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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="هانز هاينريش لامرز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هانز هاينريش لامرز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Lammers" title="Hans Heinrich Lammers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hans Heinrich Lammers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%82" title="Χανς Λάμερς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χανς Λάμερς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Lammers" title="Hans Heinrich Lammers – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hans Heinrich Lammers" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="هانس لامرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هانس لامرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers_(Naits%C3%AD)" title="Hans Lammers (Naitsí) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hans Lammers (Naitsí)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%9D%BC%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="한스 라머스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한스 라머스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="הנס לאמרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנס לאמרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰანს ლამერსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰანს ლამერსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Henricus_Lammers" title="Ioannes Henricus Lammers – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Henricus Lammers" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanss_Lammerss" title="Hanss Lammerss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hanss Lammerss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="هانز هاينريش لامرز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هانز هاينريش لامرز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Lammers" title="Hans Heinrich Lammers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hans Heinrich Lammers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ハンス・ハインリヒ・ラマース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンス・ハインリヒ・ラマース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Ламмерс, Ганс Генрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ламмерс, Ганс Генрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Lammers" title="Hans Heinrich Lammers – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hans Heinrich Lammers" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hans Lammers" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Ганс Генріх Ламмерс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ганс Генріх Ламмерс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%BB%98%E6%96%AF" title="漢斯·拉默斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="漢斯·拉默斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57472#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hans Lammers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0276,_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0276%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0276%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0276%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0276%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0276%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0276%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lammers in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsminister" title="Reichsminister">Reichsminister</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Reich_Chancellery" title="Chief of the Reich Chancellery">Chief of the Reich Chancellery</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 November 1937 – 24 April 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Kritzinger" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger">Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1942–45)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/State_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary">Staatssekretär</a></i> and Chief of the Reich Chancellery<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 January 1933 – 26 November 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Planck" title="Erwin Planck">Erwin Planck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as <i>Reichsminister</i> and Chief of the Reich Chancellery)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Hitler">President of the Reich Cabinet<br /><small>(Presiding Officer in Hitler's Absence)</small></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1943 – 24 April 1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hans Heinrich Lammers</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-05-27</span>)</span>27 May 1879<br /><a href="/wiki/Lubliniec" title="Lubliniec">Lublinitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 January 1962<span style="display:none">(1962-01-04)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (until 1932)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Elfriede Tepel</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1913; died 1945)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Law</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">German University of Breslau</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Judge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler Cabinet">Hitler Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1914–1918<br />1933–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">Hauptmann</a></i><br />SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, 1st class</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hans Heinrich Lammers</b> (27 May 1879 – 4 January 1962) was a German jurist and prominent <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> politician. From 1933 until 1945 he served as Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. In 1937, he additionally was given the post of <i>Reichsminister</i> in the cabinet. During the 1948–1949 <a href="/wiki/Ministries_Trial" title="Ministries Trial">Ministries Trial</a>, Lammers was found guilty of crimes against peace, <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, and membership in a criminal organization. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison in April 1949 but this was later reduced to 10 years and he was released early. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lammers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in Lublinitz (now <a href="/wiki/Lubliniec" title="Lubliniec">Lubliniec</a>, Poland) in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, the son of a veterinarian, Lammers completed law school at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">Breslau</a> (today, Wrocław) and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, obtained his doctorate in 1904, and was appointed judge at the <i><a href="/wiki/Amtsgericht" title="Amtsgericht">Amtsgericht</a></i> (district court) of <a href="/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom">Beuthen</a> (Bytom) in 1912. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> as an officer. He was severely wounded in 1917, losing his left eye, and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, First Class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discharged from the military after the war with the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">Hauptmann</a></i>, he joined the national conservative <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP) and resumed his career as a lawyer reaching by 1922 the position of undersecretary at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)#History" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Reich Ministry of the Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWistrich2001149_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWistrich2001149-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_career">Nazi career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lammers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nazi career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lammers joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> with an effective date of 1 March 1932 (membership number 1,010,355) and achieved rapid advancement. He was appointed head of the police office in the Interior Ministry and, after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">Nazi seizure of power</a> on 30 January 1933, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Reich_Chancellery" title="Chief of the Reich Chancellery">Chief of the Reich Chancellery</a> with the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/State_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary">Staatssekretär</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1991523_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1991523-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the recommendation of Interior <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsminister" title="Reichsminister">Reichsminister</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a>, he became the centre of communications and chief legal adviser for all government departments. In October 1933, he was made a member of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Academy_for_German_Law" title="Academy for German Law">Academy for German Law</a>. On 26 November 1937, his rank in the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Hitler cabinet</a> was elevated to <i>Reichsminister</i> and he retained his post as Chief of the Reich Chancellery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 August 1939, immediately prior to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Lammers was appointed by Hitler to the six-person <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_for_Defense_of_the_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers for Defense of the Reich">Council of Ministers for Defense of the Reich</a>, which was set up to operate as a "war cabinet".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981308–309_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981308–309-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that position, he was able to review all pertinent documents regarding national security and domestic policy even before they were forwarded to Hitler in person. The historian Martin Kitchen explains that the centralization of power accorded to the Reich Chancellery and therefore to its head made Lammers become "one of the most important men in Nazi Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199511_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199511-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the vantage point of most government officers, Lammers seemed to speak on behalf of Hitler, the ultimate authority within the Reich. Lammers was also one of the first officials to sign government correspondence with "Heil Hitler", which became a requisite greeting for civil servants and eventually so ubiquitous that failure to use it was considered an "overt sign of dissidence", which could trigger attention from the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200645_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200645-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lammers had joined the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> in September 1933 (SS number 118,401) and attained the rank of SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i> on 20 April 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From January 1943, Lammers served as president of the cabinet when Hitler was absent from their meetings. Along with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a>, he increasingly controlled access to Hitler. By early 1943, the war produced a labour crisis for the regime. Hitler agreed to the creation of a three-man committee with representatives of the state, the army and the party in an attempt to centralise control of the war economy and over the home front. The committee members were Lammers (Chief of the Reich Chancellery), <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a>, chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a></i> (Armed Forces High Command; OKW), and Bormann, who controlled the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008749–753_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008749–753-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler seemed to be in agreement with that proposal since none of them posed a threat to his leadership or would disagree with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005779_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005779-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee was intended to independently propose measures regardless of the wishes of various ministries, with Hitler reserving most final decisions to himself. The committee, soon known as the <i>Dreierausschuß</i> (Committee of Three), met eleven times between January and August 1943. However, it ran up against resistance from Hitler's cabinet ministers, who headed deeply-entrenched spheres of influence and were excluded from the committee. Seeing it as a threat to their power, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> worked together to bring it down. The result was that nothing changed, and the Committee of Three declined into irrelevance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008749–753_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008749–753-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, Lammers lost power and influence because of the increasing irrelevancy of his position due to the war and as a consequence of Martin Bormann's growing influence with Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1995312_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1995312-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10,_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-128-10%2C_Rede_Heinrich_Himmler_vor_Volkssturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption>Himmler (at podium) with <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a> and Hans Lammers in October 1944</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945">1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lammers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1945, Lammers was arrested by SS troops during the final days of the Nazi regime, in connection with the upheaval surrounding Hermann Göring. On 23 April, as the Soviets tightened the encirclement of Berlin, Göring consulted <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> General <a href="/wiki/Karl_Koller_(general)" title="Karl Koller (general)">Karl Koller</a> and Lammers. All agreed that Göring was Hitler's designated successor and was to act as his deputy if Hitler ever became incapacitated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,115_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,115-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Göring concluded that by remaining in Berlin to face certain death, Hitler had incapacitated himself from governing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,116_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,116-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acting on the matter, Göring sent a <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ring_telegram" title="Göring telegram">telegram</a> from <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, arguing that since Hitler was cut off in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a time limit of 22:00 that night (23 April), when he would consider Hitler incapacitated. The telegram was intercepted by Bormann, who convinced Hitler that Göring was a traitor and that the telegram was a demand to resign or be overthrown. Hitler responded angrily and ordered SS troops to arrest Göring. Soon afterwards, Hitler removed Göring from all of his offices and ordered Göring, his staff and Lammers to be placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> at Obersalzberg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,118_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,118-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008724_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008724-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lammers was taken prisoner by American forces,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1991524_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1991524-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the meantime, his wife, Elfriede (née Tepel), committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> near <a href="/wiki/Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a> (the site of Hitler's mountain retreat) in early May 1945, as did his daughter, Ilse, two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_insights">Postwar insights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lammers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postwar insights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28193,_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28193%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg/175px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28193%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28193%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg/263px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28193%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28193%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg/350px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28193%2C_Hans_Heinrich_Lammers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Lammers in 1947 facing trial for crimes against humanity</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war's conclusion, Lammers provided Allied interrogators with some insights into the nature of the Third Reich's hierarchy. Postwar mythology was such that many were convinced Hitler had completely ostracised the aristocratic officers under his command, but the truth was somewhat different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2017456_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017456-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lammers reported to the Allies that Nazi kingpins and high-ranking Wehrmacht officers received lavish gifts, severance packages, expropriated estates and huge cash awards. Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Bribery_of_senior_Wehrmacht_officers" title="Bribery of senior Wehrmacht officers">such benefits</a> included Generals <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ludwig_Ewald_von_Kleist" title="Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist">Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a>, and one of the Holocaust's chief architects, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2017456_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017456-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial,_conviction_and_death"><span id="Trial.2C_conviction_and_death"></span>Trial, conviction and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lammers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trial, conviction and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1946, Lammers was a defence witness at the trial before the International Military Tribunal in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg</a>. Starting in April 1949, he was in the dock as one of the defendants in the <a href="/wiki/Ministries_Trial" title="Ministries Trial">Ministries Trial</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">subsequent Nuremberg trials</a>, and was convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison. The sentence was later commuted to 10 years by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a>, and he was released from <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_Prison" title="Landsberg Prison">Landsberg Prison</a> early.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lammers died on 4 January 1962 in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a>, in the same plot as his wife and daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lammers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Informational notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reichsminister und Chef der Reichskanzlei</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatssekretär und Chef der Reichskanzlei</i>. The post was elevated to the rank of ministry on 26 November 1937, becoming <i>Reichsminister und Chef der Reichskanzlei</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are conflicting reports about Lammers's release date. According to Zentner and Bedürftig, in <i>The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i> vol. 1 [A-L] (New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1991), p. 254, Lammers received a pardon reducing his sentence in 1951 but he was not released until 16 December 1954; Max Williams in <i>SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard</i>, vol. 2 (Fonthill Media, 2017), p. 183, also states that his sentence was reduced to 10 years in January 1951 and he was released on 16 December 1954; Robert Wistrich in <i>Who's Who in Nazi Germany</i> (New York: Routledge, 2001), p.184, notes the reduced sentence and gives the release date as 16 December 1951; Dr. Louis Snyder has him released sometime in 1952 in <i>Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i> (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), p. 204; Gerald Reitlinger reported Lammers free in November 1951 in <i>The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945</i> (New York: Da Capo Press, 1989), p. 470; Tim Kirk claims Lammers was released sometime in 1951 in <i>The Longman Companion to Nazi Germany</i> (New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 222; Roderick Stackelberg has him amnestied at an unspecified 1951 date in <i>The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany</i> (New York: Routledge, 2007), p. 220, as does William Shirer in <i>The Rise And Fall of the Third Reich</i> (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 965 fn.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017182_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2017">Williams 2017</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWistrich2001149-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWistrich2001149_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWistrich2001">Wistrich 2001</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1991523-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1991523_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1991">Zentner & Bedürftig 1991</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981308–309-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat1981308–309_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroszat1981">Broszat 1981</a>, pp. 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199511-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199511_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1995">Kitchen 1995</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200645-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200645_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008749–753-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008749–753_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008749–753_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 749–753.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005779-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005779_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, p. 779.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1995312-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1995312_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1995">Fischer 1995</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,115-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,115_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 1,115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,116-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,116_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 1,116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,118-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601,118_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 1,118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008724-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008724_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1991524-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1991524_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1991">Zentner & Bedürftig 1991</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/076/000087812/">"Hans Heinrich Lammers"</a>. <i>nndb.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nndb.com&rft.atitle=Hans+Heinrich+Lammers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F076%2F000087812%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2017456-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2017456_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2017456_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanson2017">Hanson 2017</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroszat1981" class="citation book cs1">Broszat, Martin (1981). <i>The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich</i>. New York: Longman Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49200-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49200-9"><bdi>0-582-49200-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hitler+State%3A+The+Foundation+and+Development+of+the+Internal+Structure+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-582-49200-9&rft.aulast=Broszat&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock, Alan</a> (1962) [1952]. <i>Hitler: A Study in Tyranny</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0"><bdi>978-0-14-013564-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Study+in+Tyranny&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013564-0&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard (2006). <i>The Third Reich in Power</i>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303790-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0"><i>The Third Reich at War</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichatwar00evan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1995" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Klaus (1995). <i>Nazi Germany: A New History</i>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82640-797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82640-797-9"><bdi>978-0-82640-797-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-82640-797-9&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2017" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Victor Davis (2017). <i>The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-46506-698-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-46506-698-8"><bdi>978-0-46506-698-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-46506-698-8&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2008). <i>Hitler: A Biography</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06757-6&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1995" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Martin (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazigermanyatwar0000kitc"><i>Nazi Germany at War</i></a></span>. New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582073876" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582073876"><bdi>978-0582073876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0582073876&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazigermanyatwar0000kitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2005" class="citation book cs1">Read, Anthony (2005). <i>The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle</i>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-039332-697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-039332-697-0"><bdi>978-039332-697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Disciples%3A+Hitler%27s+Inner+Circle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-039332-697-0&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</a></i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0"><bdi>978-0-671-62420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-671-62420-0&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Max (2017). <i>SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard</i>. Vol. 2. Fonthill Media LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-434-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-434-0"><bdi>978-1-78155-434-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SS+Elite%3A+The+Senior+Leaders+of+Hitler%27s+Praetorian+Guard&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media+LLC&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78155-434-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWistrich2001" class="citation book cs1">Wistrich, Robert (2001). <i>Who's Who in Nazi Germany</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41511-888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41511-888-0"><bdi>978-0-41511-888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-41511-888-0&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1991" class="citation book cs1">Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich">The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</a></i>. New York: MacMillan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-897500-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-897500-6"><bdi>0-02-897500-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-02-897500-6&rft.aulast=Zentner&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Bed%C3%BCrftig%2C+Friedemann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Lammers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lammers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hans_Heinrich_Lammers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hans Heinrich Lammers">Hans Heinrich Lammers</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz47573.html#ndbcontent">Hans Lammers entry</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/"><i>Deutsche Biographie</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x14/xm1404.html">from The Simon Wiesenthal Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003931/http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x14/xm1404.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/010858">Newspaper clippings about Hans Lammers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Members of the Hitler Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>Deputy Führer:</b> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Reichstag" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Reichstag">President of the Reichstag</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Armaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Church Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muhs" title="Hermann Muhs">Hermann Muhs</a> (acting)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">Eastern Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Ministry of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Food and Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe">Herbert Backe</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schlegelberger" title="Franz Schlegelberger">Franz Schlegelberger</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Georg_Thierack" title="Otto Georg Thierack">Otto Georg Thierack</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postal Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge" title="Wilhelm Ohnesorge">Wilhelm Ohnesorge</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Transport" title="Reich Ministry of Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Dorpmüller</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Reichsministers without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Hierl" title="Konstantin Hierl">Konstantin Hierl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hans Lammers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Members granted rank & authority<br />equivalent to a Reichsminister</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner">Otto Meissner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsführer SS">Reichsführer SS</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Stabschef_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabschef SA">Stabschef SA</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57472#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110536448">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35213711">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1986714/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy4hwHKkK6mwhtHxwQKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116654325">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2016026426">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17876710n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17876710n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0076584&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073474495">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=146495">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810642520405606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05404663?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116654325.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116654325">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/117927805">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wt26qt">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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