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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskrit_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sanskrit literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientalist_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientalist_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Orientalist literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientalist_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_and_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_and_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iconography and temples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography_and_temples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iconography and temples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography_and_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lajja_Gauri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lajja_Gauri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lajja Gauri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lajja_Gauri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamakhya_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamakhya_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kamakhya Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamakhya_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Yantra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Yoni</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="يوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="যোনি (ভারতীয় দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যোনি (ভারতীয় দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="योनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="योनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF" title="Γιονί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιονί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioni" title="Ioni – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ioni" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonio" title="Jonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88)" title="یونی (هندو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونی (هندو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="पिण्डिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिण्डिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_(%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99)" title="יוני (סמל נקבי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוני (סמל נקבי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni" title="Joni – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joni" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni_(lichaamsdeel)" title="Yoni (lichaamsdeel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yoni (lichaamsdeel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)" title="योनी (हिन्दु धर्म) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="योनी (हिन्दु धर्म)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni" title="Joni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Йони – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йони" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF,_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யோனி, இந்து சமயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோனி, இந்து சமயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Йони – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йони" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="లింగ యోని – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లింగ యోని" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95)" title="โยนี (ภาษาสันสกฤต) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โยนี (ภาษาสันสกฤต)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Йоні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یونی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yoni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E5%B0%BC" title="約尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約尼" data-language-autonym="中文" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aniconic representation of the Hindu goddess Shakti, consort of Shiva</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yoni_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yoni (disambiguation)">Yoni (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Lingam_with_Gauripatta_at_Mahasthangarh_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shiva_Lingam_with_Gauripatta_at_Mahasthangarh_Museum.jpg/150px-Shiva_Lingam_with_Gauripatta_at_Mahasthangarh_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shiva_Lingam_with_Gauripatta_at_Mahasthangarh_Museum.jpg/225px-Shiva_Lingam_with_Gauripatta_at_Mahasthangarh_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shiva_Lingam_with_Gauripatta_at_Mahasthangarh_Museum.jpg/300px-Shiva_Lingam_with_Gauripatta_at_Mahasthangarh_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattien_stone_yoni.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cattien_stone_yoni.png/150px-Cattien_stone_yoni.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cattien_stone_yoni.png/225px-Cattien_stone_yoni.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cattien_stone_yoni.png/300px-Cattien_stone_yoni.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Yoni and <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a> icons are found in both round and square base forms. Yoni is a symbol for the divine feminine procreative energy.<sup id="cite_ref-mmw858_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw858-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeld784_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld784-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p><i><b>Yoni</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: योनि, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yoni</i></span></i>), sometimes called <i>pindika</i>, is an abstract or <a href="/wiki/Aniconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniconic">aniconic</a> representation of the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasgupta107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually shown with <i><a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a></i> – its masculine counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasgupta107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beltzp204_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beltzp204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, they symbolize the merging of microcosmos and macrocosmos,<sup id="cite_ref-Beltzp204_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beltzp204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the divine eternal process of creation and regeneration, and the union of the feminine and the masculine that recreates all of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeld784_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld784-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>yoni</i> is conceptualized as nature's gateway of all births, particularly in the esoteric <a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> practices, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> traditions of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p516-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Yoni</i> is a Sanskrit word that has been interpreted to literally mean the "womb",<sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeld784_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld784-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "source",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996361_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996361-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the female organs of generation.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1986p339_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1986p339-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also connotes the female sexual organs such as "<a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeulenbeldLeslie1991p57_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeulenbeldLeslie1991p57-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-renou_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renou-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or alternatively to "origin, abode, or source" of anything in other contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-mmw858_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw858-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Vedanta text <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i> metaphorically refers to the metaphysical concept <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i> as the "yoni of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier214_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier214-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>yoni</i> with <i>linga</i> iconography is found in <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> temples and archaeological sites of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban2009p2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardy103_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy103-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lopez1995_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopez1995-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well in sculptures such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lajja_Gauri" title="Lajja Gauri">Lajja Gauri</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bolon1997p40_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolon1997p40-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_significance">Etymology and significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yoni appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> and other Vedic literature in the sense of feminine life-creating regenerative and reproductive organs, as well as in the sense of "source, origin, fountain, place of birth, womb, nest, abode, fire pit of incubation".<sup id="cite_ref-mmw858_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw858-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-renou_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renou-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saunders1985p229_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders1985p229-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other contextual meanings of the term include "race, caste, family, fertility symbol, grain or seed".<sup id="cite_ref-mmw858_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw858-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saunders1985p229_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders1985p229-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a spiritual metaphor and icon in Hinduism for the origin and the feminine regenerative powers in the nature of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeld784_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld784-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amazzone2012p27_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazzone2012p27-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i> metaphorically calls the metaphysical concept <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i> as the "yoni of the universe",<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier214_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier214-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> states in his commentaries means the material cause and "source of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Indologists Constance Jones and James D. Ryan, the yoni symbolizes the female principle in all life forms as well as the "earth's seasonal and vegetative cycles", and thus is an emblem of cosmological significance.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p516-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The yoni is a metaphor for nature's gateway of all births, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> traditions of Hinduism, as well as the esoteric <a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> sects.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p516-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Yoni</i> together with the <i>lingam</i> is a symbol for <i><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">prakriti</a></i>, its cyclic creation and dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramrisch1994p246_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramrisch1994p246-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Corinne Dempsey – a professor of Religious Studies, yoni is an "aniconic form of the goddess" in Hinduism, the feminine principle <i>Shakti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dempsey2005p221_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dempsey2005p221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>yoni</i> is sometimes referred to as <i>pindika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The base on which the linga-yoni sit is called the <i>pitha</i>, but in some texts such as the <i>Nisvasa tattva samhita</i> and <i>Mohacudottara</i>, the term <i>pitha</i> generically refers to the base and the yoni.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linga-Yoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Linga-Yoni.jpg/220px-Linga-Yoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Linga-Yoni.jpg/330px-Linga-Yoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Linga-Yoni.jpg/440px-Linga-Yoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a>-yoni at the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_Ti%C3%AAn_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cát Tiên sanctuary">Cát Tiên sanctuary</a>, Lâm Đồng province, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p>The reverence for yoni, state Jones and Ryan, is probably pre-Vedic. Figurines recovered from Zhob valley and dated to the 4th millennium BCE show pronounced breasts and yoni, and these may have been fertility symbols used in prehistoric times that ultimately evolved into spiritual symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p516-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to David Lemming, the yoni worship tradition dates to the pre-Vedic period, over the 4000 BCE to 1000 BCE period.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeming2001p205_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming2001p205-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The yoni has served as a divine symbol from ancient times, and it may well be the oldest spiritual icon not only in India but across many ancient cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Amazzone2012p27_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazzone2012p27-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some in the orthodox Western cultures, states the Indologist Laura Amazzone, have treated the feminine sexual organs and sexuality in general as a taboo subject, but in Indic religions and other ancient cultures the yoni has long been accepted as profound cosmological and philosophical truth, of the feminine potential and power, one mysteriously interconnected with the natural periodic cycles of moon, earth and existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Amazzone2012p27_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazzone2012p27-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_(mus%C3%A9e_Guimet)_(5153565239).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg/220px-Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg/330px-Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg/440px-Jatalinga_sur_cuve_%C3%A0_ablution_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%285153565239%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A <i>jatalinga</i> with <i>yoni</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The yoni is considered to be an abstract representation of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, the creative force that moves through the entire universe. In <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a>, yoni is the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colonial era archaeologists <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">John Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_J._H._Mackay" title="Ernest J. H. Mackay">Ernest Mackay</a> proposed that certain polished stones with holes found at Harappan sites may be evidence of yoni-linga worship in Indus Valley Civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aparpola1985-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Llewellyn_Basham" title="Arthur Llewellyn Basham">Arthur Llewellyn Basham</a> dispute whether such artifacts discovered at the archaeological sites of Indus Valley sites are yoni.<sup id="cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aparpola1985-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Jones and Ryan state that lingam/yoni shapes have been recovered from the archaeological sites at <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Jane McIntosh states that truncated ring stones with holes were once considered as possibly yonis. Later discoveries at the Dholavira site, and further studies, have proven that these were pillar components because the "truncated ring stones with holes" are integral architectural components of the pillars. However, states McIntosh, the use of these structures in architecture does not rule out their simultaneous religious significance as yoni.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Indologist <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a>, "it is true that Marshall's and Mackay's hypotheses of linga and yoni worship by the Harappans has rested on rather slender grounds, and that for instance the interpretation of the so-called ring-stones as yonis seems untenable".<sup id="cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aparpola1985-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quotes Dales 1984 paper, which states "with the single exception of the unidentified photography of a realistic phallic object in Marshall's report, there is no archaeological evidence to support claims of special sexually-oriented aspects of Harappan religion".<sup id="cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aparpola1985-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, adds Parpola, a re-examination at Indus Valley sites suggest that the Mackay's hypothesis cannot be ruled out because erotic and sexual scenes such as ithyphallic males, naked females, a human couple having intercourse and trefoil imprints have now been identified at the Harappan sites.<sup id="cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aparpola1985-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "finely polished circular stand" found by Mackay may be yoni although it was found without the linga. The absence of linga, states Parpola, maybe because it was made from wood which did not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aparpola1985-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit_literature">Sanskrit literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sanskrit literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>yoni</i> and its derivatives appear in ancient medicine and surgery-related Sanskrit texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i>. In this context, <i>yoni</i> broadly refers to "female sexual and procreative organs".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Indologists Rahul Das and Gerrit Meulenbeld known for their translations and reviews of ancient Sanskrit medical and other literature, <i>yoni</i> "usually denotes the vagina or the vulva, in a technical sense it also includes the uterus along with these; moreover, yoni- can at times mean simply 'womb, uterus' too, though it [Cakrapanidata's commentary on <i>Sushruta Samhita</i>] does so relatively seldom".<sup id="cite_ref-MeulenbeldLeslie1991p57_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeulenbeldLeslie1991p57-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Amit Rupapara et al., <i>yoni-roga</i> means "gynecological disorders" and <i>yoni-varti</i> means "vaginal suppository".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i> dedicates its 30th chapter in Chikitsa Sthana to <i>yoni-vyapath</i> or "gynecological disorders".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In sexuality-related Sanskrit literature, as well as Tantric literature, yoni connotes many layers of meanings. Its literal meaning is "female genitalia", but it also encompasses other meanings such as "womb, origin and source".<sup id="cite_ref-Blackledge2004p45_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackledge2004p45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Indic literature, yoni means vagina,<sup id="cite_ref-Blackledge2004p45_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackledge2004p45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other organs regarded as "divine symbol of sexual pleasure, the matrix of generation and the visible form of Shakti".<sup id="cite_ref-Blackledge2004p45_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackledge2004p45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientalist_literature">Orientalist literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orientalist literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colonial era Orientalists and Christian missionaries, raised in the Victorian mold where sex and sexual imagery were a taboo subject, were shocked by and were hostile to the yoni iconography and reverence they witnessed.<sup id="cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasgupta107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th and early 20th-century colonial and missionary literature described yoni, lingam-yoni, and related theology as obscene, corrupt, licentious, hyper-sexualized, puerile, impure, demonic and a culture that had become too feminine and dissolute.<sup id="cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasgupta107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramos2017p56_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos2017p56-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the Hindus, particularly the Shaivites, these icons and ideas were the abstract, a symbol of the entirety of creation and spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasgupta107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial disparagement in part triggered the opposite reaction from Bengali nationalists, who more explicitly valorised the feminine. <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> called for the revival of the Mother Goddess as a feminine force, inviting his countrymen to "proclaim her to all the world with the voice of peace and benediction".<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos2017p56_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos2017p56-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Wendy Doniger, the terms lingam and yoni became explicitly associated with human sexual organs in the western imagination after the widely popular first <i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i> translation by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Sir Richard Burton</a> in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2011p500_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2011p500-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his translation, even though the original Sanskrit text does not use the words lingam or yoni for sexual organs, Burton adroitly sidestepped being viewed as obscene to the Victorian mindset by using them throughout in place of words such as penis, vulva, and vagina to discuss sex, sexual relationships and human sexual positions.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2011p500_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2011p500-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conscious and incorrect word substitution, states Doniger, thus served as an Orientalist means to "anthropologize sex, distance it, make it safe for English readers by assuring them, or pretending to assure them, that the text was not about real sexual organs, their sexual organs, but merely about the appendages of weird, dark people far away."<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2011p500_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2011p500-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar Orientalist literature of the Christian missionaries and the British era, states Doniger, stripped all spiritual meanings and insisted on the Victorian vulgar interpretation only, which had "a negative effect on the self-perception that Hindus had of their own bodies" and they became "ashamed of the more sensual aspects of their own religious literature".<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2011p505_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2011p505-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some contemporary Hindus, states Doniger, in their passion to spiritualize Hinduism and for their Hindutva campaign have sought to sanitize the historic earthly sexual meanings, and insist on the abstract spiritual meaning only.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2011p505_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2011p505-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_and_temples">Iconography and temples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iconography and temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, the sect dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, the Shakti is his consort and both have aniconic representations: lingam for Shiva, yoni for Shakti. The yoni iconography is typically represented in the form of a horizontally placed round or square base with a lipped edge and an opening in the center usually with a cylindrical lingam. Often, one side of this base extends laterally, and this projection is called the <i>yoni-mukha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate symbol for yoni that is commonly found in Indic arts is the <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotus</a>, an icon found in temples.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p516-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The yoni is one of the sacred icons of the Hindu Shaktism tradition, with historic arts and temples dedicated to it. Some significant artworks related to yoni include the <a href="/wiki/Lajja_Gauri" title="Lajja Gauri">Lajja Gauri</a> found in many parts of India and the <a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya Temple</a> in Assam. Both of these have been dated to the late 1st millennium CE, with the major expansion of the Kamakhya temple that added a new sanctum above the natural rock yoni attached to an older temple being dated to the 16th-century Koch dynasty period.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos2017p45-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lajja_Gauri">Lajja Gauri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lajja Gauri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_century_Lajja_Gauri_relief_from_Madhya_Pradesh_India,_lotus_head_with_female_body.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/6th_century_Lajja_Gauri_relief_from_Madhya_Pradesh_India%2C_lotus_head_with_female_body.jpg/220px-6th_century_Lajja_Gauri_relief_from_Madhya_Pradesh_India%2C_lotus_head_with_female_body.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/6th_century_Lajja_Gauri_relief_from_Madhya_Pradesh_India%2C_lotus_head_with_female_body.jpg/330px-6th_century_Lajja_Gauri_relief_from_Madhya_Pradesh_India%2C_lotus_head_with_female_body.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/6th_century_Lajja_Gauri_relief_from_Madhya_Pradesh_India%2C_lotus_head_with_female_body.jpg/440px-6th_century_Lajja_Gauri_relief_from_Madhya_Pradesh_India%2C_lotus_head_with_female_body.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption>6th-century Lajja Gauri icon from <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>. In this and other early icons, her head is symbolically substituted with a large lotus-flower, her yoni visible in the depicted splayed position as if she is giving birth.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lajja_Gauri" title="Lajja Gauri">Lajja Gauri</a> is an ancient icon that is found in many Devi-related temples across India and one that has been unearthed at several archaeological sites in South Asia. The icon represents yoni but with more context and complexity. According to the Art Historian Carol Bolon, the Lajja Gauri icon evolved over time with increasing complexity and richness. It is a fertility icon and symbolizes the procreative and regenerative powers of mother earth, "the elemental source of all life, animal and plant", the vivifier and "the support of all life".<sup id="cite_ref-bolon1997_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolon1997-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest representations were variants of aniconic pot, the second stage represented it as the three-dimensional artwork with no face or hands but a lotus-head that included yoni, chronologically followed by the third stage that added breasts and arms to the lotus-headed figure. The last stage was an anthropomorphic figure of a squatting naked goddess holding lotus and motifs of agricultural abundance spread out showing her yoni as if she is giving birth or sexually ready to procreate.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos2017p50_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos2017p50-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bolon1997_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolon1997-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rodrigues2003p272_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodrigues2003p272-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bolon, the different aniconic and anthropomorphic representations of Lajja Gauri are symbols for the "yoni of Prithvi (Earth)", she as womb.<sup id="cite_ref-bolon1997p40_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolon1997p40-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lajja Gauri iconography – sometimes referred to by other names such as Yellamma or Ellamma – has been discovered in many South Indian sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a> (4th to 12th-century), <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a> (4th century Lajja Gauri inscription and artwork), <a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>, many sites in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (6th century), central India such as <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, northern parts of the subcontinent such as <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a> (Nepal), Kausambi and many other sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolon2010p67_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolon2010p67-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamakhya_Temple">Kamakhya Temple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kamakhya Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kamakhya temple is one of the oldest <i>shakta pithas</i> in South Asia or sacred pilgrimage sites of the Shaktism tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban2009p2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textual, inscriptional and archaeological evidence suggests that the temple has been revered in the Shaktism tradition continuously since at least the 8th-century CE, as well as the related esoteric tantric worship traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos2017p45-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban2009p2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shakta tradition believes, states Hugh Urban – a professor of Religious Studies primarily focusing on South Asia, that this temple site is the "locus of goddess' own yoni".<sup id="cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban2009p2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamakhya_Temple,_Guwahati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg/220px-Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg/330px-Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg/440px-Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>8th-century Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>: its sanctum has no <i><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a></i>, but houses a rock with a yoni-shaped fissure with a natural water spring. It is a major <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>-tradition pilgrimage site.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The regional tantric tradition considers this yoni site as the "birthplace" or "principal center" of tantra.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban2009p2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the temple premises, walls and mandapas have numerous depictions of goddess Kamakhya in her various roles, include those relating to her procreative powers, as a martial warrior, and as a nurturing motherly figure (one image near the western gate shows her nursing a baby with her breast, dated to 10th-12th century). The temple sanctum, however, has no idols.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos2017p45-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sanctum features a yoni-shaped natural rock with a fissure and a natural water spring flowing over it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos2017p45-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban2009p2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kamakhya yoni is linked to the Shiva-Sati legend, both mentioned in the early puranic literature related to Shaktism such as the <i>Kalika Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every year, about the start of monsoons, the natural spring turns red because of iron oxide and <i>sindoor</i> (red pigment) anointed by the devotees and temple priests. This is celebrated as a symbol of the menstruating goddess, and as the <a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a> (also known as <i>Ambuvaci</i> or <i>ameti</i>), an annual fertility festival held in June.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos2017p45-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urban2009p170_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban2009p170-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Ambubachi, a symbolic annual menstruation course of the <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamakhya" title="Kamakhya">Kamakhya</a> is worshipped in the <a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya Temple</a>. The temple stays closed for three days and then reopens to receive <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> and worshippers. The sanctum with the yoni of the goddess is one of the most important pilgrimage sites for the Shakti tradition, attracting between 70,000 and 200,000 pilgrims during the <i>Ambubachi Mela</i> alone from the northeastern and eastern states of India such as West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. It also attracts yogis, tantrikas, sadhus, aghoris as well as other monks and nuns from all over India.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos2017p45-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urban2009p170_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban2009p170-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yantra">Yantra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yantra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In esoteric traditions such as tantra, particularly the Sri Chakra tradition, the main icon (yantra) has nine interlocking triangles. Five of these point downwards and these are consider symbols of yoni, while four point upwards and these are symbols of linga. The interlocking represents the interdependent union of the feminine and masculine energies for the creation and destruction of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p516-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yoni typically with linga is found in historic stone temples and panel reliefs of Indonesia,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a> literature, yoni is sometimes referred to as <i>Awar</i>, while the linga is referred to as <i>Ahier</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardy103_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy103-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulva-handsign-Yoni-mudra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vulva-handsign-Yoni-mudra.svg/220px-Vulva-handsign-Yoni-mudra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vulva-handsign-Yoni-mudra.svg/330px-Vulva-handsign-Yoni-mudra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vulva-handsign-Yoni-mudra.svg/440px-Vulva-handsign-Yoni-mudra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Yoni mudra used in Yoga practice.<sup id="cite_ref-saunders1985p229_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders1985p229-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Yoni <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a> is a modern gesture in meditation used to reduce distraction during the beginning of yoga practice.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the Thai language the medial <a href="/wiki/Canthus" title="Canthus">canthus</a> (the sharp corner of the eye closest to the nose) is called "Yoni Tha" where "Tha" means the eye.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yoni" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yoni">Yoni</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheela_na_gig" title="Sheela na gig">Sheela na gig</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoni&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1996" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, John A. (1996). <i>A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3067-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3067-7"><bdi>0-7914-3067-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Sanskrit+Terms+Defined+in+English&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7914-3067-7&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mmw858-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmw858_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmw858_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmw858_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmw858_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams" class="citation web cs1">Monier-Williams, Monier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303220523/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0858-yoginI.jpg">"Yoni"</a>. <i>Harvard University Archives</i>. p. 858. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0858-yoginI.jpg">the original</a> on 3 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University+Archives&rft.atitle=Yoni&rft.pages=858&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmonier%2Fserveimg.pl%3Ffile%3D%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0858-yoginI.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeld784-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld784_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld784_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld784_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld784_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2001" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA784"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 784. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=784&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6FsB3psOTIC%26pg%3DPA784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dasgupta107-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dasgupta107_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2014" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, Rohit (26 September 2014). Kimmel, Michael; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHytBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107"><i>Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2314-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2314-4"><bdi>978-0-7591-2314-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Penis&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-2314-4&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Rohit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHytBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonigerStefon2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>; Stefon, Matt (24 December 2014) [20 July 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/yoni">"Yoni (Hinduism)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoni+%28Hinduism%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Stefon%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fyoni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beltzp204-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beltzp204_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beltzp204_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beltz, Johannes (1 March 2011). "The Dancing Shiva: South Indian Processional Bronze, Museum Artwork, and Universal Icon". <i>Journal of Religion in Europe</i>. <b>4</b> (1). Brill Academic Publishers: 204–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187489210x553566">10.1163/187489210x553566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143631560">143631560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Dancing+Shiva%3A+South+Indian+Processional+Bronze%2C+Museum+Artwork%2C+and+Universal+Icon&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=204-222&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187489210x553566&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143631560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beltz&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesRyan2006p516-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p516_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA515">"Yoni"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Encyclopedia of World Religions (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. pp. 260–261, 515–517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5458-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006044419">2006044419</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255783694">255783694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoni&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=260-261%2C+515-517&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255783694&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006044419&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance+A.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26pg%3DPA515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndradeva1966" class="citation journal cs1">Indradeva, Shrirama (1966). "Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>16</b> (3/4): 161–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397538">10.2307/1397538</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397538">1397538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Correspondence+between+Woman+and+Nature+in+Indian+Thought&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=161-168&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397538%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Indradeva&rft.aufirst=Shrirama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Nature is my yoni (womb), [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996361-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996361_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1986p339-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams1986p339_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1986" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Douglas Q. (1986). "Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary IV: A Quartet of Words from a Tocharian B Magic Text". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>106</b> (2). JSTOR: 339–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601599">10.2307/601599</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601599">601599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Tocharian+Vocabulary+IV%3A+A+Quartet+of+Words+from+a+Tocharian+B+Magic+Text&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=339-341&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Yoni- 'womb, vulva', Yoni- "way, abode' is from a second PIE root [...]";<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndradeva1966" class="citation journal cs1">Indradeva, Shrirama (1966). "Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>16</b> (3/4). JSTOR: 161–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397538">10.2307/1397538</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397538">1397538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Correspondence+between+Woman+and+Nature+in+Indian+Thought&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=161-168&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397538%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Indradeva&rft.aufirst=Shrirama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbhinavagupta1989" class="citation book cs1">Abhinavagupta (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5_Wk8QKSF4C&pg=PA175"><i>A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana</i></a>. Translated by Jaideva Singh. State University of New York Press. pp. 122, 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0180-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-0180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Trident+of+Wisdom%3A+Translation+of+Paratrisika-vivarana&rft.pages=122%2C+175&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0180-4&rft.au=Abhinavagupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5_Wk8QKSF4C%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "yoni or womb [...]" p. 122, "[...] in the female aspect, it is known as yoni or female organ of generation [...], p. 175"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheris_KramaraeDale_Spender2004" class="citation book cs1">Cheris Kramarae; Dale Spender (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ"><i>Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1840. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96315-6"><bdi>978-1-135-96315-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Encyclopedia+of+Women%3A+Global+Women%27s+Issues+and+Knowledge&rft.pages=1840&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96315-6&rft.au=Cheris+Kramarae&rft.au=Dale+Spender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQAOUAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The sculpted image of the lingam usually stands erect in a shallow, circular basin that represents the yoni."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeulenbeldLeslie1991p57-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MeulenbeldLeslie1991p57_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MeulenbeldLeslie1991p57_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Medical literature from India, Sri Lanka, and Tibet</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09522-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09522-5"><bdi>90-04-09522-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24501435">24501435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+literature+from+India%2C+Sri+Lanka%2C+and+Tibet&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24501435&rft.isbn=90-04-09522-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renou-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-renou_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renou_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Renou (1939), <i>L'acception première du mot sanskrit yoni (chemin)</i>, Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, volume 40, number 2, pages 18-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerd_Carling2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gerd Carling (2003). "New look at the Tocharian B medical manuscript IOL Toch 306 (Stein Ch.00316. a2) of the British Library - Oriental and India Office Collections". <i>Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics</i>. 116. Bd., 1. H. (1): 75–95. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40849180">40849180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historische+Sprachforschung+%2F+Historical+Linguistics&rft.atitle=New+look+at+the+Tocharian+B+medical+manuscript+IOL+Toch+306+%28Stein+Ch.00316.+a2%29+of+the+British+Library+-+Oriental+and+India+Office+Collections&rft.volume=116.+Bd.%2C+1.+H.&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-95&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40849180%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Gerd+Carling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "[...] diseases of the yoni (uterus and vagina) [...]";<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShivanandaiahIndudhar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shivanandaiah, TM; Indudhar, TM (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151380">"Lajjalu treatment of uterine prolapse"</a>. <i>Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 125–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0975-9476.65090">10.4103/0975-9476.65090</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151380">3151380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21836800">21836800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ayurveda+and+Integrative+Medicine&rft.atitle=Lajjalu+treatment+of+uterine+prolapse&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-128&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3151380%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21836800&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0975-9476.65090&rft.aulast=Shivanandaiah&rft.aufirst=TM&rft.au=Indudhar%2C+TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3151380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "[...] vaginal-uterine disorders (Yoni Vyapat) [...]";<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrueh2003" class="citation journal cs1">Frueh, Joanna (2003). "Vaginal Aesthetics". <i>Hypatia</i>. <b>18</b> (4). Wiley: 137–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.2003.tb01416.x">10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb01416.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232180657">232180657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia&rft.atitle=Vaginal+Aesthetics&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=137-158&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.2003.tb01416.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232180657%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frueh&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier214-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier214_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier214_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1998" class="citation book cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1998). <i>A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Oneworld Publications. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-178074-6-722" title="Special:BookSources/978-178074-6-722"><bdi>978-178074-6-722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-178074-6-722&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban2009p2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban2009p2_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2009" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Hugh B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKv3AgAAQBAJ"><i>The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 2–11, 35–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-158-6"><bdi>978-0-85773-158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Tantra%3A+Religion%2C+Sexuality+and+the+Politics+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=2-11%2C+35-41&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-158-6&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKv3AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy103-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hardy103_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy103_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_HardyMauro_CucarziPatrizia_Zolese2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Hardy; Mauro Cucarzi; Patrizia Zolese (2009). <i>Champa and the archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam)</i>. Singapore: NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-451-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-451-7"><bdi>978-9971-69-451-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246492836">246492836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champa+and+the+archaeology+of+M%E1%BB%B9+S%C6%A1n+%28Vietnam%29&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246492836&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-451-7&rft.au=Andrew+Hardy&rft.au=Mauro+Cucarzi&rft.au=Patrizia+Zolese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lopez1995-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lopez1995_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez1995" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Donald S. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00dona"><i>Religions of India in Practice</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00dona/page/304">304</a>–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04324-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04324-1"><bdi>978-0-691-04324-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+India+in+Practice&rft.pages=304-307&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04324-1&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionsofindia00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bolon1997p40-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bolon1997p40_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bolon1997p40_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolon2010" class="citation book cs1">Bolon, Carol Radcliffe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MIZADNu6U-MC"><i>Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art</i></a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 40–47, 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04369-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04369-2"><bdi>978-0-271-04369-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+the+Goddess+Lajja+Gauri+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=40-47%2C+54&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04369-2&rft.aulast=Bolon&rft.aufirst=Carol+Radcliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMIZADNu6U-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saunders1985p229-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saunders1985p229_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saunders1985p229_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saunders1985p229_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1985" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Ernest Dale (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeE9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA229"><i>Mudra: A Study of Symbolic Gestures in Japanese Buddhist Sculpture</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 88–89, 229 note 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01866-9"><bdi>978-0-691-01866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mudra%3A+A+Study+of+Symbolic+Gestures+in+Japanese+Buddhist+Sculpture&rft.pages=88-89%2C+229+note+28&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01866-9&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeE9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport1969" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Guy (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTgXAQAAMAAJ"><i>Tel quel</i></a>. Éditions du Seuil. pp. 52–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tel+quel&rft.pages=52-54&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTgXAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amazzone2012p27-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amazzone2012p27_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amazzone2012p27_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amazzone2012p27_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmazzone2012" class="citation book cs1">Amazzone, Laura (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC"><i>Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power</i></a>. University Press of America. pp. 27–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-5314-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Durga+and+Sacred+Female+Power&rft.pages=27-30&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5314-5&rft.aulast=Amazzone&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM_TNDu8NHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornille2009" class="citation book cs1">Cornille, Catherine (1 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpkNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT148"><i>Criteria of Discernment in Interreligious Dialogue</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-441-4"><bdi>978-1-63087-441-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criteria+of+Discernment+in+Interreligious+Dialogue&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-63087-441-4&rft.aulast=Cornille&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpkNBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "In his commentaries on BSBh 1.4.27, Sankara cites various passages where brahman is described as the yoni (source) of the universe: 'The word yoni is understood in the world as signifying the material cause as in 'the earth is the yoni (source) of the herbs and trees'. The female organ too (called yoni) is a material cause of the foetus by virtue of its constituents."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramrisch1994p246-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kramrisch1994p246_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch1994" class="citation book cs1">Kramrisch, S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC"><i>The Presence of Siva</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 246–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01930-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01930-4"><bdi>0-691-01930-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presence+of+Siva&rft.pages=246-248&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-691-01930-4&rft.aulast=Kramrisch&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5BanndcIgUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dempsey2005p221-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dempsey2005p221_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2005" class="citation book cs1">Dempsey, Corinne G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfDDInmBCNcC&pg=PA221"><i>The Goddess Lives in Upstate New York: Breaking Convention and Making Home at a North American Hindu Temple</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804055-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804055-2"><bdi>978-0-19-804055-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+Lives+in+Upstate+New+York%3A+Breaking+Convention+and+Making+Home+at+a+North+American+Hindu+Temple&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804055-2&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Corinne+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfDDInmBCNcC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1">Gopinatha Rao, T. A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC"><i>Elements of Hindu Iconography</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0877-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+Iconography&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publisher&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0877-5&rft.aulast=Gopinatha+Rao&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7mP3kDzGuoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatari1978" class="citation book cs1">Satari, Sri Sujatmi (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqsqAAAAMAAJ"><i>New Finds in Northern Central Java</i></a>. Proyek Pengembangan Media Kebudayaan. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Finds+in+Northern+Central+Java&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Proyek+Pengembangan+Media+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Satari&rft.aufirst=Sri+Sujatmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqsqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeul2017" class="citation book cs1">Keul, István (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4ItDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><i>Consecration Rituals in South Asia</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33718-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33718-3"><bdi>978-90-04-33718-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consecration+Rituals+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33718-3&rft.aulast=Keul&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4ItDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeming2001p205-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leeming2001p205_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2001" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRwgAQAAQBAJ"><i>A Dictionary of Asian Mythology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512053-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512053-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Asian+Mythology&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512053-0&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRwgAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA516"><i>Encyclopedia of hinduism</i></a>. Infobase publishing. p. 156 & 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-7564-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-7564-6"><bdi>0-8160-7564-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+hinduism&rft.pages=156+%26+157&rft.pub=Infobase+publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8160-7564-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aparpola1985-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aparpola1985_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (1985). "The Sky Garment – A study of the Harappan religion and its relation to the Mesopotamian and later Indian religions". <i>Studia Orientalia</i>. <b>57</b>. The Finnish Oriental Society: 101–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia&rft.atitle=The+Sky+Garment+%E2%80%93+A+study+of+the+Harappan+religion+and+its+relation+to+the+Mesopotamian+and+later+Indian+religions&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=101-107&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasham1967" class="citation book cs1">Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LscvuQEACAAJ"><i>The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Subcontinent Before the Coming of the Muslims</i></a>. Sidgwick & Jackson (1986 Reprint). p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-99257-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-99257-5"><bdi>978-0-283-99257-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wonder+that+was+India%3A+A+Survey+of+the+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent+Before+the+Coming+of+the+Muslims&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson+%281986+Reprint%29&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-283-99257-5&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLscvuQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "It has been suggested that certain large ring-shaped stones are formalized representations of the female regenerative organ and were symbols of the Mother Goddess, but this is most doubtful."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 516.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChawla1990" class="citation book cs1">Chawla, Jyotsna (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EX3XAAAAMAAJ"><i>The R̥gvedic deities and their iconic forms</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0082-1"><bdi>978-81-215-0082-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%CC%A5gvedic+deities+and+their+iconic+forms&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0082-1&rft.aulast=Chawla&rft.aufirst=Jyotsna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEX3XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Jane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA287"><i>The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 286–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-907-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-907-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-907-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus+Valley%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=286-287&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-907-2&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AJO2A-CbccC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeulenbeld2010" class="citation book cs1">Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhc028gqXKIC"><i>The Sitapitta Group of Disorders (Urticaria and Similar Syndromes) and Its Development in Ayurvedic Literature from Early Times to the Present Day</i></a>. Barkhuis. pp. 106 note 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-77922-76-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-77922-76-7"><bdi>978-90-77922-76-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sitapitta+Group+of+Disorders+%28Urticaria+and+Similar+Syndromes%29+and+Its+Development+in+Ayurvedic+Literature+from+Early+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=106+note+35&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-77922-76-7&rft.aulast=Meulenbeld&rft.aufirst=Gerrit+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drhc028gqXKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupaparaDongaHarishaShukla2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rupapara, Amit; Donga, Shilpa; Harisha, CR; Shukla, Vinay (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492037">"A preliminary physicochemical evaluation of Darvyadi Yoni Varti: A compound Ayurvedic formulation"</a>. <i>AYU</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 467–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-8520.159048">10.4103/0974-8520.159048</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492037">4492037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26195915">26195915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AYU&rft.atitle=A+preliminary+physicochemical+evaluation+of+Darvyadi+Yoni+Varti%3A+A+compound+Ayurvedic+formulation&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=467-470&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4492037%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26195915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0974-8520.159048&rft.aulast=Rupapara&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft.au=Donga%2C+Shilpa&rft.au=Harisha%2C+CR&rft.au=Shukla%2C+Vinay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4492037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhavana2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bhavana, KR (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492020">"Medical geography in Charaka Samhita"</a>. <i>AYU</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 371–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-8520.158984">10.4103/0974-8520.158984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492020">4492020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26195898">26195898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AYU&rft.atitle=Medical+geography+in+Charaka+Samhita&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=371-377&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4492020%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26195898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0974-8520.158984&rft.aulast=Bhavana&rft.aufirst=KR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4492020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Charaka-samhita: translated into English</i>. Vol. 4. Translated by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna. 1978. pp. 1852–1863 with footnotes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charaka-samhita%3A+translated+into+English&rft.pages=1852-1863+with+footnotes&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Yoni literally means vulva, and vyapat means disease, but the term yonivyapat has been used in a larger sense - meaning all diseases of the female organs of generation manifested in vulva. The chapter [of Charaka Samhita] comprises treatment of the diseases of uterus, vagina [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackledge2004p45-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackledge2004p45_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackledge2004p45_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackledge2004p45_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2004" class="citation book cs1">Blackledge, Catherine (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofv00cath"><i>The Story of V: A Natural History of Female Sexuality</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofv00cath/page/44">44</a>–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3455-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3455-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3455-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+V%3A+A+Natural+History+of+Female+Sexuality&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3455-8&rft.aulast=Blackledge&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofv00cath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordaGoldsteinSommer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Korda, Joanna B.; Goldstein, Sue W.; Sommer, Frank (2010). "Sexual Medicine History: The History of Female Ejaculation". <i>The Journal of Sexual Medicine</i>. <b>7</b> (5). Elsevier BV: 1968–1975. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2010.01720.x">10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01720.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20233286">20233286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Sexual+Medicine+History%3A+The+History+of+Female+Ejaculation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1968-1975&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2010.01720.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20233286&rft.aulast=Korda&rft.aufirst=Joanna+B.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Sue+W.&rft.au=Sommer%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGetchin2009" class="citation book cs1">McGetchin, Douglas T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHVRDSM-tyMC"><i>Indology, Indomania, and Orientalism: Ancient India's Rebirth in Modern Germany</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4208-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4208-5"><bdi>978-0-8386-4208-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indology%2C+Indomania%2C+and+Orientalism%3A+Ancient+India%27s+Rebirth+in+Modern+Germany&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-4208-5&rft.aulast=McGetchin&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHVRDSM-tyMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramos2017p56-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos2017p56_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos2017p56_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramos, Imma (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FRhdDgAAQBAJ"><i>Pilgrimage and Politics in Colonial Bengal: The Myth of the Goddess Sati</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 56–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-84000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-84000-2"><bdi>978-1-351-84000-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Politics+in+Colonial+Bengal%3A+The+Myth+of+the+Goddess+Sati&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-84000-2&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Imma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFRhdDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2009" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Hugh B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKv3AgAAQBAJ"><i>The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 8–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-158-6"><bdi>978-0-85773-158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Tantra%3A+Religion%2C+Sexuality+and+the+Politics+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-158-6&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKv3AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doniger2011p500-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2011p500_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2011p500_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2011p500_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2011" class="citation journal cs1">Doniger, Wendy (2011). "God's Body, or, The Lingam Made Flesh: Conflicts over the Representation of the Sexual Body of the Hindu God Shiva". <i>Social Research</i>. <b>78</b> (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 500–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2011.0067">10.1353/sor.2011.0067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=God%27s+Body%2C+or%2C+The+Lingam+Made+Flesh%3A+Conflicts+over+the+Representation+of+the+Sexual+Body+of+the+Hindu+God+Shiva&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=500-502&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2011.0067&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doniger2011p505-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2011p505_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2011p505_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2011" class="citation journal cs1">Doniger, Wendy (2011). "God's Body, or, The Lingam Made Flesh: Conflicts over the Representation of the Sexual Body of the Hindu God Shiva". <i>Social Research</i>. <b>78</b> (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 499–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2011.0067">10.1353/sor.2011.0067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=God%27s+Body%2C+or%2C+The+Lingam+Made+Flesh%3A+Conflicts+over+the+Representation+of+the+Sexual+Body+of+the+Hindu+God+Shiva&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=499-505&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2011.0067&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMudumby_Narasimhachary1997" class="citation book cs1">Smith, H. Daniel; Mudumby Narasimhachary (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3_XAAAAMAAJ"><i>Handbook of Hindu gods, goddesses, and saints: popular in contemporary South India</i></a>. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7574-000-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7574-000-6"><bdi>978-81-7574-000-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+gods%2C+goddesses%2C+and+saints%3A+popular+in+contemporary+South+India&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Sundeep+Prakashan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7574-000-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=H.+Daniel&rft.au=Mudumby+Narasimhachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3_XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramos2017p45-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos2017p45_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramos, Imma (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FRhdDgAAQBAJ"><i>Pilgrimage and Politics in Colonial Bengal: The Myth of the Goddess Sati</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 45–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-84000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-84000-2"><bdi>978-1-351-84000-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Politics+in+Colonial+Bengal%3A+The+Myth+of+the+Goddess+Sati&rft.pages=45-57&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-84000-2&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Imma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFRhdDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolon2010" class="citation book cs1">Bolon, Carol Radcliffe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MIZADNu6U-MC"><i>Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art</i></a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04369-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04369-2"><bdi>978-0-271-04369-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+the+Goddess+Lajja+Gauri+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04369-2&rft.aulast=Bolon&rft.aufirst=Carol+Radcliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMIZADNu6U-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bolon1997-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bolon1997_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bolon1997_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolon1997" class="citation book cs1">Bolon, Carol Radcliffe (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW0fPQAACAAJ"><i>Forms of the Goddess Lajjā Gaurī in Indian Art</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1311-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1311-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+the+Goddess+Lajj%C4%81+Gaur%C4%AB+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=1-19&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1311-3&rft.aulast=Bolon&rft.aufirst=Carol+Radcliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXW0fPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramos2017p50-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramos2017p50_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramos, Imma (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FRhdDgAAQBAJ"><i>Pilgrimage and Politics in Colonial Bengal: The Myth of the Goddess Sati</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 50–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-84000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-84000-2"><bdi>978-1-351-84000-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Politics+in+Colonial+Bengal%3A+The+Myth+of+the+Goddess+Sati&rft.pages=50-57&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-84000-2&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Imma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFRhdDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodrigues2003p272-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodrigues2003p272_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues2003" class="citation book cs1">Rodrigues, Hillary (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUlNAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA272"><i>Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 272–273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5400-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5400-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-5400-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+Worship+of+the+Great+Goddess%3A+The+Liturgy+of+the+Durga+Puja+with+Interpretations&rft.pages=272-273&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5400-8&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKUlNAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolon2010p67-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolon2010p67_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolon2010" class="citation book cs1">Bolon, Carol Radcliffe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MIZADNu6U-MC"><i>Forms of the Goddess Lajj? Gaur? in Indian Art</i></a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 67–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04369-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04369-2"><bdi>978-0-271-04369-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+the+Goddess+Lajj%3F+Gaur%3F+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=67-70&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04369-2&rft.aulast=Bolon&rft.aufirst=Carol+Radcliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMIZADNu6U-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilesKent_Brintnall2015" class="citation book cs1">Biles, Jeremy; Kent Brintnall (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zxICgAAQBAJ&pg=PT81"><i>Negative Ecstasies: Georges Bataille and the Study of Religion</i></a>. Fordham University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-6521-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-6521-3"><bdi>978-0-8232-6521-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negative+Ecstasies%3A+Georges+Bataille+and+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-6521-3&rft.aulast=Biles&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Kent+Brintnall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zxICgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2009" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Hugh B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKv3AgAAQBAJ"><i>The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 31–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-158-6"><bdi>978-0-85773-158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Tantra%3A+Religion%2C+Sexuality+and+the+Politics+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=31-37&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-158-6&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKv3AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban2009p170-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urban2009p170_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban2009p170_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_B._Urban2009" class="citation book cs1">Hugh B. Urban (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKv3AgAAQBAJ"><i>The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-158-6"><bdi>978-0-85773-158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Tantra%3A+Religion%2C+Sexuality+and+the+Politics+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-158-6&rft.au=Hugh+B.+Urban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKv3AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinneyMarijke_J._KlokkeLydia_Kieven2003" class="citation book cs1">Kinney, Ann R.; Marijke J. Klokke; Lydia Kieven (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfa2FiIERLYC"><i>Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 39, 132, 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-2779-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worshiping+Siva+and+Buddha%3A+The+Temple+Art+of+East+Java&rft.pages=39%2C+132%2C+243&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2779-3&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Ann+R.&rft.au=Marijke+J.+Klokke&rft.au=Lydia+Kieven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsfa2FiIERLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2016" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Ashley (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUL7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT89"><i>Engendering the Buddhist State: Territory, Sovereignty and Sexual Difference in the Inventions of Angkor</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-21819-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-21819-7"><bdi>978-1-317-21819-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engendering+the+Buddhist+State%3A+Territory%2C+Sovereignty+and+Sexual+Difference+in+the+Inventions+of+Angkor&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-21819-7&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUL7CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span>;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawakapan2013" class="citation book cs1">Pawakapan, Puangthong R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKzhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39"><i>State and Uncivil Society in Thailand at the Temple of Preah Vihear</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4459-90-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4459-90-7"><bdi>978-981-4459-90-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Uncivil+Society+in+Thailand+at+the+Temple+of+Preah+Vihear&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-981-4459-90-7&rft.aulast=Pawakapan&rft.aufirst=Puangthong+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKzhAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubert2012" class="citation book cs1">Hubert, Jean-François (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3oMqrqSp1W4C&pg=PA52"><i>The Art of Champa</i></a>. Parkstone. pp. 29, 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78042-964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78042-964-9"><bdi>978-1-78042-964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Champa&rft.pages=29%2C+52-53&rft.pub=Parkstone&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78042-964-9&rft.aulast=Hubert&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3oMqrqSp1W4C%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kenneth R. (2011). <i>A history of early Southeast Asia: maritime trade and societal development, 100-1500</i>. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6762-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6762-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/767695245">767695245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+early+Southeast+Asia%3A+maritime+trade+and+societal+development%2C+100-1500&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F767695245&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6762-7&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709180242/http://vedanet.com/2013/03/27/practice-pranayama-to-access-higher-energies-2/">"Practice Pranayama to Access Higher Energies"</a>. <i>American Institute of Vedic Studies</i>. 27 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedanet.com/2013/03/27/practice-pranayama-to-access-higher-energies-2/">the original</a> on 9 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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