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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_major_reasons_for_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_major_reasons_for_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other major reasons for decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_major_reasons_for_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Resurgence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_discourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السينما الموازية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السينما الموازية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="সমান্তৰাল চলচ্চিত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সমান্তৰাল চলচ্চিত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Cinema" title="Parallel Cinema – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Parallel Cinema" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সমান্তরাল চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমান্তরাল চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_parall%C3%A8le" title="Cinéma parallèle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma parallèle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="समानान्तर सिनेमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समानान्तर सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema_paralel" title="Sinema paralel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinema paralel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സമാന്തര ചലച്ചിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമാന്തര ചലച്ചിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="समांतर सिनेमा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समांतर सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="パラレル映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パラレル映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Индийское параллельное кино – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индийское параллельное кино" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="సమాంతర సినిమా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సమాంతర సినిమా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indian film movement. For the Soviet film movement, see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel cinema</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Parallel cinema</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">40 <br /> 1952–1992 (first wave), 1998–current (resurgence)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major figures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapan_Sinha" title="Tapan Sinha">Tapan Sinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balu_Mahendra" title="Balu Mahendra">Balu Mahendra</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._Aravindan" title="G. Aravindan">G. Aravindan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli" title="Girish Kasaravalli">Girish Kasaravalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaji_N.Karun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaji N.Karun">Shaji N.Karun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Dasgupta" title="Buddhadeb Dasgupta">Buddhadeb Dasgupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahnu_Barua" title="Jahnu Barua">Jahnu Barua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goutam_Ghose" title="Goutam Ghose">Goutam Ghose</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._Narsing_Rao" title="B. Narsing Rao">B. Narsing Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagesh_Kukunoor" title="Nagesh Kukunoor">Nagesh Kukunoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rituparno_Ghosh" title="Rituparno Ghosh">Rituparno Ghosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._N._T._Sastry" title="K. N. T. Sastry">K. N. T. Sastry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma" title="Ram Gopal Varma">Ram Gopal Varma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mani_Kaul" title="Mani Kaul">Mani Kaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar_Mirza" title="Saeed Akhtar Mirza">Saeed Akhtar Mirza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashim_Ahluwalia" title="Ashim Ahluwalia">Ashim Ahluwalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian theatre">Indian theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">poetic realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Parallel cinema</b>, or <b>New Indian Cinema</b>, is a film movement in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian cinema</a> that originated in the state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in the 1950s as an alternative to the mainstream commercial Indian cinema. </p><p>Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Neorealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Neorealism">Italian Neorealism</a>, Parallel Cinema began just before the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a>, and was a precursor to the <b>Indian New Wave</b> of the 1960s. The movement was initially led by <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali cinema</a> and produced internationally acclaimed filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapan_Sinha" title="Tapan Sinha">Tapan Sinha</a> and others. It later gained prominence in other film industries of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p><p>It is known for its serious content, <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalism</a>, symbolic elements with a keen eye on the <a href="/wiki/Sociopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociopolitical">sociopolitical</a> climate of the times, and the general rejection of inserted song-and-dance routines that are typical of mainstream Indian films. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Realism in Indian cinema dates back to the 1920s and 1930s. One of the earliest examples was <a href="/wiki/Baburao_Painter" title="Baburao Painter">Baburao Painter</a>'s 1925 <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> classic <i><a href="/wiki/Savkari_Pash" title="Savkari Pash">Savkari Pash</a></i> (<i>Indian Shylock</i>), about a poor peasant (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a>) who "loses his land to a greedy moneylender and is forced to migrate to the city to become a mill worker.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acclaimed as a realistic breakthrough, its shot of a howling dog near a hut, has become a milestone in the march of Indian cinema." The 1937 Shantaram film <i>Duniya Na Mane</i> (<i>The Unaccepted</i>) also critiqued the treatment of women in Indian society.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Parallel Cinema movement began to take shape from the late 1940s, by pioneers such as <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Roy" title="Bimal Roy">Bimal Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapan_Sinha" title="Tapan Sinha">Tapan Sinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas" title="Khwaja Ahmad Abbas">Khwaja Ahmad Abbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Dasgupta" title="Buddhadeb Dasgupta">Buddhadeb Dasgupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chetan_Anand_(producer_%26_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetan Anand (producer & director)">Chetan Anand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Dutt" title="Guru Dutt">Guru Dutt</a> and <a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a>. This period is considered part of the 'Golden Age' of Indian cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cinema borrowed heavily from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a> of the times, hence became an important study of the contemporary Indian society, and is now used by scholars and historians alike to map the changing demographics and socio-economic as well as political temperament of the Indian populace. Right from its inception, Indian cinema has had people who wanted to and did use the medium for more than entertainment. They used it to highlight prevalent issues and sometimes to throw open new issues for the public. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:353px;max-width:353px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/118px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/177px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/236px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrinal-sen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mrinal-sen.jpg/103px-Mrinal-sen.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mrinal-sen.jpg/155px-Mrinal-sen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mrinal-sen.jpg/206px-Mrinal-sen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritwik_Ghatak_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ritwik_Ghatak_2007.jpg/120px-Ritwik_Ghatak_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ritwik_Ghatak_2007.jpg/180px-Ritwik_Ghatak_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ritwik_Ghatak_2007.jpg/240px-Ritwik_Ghatak_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Early examples of Indian cinema's <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realist</a> movement include <i><a href="/wiki/Dharti_Ke_Lal" title="Dharti Ke Lal">Dharti Ke Lal</a></i> (1946), a film about the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a> directed and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas,<sup id="cite_ref-Rajadhyaksha_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksha-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Neecha_Nagar" title="Neecha Nagar">Neecha Nagar</a></i> (1946), a film directed by Chetan Anand and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas that won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Grand Prize</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1946_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1946 Cannes Film Festival">first Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, Indian independent films were frequently in competition for the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, with some of them winning major prizes at the festival. </p><p>During the 1950s and the 1960s, intellectual filmmakers and story writers became frustrated with <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical films</a>. To counter this, they created a genre of films which depicted reality from an artful perspective. Most films made during this period were funded by state governments to promote an authentic art genre from the Indian film fraternity. The most famous Indian "<a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">neo-realist</a>" was the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali film</a> director <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._Aravindan" title="G. Aravindan">G. Aravindan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli" title="Girish Kasaravalli">Girish Kasaravalli</a>. Ray's most famous films were <i><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pather Panchali (film)">Pather Panchali</a></i> (1955), <i><a href="/wiki/Aparajito" title="Aparajito">Aparajito</a></i> (1956) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Apu" title="The World of Apu">The World of Apu</a></i> (1959), which formed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy" title="The Apu Trilogy">The Apu Trilogy</a></i>. Produced on a <a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">shoestring budget</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Rs.</a> 150,000 ($3000),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the three films won major prizes at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festivals</a>, and are today frequently listed among the <a href="/wiki/Films_considered_the_greatest_ever" class="mw-redirect" title="Films considered the greatest ever">greatest films of all time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bfipoll_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfipoll-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-villagevoice_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villagevoice-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain art films have also garnered commercial success, in an industry known for its surrealism or 'fantastical' movies, and successfully combined features of both art and commercial cinema. An early example of this was <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Roy" title="Bimal Roy">Bimal Roy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Bigha_Zamin" title="Do Bigha Zamin">Do Bigha Zamin</a></i> (1953), which was both a commercial and critical success. The film won the International Prize at the <a href="/wiki/1954_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1954 Cannes Film Festival">1954 Cannes Film Festival</a> and paved the way for the Indian New Wave.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-filmreference_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmreference-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Mukherjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a>, one of Hindi cinema's most successful filmmakers, was named the pioneer of 'middle cinema', and was renowned for making films that reflected the changing middle-class ethos. According to <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, Mukherjee "carved a middle path between the extravagance of mainstream cinema and the stark realism of art cinema".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renowned Filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Basu_Chatterjee" title="Basu Chatterjee">Basu Chatterjee</a> also built his plots on middle-class lives and directed films like <i><a href="/wiki/Piya_Ka_Ghar" title="Piya Ka Ghar">Piya Ka Ghar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rajnigandha" title="Rajnigandha">Rajnigandha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ek_Ruka_Hua_Faisla" title="Ek Ruka Hua Faisla">Ek Ruka Hua Faisla</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another filmmaker to integrate art and commercial cinema was <a href="/wiki/Guru_Dutt" title="Guru Dutt">Guru Dutt</a>, whose film <i><a href="/wiki/Pyaasa" title="Pyaasa">Pyaasa</a></i> (1957) featured in <a href="/wiki/Time_magazine%27s_%22All-TIME%22_100_best_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies">Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies</a> list.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent example of an art film becoming commercially successful is <a href="/wiki/Harpreet_Sandhu_(actor)" title="Harpreet Sandhu (actor)">Harpreet Sandhu</a>'s Canadian Punjabi film <i><a href="/wiki/Work_Weather_Wife" title="Work Weather Wife">Work Weather Wife</a></i>; it marks the beginning of cinema in the Punjabi film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-MuzicMag_News_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuzicMag_News-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, the Indian government began financing independent art films based on Indian themes. Many of the directors were graduates of the <a href="/wiki/Film_and_Television_Institute_of_India" title="Film and Television Institute of India">Film and Television Institute of India</a> (FTII), in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali film</a> director <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a> was a professor at the institute and a well-known director. Unlike Ray, however, Ghatak did not gain international fame during his lifetime. For example, Ghatak's <i><a href="/wiki/Nagarik" title="Nagarik">Nagarik</a></i> (1952) was perhaps the earliest example of a Bengali art film, preceding Ray's <i>Pather Panchali</i> by three years, but was not released until after his death in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first commercial release <i><a href="/wiki/Ajantrik" title="Ajantrik">Ajantrik</a></i> (1958) was also one of the earliest films to portray an inanimate object, in this case an <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>, as a character in the story, many years before the <a href="/wiki/Herbie" title="Herbie">Herbie</a> films.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protagonist of <i>Ajantrik</i>, Bimal, can also be seen as an influence on the cynical cab driver Narasingh (played by <a href="/wiki/Soumitra_Chatterjee" title="Soumitra Chatterjee">Soumitra Chatterjee</a>) in Satyajit Ray's <i><a href="/wiki/Abhijan_(1962_film)" title="Abhijan (1962 film)">Abhijan</a></i> (1962).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Karnataka">Cinema of Karnataka</a> saw its first ray of hope of surrealism in N. Lakshminarayan's directorial debut <i><a href="/wiki/Naandi_(film)" title="Naandi (film)">Naandi</a></i> (1964). Featuring mainstream actors like <a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar" title="Dr. Rajkumar">Rajkumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalpana_(Kannada_actress)" title="Kalpana (Kannada actress)">Kalpana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harini_(Kannada_actress)" title="Harini (Kannada actress)">Harini</a>, the film was both a critical and commercial success. Produced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadiraj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadiraj (page does not exist)">Vadiraj</a>, it set a landmark by being the first ever <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> film to screen at an International film festival. The movement gained significant momentum in the 1970s and 1980s resulting in numerous national awards and international recognition to Kannada cinema. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Cinema of Maharashtra</a> saw its first significant movement towards realism and artistic expression with the emergence of parallel cinema in the 1950s and 1960s. One of the pioneering films of this era was <i><a href="/wiki/Shyamchi_Aai_(1953_film)" title="Shyamchi Aai (1953 film)">Shyamchi Aai</a></i> (1953), directed by <a href="/wiki/Pralhad_Keshav_Atre" title="Pralhad Keshav Atre">Pralhad Keshav Atre</a>. Based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/Sane_Guruji" class="mw-redirect" title="Sane Guruji">Sane Guruji</a>, the film explored a boy named Shyam shares a deep bond with his mother, who has had a significant influence on his life and upbringing. She instilled in him the importance of sticking to his ideals and principles, even when faced with poverty and hardships. It was both a critical and commercial success, making a lasting impact on Marathi cinema. The Marathi parallel cinema movement truly gained momentum in the 1970s and 1980s, due to filmmakers like <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkar" title="Vijay Tendulkar">Vijay Tendulkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Patel" title="Jabbar Patel">Jabbar Patel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajdutt" title="Rajdutt">Rajdutt</a>. This era produced films that focused on social realism, shedding light on the struggles of the marginalized, rural life, and complex human relationships. The movement brought national awards and international recognition to Marathi cinema, with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Ghashiram_Kotwal_(film)" title="Ghashiram Kotwal (film)">Ghashiram Kotwal</a></i> (1976), <i><a href="/wiki/Samna_(film)" title="Samna (film)">Samna</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jait_Re_Jait" title="Jait Re Jait">Jait Re Jait</a></i> (1977), <i><a href="/wiki/Sinhasan" title="Sinhasan">Sinhasan</a></i> (1979), <i><a href="/wiki/Umbartha" title="Umbartha">Umbartha</a></i> (1982) which were praised for their bold narratives and artistic direction. This era of Marathi cinema also laid the foundation for later filmmakers to experiment with different forms and explore the nuances of human emotion, regional culture, and societal issues. The legacy of parallel cinema continues to influence Marathi cinema, with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Shwaas" title="Shwaas">Shwaas</a></i> (2004) directed by <a href="/wiki/Sandeep_Sawant" title="Sandeep Sawant">Sandeep Sawant</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fandry" title="Fandry">Fandry</a></i> (2014) directed by <a href="/wiki/Nagraj_Manjule" title="Nagraj Manjule">Nagraj Manjule</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Court_(film)" title="Court (film)">Court</a></i> (2015) directed by <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Tamhane" title="Chaitanya Tamhane">Chaitanya Tamhane</a> receiving international acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1970s and the 1980s, parallel cinema entered into the limelight of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Hindi cinema</a> to a much wider extent. This was led by such directors as <a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mani_Kaul" title="Mani Kaul">Mani Kaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Singh_Bedi" title="Rajinder Singh Bedi">Rajinder Singh Bedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kantilal_Rathod" title="Kantilal Rathod">Kantilal Rathod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar_Mirza" title="Saeed Akhtar Mirza">Saeed Akhtar Mirza</a>, and later on directors like <a href="/wiki/Govind_Nihalani" title="Govind Nihalani">Govind Nihalani</a>, becoming the main directors of this period's Indian art cinema. <a href="/wiki/Mani_Kaul" title="Mani Kaul">Mani Kaul</a>'s first several films <i><a href="/wiki/Uski_Roti" title="Uski Roti">Uski Roti</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/Ashadh_Ka_Ek_Din" title="Ashadh Ka Ek Din">Ashadh Ka Ek Din</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/Duvidha" title="Duvidha">Duvidha</a></i> (1974), and were critically appreciated and held to high esteem in the international spotlight. Benegal's directorial debut, <i><a href="/wiki/Ankur_(film)" title="Ankur (film)">Ankur</a></i> (Seeding, 1974) was a major critical success, and was followed by numerous works that created another field in the movement. <a href="/wiki/Kumar_Shahani" title="Kumar Shahani">Kumar Shahani</a>, a student of <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>, released his first feature <i><a href="/wiki/Maya_Darpan" title="Maya Darpan">Maya Darpan</a></i> (1972) which became a landmark film of Indian art cinema. These filmmakers tried to promote realism in their own different styles, though many of them often accepted certain conventions of popular cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallel cinema of this time gave careers to a whole new breed of young actors, including <a href="/wiki/Shabana_Azmi" title="Shabana Azmi">Shabana Azmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smita_Patil" title="Smita Patil">Smita Patil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amol_Palekar" title="Amol Palekar">Amol Palekar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Om_Puri" title="Om Puri">Om Puri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulbhushan_Kharbanda" title="Kulbhushan Kharbanda">Kulbhushan Kharbanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Kapoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pankaj Kapoor">Pankaj Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepti_Naval" title="Deepti Naval">Deepti Naval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Shaikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Farooq Shaikh">Farooq Shaikh</a>, and even actors from commercial cinema like <a href="/wiki/Hema_Malini" title="Hema Malini">Hema Malini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raakhee" class="mw-redirect" title="Raakhee">Raakhee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rekha" title="Rekha">Rekha</a> ventured into art cinema. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a> extended the Indian New Wave to <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Kerala">Malayalam cinema</a> with his maiden feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Swayamvaram_(1972_film)" title="Swayamvaram (1972 film)">Swayamvaram</a></i> in 1972. Long after the Golden Age of Indian cinema, Malayalam cinema experienced its own 'Golden Age' in the 1980s and early 1990s. Some of the most acclaimed Indian filmmakers at the time were from the Malayalam industry, including <a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._P._Kumaran" title="K. P. Kumaran">K. P. Kumaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._Aravindan" title="G. Aravindan">G. Aravindan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Abraham_(director)" title="John Abraham (director)">John Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padmarajan" title="Padmarajan">Padmarajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharathan" title="Bharathan">Bharathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._V._Chandran" title="T. V. Chandran">T. V. Chandran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun" title="Shaji N. Karun">Shaji N. Karun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-malayalamcinema1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malayalamcinema1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gopalakrishnan, who is often considered to be <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>'s spiritual heir,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, including <i><a href="/wiki/Elippathayam" title="Elippathayam">Elippathayam</a></i> (1981) which won the <a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Trophy" title="Sutherland Trophy">Sutherland Trophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="London Film Festival">London Film Festival</a>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Mathilukal_(film)" title="Mathilukal (film)">Mathilukal</a></i> (1989) which won major prizes at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaji N. Karun's debut film <i><a href="/wiki/Piravi" title="Piravi">Piravi</a></i> (1989) won the <a href="/wiki/Camera_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera d'Or">Camera d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1989_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1989 Cannes Film Festival">1989 Cannes Film Festival</a>, while his second film <i><a href="/wiki/Swaham" title="Swaham">Swaham</a></i> (1994) was in competition for the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1994_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1994 Cannes Film Festival">1994 Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His third film <i><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastham" title="Vanaprastham">Vanaprastham</a></i> (1999) was also selected to <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, making him the only Indian film maker who could take consecutively three films to Cannes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/K._Balachander" title="K. Balachander">K. Balachander</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.V._Sridhar" class="mw-redirect" title="C.V. Sridhar">C.V. Sridhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahendran_(filmmaker)" title="Mahendran (filmmaker)">Mahendran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balu_Mahendra" title="Balu Mahendra">Balu Mahendra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharathiraja" title="Bharathiraja">Bharathiraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mani_Ratnam" title="Mani Ratnam">Mani Ratnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Haasan" title="Kamal Haasan">Kamal Haasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bala_(director)" title="Bala (director)">Bala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selvaraghavan" title="Selvaraghavan">Selvaraghavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysskin" title="Mysskin">Mysskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vetrimaaran" title="Vetrimaaran">Vetrimaaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ram_(director)" title="Ram (director)">Ram</a> have done the same for <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil cinema</a>, During the domination of commercial cinema in Telugu, <a href="/wiki/Pattabhirami_Reddy_Tikkavarapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattabhirami Reddy Tikkavarapu">Pattabhirami Reddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._N._T._Sastry" title="K. N. T. Sastry">K. N. T. Sastry</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._Narsing_Rao" title="B. Narsing Rao">B. Narsing Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akkineni_Kutumba_Rao" title="Akkineni Kutumba Rao">Akkineni Kutumba Rao</a> pioneered Telugu parallel cinema to international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli" title="Girish Kasaravalli">Girish Kasaravalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a> and <a href="/wiki/B._V._Karanth" title="B. V. Karanth">B. V. Karanth</a> led the way for parallel cinema in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Karnataka">Kannada film industry</a>. Many literary stalwarts entered or collaborated with cinema in this period. Some of the other notable filmmakers of this period were <a href="/wiki/P._Lankesh" title="P. Lankesh">P. Lankesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._V._Iyer" title="G. V. Iyer">G. V. Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._S._Sathyu" title="M. S. Sathyu">M. S. Sathyu</a> who were later followed by <a href="/wiki/T._S._Nagabharana" title="T. S. Nagabharana">T. S. Nagabharana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baraguru_Ramachandrappa" title="Baraguru Ramachandrappa">Baraguru Ramachandrappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankar_Nag" title="Shankar Nag">Shankar Nag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrashekhara_Kambara" title="Chandrashekhara Kambara">Chandrashekhara Kambara</a> in the 1980s. Actors like <a href="/wiki/Lokesh" title="Lokesh">Lokesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anant_Nag" title="Anant Nag">Anant Nag</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._V._Sharada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. V. Sharada (page does not exist)">L. V. Sharada</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasudeva_Rao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasudeva Rao (page does not exist)">Vasudeva Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suresh_Heblikar" title="Suresh Heblikar">Suresh Heblikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_Kasaravalli" title="Vaishali Kasaravalli">Vaishali Kasaravalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Nag" class="mw-redirect" title="Arundhati Nag">Arundhati Nag</a> and others rose to fame. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bhabendra_Nath_Saikia" title="Bhabendra Nath Saikia">Bhabendra Nath Saikia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jahnu_Barua" title="Jahnu Barua">Jahnu Barua</a> did it for <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese cinema</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Aribam_Syam_Sharma" title="Aribam Syam Sharma">Aribam Syam Sharma</a> pioneered parallel movies in Manipuri cinema. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 1990s, the rising costs involved in film production and the commercialisation of the films had a negative impact on the art films. The fact that investment returns cannot be guaranteed made art films less popular amongst filmmakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_major_reasons_for_decline">Other major reasons for decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other major reasons for decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the major reasons for the decline of the parallel cinema in India is that the F.F.C. or the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Development_Corporation_of_India" title="National Film Development Corporation of India">National Film Development Corporation of India</a> did not seriously look into the distribution or exhibition of these films. The mainstream exhibition system did not pick up these films because these films did not have the so-called 'entertainment value' that they were looking for. There was a talk of building small theatres for such film, but there was no serious attempt made to realise this alternative mode of exhibition. Thus, it left to a few Film Societies to screen these film; that too on a single screening basis. The advent of television and its popularity saw the film society movement decline. Gradually, the government reduced the patronage of such films, for they had only unseen films to be shown on their balance sheets. </p><p>The <i>Parallel Cinema</i> in its true sense was always on the fringes of the mainstream cinema. Since most of the parallel cinema rejected the regressive worldview that was largely embodied the mainstream cinema they never found acceptance in the mainstream production, distribution and exhibition system. With an absence of an alternative exhibition system or an art house circuit as it is called in the west, many of the off beat films made by present generation film makers like Sushant Mishra, Himanshu Khatua, <a href="/wiki/Ashish_Avikunthak" title="Ashish Avikunthak">Ashish Avikunthak</a>, Murali Nair, Amitabh Chakraborty, Paresh Kamdar, Priya Krishnaswamy, <a href="/wiki/Vipin_Vijay" title="Vipin Vijay">Vipin Vijay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_PN" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramchandra PN">Ramchandra PN</a>, Ashwini Mallik, Anand Subramanian, Sanjivan Lal, <a href="/wiki/Amit_Dutta" title="Amit Dutta">Amit Dutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umesh_Vinayak_Kulkarni" title="Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni">Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurvinder_Singh" title="Gurvinder Singh">Gurvinder Singh</a>, and Bela Negi have never had a large audience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurgence">Resurgence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resurgence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "parallel cinema" has started being applied to off-beat films produced in <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>, where art films have begun experiencing a resurgence. This led to the emergence of a distinct genre known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai noir">Mumbai noir</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> urban films reflecting social problems in the city of Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-Jungen_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jungen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of Mumbai <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">noir</a> was marked by <a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma" title="Ram Gopal Varma">Ram Gopal Varma</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(1998_film)" title="Satya (1998 film)">Satya</a></i> (1998). However the Mumbai <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">noir</a> is a genre that is not considered artistic in ambition even though it concentrates on realistic portrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld">Mumbai underworld</a>; these are generally commercial films. </p><p>Other modern examples of art films produced in India which are classified as part of the parallel cinema genre include <a href="/wiki/Rituparno_Ghosh" title="Rituparno Ghosh">Rituparno Ghosh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Utsab" title="Utsab">Utsab</a></i> (2000) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dahan_(1997_film)" title="Dahan (1997 film)">Dahan</a></i> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar" title="Tarun Majumdar">Tarun Majumdar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alo_(film)" title="Alo (film)">Alo</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Mani_Ratnam" title="Mani Ratnam">Mani Ratnam</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Yuva" title="Yuva">Yuva</a></i> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Nagesh_Kukunoor" title="Nagesh Kukunoor">Nagesh Kukunoor</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/3_Deewarein" title="3 Deewarein">3 Deewarein</a></i> (2003) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dor_(film)" title="Dor (film)">Dor</a></i> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Manish_Jha" title="Manish Jha">Manish Jha</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Matrubhoomi" title="Matrubhoomi">Matrubhoomi</a></i> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Mishra" title="Sudhir Mishra">Sudhir Mishra</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hazaaron_Khwaishein_Aisi" title="Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi">Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi</a></i> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Jahnu_Barua" title="Jahnu Barua">Jahnu Barua</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Maine_Gandhi_Ko_Nahin_Mara" title="Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara">Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara</a></i> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Pan_Nalin" title="Pan Nalin">Pan Nalin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_(film)" title="Valley of Flowers (film)">Valley of Flowers</a></i> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Onir" title="Onir">Onir</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/My_Brother%E2%80%A6_Nikhil" class="mw-redirect" title="My Brother… Nikhil">My Brother… Nikhil</a></i> (2005) and <i><a href="/wiki/Bas_Ek_Pal" title="Bas Ek Pal">Bas Ek Pal</a></i> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Anurag_Kashyap_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anurag Kashyap (director)">Anurag Kashyap</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(2004_film)" title="Black Friday (2004 film)">Black Friday</a> </i>(2007), <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_Motwane" title="Vikramaditya Motwane">Vikramaditya Motwane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Udaan_(2010_film)" title="Udaan (2010 film)"><i>Udaan</i></a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Kiran_Rao" title="Kiran Rao">Kiran Rao</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dhobi_Ghat_(film)" title="Dhobi Ghat (film)">Dhobi Ghat</a></i> (2010), <a href="/wiki/Amit_Dutta" title="Amit Dutta">Amit Dutta</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sonchidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonchidi">Sonchidi</a> </i>(2011), and <a href="/wiki/Anand_Gandhi" title="Anand Gandhi">Anand Gandhi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus_(film)" title="Ship of Theseus (film)">Ship of Theseus</a> </i>(2013). </p><p>Independent films spoken in <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a> include <a href="/wiki/Revathi" title="Revathi">Revathi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mitr,_My_Friend" title="Mitr, My Friend">Mitr, My Friend</a></i> (2002), <a href="/wiki/Aparna_Sen" title="Aparna Sen">Aparna Sen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Iyer" title="Mr. and Mrs. Iyer">Mr. and Mrs. Iyer</a></i> (2002) and <i><a href="/wiki/15_Park_Avenue" title="15 Park Avenue">15 Park Avenue</a></i> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Homi_Adajania" title="Homi Adajania">Homi Adajania</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Being_Cyrus" title="Being Cyrus">Being Cyrus</a></i> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Rituparno_Ghosh" title="Rituparno Ghosh">Rituparno Ghosh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Lear" title="The Last Lear">The Last Lear</a></i> (2007), and <a href="/wiki/Sooni_Taraporevala" title="Sooni Taraporevala">Sooni Taraporevala</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Zizou" title="Little Zizou">Little Zizou</a></i> (2009). </p><p>Some of the Indian art film directors active today include <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Dasgupta" title="Buddhadeb Dasgupta">Buddhadeb Dasgupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aparna_Sen" title="Aparna Sen">Aparna Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautam_Ghose" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Ghose">Gautam Ghose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandip_Ray" title="Sandip Ray">Sandip Ray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>'s son), <a href="/wiki/Kaushik_Ganguly" title="Kaushik Ganguly">Kaushik Ganguly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suman_Mukhopadhyay" title="Suman Mukhopadhyay">Suman Mukhopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamaleshwar_Mukherjee" title="Kamaleshwar Mukherjee">Kamaleshwar Mukherjee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soukarya_Ghosal" title="Soukarya Ghosal">Soukarya Ghosal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali cinema</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun" title="Shaji N. Karun">Shaji N. Karun</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._V._Chandran" title="T. V. Chandran">T. V. Chandran</a>, M.P. Sukumaran Nair, <a href="/wiki/Shyamaprasad" title="Shyamaprasad">Shyamaprasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Biju" title="Dr. Biju">Dr. Biju</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanal_Kumar_Sasidharan" title="Sanal Kumar Sasidharan">Sanal Kumar Sasidharan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Kerala">Malayalam cinema</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kumar_Shahani" title="Kumar Shahani">Kumar Shahani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketan_Mehta" title="Ketan Mehta">Ketan Mehta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govind_Nihalani" title="Govind Nihalani">Govind Nihalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amit_Dutta" title="Amit Dutta">Amit Dutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manish_Jha" title="Manish Jha">Manish Jha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashim_Ahluwalia" title="Ashim Ahluwalia">Ashim Ahluwalia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudasir_Dar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mudasir Dar (page does not exist)">Mudasir Dar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anurag_Kashyap" title="Anurag Kashyap">Anurag Kashyap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anand_Gandhi" title="Anand Gandhi">Anand Gandhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deepa_Mehta" title="Deepa Mehta">Deepa Mehta</a> in Hindi Cinema; <a href="/wiki/Mani_Ratnam" title="Mani Ratnam">Mani Ratnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bala_(director)" title="Bala (director)">Bala</a> in Tamil, <a href="/wiki/Rajnesh_Domalpalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajnesh Domalpalli">Rajnesh Domalpalli</a> and Narasimha Nandi in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahnu_Barua" title="Jahnu Barua">Jahnu Barua</a> in Hindi cinema and Assamese Cinema, <a href="/wiki/Amol_Palekar" title="Amol Palekar">Amol Palekar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umesh_Vinayak_Kulkarni" title="Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni">Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni</a> in Marathi Cinema and <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Bhattacharyya" title="Amartya Bhattacharyya">Amartya Bhattacharyya</a> who makes independent films in Odia and Bengali. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>, with his production studio, introduced his own brand of social cinema in the early 21st century, blurring the distinction between commercial <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">masala films</a> and realistic parallel cinema, combining the entertainment and production values of the former with the believable narratives and strong messages of the latter. He has helped introduce parallel cinema to mainstream audiences, with his films earning both commercial success and critical acclaim in India and overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_discourse">Global discourse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Global discourse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Satyajit_Ray.jpg/150px-Satyajit_Ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Satyajit_Ray.jpg/225px-Satyajit_Ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Satyajit_Ray.jpg/300px-Satyajit_Ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, pioneer of parallel cinema</figcaption></figure> <p>During the formative period of Indian parallel cinema in the 1940s and 1950s, the movement was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italian cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">French cinema</a>, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a> as well as French <a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">poetic realism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> particularly cited Italian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">Bicycle Thieves</a></i> (1948) and French filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_River_(1951_film)" title="The River (1951 film)">The River</a></i> (1951), which he assisted, as influences on his debut film <i><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pather Panchali (film)">Pather Panchali</a></i> (1955), alongside influences from <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> and classical <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_India" title="Theatre of India">Indian theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Roy" title="Bimal Roy">Bimal Roy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Bigha_Zamin" title="Do Bigha Zamin">Do Bigha Zamin</a></i> (1953) was also influenced by De Sica's <i>Bicycle Thieves</i>. The Indian New Wave also began around the same time as the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a>. </p><p>Ever since <a href="/wiki/Chetan_Anand_(producer_%26_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetan Anand (producer & director)">Chetan Anand</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Neecha_Nagar" title="Neecha Nagar">Neecha Nagar</a></i> won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Grand Prize</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1946_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1946 Cannes Film Festival">inaugural Cannes Film Festival</a> in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian parallel cinema films frequently appeared in international fora and film festivals for the next several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Desai38_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desai38-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed Indian independent filmmakers to reach a global audience. The most influential among them was <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, whose films became successful among European, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a> and Asian audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work subsequently had a worldwide impact, with filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Ivory_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ivory (director)">James Ivory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saura" title="Carlos Saura">Carlos Saura</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wes_Anderson" title="Wes Anderson">Wes Anderson</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Statesman_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Statesman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being influenced by his cinematic style, and many others such as <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> praising his work.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "youthful <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">coming-of-age</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">dramas</a> that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the <a href="/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy" title="The Apu Trilogy">Apu trilogy</a>" (1955–1959).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ray's film <i><a href="/wiki/Kanchenjungha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchenjungha">Kanchenjungha</a></i> (1962) introduced a narrative structure that resembles later <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">hyperlink cinema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ray's 1967 script for a film to be called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Alien_(1960s_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alien (1960s film)">The Alien</a></i>, which was eventually cancelled, is widely believed to have been the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">ET</a></i> (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-unmaderay_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unmaderay-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCSCcurrents_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCSCcurrents-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ira_Sachs" title="Ira Sachs">Ira Sachs</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Forty_Shades_of_Blue" title="Forty Shades of Blue">Forty Shades of Blue</a></i> (2005) was a loose remake of <i><a href="/wiki/Charulata" title="Charulata">Charulata</a></i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nava" title="Gregory Nava">Gregory Nava</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/My_Family_(1995_film)" title="My Family (1995 film)">My Family</a></i> (1995), the final scene is duplicated from the final scene of <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Apu" title="The World of Apu">The World of Apu</a></i> (1959). Similar references to Ray films are found in recent works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Evil">Sacred Evil</a></i> (2006),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Elements_trilogy" title="Elements trilogy">Elements trilogy</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Deepa_Mehta" title="Deepa Mehta">Deepa Mehta</a>, and in the films of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another prominent filmmaker is <a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a>, whose films have been well known for their <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> views. During his career, Mrinal Sen's film have received awards from almost all major film festivals, including <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a>, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlovy Vary</a>, Montreal, Chicago, and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Retrospectives of his films have been shown in almost all major cities of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Bengali independent filmmaker, <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>, began reaching a global audience long after his death; beginning in the 1990s, a project to restore Ghatak's films was undertaken, and international exhibitions (and subsequent DVD releases) have belatedly generated an increasingly global audience. Alongside Ray's films, Ghatak's films have also appeared in several <a href="/wiki/Films_considered_the_greatest_ever" class="mw-redirect" title="Films considered the greatest ever">all-time greatest film</a> polls. A number of Satyajit Ray films appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">Sight & Sound</a></i> Critics' Poll, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy" title="The Apu Trilogy">The Apu Trilogy</a></i> (ranked No. 4 in 1992 if votes are combined),<sup id="cite_ref-Caldwell_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jalsaghar" title="Jalsaghar">The Music Room</a></i> (ranked No. 27 in 1992), <i><a href="/wiki/Charulata" title="Charulata">Charulata</a></i> (ranked No. 41 in 1992)<sup id="cite_ref-SS-1992-ranking_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-1992-ranking-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aranyer_Din_Ratri" title="Aranyer Din Ratri">Days and Nights in the Forest</a></i> (ranked No. 81 in 1982).<sup id="cite_ref-SS-1982-ranking_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-1982-ranking-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2002 <i>Sight & Sound</i> critics' and directors' poll also included the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Dutt" title="Guru Dutt">Guru Dutt</a> films <i><a href="/wiki/Pyaasa" title="Pyaasa">Pyaasa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kaagaz_Ke_Phool" title="Kaagaz Ke Phool">Kaagaz Ke Phool</a></i> (both tied at #160), and the Ritwik Ghatak films <i><a href="/wiki/Meghe_Dhaka_Tara_(1960_film)" title="Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)">Meghe Dhaka Tara</a></i> (ranked #231) and <i>Komal Gandhar</i> (ranked #346).<sup id="cite_ref-Cinemacom_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinemacom-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, the critics' poll conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian cinema">Asian film</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Cinemaya" title="Cinemaya">Cinemaya</a></i> included <i>The Apu Trilogy</i> (ranked No. 1 if votes are combined), Ray's <i><a href="/wiki/Charulata" title="Charulata">Charulata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jalsaghar" title="Jalsaghar">The Music Room</a></i> (both tied at #11), and Ghatak's <i><a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_(film)" title="Subarnarekha (film)">Subarnarekha</a></i> (also tied at #11).<sup id="cite_ref-Totaro_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totaro-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i> top 250 "Best Film of the Century" critics' poll also included <i>The Apu Trilogy</i> (ranked No. 5 if votes are combined).<sup id="cite_ref-villagevoice_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villagevoice-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Apu Trilogy</i>, <i>Pyaasa</i> and <a href="/wiki/Mani_Ratnam" title="Mani Ratnam">Mani Ratnam</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nayakan" title="Nayakan">Nayakan</a></i> were also included in <a href="/wiki/Time_magazine%27s_%22All-TIME%22_100_best_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies">Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies</a> list in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, the <i>Sight & Sound</i> Critics' Poll ranked Ray at No. 7 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Dutt was ranked No. 73 in the 2002 <i>Sight & Sound</i> greatest directors poll.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cinematographer <a href="/wiki/Subrata_Mitra" title="Subrata Mitra">Subrata Mitra</a>, who made his debut with Ray's <i>The Apu Trilogy</i>, also had an importance influence on <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a> across the world. One of his most important techniques was <a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)#Bounce_lighting" title="Reflector (photography)">bounce lighting</a>, to recreate the effect of daylight on sets. He pioneered the technique while filming <i><a href="/wiki/Aparajito" title="Aparajito">Aparajito</a></i> (1956), the second part of <i>The Apu Trilogy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cinematographers_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinematographers-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the experimental techniques which Satyajit Ray pioneered include <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">photo-negative</a> <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">flashbacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Digression" title="Digression">digressions</a> while filming <i><a href="/wiki/Pratidwandi" title="Pratidwandi">Pratidwandi</a></i> (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>A</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Vikram_Sengupta" title="Aditya Vikram Sengupta">Aditya Vikram Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashim_Ahluwalia" title="Ashim Ahluwalia">Ashim Ahluwalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Chaubey" title="Abhishek Chaubey">Abhishek Chaubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiul_islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiul islam">Atiul islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anurag_Kashyap" title="Anurag Kashyap">Anurag Kashyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparna_Sen" title="Aparna Sen">Aparna Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apurba_Kishore_Bir" title="Apurba Kishore Bir">Apurba Kishore Bir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atanu_Ghosh" title="Atanu Ghosh">Atanu Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Aravindan" title="G. Aravindan">G. Aravindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Dutta" title="Amit Dutta">Amit Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amol_Palekar" title="Amol Palekar">Amol Palekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Gandhi" title="Anand Gandhi">Anand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Balani" title="Anant Balani">Anant Balani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjan_Das" title="Anjan Das">Anjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashish_Avikunthak" title="Ashish Avikunthak">Ashish Avikunthak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Bhattacharyya" title="Amartya Bhattacharyya">Amartya Bhattacharyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajitpal_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajitpal Singh">Ajitpal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Deshpande" title="Arvind Deshpande">Arvind Deshpande</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>B</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balu_Mahendra" title="Balu Mahendra">Balu Mahendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bala_(director)" title="Bala (director)">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathan" title="Bharathan">Bharathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basu_Bhattacharya" title="Basu Bhattacharya">Basu Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabendra_Nath_Saikia" title="Bhabendra Nath Saikia">Bhabendra Nath Saikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Biju" title="Dr. Biju">Dr. Biju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biju_Viswanath" title="Biju Viswanath">Biju Viswanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Roy" title="Bimal Roy">Bimal Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Dasgupta" title="Buddhadeb Dasgupta">Buddhadeb Dasgupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathiraja" title="Bharathiraja">Bharathiraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalji_Pendharkar" title="Bhalji Pendharkar">Bhalji Pendharkar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>C</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Chandran" title="T. V. Chandran">T. V. Chandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetan_Anand_(producer_%26_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetan Anand (producer & director)">Chetan Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakant_Kulkarni" title="Chandrakant Kulkarni">Chandrakant Kulkarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Tamhane" title="Chaitanya Tamhane">Chaitanya Tamhane</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>D</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke" title="Dadasaheb Phalke">Dadasaheb Phalke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepa_Mehta" title="Deepa Mehta">Deepa Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibakar_Banerjee" title="Dibakar Banerjee">Dibakar Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dileesh_Pothan" title="Dileesh Pothan">Dileesh Pothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Palathara" title="Don Palathara">Don Palathara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>F</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazil_(director)" title="Fazil (director)">Fazil</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>G</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Ghose" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Ghose">Gautam Ghose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajendra_Ahire" title="Gajendra Ahire">Gajendra Ahire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._George" title="K. G. George">K. G. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli" title="Girish Kasaravalli">Girish Kasaravalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanjali_Rao" title="Gitanjali Rao">Gitanjali Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Nihalani" title="Govind Nihalani">Govind Nihalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Dutt" title="Guru Dutt">Guru Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurvinder_Singh" title="Gurvinder Singh">Gurvinder Singh</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>H</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Hariharan_(director)" title="K. Hariharan (director)">K. Hariharan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>J</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Patel" title="Jabbar Patel">Jabbar Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahar_Kanungo" title="Jahar Kanungo">Jahar Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahnu_Barua" title="Jahnu Barua">Jahnu Barua</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>K</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana_Lajmi" title="Kalpana Lajmi">Kalpana Lajmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Swaroop" title="Kamal Swaroop">Kamal Swaroop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Haasan" title="Kamal Haasan">Kamal Haasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Behl" title="Kanu Behl">Kanu Behl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_V_Karanth" class="mw-redirect" title="B V Karanth">B V Karanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Viswanath" title="K. Viswanath">K. Viswanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushik_Ganguly" title="Kaushik Ganguly">Kaushik Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketan_Mehta" title="Ketan Mehta">Ketan Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas" title="Khwaja Ahmad Abbas">Khwaja Ahmad Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishore_Sahu" title="Kishore Sahu">Kishore Sahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiran_Rao" title="Kiran Rao">Kiran Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Shahani" title="Kumar Shahani">Kumar Shahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Balachander" title="K. Balachander">K. Balachander</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>L</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijo_Jose_Pellissery" title="Lijo Jose Pellissery">Lijo Jose Pellissery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>M</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahendran_(filmmaker)" title="Mahendran (filmmaker)">Mahendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Kaul" title="Mani Kaul">Mani Kaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Ratnam" title="Mani Ratnam">Mani Ratnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysskin" title="Mysskin">Mysskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manish_Jha" title="Manish Jha">Manish Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhur_Bhandarkar" title="Madhur Bhandarkar">Madhur Bhandarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarand_Mane" title="Makarand Mane">Makarand Mane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_Nair" title="Mira Nair">Mira Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_Bhattacharjee" title="Moni Bhattacharjee">Moni Bhattacharjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murali_Nair" title="Murali Nair">Murali Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Mahapatra" title="Manmohan Mahapatra">Manmohan Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_(director)" title="Mohan (director)">Mohan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>N</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabendu_Chatterjee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabendu Chatterjee (page does not exist)">Nabendu Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagesh_Kukunoor" title="Nagesh Kukunoor">Nagesh Kukunoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagraj_Manjule" title="Nagraj Manjule">Nagraj Manjule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandita_Das" title="Nandita Das">Nandita Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Suri" title="Narendra Suri">Narendra Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Narsing_Rao" title="B. Narsing Rao">B. Narsing Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirad_Mohapatra" title="Nirad Mohapatra">Nirad Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishikant_Kamat" title="Nishikant Kamat">Nishikant Kamat</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>P</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmarajan" title="Padmarajan">Padmarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Nalin" title="Pan Nalin">Pan Nalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partho_Sen-Gupta" title="Partho Sen-Gupta">Partho Sen-Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresh_Mokashi" title="Paresh Mokashi">Paresh Mokashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattabhirami_Reddy_Tikkavarapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattabhirami Reddy Tikkavarapu">Pattabhirami Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyush_Jha" title="Piyush Jha">Piyush Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Jha" title="Prakash Jha">Prakash Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyanandanan" title="Priyanandanan">Priyanandanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttanna_Kanagal" title="Puttanna Kanagal">Puttanna Kanagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payal_Kapadia_(filmmaker)" title="Payal Kapadia (filmmaker)">Payal Kapadia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>R</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajat_Kapoor" title="Rajat Kapoor">Rajat Kapoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Ravi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajiv Ravi">Rajiv Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Patil" title="Rajiv Patil">Rajiv Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajdutt" title="Rajdutt">Rajdutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Mapuskar" title="Rajesh Mapuskar">Rajesh Mapuskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_(director)" title="Ram (director)">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma" title="Ram Gopal Varma">Ram Gopal Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjan_Ghosh" title="Ranjan Ghosh">Ranjan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revathi" title="Revathi">Revathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rituparno_Ghosh" title="Rituparno Ghosh">Rituparno Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>S</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar_Mirza" title="Saeed Akhtar Mirza">Saeed Akhtar Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleem_Ahmed" title="Saleem Ahmed">Saleem Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjoy_Nag" title="Sanjoy Nag">Sanjoy Nag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeep_Reddy_Vanga" title="Sandeep Reddy Vanga">Sandeep Reddy Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeep_Sawant" title="Sandeep Sawant">Sandeep Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Ray" title="Sandip Ray">Sandip Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Sivan" title="Santosh Sivan">Santosh Sivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Surkar" title="Sanjay Surkar">Sanjay Surkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._T._Sastry" title="K. N. T. Sastry">K. N. T. Sastry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Sathyu" title="M. S. Sathyu">M. S. Sathyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathish_Kalathil" title="Sathish Kalathil">Sathish Kalathil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sameer_Vidwans" title="Sameer Vidwans">Sameer Vidwans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selvaraghavan" title="Selvaraghavan">Selvaraghavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamaprasad" title="Shyamaprasad">Shyamaprasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun" title="Shaji N. Karun">Shaji N. Karun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantaram_Athavale" title="Shantaram Athavale">Shantaram Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur" title="Shekhar Kapur">Shekhar Kapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonali_Bose" title="Shonali Bose">Shonali Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoojit_Sircar" title="Shoojit Sircar">Shoojit Sircar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji_Lotan_Patil" title="Shivaji Lotan Patil">Shivaji Lotan Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeetam_Srinivasa_Rao" title="Singeetam Srinivasa Rao">Singeetam Srinivasa Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombhu_Mitra" title="Sombhu Mitra">Sombhu Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonali_Gulati" title="Sonali Gulati">Sonali Gulati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooni_Taraporevala" title="Sooni Taraporevala">Sooni Taraporevala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soukarya_Ghosal" title="Soukarya Ghosal">Soukarya Ghosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sridhar_Rangayan" title="Sridhar Rangayan">Sridhar Rangayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivas_Sunderrajan" title="Srinivas Sunderrajan">Srinivas Sunderrajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriram_Raghavan" title="Sriram Raghavan">Sriram Raghavan </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitra_Bhave%E2%80%93Sunil_Sukthankar" title="Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar">Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>T</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiagarajan_Kumararaja" title="Thiagarajan Kumararaja">Thiagarajan Kumararaja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>U</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upendra_(actor)" title="Upendra (actor)">Upendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umesh_Vinayak_Kulkarni" title="Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni">Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utpalendu_Chakraborty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utpalendu Chakraborty (page does not exist)">Utpalendu Chakraborty</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>V</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vetrimaaran" title="Vetrimaaran">Vetrimaaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_G._Venkatesh" title="Kumar G. Venkatesh">Kumar G. Venkatesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishal_Bhardwaj" title="Vishal Bhardwaj">Vishal Bhardwaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vierendrra_Lalit" title="Vierendrra Lalit">Vierendrra Lalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipin_Vijay" title="Vipin Vijay">Vipin Vijay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Parallel_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Parallel Cinema">Soviet Parallel Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the world">Cinema of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Cinema of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_(film_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masala (film genre)">Masala (film genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Feature Film">National Film Award for Best Feature Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Generation (Malayalam film movement)">New Generation (Malayalam film movement)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/parallel-cinema-movies-6375603/">"Our ultimate guide to the 1970-80s parallel cinema gems"</a>. 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+ultimate+guide+to+the+1970-80s+parallel+cinema+gems&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Fopinion-entertainment%2Fparallel-cinema-movies-6375603%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmheritagefoundation.co.in/savkari-pash-the-indian-shylock-1925-80-mins/">"Savkari Pash (The Indian Shylock), 1925, 80 mins"</a>. Film Heritage Foundation. 28 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614181338/http://filmheritagefoundation.co.in/savkari-pash-the-indian-shylock-1925-80-mins/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Savkari+Pash+%28The+Indian+Shylock%29%2C+1925%2C+80+mins&rft.pub=Film+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilmheritagefoundation.co.in%2Fsavkari-pash-the-indian-shylock-1925-80-mins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalit_Mohan_Joshi2007" class="citation web cs1">Lalit Mohan Joshi (17 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122162218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/contemporary/india-arthouse.html">"India's Art House Cinema"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/contemporary/india-arthouse.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+Art+House+Cinema&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft.au=Lalit+Mohan+Joshi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fimagineasia%2Fguide%2Fcontemporary%2Findia-arthouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Moti_Gokulsing2004" class="citation book cs1">K. Moti Gokulsing, K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Take+One%3A+The+First+Annual+Village+Voice+Film+Critics%27+Poll&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2Fspecials%2Ftake%2Fone%2Ffull_list.php3%3Fcategory%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html">The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211043539/http://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html">Archived</a> 11 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By THE FILM CRITICS OF THE NEW YORK TIMES, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314020006/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html">"All-time 100 Movies"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 12 February 2005. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=All-time+100+Movies&rft.date=2005-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2F2005%2F100movies%2Fthe_complete_list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrikanth_Srinivasan2008" class="citation web cs1">Srikanth Srinivasan (4 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307010006/http://dearcinema.com/review-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy/">"Do Bigha Zamin: Seeds of the Indian New Wave"</a>. Dear Cinema. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dearcinema.com/review-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy">the original</a> on 7 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Bigha+Zamin%3A+Seeds+of+the+Indian+New+Wave&rft.pub=Dear+Cinema&rft.date=2008-08-04&rft.au=Srikanth+Srinivasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdearcinema.com%2Freview-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmreference-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filmreference_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmreference.com/Films-De-Dr/Do-Bigha-Zamin.html">"Do Bigha Zamin at filmreference"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162033/http://www.filmreference.com/Films-De-Dr/Do-Bigha-Zamin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Bigha+Zamin+at+filmreference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmreference.com%2FFilms-De-Dr%2FDo-Bigha-Zamin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/India-TRENDS-AND-GENRES.html">"Trends and genres"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520133709/http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/India-TRENDS-AND-GENRES.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+and+genres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmreference.com%2Fencyclopedia%2FIndependent-Film-Road-Movies%2FIndia-TRENDS-AND-GENRES.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulzarNihalani,_GovindChatterjee,_Saibal2003" class="citation book cs1">Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003). <i>Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt Ltd. p. 592. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7991-066-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7991-066-0"><bdi>81-7991-066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hindi+Cinema&rft.pages=592&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28India%29+Pvt+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7991-066-0&rft.au=Gulzar&rft.au=Nihalani%2C+Govind&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+Saibal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129235154/http://newsle.com/person/basuchatterjee/7245208">Basu Chatterjee (Rajnigandha)</a>. newsle. Retrieved 17 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314020006/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html">"All-Time 100 Best Movies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 12 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=All-Time+100+Best+Movies&rft.date=2005-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2F2005%2F100movies%2Fthe_complete_list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuzicMag_News-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuzicMag_News_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzicmag.com/2014/08/harpreet-sandhu-newest-star-ready-to-change-punjabi-cinema-face.html">"Harpreet Sandhu-Newest Star Ready to Change The Face of Punjabi Cinema"</a>. <i>MuzicMag</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903112312/http://www.muzicmag.com/2014/08/harpreet-sandhu-newest-star-ready-to-change-punjabi-cinema-face.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MuzicMag&rft.atitle=Harpreet+Sandhu-Newest+Star+Ready+to+Change+The+Face+of+Punjabi+Cinema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzicmag.com%2F2014%2F08%2Fharpreet-sandhu-newest-star-ready-to-change-punjabi-cinema-face.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhatak2000" class="citation book cs1">Ghatak, Ritwik (2000). <i>Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema</i>. Ritwik Memorial & Trust Seagull Books. pp. ix & 134–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7046-178-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7046-178-2"><bdi>81-7046-178-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rows+and+Rows+of+Fences%3A+Ritwik+Ghatak+on+Cinema&rft.pages=ix+%26+134-36&rft.pub=Ritwik+Memorial+%26+Trust+Seagull+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-7046-178-2&rft.aulast=Ghatak&rft.aufirst=Ritwik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2000" class="citation book cs1">Hood, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialmystery00hood/page/21"><i>The Essential Mystery: The Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema</i></a>. Orient Longman Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialmystery00hood/page/21">21–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-1870-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-1870-0"><bdi>81-250-1870-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Mystery%3A+The+Major+Filmmakers+of+Indian+Art+Cinema&rft.pages=21-4&rft.pub=Orient+Longman+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-250-1870-0&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialmystery00hood%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrigy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Carrigy, Megan (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430123322/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/ghatak.html">"Ritwik Ghatak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Senses_of_Cinema" title="Senses of Cinema">Senses of Cinema</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/ghatak.html">the original</a> on 30 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Senses+of+Cinema&rft.atitle=Ritwik+Ghatak&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Carrigy&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sensesofcinema.com%2Fcontents%2Fdirectors%2F03%2Fghatak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubhajit_Lahiri2009" class="citation web cs1">Shubhajit Lahiri (5 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629210720/http://culturazzi.org/review/people-celebrities-artists/satyajit-ray-part2">"Satyajit Ray – Auteur Extraordinaire (Part 2)"</a>. Culturazzi. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satyajit+Ray+%E2%80%93+Auteur+Extraordinaire+%28Part+2%29&rft.pub=Culturazzi&rft.date=2009-06-05&rft.au=Shubhajit+Lahiri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculturazzi.org%2Freview%2Fpeople-celebrities-artists%2Fsatyajit-ray-part2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuru2016" class="citation web cs1">Puru (28 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arthousecinema.in/2016/05/marathi-cinema-from-phalke-to-manjule/">"Marathi Cinema - From Phalke To Manjule | Art House Cinema"</a>. <i>www.arthousecinema.in</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arthousecinema.in&rft.atitle=Marathi+Cinema+-+From+Phalke+To+Manjule+%7C+Art+House+Cinema&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft.au=Puru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthousecinema.in%2F2016%2F05%2Fmarathi-cinema-from-phalke-to-manjule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeepa_Gahlot2002" class="citation web cs1">Deepa Gahlot (17 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/17deepa.htm">"What's with 'Bollywood'? Is the term derogatory to the world's biggest film producer?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061103200111/http://rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/17deepa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=What%27s+with+%27Bollywood%27%3F+Is+the+term+derogatory+to+the+world%27s+biggest+film+producer%3F&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft.au=Deepa+Gahlot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmovies%2F2002%2Foct%2F17deepa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malayalamcinema1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malayalamcinema1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829142639/http://malayalamcinema.com/Content-4/CinemaHistory.html">"Cinema History Malayalam Cinema"</a>. Malayalamcinema.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malayalamcinema.com/Content-4/CinemaHistory.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinema+History+Malayalam+Cinema&rft.pub=Malayalamcinema.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalayalamcinema.com%2FContent-4%2FCinemaHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/31adoor.htm">"The Movie Interview: Adoor Gopalakrishnan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff</a>. 31 July 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022172152/http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/31adoor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Movie+Interview%3A+Adoor+Gopalakrishnan&rft.pub=Rediff&rft.date=1997-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmovies%2Fjul%2F31adoor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0329715/">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0440267/">Shaji N. Karun</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082.html">"Narsing Rao's films regale Delhi"</a> (Press release). webindia123.com. 21 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106105835/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narsing+Rao%27s+films+regale+Delhi&rft.pub=webindia123.com&rft.date=2008-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.webindia123.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FIndia%2F20081221%2F1134082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAruti_Nayar2007" class="citation news cs1">Aruti Nayar (16 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm">"Bollywood on the table"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022142305/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bollywood+on+the+table&rft.date=2007-12-16&rft.au=Aruti+Nayar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2007%2F20071216%2Fspectrum%2Fmain11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jungen-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jungen_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Jungen2009" class="citation web cs1">Christian Jungen (4 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224010731/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian_cinema_chjungen.htm">"Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIPRESCI" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPRESCI">FIPRESCI</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian_cinema_chjungen.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+Movies%3A+The+Diversity+of+Indian+Cinema&rft.pub=FIPRESCI&rft.date=2009-04-04&rft.au=Christian+Jungen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fipresci.org%2Ffestivals%2Farchive%2F2009%2Ffribourg%2Findian_cinema_chjungen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/021117/secret-superstar-a-moving-slice-of-life.html">"Secret Superstar: A moving slice of life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Age" title="The Asian Age">The Asian Age</a></i>. 2 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053506/http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/021117/secret-superstar-a-moving-slice-of-life.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Age&rft.atitle=Secret+Superstar%3A+A+moving+slice+of+life&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianage.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbollywood%2F021117%2Fsecret-superstar-a-moving-slice-of-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2000" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Darius (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinemaofsatyajit00coop/page/1"><i>The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinemaofsatyajit00coop/page/1">1–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62980-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62980-2"><bdi>0-521-62980-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+of+Satyajit+Ray%3A+Between+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-62980-2&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Darius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcinemaofsatyajit00coop%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154942/awards">"Awards for Neecha Nagar (1946)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116181922/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154942/awards">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awards+for+Neecha+Nagar+%281946%29&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0154942%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desai38-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desai38_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Desai, Jigna (2004), <i>Beyond Bollywood: The Cultural Politics of South Asian Diasporic Film</i>, p. 38, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96684-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96684-1">0-415-96684-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_J_Pais2009" class="citation web cs1">Arthur J Pais (14 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/apr/14/why-we-admire-satyajit-ray-so-much.htm">"Why we admire Satyajit Ray so much"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001050858/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/apr/14/why-we-admire-satyajit-ray-so-much.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Why+we+admire+Satyajit+Ray+so+much&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft.au=Arthur+J+Pais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovies.rediff.com%2Freport%2F2009%2Fapr%2F14%2Fwhy-we-admire-satyajit-ray-so-much.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Ingui" class="citation web cs1">Chris Ingui. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826214118/http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml">"Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet"</a>. Hatchet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml">the original</a> on 26 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Scorsese+hits+DC%2C+hangs+with+the+Hachet&rft.pub=Hatchet&rft.au=Chris+Ingui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.gwhatchet.com%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper332%2Fnews%2F2002%2F03%2F04%2FArts%2FMartin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon_Hall" class="citation web cs1">Sheldon Hall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html">"Ivory, James (1928–)"</a>. Screen Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808160653/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivory%2C+James+%281928%E2%80%93%29&rft.pub=Screen+Online&rft.au=Sheldon+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Fpeople%2Fid%2F532213%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Kehr1995" class="citation news cs1">Dave Kehr (5 May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915204359/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/1995/05/05/1995-05-05_the__world__of_satyajit_ray_.html">"THE 'WORLD' OF SATYAJIT RAY: LEGACY OF INDIA'S PREMIER FILM MAKER ON DISPLAY"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">Daily News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/1995/05/05/1995-05-05_the__world__of_satyajit_ray_.html">the original</a> on 15 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=THE+%27WORLD%27+OF+SATYAJIT+RAY%3A+LEGACY+OF+INDIA%27S+PREMIER+FILM+MAKER+ON+DISPLAY&rft.date=1995-05-05&rft.au=Dave+Kehr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Farchives%2Fentertainment%2F1995%2F05%2F05%2F1995-05-05_the__world__of_satyajit_ray_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuchetana_Ray2008" class="citation web cs1">Suchetana Ray (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001120544/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html">"Satyajit Ray is this Spanish director's inspiration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN-IBN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN-IBN">CNN-IBN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satyajit+Ray+is+this+Spanish+director%27s+inspiration&rft.pub=CNN-IBN&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.au=Suchetana+Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fnews%2Fsatyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration%2F60900-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Statesman-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Statesman_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103071501/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=30&id=172929&usrsess=1">"On Ray's Trail"</a>. <i>The Statesman</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=30&id=172929&usrsess=1">the original</a> on 3 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=On+Ray%27s+Trail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.net%2Fpage.arcview.php%3Fclid%3D30%26id%3D172929%26usrsess%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, A (2003). <i>Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker</i>. I. B. Tauris. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-965-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-965-3"><bdi>1-86064-965-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satyajit+Ray%3A+The+Inner+Eye%3A+The+Biography+of+a+Master+Film-Maker&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86064-965-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSragow1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sragow, Michael (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html">"An Art Wedded to Truth"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=An+Art+Wedded+to+Truth&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sragow&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsatyajitray.ucsc.edu%2Farticles%2Fsragow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raylifeandwork.blogspot.com/2009/02/interview-with-satyajit-ray.html">"An Interview with Satyajit Ray"</a>. 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708061608/http://raylifeandwork.blogspot.com/2009/02/interview-with-satyajit-ray.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+Satyajit+Ray&rft.date=1982&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraylifeandwork.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F02%2Finterview-with-satyajit-ray.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unmaderay-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unmaderay_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Ray, Satyajit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080427215538/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/raysfilmography/unmaderay.aspx">"Ordeals of the Alien"</a>. <i>The Unmade Ray</i>. Satyajit Ray Society. Archived from the original on 27 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unmade+Ray&rft.atitle=Ordeals+of+the+Alien&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Satyajit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satyajitrayworld.com%2Fraysfilmography%2Funmaderay.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesofindia-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timesofindia_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42443247.cms">"Close encounters with native E.T. finally real"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 5 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134812/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42443247.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Close+encounters+with+native+E.T.+finally+real&rft.date=2003-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F42443247.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCSCcurrents-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCSCcurrents_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman_J2001" class="citation news cs1">Newman J (17 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104203511/http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/01-02/09-17/ray.html">"Satyajit Ray Collection receives Packard grant and lecture endowment"</a>. UC Santa Cruz Currents online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/01-02/09-17/ray.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Satyajit+Ray+Collection+receives+Packard+grant+and+lecture+endowment&rft.date=2001-09-17&rft.au=Newman+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsc.edu%2Fcurrents%2F01-02%2F09-17%2Fray.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSK_Jha2006" class="citation news cs1">SK Jha (9 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618042430/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6319302.asp">"Sacred Ray"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Calcutta, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6319302.asp">the original</a> on 18 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sacred+Ray&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft.au=SK+Jha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1060609%2Fasp%2Fetc%2Fstory_6319302.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Habib" class="citation web cs1">André Habib. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614150838/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/16/godard_habib.html">"Before and After: Origins and Death in the Work of Jean-Luc Godard"</a>. <i>Senses of Cinema</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/16/godard_habib.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senses+of+Cinema&rft.atitle=Before+and+After%3A+Origins+and+Death+in+the+Work+of+Jean-Luc+Godard&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Habib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sensesofcinema.com%2Fcontents%2F01%2F16%2Fgodard_habib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrinalsen.org/">"Mrinal Sen"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090527172007/http://mrinalsen.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mrinal+Sen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrinalsen.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron_and_Mark_Caldwell2004" class="citation web cs1">Aaron and Mark Caldwell (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090729180509/http://geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html">"Sight and Sound"</a>. Top 100 Movie Lists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sight+and+Sound&rft.pub=Top+100+Movie+Lists&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Aaron+and+Mark+Caldwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Faaronbcaldwell%2Fdimsscri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS-1992-ranking-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SS-1992-ranking_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022115725/http://geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html">"SIGHT AND SOUND 1992 RANKING OF FILMS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIGHT+AND+SOUND+1992+RANKING+OF+FILMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fthe7thart%2Franking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS-1982-ranking-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SS-1982-ranking_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022225459/http://geocities.com/the7thart/1982.html">"SIGHT AND SOUND 1982 RANKING OF FILMS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/1982.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIGHT+AND+SOUND+1982+RANKING+OF+FILMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fthe7thart%2F1982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cinemacom-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cinemacom_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinemacom.com/2002-sight-sound.html">"2002 Sight & Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics & Film Directors"</a>. Cinemacom. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604162906/http://www.cinemacom.com/2002-sight-sound.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2002+Sight+%26+Sound+Top+Films+Survey+of+253+International+Critics+%26+Film+Directors&rft.pub=Cinemacom&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemacom.com%2F2002-sight-sound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totaro-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Totaro_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotaro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Totaro, Donato (31 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/canon.html">"The "Sight & Sound" of Canons"</a>. <i>Offscreen Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canada_Council" title="Canada Council">Canada Council</a> for the Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905112318/http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/canon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Offscreen+Journal&rft.atitle=The+%22Sight+%26+Sound%22+of+Canons&rft.date=2003-01-31&rft.aulast=Totaro&rft.aufirst=Donato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horschamp.qc.ca%2Fnew_offscreen%2Fcanon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222024902/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html">"Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sight+and+Sound+Poll+1992%3A+Critics&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumnus.caltech.edu%2F~ejohnson%2Fsight%2F1992_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Lee2002" class="citation web cs1">Kevin Lee (5 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224432/http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html">"A Slanted Canon"</a>. Asian American Film Commentary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Slanted+Canon&rft.pub=Asian+American+Film+Commentary&rft.date=2002-09-05&rft.au=Kevin+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianamericanfilm.com%2Farchives%2F000026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cinematographers-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cinematographers_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm">"Subrata Mitra"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012135206/http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subrata+Mitra&rft.pub=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Cinematographers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinematographers.nl%2FGreatDoPh%2Fmitra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Pinkerton2009" class="citation web cs1">Nick Pinkerton (14 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy">"First Light: Satyajit Ray From the Apu Trilogy to the Calcutta Trilogy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625154630/http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=First+Light%3A+Satyajit+Ray+From+the+Apu+Trilogy+to+the+Calcutta+Trilogy&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft.au=Nick+Pinkerton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2009-04-15%2Ffilm%2Ffirst-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_cinema&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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id="New_Wave_in_cinema28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">New Wave in cinema</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina#1990s" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Generation (Malayalam film movement)">Malayalam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan#Late_1980s-early_1990s:_Kazakh_New_Wave" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_New_Wave" title="Philippine New Wave">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_New_Cinema" title="Taiwan New Cinema">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_New_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai New Wave">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">West Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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