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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silent_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silent_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Silent era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silent_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_and_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_and_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>1980s and 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_and_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sub-genres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sub-genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sub-genres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sub-genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gangster_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gangster_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gangster film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gangster_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heist_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heist_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Heist film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heist_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hybrid genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>European</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crime film</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="فيلم جريمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم جريمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinay%C9%99t_filmi" title="Cinayət filmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cinayət filmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Криминален филм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Криминален филм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimin%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_film" title="Kriminální film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kriminální film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffilm_drosedd" title="Ffilm drosedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffilm drosedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalfilm" title="Kriminalfilm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kriminalfilm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="فيلم جريمة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيلم جريمة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalfilm" title="Kriminalfilm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kriminalfilm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αστυνομική ταινία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστυνομική ταινία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%ADcula_de_crimen" title="Película de crimen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Película de crimen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimfilmo" title="Krimfilmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krimfilmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimenezko_film" title="Krimenezko film – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Krimenezko film" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فیلم جنایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم جنایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_criminel" title="Film criminel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film criminel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdiefilm" title="Misdiefilm – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Misdiefilm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EC%A3%84_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="범죄 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="범죄 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4" title="Քրեական ֆիլմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրեական ֆիլմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalisti%C4%8Dki_film" title="Kriminalistički film – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kriminalistički film" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_kejahatan" title="Film kejahatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film kejahatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_giallo" title="Cinema giallo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema giallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%A2" title="סרט פשע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט פשע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimin%C4%81lfilma" title="Kriminālfilma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kriminālfilma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalinis_filmas" title="Kriminalinis filmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kriminalinis filmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%B1n%C3%BCgyi_film" title="Bűnügyi film – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bűnügyi film" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="فيلم جريمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلم جريمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdaadfilm" title="Misdaadfilm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Misdaadfilm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="クライム映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クライム映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalfilm" title="Kriminalfilm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kriminalfilm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinoyat_haqidagi_film" title="Jinoyat haqidagi film – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jinoyat haqidagi film" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="جنایي فیلم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جنایي فیلم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_kryminalny" title="Film kryminalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film kryminalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_sobre_crimes" title="Filme sobre crimes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme sobre crimes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Криминальный фильм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Криминальный фильм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_movie" title="Crime movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crime movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimin%C3%A1lny_film" title="Kriminálny film – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kriminálny film" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فیلمی تاوانباری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی تاوانباری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Криминалистички филм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Криминалистички филм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalisti%C4%8Dki_film" title="Kriminalistički film – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kriminalistički film" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikoselokuva" title="Rikoselokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rikoselokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalfilm" title="Kriminalfilm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kriminalfilm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குற்றவியல் திரைப்படம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குற்றவியல் திரைப்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Филми ҷиноӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филми ҷиноӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisiye_film" title="Polisiye film – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polisiye film" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Кримінальний фільм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кримінальний фільм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="جرائم فلم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرائم فلم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Film genre</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Roaring_Twenties_Still.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Roaring_Twenties_Still.jpg/220px-James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Roaring_Twenties_Still.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Roaring_Twenties_Still.jpg/330px-James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Roaring_Twenties_Still.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Roaring_Twenties_Still.jpg/440px-James_Cagney_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Roaring_Twenties_Still.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a> in a promotional still for the crime film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Roaring_Twenties" title="The Roaring Twenties">The Roaring Twenties</a></i> (1939).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Crime film</b>, in the broadest sense, is a <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a> inspired by and analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a> literary genre. Films of this genre generally involve various aspects of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> and its detection. Stylistically, the genre may overlap and combine with many other genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">gangster film</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also include <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a>, and, in turn, is divided into many sub-genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">mystery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">suspense</a> or <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">noir</a>. </p><p>Screenwriter and scholar <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Williams" title="Eric R. Williams">Eric R. Williams</a> identified crime film as one of eleven super-genres in his <a href="/wiki/Screenwriters_Taxonomy" title="Screenwriters Taxonomy">Screenwriters Taxonomy</a>, claiming that all feature-length <a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">narrative films</a> can be classified by these super-genres.  The other ten super-genres are action, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, slice of life, sports, thriller, war and western.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams identifies drama in a broader category called "film type", mystery and suspense as "macro-genres", and film noir as a "screenwriter's pathway" explaining that these categories are additive rather than exclusionary.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film)" title="Chinatown (1974 film)">Chinatown</a></i> would be an example of a film that is a drama (film type) crime film (super-genre) that is also a noir (pathway) mystery (macro-genre). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of what constitutes a crime film is not straightforward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpina2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpina2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criminologist <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Hahn_Rafter" title="Nicole Hahn Rafter">Nicole Hahn Rafter</a> in her book <i>Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society</i> (2006) found that film scholars had a traditional reluctance to examine the topic of crime films in their entirety due to complex nature of the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafter20065_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERafter20065-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Clarens" title="Carlos Clarens">Carlos Clarens</a> in his book <i>Crime Movies</i> (1980), described the crime film as a symbolic representation of criminals, law, and society. Clarens continued that they describe what is culturally and morally abnormal and differ from <a href="/wiki/Thriller_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Thriller films">thriller films</a> which he wrote as being more concerned with psychological and private situations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarens199713_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarens199713-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Schatz in <i>Hollywood Genres: Formulas, Filmmaking, and the Studio System</i> (1981) does not refer to the concept of crime film as a genre, and says that "such seemingly similar "urban crime" formulas" such as the <a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">gangster film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detective_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective film">detective film</a> were their own unique forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchatz198126_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchatz198126-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Leitch, author of <i>Crime Films</i> (2004) stated that the crime film presents their defining subject as a crime culture that normalizes a place where crime is both shockingly disruptive and completely normal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200413––14_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200413––14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rafter suggested the best way to skirt complexities of various films that may be defined as crime films as works that focus primarily on crime and its consequences, and that they should be viewed as a category that encompasses a number genres, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">caper films</a>, detective films, gangster films, cop and <a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">prison films</a> and courtroom dramas. She said that like drama and romance film, they are umbrella terms that cover several smaller more coherent groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafter20066_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERafter20066-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The criminal acts in every film in the genre represents a larger critique of either social or institutional order from the perspective of a character or from the film's narrative at large.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200414_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200414-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The films also depend on the audience ambivalence towards crime. Master criminals are portrayed as immoral but glamorous while maverick police officers break the law to capture criminals. Leitch defined this as a critical to the film as the films are about the continual breakdown and re-establishment of borders among criminals, crime solvers and victims, concluding that "this paradox is at the heart of all crime films."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200415_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200415-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rafter echoed these statements, saying crime films should be defined on the basis of their relationship with society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpina2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpina2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leitch writes that crime films reinforce popular social beliefs of their audience, such as <a href="/wiki/The_road_to_hell_is_paved_with_good_intentions" title="The road to hell is paved with good intentions">the road to hell is paved with good intentions</a>, the law is above individuals, and that crime does not pay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200414_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200414-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre also generally has endings that confirm the moral absolutes that an innocent victim, a menacing criminal, and detective and their own morals that inspire them by questioning their heroic or pathetic status, their moral authority of the justice system, or by presenting innocent characters who seem guilty and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200414–15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200414–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crime films includes all films that focus on any of the three parties to a crime: criminal, victims, and avengers and explores what one party's relation to the other two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200416_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200416-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the crime film to encompass films as wide as <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_(1987_film)" title="Wall Street (1987 film)">Wall Street</a></i> (1987); caper films like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Asphalt_Jungle" title="The Asphalt Jungle">The Asphalt Jungle</a></i> (1950); and prison films ranging from <i><a href="/wiki/Brute_Force_(1947_film)" title="Brute Force (1947 film)">Brute Force</a></i> (1947) to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shawshank_Redemption" title="The Shawshank Redemption">The Shawshank Redemption</a></i> (1994).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200416_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200416-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crime films are not definable by their <i><a href="/wiki/Mise-en-scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Mise-en-scene">mise-en-scene</a></i> such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western film</a> as they lack both the instantly recognizable or the unique intent of other genres such as <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200410_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200410-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leitch and Rafter both write that it would be impractical to call every film in which a crime produces the central dramatic situation a crime film.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200412_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200412-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafter20065–6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERafter20065–6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leitch gave an example that most Westerns from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a></i> (1903) to <i><a href="/wiki/Unforgiven_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unforgiven (film)">Unforgiven</a></i> (1992) often have narratives about crime and punishment, but are not generally described as crime films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20045–6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20045–6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films with crime-and-punishment themes like <i><a href="/wiki/Winchester_73" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester 73">Winchester 73</a></i> (1950) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Notorious" title="Rancho Notorious">Rancho Notorious</a></i> (1952) are classified as Westerns rather than crime films because their setting takes precedence over their story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20049_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20049-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alain Silver and James Ursini argued in <i>A Companion to Crime Fiction</i> (2020) that "unquestionably most Western films are crime films" but that their overriding generic identification is different just as crime are different than horror, science fiction and period drama films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202057_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202057-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rafter also suggested that Westerns could be considered crime films, but that this perception would only be "muddying conceptual waters."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafter20067_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERafter20067-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title adr" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crime films</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crime_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Crime_film_clapperboard.svg/120px-Crime_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Crime_film_clapperboard.svg/180px-Crime_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Crime_film_clapperboard.svg/240px-Crime_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_crime_films" title="Lists of crime films">Lists</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_before_1930" title="List of crime films before 1930">Before 1930</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of crime films of the 1930s">1930s</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of crime films of the 1940s">1940s</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of crime films of the 1950s">1950s</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of crime films of the 1960s">1960s</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of crime films of the 1970s">1970s</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of crime films of the 1980s">1980s</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of crime films of the 1990s">1990s</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1990" title="List of crime films of 1990">1990</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1991" title="List of crime films of 1991">1991</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1992" title="List of crime films of 1992">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1993" title="List of crime films of 1993">1993</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1994" title="List of crime films of 1994">1994</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1995" title="List of crime films of 1995">1995</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1996" title="List of crime films of 1996">1996</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1997" title="List of crime films of 1997">1997</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1998" title="List of crime films of 1998">1998</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_1999" title="List of crime films of 1999">1999</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of crime films of the 2000s">2000s</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2000" title="List of crime films of 2000">2000</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2001" title="List of crime films of 2001">2001</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2002" title="List of crime films of 2002">2002</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2003" title="List of crime films of 2003">2003</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2004" title="List of crime films of 2004">2004</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2005" title="List of crime films of 2005">2005</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2006" title="List of crime films of 2006">2006</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2007" title="List of crime films of 2007">2007</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2008" title="List of crime films of 2008">2008</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_2009" title="List of crime films of 2009">2009</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of crime films of the 2010s">2010s</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of crime films of the 2020s">2020s</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crimefilmlist" title="Template:Crimefilmlist"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crimefilmlist" title="Template talk:Crimefilmlist"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crimefilmlist" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crimefilmlist"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silent_era">Silent era</h3></div> <p>The history of the crime film before 1940 follows reflected the changing social attitudes toward crime and criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200420_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first twenty years of the 20th Century, American society was under intense social reform with cities rapidly expanding and leading to social unrest and street crime rising and some people forming criminal gangs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200622––23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200622––23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this early <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> period, criminals were more prominent on film screens than enforcers of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200420_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these early films from the period is <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musketeers_of_Pig_Alley" title="The Musketeers of Pig Alley">The Musketeers of Pig Alley</a></i> (1912) involving a young woman hounded by a mobster known as The Snapper Kid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200623_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200623-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(1915_film)" title="Regeneration (1915 film)">Regeneration</a></i> (1915) was an early feature-length film about a gangster who saved from a life of crime by a social worker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200623–24_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200623–24-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two early films and films like <a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Outside_the_Law_(1920_film)" title="Outside the Law (1920 film)">Outside the Law</a></i> (1920) that deal with the world of criminal activity were described by Silver and Ursini as being gangsters "constrained by a strong moral code".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stuart Kaminsky in <i>American Film Genres</i> (1974) stated that prior to <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Caesar_(film)" title="Little Caesar (film)">Little Caesar</a></i> (1931), gangster characters were in films were essentially <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminsky197414_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminsky197414-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European films of the silent era differed radically from the Hollywood productions, reflecting the post-World War I continental culture. Drew Todd wrote that with this, Europeans tended to create darker stories and the audiences of these films were readier to accept these narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200624_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200624-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several European silent films go much further in exploring the mystique of the criminal figures. These followed the success in France of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Feuillade" title="Louis Feuillade">Louis Feuillade</a>'s film serial <i><a href="/wiki/Fant%C3%B4mas_(1913_serial)" title="Fantômas (1913 serial)">Fantômas</a></i> (1913).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200421_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200421-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average budget for a Hollywood feature went from $20,000 in 1914 to $300,000 in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampton1970313_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampton1970313-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200422_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200422-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver and Ursini stated that the earliest crime features were by Austrian <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigré</a></i> director <a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Josef von Sternberg</a> whose films like <i><a href="/wiki/Underworld_(1927_film)" title="Underworld (1927 film)">Underworld</a></i> (1927) eliminated most of the causes for criminal behavior and focused on the criminal perpetrators themselves which would anticipate the popular <a href="/wiki/Gangster_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangster films">gangster films</a> of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The groundwork for the gangster films of the early 1930s were influenced by the early 1920s when cheap wood-pulp paper stocks led to an explosion in mass-market publishing. Newspapers would make folk heroes of bootleggers like <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp magazines">pulp magazines</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)" title="Black Mask (magazine)">Black Mask</a></i> (1920) helped support more highbrow magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Smart_Set" title="The Smart Set">The Smart Set</a></i> which published stories of hard-edged detetives like <a href="/wiki/Carroll_John_Daly" title="Carroll John Daly">Carroll John Daly</a>'s Race Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200423–24_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200423–24-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early wave of gangster films borrowed liberally from stories for early Hollywood productions that defined the genre with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Caesar_(film)" title="Little Caesar (film)">Little Caesar</a></i> (1931), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Enemy" title="The Public Enemy">The Public Enemy</a></i> (1931), and <i><a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1932_film)" title="Scarface (1932 film)">Scarface</a></i> (1932).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison to much earlier films of the silent era, Leitch described the 1930s cycle as turning "the bighearted crook silent films had considered ripe for redemption into a remorseless killer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200423_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200423-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollywood Studio heads were under such constant pressure from public-interest groups to tone down their portrayal of professional criminals that as early as 1931. <a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Warner" title="Jack L. Warner">Jack L. Warner</a> announced that Warner Bros. would stop producing such films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200424_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200424-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Scarface</i> itself was delayed for over a year as its director <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a> talked with the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association">Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hays_Code" title="Hays Code">Production Code Office</a> over the films violence and overtones of incest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200425–26_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200425–26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new wave of crime films that began in 1934 were made that had law enforcers as glamorous and as charismatic as the criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200426_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200426-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, director the Bureau of Investigation (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) in 1935), promoted bigger budgets and wider press for his organization and himself through a well-publicized crusade against such real world gangsters as <a href="/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly_(gangster)" title="Machine Gun Kelly (gangster)">Machine Gun Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Boy_Floyd" title="Pretty Boy Floyd">Pretty Boy Floyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dillinger" title="John Dillinger">John Dillinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200426_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200426-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's fictionalized exploits were glorified in future films such as <i><a href="/wiki/G_Men" title="G Men">G Men</a></i> (1935).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200427_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200427-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the 1930s, American films view of criminals were predominantly glamorized, but as the decade ended, the attitudes Hollywood productions had towards fictional criminals grew less straightforward and more conflicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200429_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200429-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a> played Duke Mantee in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Petrified_Forest" title="The Petrified Forest">The Petrified Forest</a></i> (1936), a role Leitch described as the "first of Hollywood's overtly metaphorical gangsters."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200430_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200430-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bogart would appear in films in the later thirties: <i><a href="/wiki/Angels_with_Dirty_Faces" title="Angels with Dirty Faces">Angels with Dirty Faces</a></i> (1938) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Roaring_Twenties" title="The Roaring Twenties">The Roaring Twenties</a></i> (1939). Unlike actor <a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a>, whose appeal as described by Leitch "direct, physical, and extroverted", Bogart characters and acting suggested "depths of worldly disillusionment beneath a crooked shell" and portrayed gangsters who showcased the "romantic mystique of the doomed criminal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200430_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200430-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s">1940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1940s formed an ambivalence toward the criminal heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200420_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leitch suggested that this shift was from the decline in high-profile organized crime, partly because of the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 and partly because of the well-publicized success of the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200430_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200430-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the crime films of the 1930s, the 1940s films were based more on fictional tales with gangsters played by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Muni" title="Paul Muni">Paul Muni</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Angel_on_My_Shoulder_(film)" title="Angel on My Shoulder (film)">Angel on My Shoulder</a></i> (1946) and Cagney in <i><a href="/wiki/White_Heat" title="White Heat">White Heat</a></i> (1949) were self-consciously anachronistic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200432_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200432-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filmmakers from this period were fleeing Europe due to the rise of Nazism. These directors such as <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Siodmak" title="Robert Siodmak">Robert Siodmak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> would make crime films in the late 1930s and 1940s that were later described as <i><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a></i> by French critics. Several films from 1944 like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_in_the_Window_(1944_film)" title="The Woman in the Window (1944 film)">The Woman in the Window</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Laura_(1944_film)" title="Laura (1944 film)">Laura</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Murder,_My_Sweet" title="Murder, My Sweet">Murder, My Sweet</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Double_Indemnity" title="Double Indemnity">Double Indemnity</a></i> ushered in this film cycle. These works continued into the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200433_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200433-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reaction to <i>film noir</i> came with films with a more semi-documentary approach pioneered by the thriller <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_on_92nd_Street" title="The House on 92nd Street">The House on 92nd Street</a></i> (1945). This led to crime films taking a more realistic approach like <i><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Death_(1947_film)" title="Kiss of Death (1947 film)">Kiss of Death</a></i> (1947) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_City" title="The Naked City">The Naked City</a></i> (1948).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200436_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200436-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the decade, American critics such as <a href="/wiki/Parker_Tyler" title="Parker Tyler">Parker Tyler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Warshow" title="Robert Warshow">Robert Warshow</a> regarded Hollywood itself as a stage for repressed American cultural anxieties following World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200434_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200434-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be seen in films such as <i>Brute Force</i>, a prison film where the prison is an existential social metaphor for a what Leitch described as a "meaningless, tragically unjust round of activities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200435_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200435-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1950, the crime film was following changing attitudes towards the law and the social order that criminals metaphorically reflect while most film were also no more explicitly violent or explicitly sexual than those of 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200420_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200436_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200436-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/White_Heat" title="White Heat">White Heat</a></i> (1949) inaugurated a cycle of crime films that would deal with the omnipresent danger of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bomb">nuclear bomb</a> with its theme of when being threatened with technological nightmares, the main gangster Jody Jarrett fights fire with fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200435_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200435-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These themes extended into two other major crime films by bring the issues down from global to the subcultural level: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Heat" title="The Big Heat">The Big Heat</a></i> (1953) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Me_Deadly" title="Kiss Me Deadly">Kiss Me Deadly</a></i> (1955) which use apocalyptical imagery to indicate danger with the first film which the film persistently links to images of catastrophically uncontrolled power and the "traumatic consequences" of nuclear holocaust and <i>Kiss Me Deadly</i> literally features an atom bomb waiting in a locker of the Hollywood Athletic Club.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200435–36_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200435–36-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Asphalt_Jungle" title="The Asphalt Jungle">The Asphalt Jungle</a></i> (1950) consolidated a tendency to define criminal subculture as a mirror of American culture. The cycle of <a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">caper films</a> were foreshadowed by films like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(1946_film)" title="The Killers (1946 film)">The Killers</a></i> (1946) and <i><a href="/wiki/Criss_Cross_(film)" title="Criss Cross (film)">Criss Cross</a></i> (1949) to later examples like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_(film)" title="The Killing (film)">The Killing</a></i> (1956) and <i><a href="/wiki/Odds_Against_Tomorrow" title="Odds Against Tomorrow">Odds Against Tomorrow</a></i> (1959). Leitch wrote that these films used the planning and action of a robbery todramatize the "irreducible unreasonableness of life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200436_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200436-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The themes of existential despair made the these film popular with European filmmakers, who would make their own heist films like <i><a href="/wiki/Rififi" title="Rififi">Rififi</a></i> (1955) and <i><a href="/wiki/Il_bidone" title="Il bidone">Il bidone</a></i> (1955). Filmmakers of the coming <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a> movement would expand on these crime films into complex mixtures of nostalgia and critique with later pictures like <i><a href="/wiki/Elevator_to_the_Gallows" title="Elevator to the Gallows">Elevator to the Gallows</a></i> (1958), <i><a href="/wiki/Breathless_(1960_film)" title="Breathless (1960 film)">Breathless</a></i> (1960) and <i><a href="/wiki/Shoot_the_Piano_Player" title="Shoot the Piano Player">Shoot the Piano Player</a></i> (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200436_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200436-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the classical <i>noir</i> period of 1940 to 1958, a return to the violence of the two previous decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202061_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202061-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1960, film was losing popularity to television as the mass form of media entertainment. Despite To The crime film countered this by providing material no acceptable for television, first with a higher level of onscreen violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200440_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200440-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films like <i><a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a></i> (1960) and <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Sunday_(1960_film)" title="Black Sunday (1960 film)">Black Sunday</a></i> (1960) marked an increase in onscreen violence in film.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200440_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200440-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti201538_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti201538-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to these films, violence and gorier scenes were cut in <a href="/wiki/Hammer_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer film">Hammer film</a> productions by the <a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Censors" class="mw-redirect" title="British Board of Film Censors">British Board of Film Censors</a> or conveyed mostly through narration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti201538–39_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti201538–39-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Box-office receipts began to grow stronger towards the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200440_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200440-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollywood's demise of the Hays Code standards would allow for further violent, risqué and gory films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200642–43_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200642–43-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As college students at the University of Berkeley and University of Columbia demonstrated against racial injustice and the Vietnam, Hollywood generally ignored the war in narratives, with exceptions of film like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Berets_(film)" title="The Green Berets (film)">The Green Berets</a></i> (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200441–42_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200441–42-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crime film <i><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde_(film)" title="Bonnie and Clyde (film)">Bonnie and Clyde</a></i> (1967) revived the gangster film genre and captured the antiestablishment tone and set new standards for onscreen violence in film with its themes of demonizing American institution to attack the moral injustice of draft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20044041_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20044041-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200642_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200642-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increase of violence was reflected in other crime films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Point_Blank_(1967_film)" title="Point Blank (1967 film)">Point Blank</a></i> (1967).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202061_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202061-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leitch found the growing rage against the establishment spilled into portrayal police themselves with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Bullitt" title="Bullitt">Bullitt</a></i> (1968) about a police officer caught between mob killers and ruthless politicians while <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_(film)" title="In the Heat of the Night (film)">In the Heat of the Night</a></i> (1967) which called for racial equality and became the first crime film to win an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200442–43_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200442–43-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Connection_(film)" title="The French Connection (film)">The French Connection</a></i> (1971) dispensed <i>Bullitt</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s noble hero for the character of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_%22Popeye%22_Doyle" title="Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle">Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle</a> who Leitch described as a "tireless, brutal, vicious and indifferent" in terms of constraints of the law and his commanding officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200443_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200443-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film won several Academy Awards and was successful in the box office. This was followed in critical and commercial success of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a></i> (1972) which also won a Best Picture Academy Award and performed even better than <i>The French Connection</i> in the box office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200443_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200443-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the film and its sequel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_II" title="The Godfather Part II">The Godfather Part II</a></i> (1974) reinforced the stature of the gangster film genre, which continued into the 1990s with films <i><a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1983_film)" title="Scarface (1983 film)">Scarface</a></i> (1983), <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_America" title="Once Upon a Time in America">Once Upon a Time in America</a></i> (1984), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Untouchables_(film)" title="The Untouchables (film)">The Untouchables</a></i> (1987), <i><a href="/wiki/Goodfellas" title="Goodfellas">Goodfellas</a></i> (1990) and <i><a href="/wiki/Donnie_Brasco_(film)" title="Donnie Brasco (film)">Donnie Brasco</a></i> (1997).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200645_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200645-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Harry" title="Dirty Harry">Dirty Harry</a></i> (1971) create a new form of police film, where <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>'s performance as <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Harry_(character)" title="Dirty Harry (character)">Inspector Callahan</a> which critic <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Kael" title="Pauline Kael">Pauline Kael</a> described as an "emotionless hero, who lives and kills as affectlessly as a psychopathic personality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200646_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200646-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drew Todd in <i>Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society</i> described the character as different than films featuring rebellious characters from the 1940s and 1950s, with a character whose anger is directed against the state, mixed with fantasies of vigilante justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200646_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200646-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films like <i>Dirty Harry</i>, <i>The French Connection</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(1971_film)" title="Straw Dogs (1971 film)">Straw Dogs</a></i> (1971) that presented a violent vigilante as a savior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200644–45_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200644–45-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1970s, a traditional lead with good looks, brawn and bravery was replaced with characters who Todd described as a "pathological outcast, embittered and impulsively violent."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200645_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200645-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG/220px-Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG/330px-Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG/440px-Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Roundtree" title="Richard Roundtree">Richard Roundtree</a> as John Shaft in 1973.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hollywood productions began courting films produced and marketed by white Americans for the purpose of trying to attract a new audience with <a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">blaxploitation</a> film. These films were almost exclusively crime films following the success of <i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)">Shaft</a></i> (1971) which led to studios rushing to follow its popularity with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Fly_(1972_film)" title="Super Fly (1972 film)">Super Fly</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(film)" title="Black Caesar (film)">Black Caesar</a></i> (1973), <i><a href="/wiki/Coffy" title="Coffy">Coffy</a></i> (1973) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Godfather" title="The Black Godfather">The Black Godfather</a></i> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200442_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200442-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The films were often derivations of earlier films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cool_Breeze_(film)" title="Cool Breeze (film)">Cool Breeze</a></i> (1972), a remake of <i>The Asphalt Jungle</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hit_Man_(1972_film)" title="Hit Man (1972 film)">Hit Man</a></i> (1972) a remake of <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Carter" title="Get Carter">Get Carter</a></i> (1971), and <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mama,_White_Mama" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mama, White Mama">Black Mama, White Mama</a></i> (1973) a remake of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Defiant_Ones" title="The Defiant Ones">The Defiant Ones</a></i> (1958). The cycle generally slowed down by the mid 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999146_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999146-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prison films closely followed the formulas of films of the past while having an increased level of profanity, violence and sex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200646_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200646-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Cool_Hand_Luke" title="Cool Hand Luke">Cool Hand Luke</a></i> (1967) inaugurated the revival and was followed into the 1970s with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Papillon_(1973_film)" title="Papillon (1973 film)">Papillon</a></i> (1973), <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Express_(film)" title="Midnight Express (film)">Midnight Express</a></i> (1978) and <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Alcatraz_(film)" title="Escape from Alcatraz (film)">Escape from Alcatraz</a></i> (1979).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200646_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200646-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_and_1990s">1980s and 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1980s and 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> became president in 1980, he ushered in a conservative era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200648_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200648-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For crime films, this led to various reactions, including political films that critiqued official policies and citizen's political apathy. These included films like <i><a href="/wiki/Missing_(1982_film)" title="Missing (1982 film)">Missing</a></i> (1982), <i><a href="/wiki/Silkwood" title="Silkwood">Silkwood</a></i> (1983), and <i><a href="/wiki/No_Way_Out_(1987_film)" title="No Way Out (1987 film)">No Way Out</a></i> (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200648–49_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200648–49-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prison films and courtroom dramas would also be politically charged with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(1985_film)" title="Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985 film)">Kiss of the Spider Woman</a></i> (1985) and <i><a href="/wiki/Cry_Freedom" title="Cry Freedom">Cry Freedom</a></i> (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200649_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200649-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While films about <a href="/wiki/Serial_killers" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial killers">serial killers</a> existed in earlier films such as <i><a href="/wiki/M_(1931_film)" title="M (1931 film)">M</a></i> (1931) and <i><a href="/wiki/Peeping_Tom_(1960_film)" title="Peeping Tom (1960 film)">Peeping Tom</a></i> (1960), the 1980s had an emphasis on the serial nature of their crimes with a larger number of films focusing on the repetitive nature of some murders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200650_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200650-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many of these films were teen-oriented pictures, they also included films like <i><a href="/wiki/Dressed_to_Kill_(1980_film)" title="Dressed to Kill (1980 film)">Dressed to Kill</a></i> (1980) and <i><a href="/wiki/Henry:_Portrait_of_a_Serial_Killer" title="Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer">Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer</a></i> (1986) and continued into the 2000s with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)">Seven</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Kiss_the_Girls_(1997_film)" title="Kiss the Girls (1997 film)">Kiss the Girls</a></i> (1997), and <i><a href="/wiki/American_Psycho_(film)" title="American Psycho (film)">American Psycho</a></i> (2000).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200650_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200650-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article by <a href="/wiki/John_G._Cawelti" title="John G. Cawelti">John G. Cawelti</a> titled "<i>Chinatown</i> and Generic Transformations in Recent American Films" (1979), Cawleti noticed a change signaled by films like <i><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film)" title="Chinatown (1974 film)">Chinatown</a></i> (1974) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Bunch" title="The Wild Bunch">The Wild Bunch</a></i> (1969) noting that older genres were being transformed through cultivation of nostalgia and a critique of the myths cultivated by their respective genres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200650–51_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200650–51-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Todd found that this found its way into crime films of the 1980s with films that could be labeled as <a href="/wiki/Post-modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modern">post-modern</a>, in which he felt that "genres blur, pastiche prevails, and once-fixed ideals, such as time and meaning, are subverted and destabilized".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200651_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200651-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would apply to the American crime film which began rejecting linear storytelling and distinctions between right and wrong with works from directors like <a href="/wiki/Brian_de_Palma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian de Palma">Brian de Palma</a> with <i>Dressed to Kill</i> and <i>Scarface</i> and works from <a href="/wiki/The_Coen_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coen Brothers">The Coen Brothers</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> whose had Todd described as having "stylized yet gritty and dryly humorous pictures evoking dream states" with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Simple" title="Blood Simple">Blood Simple</a></i> (1984) and <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Velvet_(film)" title="Blue Velvet (film)">Blue Velvet</a></i> (1986) and would continue into the 1990s with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_at_Heart_(film)" title="Wild at Heart (film)">Wild at Heart</a></i> (1990). <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> would continue this trend in the 1990s with films where violence and crime is treated lightly such as <i><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs" title="Reservoir Dogs">Reservoir Dogs</a></i> (1992), <i><a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction" title="Pulp Fiction">Pulp Fiction</a></i> (1994) and <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Born_Killers" title="Natural Born Killers">Natural Born Killers</a></i> (1994) while Lynch and the Coens would continue with <i><a href="/wiki/Fargo_(1996_film)" title="Fargo (1996 film)">Fargo</a></i> (1996) and <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Highway_(film)" title="Lost Highway (film)">Lost Highway</a></i> (1997).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd20065455_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd20065455-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other directors such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> would continue to more traditional crime films <i>Goodfellas</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_City" title="Prince of the City">Prince of the City</a></i> (1980), <i><a href="/wiki/Q_%26_A_(film)" title="Q & A (film)">Q & A</a></i> (1990), and <i><a href="/wiki/Casino_(1995_film)" title="Casino (1995 film)">Casino</a></i> (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200655–56_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200655–56-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other trends of the 1990s extended boundaries of crime films, ranging from main characters who were female or <a href="/wiki/Minority_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority groups">minorities</a> with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Thelma_and_Louise" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelma and Louise">Thelma and Louise</a></i> (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/Swoon_(film)" title="Swoon (film)">Swoon</a></i> (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_a_Blue_Dress_(film)" title="Devil in a Blue Dress (film)">Devil in a Blue Dress</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Bound_(1996_film)" title="Bound (1996 film)">Bound</a></i> (1996) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Claiborne_(film)" title="Dolores Claiborne (film)">Dolores Claiborne</a></i> (1996).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200656_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200656-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-genres">Sub-genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sub-genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every genre is a subgenre of a wider genre from whose contexts its own conventions take their meaning, it makes sense to think of the <a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">gangster film</a> as both a genre on its own terms and a subgenre of the crime film.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20044_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20044-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gangster_film">Gangster film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gangster film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster film</a></div> <p>In these films, the gangster and their values have been imbedded through decades of reiteration and revision, generally with a masculine style where an elaboration on a codes of behavior by acts of decisive violence are central concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005134_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005134-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archetypal gangster film was the Hollywood production <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Caesar_(film)" title="Little Caesar (film)">Little Caesar</a></i> (1931).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminsky197414_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminsky197414-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A moral panic followed the release of the early gangster films following <i>Little Caesar</i>, which led to the 1935 Production Code Administration in 1935 ending its first major cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1939, the traditional gangster was already a nostalgic figure as seen in films like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Roaring_Twenties" title="The Roaring Twenties">The Roaring Twenties</a></i> (1939).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American productions about career criminals became possible through the relaxation of the code in the 1950s and its abolition in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005135_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not the only or first gangster film following the fall of the production code, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a></i> (1972) was the most popular and launched a major revival of the style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film followed the themes of the genres past while adding new emphasis on the intricate world of the mafia and its scale and seriousness that established new parameters for the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005135_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heist_film">Heist film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heist film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist film</a></div> <p>The heist film, also known as the "big caper" film is a style of crime film that originated from two cinematic precursors: the gangster film and the gentleman thief film.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20141–2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20141–2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201419_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201419-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essential element in these films is the plot concentration on the commission of a single crime of great monetary significance, at least on the surface level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20146_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20146-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narratives in these films focus on the heist being wrapped up in the execution of the crime more or at as much as the criminal psychology and are characterized by and emphasis on the crime unfolding often though montage and extended sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20147_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20147-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genre is sometimes used interchangeable with the term "caper".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201412_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201412-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was used for the more dramatic films of the 1950s, while in the 1960s, it had stronger elements of romantic comedy with more playful elements as seen in films like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thomas_Crown_Affair_(1968_film)" title="The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)">The Thomas Crown Affair</a></i> (1968) and <i><a href="/wiki/Topkapi_(film)" title="Topkapi (film)">Topkapi</a></i> (1964).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201412–13_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201412–13-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_genres">Hybrid genres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hybrid genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leitch described combining genres as problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20046_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20046-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Screenwriter and academic <a href="/wiki/Jule_Selbo" title="Jule Selbo">Jule Selbo</a> expanded on this, describing a film described as "crime/<a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>" or an "action/crime" or other hybrids was "only a semantic exercise" as both genres are important in the construction phase of the narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelbo2014229–232_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelbo2014229–232-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Bould in <i>A Companion to Film Noir</i> stated that categorization of multiple generic genre labels was common in film reviews and rarely concerned with succinct descriptions that evoke elements of the film's form, content and make no claims beyond on how these elements combine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBould201334_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBould201334-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBould201344_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBould201344-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leitch, stated that the genre has been popular since the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound era</a> of film.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20041_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20041-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ursini and Silver said that unlike the Western, the horror film, or the war film, the popularity of crime cinema has never waned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202059_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202059-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Code_crime_films" title="Pre-Code crime films">Pre-Code crime films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoity#Dacoit_films" title="Dacoity">Dacoit films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_India#Mumbai_underworld_films" title="Organised crime in India">Mumbai underworld films</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.search.com/">"Metasearch Search Engine"</a>. <i>search.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.com&rft.atitle=Metasearch+Search+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.search.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Eric R. (2017). <i>The screenwriters taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling</i>. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3">978-1-315-10864-3</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993983488">993983488</a>. P. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Eric R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">"How to View and Appreciate Great Movies"</a>. <i>English</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English&rft.atitle=How+to+View+and+Appreciate+Great+Movies&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fcourses%2Fhow-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpina2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpina2018_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpina2018_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpina2018">Spina 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERafter20065-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafter20065_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRafter2006">Rafter 2006</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarens199713-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarens199713_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarens1997">Clarens 1997</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchatz198126-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchatz198126_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchatz1981">Schatz 1981</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200413––14-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200413––14_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, pp. 13––14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERafter20066-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafter20066_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRafter2006">Rafter 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200414-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200414_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200414_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200415-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200415_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200414–15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200414–15_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200416-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200416_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200416_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200410-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200410_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200412-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200412_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERafter20065–6-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafter20065–6_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRafter2006">Rafter 2006</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20045–6-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20045–6_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20049-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20049_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202057-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202057_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini2020">Silver & Ursini 2020</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERafter20067-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafter20067_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRafter2006">Rafter 2006</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200420-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200420_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200420_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200420_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200420_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200622––23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200622––23_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, pp. 22––23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200623-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200623_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200623–24-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200623–24_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202058_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini2020">Silver & Ursini 2020</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaminsky197414-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminsky197414_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaminsky197414_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaminsky1974">Kaminsky 1974</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200624-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200624_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200421-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200421_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampton1970313-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampton1970313_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHampton1970">Hampton 1970</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200422-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200422_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200423–24-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200423–24_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200423-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200423_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200424-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200424_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200425–26-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200425–26_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200426-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200426_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200426_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200427-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200427_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200429-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200429_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200430-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200430_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200430_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200430_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200432-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200432_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200433-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200433_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200436-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200436_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200436_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200436_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200436_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200434-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200434_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200435-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200435_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200435_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200435–36-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200435–36_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202061-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202061_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202061_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini2020">Silver & Ursini 2020</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200440-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200440_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200440_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200440_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti201538-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti201538_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurti2015">Curti 2015</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti201538–39-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti201538–39_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurti2015">Curti 2015</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200642–43-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200642–43_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200441–42-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200441–42_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20044041-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20044041_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, pp. 4041.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200642-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200642_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200442–43-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200442–43_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200443-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200443_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200443_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200645-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200645_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200645_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200646-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200646_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200646_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200646_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200646_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200644–45-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200644–45_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch200442-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch200442_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999146-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999146_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200648-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200648_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200648–49-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200648–49_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200649-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200649_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200650-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200650_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200650_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200650–51-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200650–51_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200651-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200651_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd20065455-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd20065455_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, pp. 5455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200655–56-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200655–56_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200656-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd200656_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2006">Todd 2006</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20044-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20044_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005134-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005134_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangford2005">Langford 2005</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005134–135_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangford2005">Langford 2005</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005135-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005135_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005135_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangford2005">Langford 2005</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20141–2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20141–2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2014">Lee 2014</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201419-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201419_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2014">Lee 2014</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20146-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20146_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2014">Lee 2014</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20147-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20147_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2014">Lee 2014</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201412-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201412_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2014">Lee 2014</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201412–13-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201412–13_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2014">Lee 2014</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20046-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20046_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelbo2014229–232-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelbo2014229–232_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelbo2014">Selbo 2014</a>, pp. 229–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBould201334-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBould201334_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBould2013">Bould 2013</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBould201344-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBould201344_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBould2013">Bould 2013</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitch20041-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitch20041_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitch2004">Leitch 2004</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202059-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini202059_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini2020">Silver & Ursini 2020</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBould2013" class="citation book cs1">Bould, Mark (2013). "Genre, Hybridity, Heterogeneity or the Noir-SF-Vampire-Zombie-Splatter-Romance-Comedy-Action-Thriller Problem". In Spicer, A.; Hanson, H (eds.). <i>A Companion to Film Noir</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishing Ltd.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444336276" title="Special:BookSources/9781444336276"><bdi>9781444336276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genre%2C+Hybridity%2C+Heterogeneity+or+the+Noir-SF-Vampire-Zombie-Splatter-Romance-Comedy-Action-Thriller+Problem&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Film+Noir&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781444336276&rft.aulast=Bould&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarens1997" class="citation book cs1">Clarens, Carlos (1997) [1980]. <i>Crime Movies</i> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306807688" title="Special:BookSources/0306807688"><bdi>0306807688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+Movies&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0306807688&rft.aulast=Clarens&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurti2015" class="citation book cs1">Curti, Roberto (2015). <i>Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1957–1969</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1989-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1989-7"><bdi>978-1-4766-1989-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Gothic+Horror+Films%2C+1957%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1989-7&rft.aulast=Curti&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampton1970" class="citation book cs1">Hampton, Benjamin B. (1970). <i>A History of the Movies</i>. Covici-Friede Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Movies&rft.pub=Covici-Friede+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hampton&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminsky1974" class="citation book cs1">Kaminsky, Stuart M. (1974). <i>American Film Genres</i>. Pflaum Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8278-0277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8278-0277-3"><bdi>978-0-8278-0277-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Film+Genres&rft.pub=Pflaum+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8278-0277-3&rft.aulast=Kaminsky&rft.aufirst=Stuart+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2005" class="citation book cs1">Langford, Barry (2005). <i>Film Genre: Hollywood and Beyond</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1474470130" title="Special:BookSources/1474470130"><bdi>1474470130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Genre%3A+Hollywood+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1474470130&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2014" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Daryl (2014). <i>The Heist Film: Stealing with Style</i>. Wallflower Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-16969-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-16969-1"><bdi>978-0-231-16969-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heist+Film%3A+Stealing+with+Style&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-231-16969-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitch2004" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Thomas (2004). <i>Crime Films</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64106-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64106-3"><bdi>0-521-64106-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+Films&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-64106-3&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafter2006" class="citation book cs1">Rafter, Nicole Hahn (2006). "Introduction". In Rafter, Nicole (ed.). <i>Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512982-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512982-2"><bdi>0-19-512982-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Shots+in+the+Mirror%3A+Crime+Films+and+Society&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-512982-2&rft.aulast=Rafter&rft.aufirst=Nicole+Hahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1999" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Martin (1999). <i>Thrillers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58183-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58183-4"><bdi>0-521-58183-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thrillers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-58183-4&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatz1981" class="citation book cs1">Schatz, Thomas (1981). <i>Hollywood Genres: Formulas, Filmmaking, and the Studio System</i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-32255-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-32255-X"><bdi>0-394-32255-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Genres%3A+Formulas%2C+Filmmaking%2C+and+the+Studio+System&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-394-32255-X&rft.aulast=Schatz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverUrsini2020" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Alain; Ursini, James (2020). "Crime and Mass Media". In Rzepka, Charles J.; Horsley, Lee (eds.). <i>A Companion to Crime Fiction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119675778" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119675778"><bdi>978-1119675778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crime+and+Mass+Media&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Crime+Fiction&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1119675778&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Ursini%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpina2018" class="citation book cs1">Spina, Ferdinando (2018). "Crime Films". In Rafter, Nicole; Brown, Michelle (eds.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crime, Media, and Popular Culture</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190494674" title="Special:BookSources/9780190494674"><bdi>9780190494674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crime+Films&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Crime%2C+Media%2C+and+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780190494674&rft.aulast=Spina&rft.aufirst=Ferdinando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelbo2014" class="citation book cs1">Selbo, Jule (2014). <i>Film Genre for the Screenwriter</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69568-4"><bdi>978-1-317-69568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Genre+for+the+Screenwriter&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-69568-4&rft.aulast=Selbo&rft.aufirst=Jule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaiger1997" class="citation journal cs1">Staiger, Janet (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44018896">"Hybrid or Inbred: The Purity Hypothesis and Hollywood Genre History"</a>. <i>Film Criticism</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44018896">44018896</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Criticism&rft.atitle=Hybrid+or+Inbred%3A+The+Purity+Hypothesis+and+Hollywood+Genre+History&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44018896%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Staiger&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44018896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2006" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Drew (2006). "The History of Crime Films". In Rafter, Nicole (ed.). <i>Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512982-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512982-2"><bdi>0-19-512982-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Crime+Films&rft.btitle=Shots+in+the+Mirror%3A+Crime+Films+and+Society&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-512982-2&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Drew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+film" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://criminology.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264079-e-30">Criminology and Criminal Justice</a></li> <li>Cavender, Gray, and Nancy C. Jurik. "Risky business: Visual representations in corporate crime films."<i> Routledge international handbook of visual criminology</i> (2017): 215–228.</li> <li>Hughes, Howard. <i>Crime Wave: The Filmgoers' Guide to the Great Crime Movies</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Crime-Wave-Filmgoers-Guide-Movies/dp/1845112199/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Kadleck, Colleen, and Alexander M. Holsinger. " 'Two Perspectives' on Teaching Crime Films." <i>Journal of criminal justice education</i> 29.2 (2018): 178–197. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10511253.2017.1372501online">[1]</a></li> <li>King, Neal, Rayanne Streeter, and Talitha Rose. "Cultural Studies Approaches to the Study of Crime in Film and on Television." <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice</i> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/criminology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264079-e-41">online</a></li> <li>Leitch, Thomas M. <i>Crime Films</i>. (Cambridge UP, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64671-0">978-0-521-64671-0</a></li> <li>Lenz, Timothy O. <i>Changing Images of Law in Film and Television Crime Stories</i> (Lang, 2003)</li> <li>Lichtenfeld, Eric. <i>Action speaks louder: Violence, spectacle, and the American action movie</i> (Wesleyan University Press, 2007).</li> <li>Mayer, Geoff. <i>Historical dictionary of crime films</i> (Scarecrow Press, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1Va-fZwdsUC&dq=crime+film++France&pg=PR7">online</a></li> <li>Rafter, Nicole. "Crime, film and criminology: Recent sex-crime movies." <i>Theoretical criminology</i> 11.3 (2007): 403–420.</li> <li>Rafter, Nicole Hahn, and Michelle Brown. <i>Criminology goes to the movies: Crime theory and popular culture</i> (NYU Press, 2011).</li> <li>Ramaeker, Paul. "Realism, revisionism and visual style: The French Connection and the New Hollywood policier." <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies</i> 8.2 (2010): 144–163. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17400301003700236">online</a></li> <li>Simpson, Philip L. <i>Psycho Paths: Tracking the Serial Killer through Contemporary American Film and Fiction</i> (University of Southern Illinois Press, 2000).</li> <li>Sorrento, Matthew. <i>The New American Crime Film</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/New-American-Crime-Film/dp/0786459204/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Spina, Ferdinando. "Crime Films". <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology</i> (Oxford University Press, 2017)</li> <li>Welsh, Andrew, Thomas Fleming, and Kenneth Dowler. "Constructing crime and justice on film: Meaning and message in cinema." <i>Contemporary Justice Review</i> 14.4 (2011): 457–476. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10282580.2011.616376">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European">European</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baschiera, Stefano. "European Crime Cinema and the Auteur." <i>European Review</i> 29.5 (2021): 588–600.</li> <li>Chibnall, Steve, and Robert Murphy. <i>British crime cinema</i> (Routledge, 2005).</li> <li>Davies, Ann. "Can the contemporary crime thriller be Spanish?" <i>Studies in European Cinema</i> 2.3 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386/seci.2.3.173/1">online</a></li> <li>Forshaw, Barry. <i>British crime film: Subverting the social order</i> (Springer, 2012).</li> <li>Forshaw, Barry. <i>Euro Noir: The Pocket Essential Guide to European Crime Fiction, Film and TV</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Euro-Noir-Essential-European-Fiction/dp/1843442450/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Gerhards, Sascha. "Ironizing Identity: The German Crime Genre and the Edgar Wallace Production Trend of the 1960s." in <i>Generic Histories of German Cinema: Genre and its Deviations</i> (Camden House, 2013) pp: 133–155.</li> <li>Hansen, Kim Toft, Steven Peacock, and Sue Turnbull, eds. <i>European television crime drama and beyond</i> (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).</li> <li>Marlow-Mann, Alex. "Strategies of Tension: Towards a Reinterpretation of Enzo G. Castellari's The Big Racket and the Italian Crime Film." in <i>Popular Italian Cinema</i> (2013) pp: 133–146.</li> <li>Peacock, Steven. <i>Swedish crime fiction: Novel, film, television</i> (Manchester University Press, 2015).</li> <li>Reisinger, Deborah Streifford. <i>Crime and media in contemporary France</i> (Purdue University Press, 2007).</li> <li>Toft Hansen, Kim, Steven Peacock, and Sue Turnbull. "Down these European mean streets: Contemporary issues in European television crime drama." in <i>European television crime drama and beyond</i> (2018) pp: 1–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vbn.aau.dk/files/348223734/hansen_peacock_turnbull_euronoir.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Wilson, David, and Sean O'Sullivan. <i>Images of Incarceration: Representations of Prison in Film and Television</i> (Waterside Press, 2004), British emphasis.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a 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title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Films_by_genre" title="Template talk:Films by genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> by <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genre</a> and themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_action_films" title="Lists of action films">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_films" title="List of martial arts films">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_films" title="List of mixed martial arts films">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_adventure_films" title="Lists of adventure films">Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pirate films">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film#Notable_films" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of animated feature films">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_avant-garde_films" title="Lists of avant-garde films">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biographical_films" title="List of biographical films">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blaxploitation_films" title="List of blaxploitation films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_films" title="List of children's films">Children's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_films" title="List of Christian films">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comedy_films" title="Lists of comedy films">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Parody_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Parody films">Parody</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_crime_films" title="Lists of crime films">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_films" title="List of documentary films">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drama_films" title="List of drama films">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_erotic_films" title="Lists of erotic films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">Sword and sorcery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vampire_films" title="List of vampire films">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="Lists of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_melodrama_films" title="List of melodrama films">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mockumentaries" title="List of mockumentaries">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monster_movies" title="List of monster movies">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant-monster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_films_by_year" title="List of musical films by year">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicals_filmed_live_on_stage" title="List of musicals filmed live on stage">Live musical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mystery_films" title="List of mystery films">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_noir_titles" title="List of film noir titles">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-noir_films" title="List of neo-noir films">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_films" title="List of religious films">Religious</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_comedy_films" title="List of science fiction comedy films">Sci-fi comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Sci-fi horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_superhero_films" title="List of American superhero films">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction#Time_travel_in_films" title="List of time travel works of fiction">Time travel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film#Films" title="Spy film">Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_films" title="List of sports films">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teen_films" title="List of teen films">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_thriller_films" title="Lists of thriller films">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_erotic_thriller_films" title="List of erotic thriller films">Erotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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