Nationale Deutsche Motorfahrt-Zeitung</li> <li>Kösliner Zeitung</li> <li>Stargarder Zeitung</li> <li>Oberschlesische Tageszeitung</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppelner_Nachrichten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oppelner Nachrichten (page does not exist)">Oppelner Nachrichten</a></li> <li>Volksbote f. d. Kreise Kreuzburg u. Rosenberg</li> <li>Rosenberger Zeitung</li> <li>Stralsunder Zeitung</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Neueste_Nachrichten" title="Münchner Neueste Nachrichten">Münchner Neueste Nachrichten</a></li> <li>Fränkischer Kurier</li> <li>Hamburger Nachrichten</li> <li>Leipziger Neueste Nachrichten</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> Although Hugenberg had lost the Telegraph Union early on, he retained most of his media interests until 1943 when the <a href="/wiki/Eher_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Eher Verlag">Eher Verlag</a> purchased his Scherl House. Hugenberg did not let them go cheaply, however, as he negotiated a large portfolio of shares in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhenish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalian</a> industries in return for his cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-Wistrich158-38">[38]</a> Hugenberg last saw Hitler in February 1935, when he presented a plan to replace rental housing with condominiums, which went nowhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977165-194">[194]</a> By 1935, Hugenberg owned only the Scherl newspapers and UFA, which gave him an annual income of 500,000 Reichsmarks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977165-194">[194]</a> The Scherl newspapers such as the Berliner Illustrierte Nachtausgabe and Der Adler continued to be published under the Third Reich and sold well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977165-194">[194]</a> The negotiations for the forced sale of the Scherl house were conduced by the Reich Economics minister, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a>, who essentially told Hugenberg that he had to sell the Scherl newspapers, but that they would pay any price he asked for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166-195">[195]</a> Shortly after the sale in 1944, a British bombing raid wrecked the newspaper plant where the Scherl papers were published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166-195">[195]</a> Hugenberg's son was killed in action on the Eastern Front; characteristically he refused to express any grief in public lest he be accused of weakness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166-195">[195]</a> At the end of the war, Hugenberg was living at his estate in Rohbraken in Lippe, which ended up being in the British occupation zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166-195">[195]</a> Hugenberg was arrested by British military police on 28 September 1946, and his remaining assets were frozen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166-195">[195]</a> Hugenberg was initially detained after the war, but in 1949 a <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a> court at <a href="/wiki/Detmold" title="Detmold">Detmold</a> adjudged him a "<a href="/wiki/Mitl%C3%A4ufer" title="Mitläufer">Mitläufer</a>" ("<a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">fellow traveller</a>") rather than a Nazi, meaning that he was allowed to keep his property and business interests.<a href="#cite_note-Wistrich158-38">[38]</a> Hugenberg spent the last years of his life denying any responsibility for the Nazi regime, continuing to insist that he had always acted correctly and that he had nothing to be ashamed of.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166-195">[195]</a> He died in Kükenbruch (now part of <a href="/wiki/Extertal" title="Extertal">Extertal</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Detmold" title="Detmold">Detmold</a> on 12 March 1951, having only the company of a nurse, as he had asked that his family not be allowed to see him (Hugenberg did not want to appear weak before his family in his death throes).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Hugenberg">"Alfred Hugenberg | German political leader"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Alfred+Hugenberg+%7C+German+political+leader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlfred-Hugenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hugenberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoepke1974" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoepke, Klaus-Peter (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118554565.html#ndbcontent">"Hugenberg, Alfred"</a>. Neue Deutsche Biographie 10 (in German). pp. 10–13 [Online-Version]. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie+10&rft.atitle=Hugenberg%2C+Alfred&rft.pages=10-13+Online-Version&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hoepke&rft.aufirst=Klaus-Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fpnd118554565.html%23ndbcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hugenberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichmann2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wichmann, Manfred (14 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/alfred-hugenberg">"Alfred Hugenberg 1865–1951: Wirtschaftsführer, Politiker"</a> [Alfred Hugenberg 1865–1951: Business Leader, Politician]. Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft.atitle=Alfred+Hugenberg+1865%E2%80%931951%3A+Wirtschaftsf%C3%BChrer%2C+Politiker&rft.date=2014-09-14&rft.aulast=Wichmann&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fbiografie%2Falfred-hugenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hugenberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197711-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197711_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197711_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197711_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197711_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197711_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197711_4-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977163_5-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirk-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirk_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirk_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirk_6-2">c</a> Tim Kirk, Cassell's Dictionary of Modern German History, Cassell, 2002, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977174-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977174_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19771-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19771_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19771_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19771_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19771_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19771_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19771_8-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Günter Watermeier, Politischer Mord und Kriegskultur an der Wiege der Weimarer Republik, GRIN Verlag, 2007, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977168-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977168_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977169-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977169_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_12-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Leo_Snyder" title="Louis Leo Snyder">Louis Leo Snyder</a>, Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, Wordsworth Editions, 1998, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Sebastian Conrad, Globalisation and the Nation in Imperial Germany, Cambridge University Press, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19771–2-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19771–2_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19772-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19772_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19772_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19772_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006373-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006373_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Willi Boelcke, Krupp und die Hohenzollern in Dokumenten 1850-1918. Frankfurt 1970. pages 158–162 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Michael Epkenhans, Ralf Stremmel: Friedrich Alfred Krupp. Ein Unternehmer im Kaiserreich. München 2010. page 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Julius Meisbach: Friedrich Alfred Krupp - wie er lebte und starb, Verlag K.A.Stauff & Cie., Köln ca. 1903 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19772–3-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19772–3_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19773-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19773_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19773_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19773_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19773_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19773_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19773_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19773_21-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19774-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19774_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19774_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19775-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19775_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19776-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19776_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19776_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19776_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19776_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19776_24-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19777-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19777_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19777_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19777_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197710-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197710_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197710_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197710–11-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197710–11_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197715–16-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197715–16_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19776–8-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19776–8_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19778–9-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19778–9_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19778–9_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19779-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19779_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold19778-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19778_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19778_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold19778_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197715-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197715_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197715_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Robert Wistrich, Who's Who in Nazi Germany, Bonanza Books, 1984, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977179-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977179_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977179_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977179_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977179_35-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Karl Dietrich Bracher</a>, The German Dictatorship, Penguin, 1971, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Paul Bookbinder, Weimar Germany: The Republic of the Reasonable, Manchester University Press, 1996, pp. 222–223 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wistrich158-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wistrich158_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wistrich158_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wistrich158_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wistrich158_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wistrich158_38-4">e</a> Wistrich, Who's Who in Nazi Germany, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197721-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197721_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197721_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197721_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197721_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197721_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197721_39-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197722-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197722_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197722_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197722_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197722_40-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197734-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197734_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197717,_31-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197717,_31_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 17, 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197714-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197714_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197714_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197714_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197714_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197714_43-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197713-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197713_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197713_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197713_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197738–39-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197738–39_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197739-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197739_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197714–15-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197714–15_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197741-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197741_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197741_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197737-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197737_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197718–19-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197718–19_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197718–19_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197719-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197719_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197723-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197723_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197723_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197723_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197723_52-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197722–23-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197722–23_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197724-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197724_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197724_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197724_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197724_54-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197725-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197725_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197725–26-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197725–26_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197728-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197728_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197720-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197720_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197730–31-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197730–31_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197731-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197731_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197731_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197732-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197732_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197732_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197732_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197732–33-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197732–33_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197732–33_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197733–34-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197733–34_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197734–35-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197734–35_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197735–36-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197735–36_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197719–20-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197719–20_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197719–20_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197745–46-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197745–46_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197746-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197746_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197747-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197747_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197747–48-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197747–48_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197748-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197748_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197748_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197748_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197748–49-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197748–49_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197749-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197749_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197749–50-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197749–50_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197751-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197751_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197751_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197752-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197752_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197744-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197744_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197744_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Faces_of_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Faces of Fascism">Three Faces of Fascism</a>, Mentor Books, 1965, p. 426 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200495-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200495_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200495_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2004">Evans 2004</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004259-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004259_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2004">Evans 2004</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197794-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197794_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197794_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197794_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197794_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197794_81-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197755_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197755_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197755_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197755_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197755_82-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197755_82-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197755–56-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197755–56_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197755–56_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197756-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197756_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197756_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197756–57-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197756–57_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197772-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197772_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197759-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197759_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197759_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a>, Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris, Penguin, 1999, p. 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197761-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197761_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197761_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitz-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitz_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitz_90-1">b</a> Michael Fitzgerald, Adolf Hitler: A Portrait, Spellmount, 2006, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Anthony Read, The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle, Pimlico, 2004, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197762-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197762_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197763–65-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197763–65_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 63–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197763-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197763_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197765-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197765_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197770-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197770_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197770_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197770_96-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Fitzgerald, Adolf Hitler: A Portrait, p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Read, The Devil's Disciples, p. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Kershaw, Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris, p. 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197771-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197771_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197771_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197771_100-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197777–78-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197777–78_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197778-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197778_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197775-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197775_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197775_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143_104-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197779-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197779_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197782–83-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197782–83_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197781–82-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197781–82_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197782-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197782_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197783-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197783_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197787-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197787_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a>, From Weimar to Auschwitz, Polity Press, 1991, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197795-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197795_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197796-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197796_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197796_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197796_113-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197784-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197784_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197785-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197785_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197785_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197785–86-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197785–86_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197786-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197786_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197788-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197788_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197793-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197793_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197791-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197791_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197791_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197798-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197798_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> F.L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism, Methuen, 1970, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197798–99-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197798–99_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197799-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197799_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977100-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977100_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977100_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197791–92-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197791–92_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold197792-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197792_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold197792_127-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977102–103-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977102–103_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner199769-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner199769_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner199769_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner199769_129-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1997">Turner 1997</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977108–110-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977108–110_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 108–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Heiden" title="Konrad Heiden">Konrad Heiden</a>, The Fuehrer, Robinson, 1999, pp. 350–351 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977111-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977111_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977111_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977111_132-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105_133-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977113-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977113_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105–106-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977105–106_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977232-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977232_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977114-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977114_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977114_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977114_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977115–117-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977115–117_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 115–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977116-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977116_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977118-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977118_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977118–119-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977118–119_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977119-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977119_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120_143-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120–121-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977120–121_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977121-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977121_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977121–122-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977121–122_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977123–124-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977123–124_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977122-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977122_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977126-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977126_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977129–130-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977129–130_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977130-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977130_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977130_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner199789–92-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner199789–92_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1997">Turner 1997</a>, pp. 89–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Hermann Weiss & Paul Hoser (eds), Die Deutschnationalen und die Zerstörung der Weimarer Republik. Aus dem Tagebuch von Reinhold Quaatz 1928–1933 (Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 59), Oldenbourg: Munich 1989, pp. 19–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977133-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977133_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977133_154-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977132-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977132_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977132_155-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977134-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977134_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner199769–70-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner199769–70_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1997">Turner 1997</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997137–141-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1997137–141_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1997">Turner 1997</a>, pp. 137–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997146-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1997146_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1997">Turner 1997</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997147-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1997147_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1997">Turner 1997</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977135–136-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977135–136_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977136-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977136_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977135–137-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977135–137_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 135–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977137-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977137_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977137_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997154–157-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1997154–157_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1997">Turner 1997</a>, pp. 154–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004369-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2004369_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2004">Evans 2004</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977138-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977138_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977138_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977138_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977138_167-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146_168-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146_168-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977146_168-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977139-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977139_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977140-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977140_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977140_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977141-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977141_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143–144-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977143–144_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977144-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977144_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977144_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977144_173-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatchPatch2006" class="citation book cs1">Patch, William L. Jr.; Patch, William L. (30 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMwtksPDkIkC">Heinrich Bruning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521025419" title="Special:BookSources/0521025419"><bdi>0521025419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Bruning+and+the+Dissolution+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft.isbn=0521025419&rft.aulast=Patch&rft.aufirst=William+L.+Jr.&rft.au=Patch%2C+William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMwtksPDkIkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hugenberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977145-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977145_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Grosser" title="Alfred Grosser">Alfred Grosser</a>, Germany in Our Time: A Political History of the Post-War Years, Penguin Books, 1971, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977152–153-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977152–153_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977152–153_177-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006420-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006420_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</a>, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977148-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977148_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977151-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977151_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977151_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977151_180-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Hildebrand, Klaus The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich London: Batsford 1973 pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977154-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977154_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977155-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977155_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977155_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977155_183-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977154–155-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977154–155_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977156–157-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977156–157_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977157–158-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977157–158_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Kershaw, Hitler: Hubris, p. 449 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200613-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200613_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200627-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200627_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Kershaw, Hitler: Hubris, p. 477 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006109-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006109_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006146-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006146_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Read, The Devil's Disciples, p. 344 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977165-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977165_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977165_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977165_194-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166_195-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166_195-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166_195-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166_195-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1977166_195-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1977">Leopold 1977</a>, p. 166. </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2004). The Coming of the Third Reich. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143034698" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143034698"><bdi>978-0143034698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0143034698&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hugenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2006). The Third Reich in Power. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143037903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143037903"><bdi>978-0143037903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0143037903&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hugenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopold1977" class="citation book cs1">Leopold, John A. (1977). Alfred Hugenberg: The radical nationalist campaign against the Weimar Republic. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300020687" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300020687"><bdi>978-0300020687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hugenberg%3A+The+radical+nationalist+campaign+against+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0300020687&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hugenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ashby_Turner" title="Henry Ashby Turner">Turner, Henry Ashby</a> (1997). Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201328004" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201328004"><bdi>978-0201328004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Thirty+Days+to+Power%3A+January+1933&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0201328004&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ashby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hugenberg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alfred_Hugenberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/GERhugenberg.htm">Spartacus Educational website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/Hugenberg-1865-1951-Alfred">entry on Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/008328">Newspaper clippings about Alfred Hugenberg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">Kuno von Westarp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> 1928–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Position abolished </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Warmbold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Warmbold (page does not exist)">Hermann Warmbold</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_economics_ministers" title="List of German economics ministers">Minister of Economics</a> 1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_von_Braun_(senior)" title="Magnus von Braun (senior)">Magnus Freiherr von Braun</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_Minister_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture Minister of Germany">Minister for Food and Agriculture</a> 1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Members of the Hitler Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li> <li>Deputy Führer: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Reichstag" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Reichstag">President of the Reichstag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Armaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Church Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muhs" title="Hermann Muhs">Hermann Muhs</a> (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">Eastern Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Ministry of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Food and Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe">Herbert Backe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schlegelberger" title="Franz Schlegelberger">Franz Schlegelberger</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Georg_Thierack" title="Otto Georg Thierack">Otto Georg Thierack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postal Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge" title="Wilhelm Ohnesorge">Wilhelm Ohnesorge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Transport" title="Reich Ministry of Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Dorpmüller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Reichsministers without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Hierl" title="Konstantin Hierl">Konstantin Hierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Hans Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner">Otto Meissner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsführer SS">Reichsführer SS</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabschef_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabschef SA">Stabschef SA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_Ministers_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template:Economy Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Economy Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_Ministers_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Action" title="Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action">Economy Ministers of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Economy Secretaries (1871–1918) <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schwander" title="Rudolf Schwander">Rudolf Schwander</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Karl_Freiherr_von_Stein_zu_Nord-_und_Ostheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Karl Freiherr von Stein zu Nord- und Ostheim (page does not exist)">Hans Karl Freiherr von Stein zu Nord- und Ostheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_M%C3%BCller_(SPD_policitian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Müller (SPD policitian) (page does not exist)">August Müller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1918–1933) <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Wissell" title="Rudolf Wissell">Rudolf Wissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schmidt_(German_politician)" title="Robert Schmidt (German politician)">Robert Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Scholz" title="Ernst Scholz">Ernst Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schmidt_(German_politician)" title="Robert Schmidt (German politician)">Robert Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Becker_(politician)" title="Johann Becker (politician)">Johann Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Raumer" title="Hans von Raumer">Hans von Raumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Koeth" title="Joseph Koeth">Joseph Koeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hamm" title="Eduard Hamm">Eduard Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Neuhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Neuhaus (page does not exist)">Albert Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Krohne" title="Rudolf Krohne">Rudolf Krohne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Curtius" title="Julius Curtius">Julius Curtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Moldenhauer" title="Paul Moldenhauer">Paul Moldenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schmidt_(German_politician)" title="Robert Schmidt (German politician)">Robert Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Dietrich" title="Hermann Dietrich">Hermann Dietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Trendelenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Trendelenburg (page does not exist)">Ernst Trendelenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Warmbold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Warmbold (page does not exist)">Hermann Warmbold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Trendelenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Trendelenburg (page does not exist)">Ernst Trendelenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Warmbold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Warmbold (page does not exist)">Hermann Warmbold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (1933–1945) <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (1949–) <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Kurt Schmücker">Kurt Schmücker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schiller" title="Karl Schiller">Karl Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Friderichs" title="Hans Friderichs">Hans Friderichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff" title="Otto Graf Lambsdorff">Otto Graf Lambsdorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Lahnstein" title="Manfred Lahnstein">Manfred Lahnstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff" title="Otto Graf Lambsdorff">Otto Graf Lambsdorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bangemann" title="Martin Bangemann">Martin Bangemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Haussmann" title="Helmut Haussmann">Helmut Haussmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%B6llemann" title="Jürgen Möllemann">Jürgen Möllemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Rexrodt" title="Günter Rexrodt">Günter Rexrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_M%C3%BCller_(politician)" title="Werner Müller (politician)">Werner Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Clement" title="Wolfgang Clement">Wolfgang Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Glos" title="Michael Glos">Michael Glos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Theodor_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg">Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Br%C3%BCderle" title="Rainer Brüderle">Rainer Brüderle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%B6sler" title="Philipp Rösler">Philipp Rösler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Sigmar Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Zypries" title="Brigitte Zypries">Brigitte Zypries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Altmaier" title="Peter Altmaier">Peter Altmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Habeck" title="Robert Habeck">Robert Habeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">East Germany</a> (1949–1990) <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany"><img alt="East Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Luft" title="Christa Luft">Christa Luft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Pohl" title="Gerhard Pohl">Gerhard Pohl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65121#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65121#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65121#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082623324">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72185793">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/78551/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkD6PtTkcPDHtmDQXqfbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118554565">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81099220">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10438765x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10438765x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00649674">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070569711">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810581350905606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279288805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118554565.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118554565">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/073643610">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&oldid=1258679952">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&oldid=1258679952</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1865_births" title="Category:1865 births">1865 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_deaths" title="Category:1951 deaths">1951 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Hanover" title="Category:Politicians from Hanover">Politicians from Hanover</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Category:People from the Kingdom of Hanover">People from the Kingdom of Hanover</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Province_of_Hanover" title="Category:People from the Province of Hanover">People from the Province of Hanover</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)_politicians" title="Category:National Liberal Party (Germany) politicians">National Liberal Party (Germany) politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_Fatherland_Party_politicians" title="Category:German Fatherland Party politicians">German Fatherland Party politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_National_People%27s_Party_politicians" title="Category:German National People's Party politicians">German National People's Party politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alldeutscher_Verband_members" title="Category:Alldeutscher Verband members">Alldeutscher Verband members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Weimar_National_Assembly" title="Category:Members of the Weimar National Assembly">Members of the Weimar National Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1920%E2%80%931924" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1920–1924">Members of the Reichstag 1920–1924</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1924" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1924">Members of the Reichstag 1924</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:Government ministers of Nazi Germany">Government ministers of Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="Category:Leaders of political parties in Germany">Leaders of political parties in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_Protestants" title="Category:German Protestants">German Protestants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_newspaper_publishers_(people)" title="Category:20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)">20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_anti-communists" title="Category:German anti-communists">German anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_ministers_of_Germany" title="Category:Agriculture ministers of Germany">Agriculture ministers of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_ministers_of_Prussia" title="Category:Agriculture ministers of Prussia">Agriculture ministers of Prussia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_ministers_of_Germany" title="Category:Economy ministers of Germany">Economy ministers of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_mass_media_owners" title="Category:German mass media owners">German mass media owners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_publishers_(people)" title="Category:19th-century German publishers (people)">19th-century German publishers (people)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_nationalists" title="Category:German nationalists">German nationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_party_founders" title="Category:Political party founders">Political party founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berliner_Lokal-Anzeiger" title="Category:Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger">Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1924%E2%80%931928" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1924–1928">Members of the Reichstag 1924–1928</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1928%E2%80%931930" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1928–1930">Members of the Reichstag 1928–1930</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1930%E2%80%931932" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1930–1932">Members of the Reichstag 1930–1932</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1932" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1932">Members of the Reichstag 1932</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1932%E2%80%931933" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1932–1933">Members of the Reichstag 1932–1933</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1933" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1933">Members of the Reichstag 1933</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1933%E2%80%931936" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936">Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1936%E2%80%931938" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938">Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1938%E2%80%931945" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945">Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2021">Use dmy dates from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use American English from October 2023">Use American English from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from August 2022">Articles that may be too long from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2024">Articles needing additional references from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 00:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hugenberg&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w8xh7","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.790","walltime":"2.080","ppvisitednodes":{"value":33935,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":301817,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34091,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":200664,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1780.700 1 -total"," 35.81% 637.710 298 Template:Sfn"," 16.44% 292.826 1 Template:Conservatism_in_Germany"," 13.23% 235.550 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 13.13% 233.820 141 Template:Lang"," 7.00% 124.613 1 Template:Reflist"," 6.81% 121.182 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 4.13% 73.474 318 Template:Main_other"," 3.58% 63.687 3 Template:Cite_web"," 3.43% 61.167 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.019","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25184693,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFEvans2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoepke1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeopold1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatchPatch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWichmann2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hugenberg, Alfred\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Economy Ministers of Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Hitler's Cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 109,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 298,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Very long\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","29.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","25.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","13.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","10.3"],["type","60","5.2"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","20","1.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::get","20","1.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gcodepoint_init","20","1.7"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","20","1.7"],["format","20","1.7"],["[others]","80","6.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dmn8l","timestamp":"20241124161430","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alfred Hugenberg","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_Hugenberg","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q65121","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q65121","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-03T15:47:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T00:22:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/eb\/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg","headline":"German politician (1865-1951)"}</script> </body> </html>