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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Muslim rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_conquests,_1197–1614" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_conquests,_1197–1614"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Islamic conquests, 1197–1614</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_conquests,_1197–1614-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sultanate_of_Gujarat_and_the_merchants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sultanate_of_Gujarat_and_the_merchants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>The Sultanate of Gujarat and the merchants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sultanate_of_Gujarat_and_the_merchants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gujarat_in_the_Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gujarat_in_the_Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Gujarat in the Mughal Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gujarat_in_the_Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maratha_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maratha_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Maratha Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maratha_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_colonialism,_1614–1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonialism,_1614–1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>European colonialism, 1614–1947</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_colonialism,_1614–1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rann_of_Kutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rann_of_Kutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rann of Kutch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rann_of_Kutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Prehistoric fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extant_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extant_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Extant species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extant_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Governance and administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Industrial growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffusion_of_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffusion_of_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Diffusion of culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffusion_of_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Museums and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Religious sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Fairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sister states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gujarat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B5" title="ጉጀራት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጉጀራት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucgerat" title="Gucgerat – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gucgerat" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كجرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كجرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucharat" title="Gucharat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gucharat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F" title="গুজৰাট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গুজৰাট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%BCc%C9%99rat" title="Qücərat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qücərat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قوجارات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوجارات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="গুজরাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুজরাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджарат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуджарат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджарат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гуджарат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджарат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гуджарат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8D" title="གྷུ་ཇ་རཱཏ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྷུ་ཇ་རཱཏ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Gujar%C4%81t" title="State of Gujarāt – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Gujarāt" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEar%C3%A1t" title="Gudžarát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gudžarát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ގުޖުރާތު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގުޖުރާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEarat" title="Gudžarat – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Gudžarat" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Γκουτζαράτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουτζαράτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyarat" title="Guyarat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guyarat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C4%9Daratio" title="Guĝaratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Guĝaratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گجرات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گجرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Gh%C3%BAisear%C3%A1it" title="An Ghúisearáit – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghúisearáit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4" title="ગુજરાત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુજરાત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8%EC%A3%BC" title="구자라트주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구자라트주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Գուջարաթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուջարաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BAarat" title="Gudźarat – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Gudźarat" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEerat" title="Gudžerat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gudžerat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="গুজরাত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গুজরাত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджарат – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гуджарат" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BAjarat" title="Gújarat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gújarat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="גוג'ראט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוג'ראט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗುಜರಾತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಜರಾತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="გუჯარათი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუჯარათი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%8F%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گُجرات – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گُجرات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guzarata" title="Guzarata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Guzarata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEar%C4%81ta" title="Gudžarāta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gudžarāta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджарат – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гуджарат" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEaratas" title="Gudžaratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gudžaratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudzsar%C3%A1t" title="Gudzsarát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gudzsarát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуџарат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гуџарат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗുജറാത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുജറാത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="გუჯარათი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გუჯარათი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جوجرات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوجرات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گجرات – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گجرات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯒꯨꯖꯔꯥꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒꯨꯖꯔꯥꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гужарат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гужарат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%AF%E1%80%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဂုဇရာတပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂုဇရာတပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुजरात" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E5%B7%9E" title="グジャラート州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グジャラート州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджарат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гуджарат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F" title="ଗୁଜରାଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୁଜରାଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarot" title="Gujarot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gujarot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗੁਜਰਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਜਰਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA)" title="گجرات (بھارت) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گجرات (بھارت)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گوجرات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گوجرات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BAarat" title="Gudźarat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gudźarat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guzerate" title="Guzerate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guzerate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджарат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуджарат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="गुजरातराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुजरातराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guxharat" title="Guxharat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Guxharat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA" title="ගුජරාටය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගුජරාටය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گجرات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گجرات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEar%C3%A1t" title="Gudžarát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gudžarát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEarat" title="Gudžarat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gudžarat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گوجەرات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوجەرات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуџарат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гуџарат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEarat" title="Gudžarat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gudžarat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="குசராத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குசராத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D2%97%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гөҗәрат – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөҗәрат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D" title="గుజరాత్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుజరాత్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95" title="รัฐคุชราต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐคุชราต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D2%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_(%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Гуҷарот (Ҳиндустон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гуҷарот (Ҳиндустон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗುಜರಾತ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗುಜರಾತ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucer%C3%A2t" title="Gucerât – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gucerât" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCjerat" title="Güjerat – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Güjerat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджарат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуджарат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA)" title="گجرات (بھارت) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گجرات (بھارت)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%87%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گۇجارات – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گۇجارات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A6" title="古吉拉特邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古吉拉特邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="גודזשאראט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גודזשאראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A6" title="古吉拉特邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古吉拉特邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucerat" title="Gucerat – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gucerat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A6" title="古吉拉特邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古吉拉特邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gujarat&params=23.220_N_72.655_E_region:IN-GJ_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°13′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°39′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.220°N 72.655°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.220; 72.655</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in western India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the state in India. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gujrat (disambiguation)">Gujrat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in West India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Gujarat</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Gujarat</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:275px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2.3px 0 0 2.3px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2.3px 2.3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg/275px-Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg/413px-Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg/550px-Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4953" data-file-height="3302" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2.3px 2.3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wankaner-palace.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wankaner-palace.png/136px-Wankaner-palace.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wankaner-palace.png/204px-Wankaner-palace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wankaner-palace.png/272px-Wankaner-palace.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2.3px 2.3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwaraka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dwaraka.jpg/136px-Dwaraka.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dwaraka.jpg/204px-Dwaraka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dwaraka.jpg/272px-Dwaraka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2.3px 2.3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garba_playing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Garba_playing.jpg/136px-Garba_playing.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Garba_playing.jpg/204px-Garba_playing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Garba_playing.jpg/272px-Garba_playing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2.3px 2.3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_Centre_Patan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Science_Centre_Patan.jpg/136px-Science_Centre_Patan.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Science_Centre_Patan.jpg/204px-Science_Centre_Patan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Science_Centre_Patan.jpg/272px-Science_Centre_Patan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Gujarat"><img alt="Official emblem of Gujarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg/100px-Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg/150px-Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg/200px-Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Gujarat">Emblem of Gujarat</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: Land of <a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjars</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Jewel of Western India"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a> (Truth alone triumphs)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Anthem:</a> <a href="/wiki/Jai_Jai_Garavi_Gujarat" title="Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat">Jai Jai Garavi Gujarāt</a> ("Victory to Proud Gujarat")<sup id="cite_ref-DeshGujarat2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeshGujarat2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-GJ.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Gujarat in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Gujarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/IN-GJ.svg/300px-IN-GJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/IN-GJ.svg/450px-IN-GJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/IN-GJ.svg/600px-IN-GJ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Gujarat in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gujarat&params=23.220_N_72.655_E_region:IN-GJ_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°13′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°39′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.220°N 72.655°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.220; 72.655</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a></td></tr><tr class="[[Bombay State]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">by bifurcation</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India" title="List of metropolitan areas in India">Largest metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Gujarat" title="List of districts of Gujarat">33</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government of Gujarat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Gujarat" title="List of governors of Gujarat">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Devvrat" title="Acharya Devvrat">Acharya Devvrat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Gujarat" title="List of chief ministers of Gujarat">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhupendrabhai_Patel" title="Bhupendrabhai Patel">Bhupendrabhai Patel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Unicameral</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly" title="Gujarat Legislative Assembly">Gujarat Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly" title="Gujarat Legislative Assembly">182 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Gujarat" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">11 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Gujarat" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">26 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_High_Court" title="Gujarat High Court">Gujarat High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">196,024 km<sup>2</sup> (75,685 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">5th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">590 km (370 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">500 km (300 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">137 m (449 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,145 m (3,757 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">−1 m (−3 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 60,439,692</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">9th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">308/km<sup>2</sup> (800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">42.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">57.4%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a><sup id="cite_ref-langoff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langoff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benedikter2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedikter2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Gujarat_GSDP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gujarat_GSDP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2024-2025)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>27.90 trillion</span> (US$330 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>389,332</span> (US$4,700) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-GJ</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GJ</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2019)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral decrease"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 0.672 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fc0">Medium</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 78.03%<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">919<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><sup id="cite_ref-pc-census2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc-census2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">16th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gujaratindia.gov.in">gujaratindia<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Gujarat</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg/80px-Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg/120px-Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg/160px-Government_Of_Gujarat_Seal_In_All_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Gujarat">Emblem of Gujarat</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jai_Garavi_Gujarat" title="Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat">Jai Jai Garavi Gujarāt</a> ("Victory to Proud Gujarat")<sup id="cite_ref-DeshGujarat2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeshGujarat2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Foundation day</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat Day">Gujarat Day</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">Greater flamingo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fish</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blackspotted_croaker" title="Blackspotted croaker">Blackspotted croaker</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a><sup id="cite_ref-ToI2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToI2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fruit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nri_Gujarati_News_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nri_Gujarati_News-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a><sup id="cite_ref-ToI2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToI2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a><sup id="cite_ref-ToI2016_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToI2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>State highway mark</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-GJ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SH_IN-GJ.png/90px-SH_IN-GJ.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SH_IN-GJ.png/135px-SH_IN-GJ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SH_IN-GJ.png/180px-SH_IN-GJ.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Gujarat <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Gujarat" title="List of state highways in Gujarat">GJ SH1 - GJ SH173</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_cap"><b><a href="#ref_cap">^†</a></b></span> The state of Bombay was divided into two states i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act 1960.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gujarat</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GUUJ</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">RAHT</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Kannada language) transliteration"><i lang="kn-Latn">Gujarāt</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Gujarati:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">[ˈɡudʒəɾat̪]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/Gujarat.ogg\/Gujarat.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Gujarat.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Gujarat.ogg/Gujarat.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujarat.ogg" title="File:Gujarat.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/States_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">state</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">western coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Its coastline of about 1,600 km (990 mi) is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a> peninsula. Gujarat is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">fifth-largest Indian state by area</a>, covering some 196,024 km<sup>2</sup> (75,685 sq mi); and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">ninth-most populous state</a>, with a population of 60.4 million in 2011. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> to the west. Gujarat's capital city is <a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a>, while its largest city is <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a> are indigenous to the state and their language, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, is the state's official language. </p><p>The state <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indus_Valley_civilisation_sites#List_of_Indus_Valley_sites_discovered" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indus Valley civilisation sites">encompasses 23 sites</a> of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> (more than any other state). The most important sites are <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> (the world's first dry dock), <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a> (the fifth largest site), and <a href="/wiki/Gola_Dhoro" title="Gola Dhoro">Gola Dhoro</a> (where 5 uncommon seals were found). Lothal is believed to have been one of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Historical_ports" title="Historical ports">seaports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kulke_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat's</a> coastal cities, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khambhat" title="Khambhat">Khambhat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served as ports and trading centres in the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> empires and during the succession of royal <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> dynasties in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinduism_and_modernity_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinduism_and_modernity-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, Gujarat is one of four Indian states to <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">prohibit the sale of alcohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gir_Forest_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gir Forest National Park">Gir Forest National Park</a> in Gujarat is home to the only wild population of the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">economy of Gujarat</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">fourth-largest in India</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">gross state domestic product (GSDP)</a> of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>16.55 trillion</span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>19 trillion or US$220 billion in 2023) and has the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">10th-highest GSDP per capita</a> of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>215,000</span> (US$2,600).<sup id="cite_ref-Gujarat_GSDP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gujarat_GSDP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarat has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_exports" title="List of Indian states and union territories by exports">highest exports of all states</a>, accounting for around one-third of national exports.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index">21st among Indian states and union territories in human development index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-snhdi-gdl_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarat is regarded as one of the most industrialised states and has a low <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of states and union territories of India by unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gujarat_info1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gujarat_info1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the state ranks poorly on some social indicators and is at times affected by <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gujarat_info2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gujarat_info2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>Gujarat is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Gurjaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjaras">Gurjaras</a>, who ruled Gujarat in the 8th and 9th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and Gujarat were known as <i>Gurjarat</i> or <i>Gurjarabhumi</i> for centuries before the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">History of Gujarat</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <p>Gujarat was one of the main central areas of the Indus Valley civilisation, which is centred primarily in modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains ancient metropolitan cities from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a>, Dholavira and <a href="/wiki/Gola_Dhoro" title="Gola Dhoro">Gola Dhoro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient city of Lothal was where India's first port was established.<sup id="cite_ref-kulke_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient city of Dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley civilisation. The most recent discovery was Gola Dhoro. Altogether, about fifty Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-mapsofindia.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mapsofindia.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DHOLAVIRA_SITE_(24).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DHOLAVIRA_SITE_%2824%29.jpg/200px-DHOLAVIRA_SITE_%2824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DHOLAVIRA_SITE_%2824%29.jpg/300px-DHOLAVIRA_SITE_%2824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DHOLAVIRA_SITE_%2824%29.jpg/400px-DHOLAVIRA_SITE_%2824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>, one of the largest cities of Indus Valley civilisation, with <a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">stepwell</a> steps to reach the water level in artificially constructed reservoirs<sup id="cite_ref-news_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_drainage_system_at_Lothal_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_drainage_system_at_Lothal_2.JPG/200px-The_drainage_system_at_Lothal_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_drainage_system_at_Lothal_2.JPG/300px-The_drainage_system_at_Lothal_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_drainage_system_at_Lothal_2.JPG/400px-The_drainage_system_at_Lothal_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Archaeological remains of washroom drainage system at <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by the commercial activities of its inhabitants. There is clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> during the time period of 1000 to 750 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-mapsofindia.com_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mapsofindia.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a succession of various polities such as the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan dynasty">Mauryan dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> Empire, as well as regional ones such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valabhi" title="Kingdom of Valabhi">Kingdom of Valabhi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gujarat" title="Kingdom of Gujarat">Kingdom of Gujarat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Gujarat">Sultanate of Gujarat</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Baroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Baroda">Kingdom of Baroda</a>. </p><p>The early history of Gujarat includes the imperial grandeur of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> who conquered a number of earlier states in what is now Gujarat. Pushyagupta, a <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a>, was appointed the governor of <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> by the Mauryan regime. He ruled Girinagar (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a>) (322 BCE to 294 BCE) and built a dam on the Sudarshan lake. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka the Great</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, not only ordered his edicts engraved in the rock at Junagadh, but also asked Governor Tusherpha to cut canals from the lake where an earlier Indian governor had built a dam. Between the decline of Mauryan power and Saurashtra coming under the sway of the <a href="/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a> Mauryas of <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, there was an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> defeat in Gujarat of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a>. In 16th century manuscripts, there is an apocryphal story of a merchant of King <a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a> landing in Gujarat with <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Thomas">Apostle Thomas</a>. The incident of the cup-bearer torn apart by a lion might indicate that the port city described is in Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century CE, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> rulers played a prominent part in Gujarat's history. The weather-beaten rock at <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a> gives a glimpse of the ruler <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman_I" title="Rudradaman I">Rudradaman I</a> (100 CE) of the Saka satraps known as <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>, or Kshatraps. Mahakshatrap <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman_I" title="Rudradaman I">Rudradaman I</a> founded the Kardamaka dynasty which ruled from <a href="/wiki/Anupa" title="Anupa">Anupa</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Aparanta" title="Aparanta">Aparanta</a> region bordering Punjab. In Gujarat, several battles were fought between the Indian dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a> and the Western Satraps. The greatest and the mightiest ruler of the Satavahana dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a> who defeated the Western Satraps and conquered some parts of Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujuras_of_Sindh_Circa_AD_570-712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gujuras_of_Sindh_Circa_AD_570-712.jpg/220px-Gujuras_of_Sindh_Circa_AD_570-712.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gujuras_of_Sindh_Circa_AD_570-712.jpg/330px-Gujuras_of_Sindh_Circa_AD_570-712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gujuras_of_Sindh_Circa_AD_570-712.jpg/440px-Gujuras_of_Sindh_Circa_AD_570-712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Coin of the Gujuras of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chavda_dynasty" title="Chavda dynasty">Chavda dynasty</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570</span>–712 CE. Crowned <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a>-style bust right / Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Kshatrapa dynasty was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> with the conquest of Gujarat by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Vikramaditya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandragupta Vikramaditya">Chandragupta Vikramaditya</a>. Vikramaditya's successor <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a> left an inscription (450 CE) on a rock at Junagadh which gives details of the governor's repairs to the embankment surrounding Sudarshan lake after it was damaged by floods. The <a href="/wiki/Anarta" title="Anarta">Anarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> regions were both parts of the Gupta empire. Towards the middle of the 5th century, the Gupta empire went into decline. Senapati Bhatarka, the general of the Guptas, took advantage of the situation and in 470 set up the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valabhi" title="Kingdom of Valabhi">Kingdom of Valabhi</a>. He shifted his capital from Giringer to <a href="/wiki/Valabhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Valabhi">Valabhi</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar" title="Bhavnagar">Bhavnagar</a>, on Saurashtra's east coast. The <a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitrakas</a> of Vallabhi became very powerful with their rule prevailing over large parts of Gujarat and adjoining <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>. A university was set up by the Maitrakas, which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the noted <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda University</a>. It was during the rule of Dhruvasena Maitrak that Chinese philosopher-traveler <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>/ <a href="/wiki/I_Tsing" class="mw-redirect" title="I Tsing">I Tsing</a> visited in 640 along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gujarat was known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> and was familiar with other Western centers of civilisation through the end of the European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The oldest written record of Gujarat's 2,000-year maritime history is documented in a Greek book titled <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3></div> <p>In the early 8th century, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> established an empire in the name of the rising religion of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which stretched from Spain in the west to Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan in the east. Al-Junaid, the successor of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Qasim">Qasim</a>, finally subdued the Hindu resistance within <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and established a secure base. The Arab rulers tried to expand their empire southeast, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Caliphate campaigns in India</a> fought in 730; they were defeated and expelled west of the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> river, probably by a coalition of the Indian rulers <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_I" title="Nagabhata I">Nagabhata I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> dynasty and <a href="/wiki/Bappa_Rawal" title="Bappa Rawal">Bappa Rawal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Guhila_dynasty" title="Guhila dynasty">Guhila dynasty</a>. After this victory, the Arab invaders were driven out of Gujarat. General <a href="/wiki/Avanijanashraya_Pulakeshin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin">Pulakeshin</a>, a Chalukya prince of <a href="/wiki/Lata_(region)" title="Lata (region)">Lata</a>, received the title <i>Avanijanashraya</i> (refuge of the people of the earth) and honorific of "Repeller of the unrepellable" by the Chalukya emperor <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a> for his victory at the battle at <a href="/wiki/Navsari" title="Navsari">Navsari</a>, where the Arab troops suffered a crushing defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 8th century, the Kannauj Triangle period started. The three major Indian dynasties – the northwestern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, the southern Indian <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> and the eastern Indian <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> – dominated India from the 8th to 10th centuries. During this period the northern part of Gujarat was ruled by the northern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and the southern part of Gujarat was ruled by the southern Indian <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the earliest epigraphical records of the Gurjars of <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Broach</a> attest that the royal bloodline of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Gurjaras_of_Lata" title="Gurjaras of Lata">Dadda I, II and III</a> (650–750) ruled south Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Gujarat was ruled by the Indian <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> until it was captured by the Indian ruler <a href="/wiki/Tailapa_II" title="Tailapa II">Tailapa II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gajrani_32_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gajrani_32-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> migrated to the western borders of India (Gujarat and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>) during the 8th or 10th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Hodivala_1920_88_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodivala_1920_88-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to avoid <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a> by Muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering Iran. The descendants of those Zoroastrian refugees came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boy148_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boy148-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khan17_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jack_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jack-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bleek212_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bleek212-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Lata_(region)" title="Lata (region)">Lāṭa</a> in southern Gujarat was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> until it was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukyas">Western Chalukya</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Tailapa_II" title="Tailapa II">Tailapa II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gajrani_32_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gajrani_32-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wink1991_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink1991-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chaulukya dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-horace_glossary_punjab_nwfp_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horace_glossary_punjab_nwfp-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ruled the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gujarat" title="Kingdom of Gujarat">Kingdom of Gujarat</a> from 960 to 1243. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at <a href="/wiki/Anhilwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhilwara">Anhilwara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Patan</a>) was one of the largest cities in India, with a population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. After 1243, the Solankis lost control of Gujarat to their feudatories, of whom the <a href="/wiki/Vaghela_dynasty" title="Vaghela dynasty">Vaghela</a> chiefs of <a href="/wiki/Dholka" title="Dholka">Dholka</a> came to rule the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gujarat" title="Kingdom of Gujarat">Kingdom of Gujarat</a>. In 1292, the Vaghelas became tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Seuna_Yadavas_of_Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri">Yadava</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Daulatabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Daulatabad, Maharashtra">Devagiri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>. Karandev of the <a href="/wiki/Vaghela_dynasty" title="Vaghela dynasty">Vaghela dynasty</a> was the last Hindu ruler of Gujarat. He was defeated and overthrown by the superior forces of <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> from Delhi in 1297. With his defeat, Gujarat became part of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, and the Rajput hold over Gujarat would never be restored. </p><p>Fragments of printed cotton from Gujarat have been discovered in Egypt, providing evidence for medieval trade in the western Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes2017_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fragments represent the Indian cotton traded in Egypt during the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> periods, from the tenth to sixteenth centuries. Similar cotton was also traded as far east as Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes2017_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:612px;max-width:612px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Temple_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sun_Temple_Panorama.jpg/200px-Sun_Temple_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sun_Temple_Panorama.jpg/300px-Sun_Temple_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sun_Temple_Panorama.jpg/400px-Sun_Temple_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12105" data-file-height="3443" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple,_Modhera" title="Sun Temple, Modhera">Sun Temple of Modhera</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">stepwell</a> surrounding the <i><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">kunda</a></i> (tank), was built by <a href="/wiki/Bhima_I" title="Bhima I">Bhima I</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Gujarat">King of Gujarat</a> in 1026. It is one of the finest examples of <a href="/wiki/History_of_stepwells_in_Gujarat" title="History of stepwells in Gujarat">stepwell architecture of Gujarat</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rani_ki_vav1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rani_ki_vav1.jpg/200px-Rani_ki_vav1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rani_ki_vav1.jpg/300px-Rani_ki_vav1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rani_ki_vav1.jpg/400px-Rani_ki_vav1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9473" data-file-height="7427" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rani_ki_vav" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani ki vav">Rani ki vav</a>, 11th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg/200px-Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg/300px-Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg/400px-Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Taranga_Jain_temple" title="Taranga Jain temple">Taranga Jain temple</a> constructed by <a href="/wiki/Kumarapala_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)">Kumarapala</a> (1143–1172)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_rule">Muslim rule</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindh_campaigns_711-715_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sindh_campaigns_711-715_CE.png/300px-Sindh_campaigns_711-715_CE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sindh_campaigns_711-715_CE.png/450px-Sindh_campaigns_711-715_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sindh_campaigns_711-715_CE.png/600px-Sindh_campaigns_711-715_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad ibn Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711–715 CE).<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> Desert areas (<a href="/wiki/Registan_Desert" title="Registan Desert">Registan Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DEB887; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sindh">Kingdom of Sindh</a> (c. 632–712 CE)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7FFF00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valabhi" title="Kingdom of Valabhi">Kingdom of Valabhi</a> (c. 475 – c. 776 CE)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_conquests,_1197–1614"><span id="Islamic_conquests.2C_1197.E2.80.931614"></span>Islamic conquests, 1197–1614</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama,_1590-95,_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/330px-Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/440px-Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> Akbar triumphantly enters <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Ghoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoris">Ghoris</a> had assumed a position of Muslim supremacy over North India, <a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbuddin Aibak">Qutbuddin Aibak</a> attempted to conquer Gujarat and annexe it to his empire in 1197, but failed in his ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch_der_Orientalistik_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch_der_Orientalistik-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An independent Muslim community continued to flourish in Gujarat for the next hundred years, championed by Arab merchants settling along the western coast. From 1297 to 1300, <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a>, the Turko-Afghan <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Delhi">Sultan of Delhi</a>, destroyed the Hindu metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Anhilwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhilwara">Anhilwara</a> and incorporated Gujarat into the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> sacked <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> at the end of the 14th century, weakening the Sultanate, Gujarat's Muslim <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar (<a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_I" title="Muzaffar Shah I">Muzaffar Shah I</a>) asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah of Gujarat">Ahmed Shah</a> (ruled 1411–1442), established <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> as the capital. <a href="/wiki/Khambhat" title="Khambhat">Khambhat</a> eclipsed Bharuch as Gujarat's most important trade port. Gujarat's relations with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which was then the premier Arab power in the Middle East, remained friendly over the next century and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian people">Egyptian</a> scholar, <i>Badruddin-ad-Damamimi</i>, spent several years in Gujarat in the shade of the Sultan before proceeding to the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> on the Deccan Plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-wink143_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wink143-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shah_e_Alam" title="Shah e Alam">Shah e Alam</a>, a famous Sufi saint of the <a href="/wiki/Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Chishti">Chishti</a> order who was the descendant of Makhdoom <a href="/wiki/Jahaniyan_Jahangasht" title="Jahaniyan Jahangasht">Jahaniyan Jahangasht</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, soon arrived in a group that included Arab theologian <i>Ibn Suwaid</i>, several <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a> Sufi members of the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Aydarus" title="Abu Bakr al-Aydarus">Aydarus family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tarim,_Yemen" title="Tarim, Yemen">Tarim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sufiorders_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sufiorders-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iberian court interpreter <i>Ali al-Andalusi</i> from <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Arab jurist <i>Bahraq</i> from <a href="/wiki/Hadramaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadramaut">Hadramaut</a> who was appointed a tutor of the prince.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the illustrious names who arrived during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Begada" title="Mahmud Begada">Mahmud Begada</a> was the philosopher <i>Haibatullah Shah Mir</i> from <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, and the scholar intellectual <i>Abu Fazl Ghazaruni</i> from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who tutored and adopted <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a>, author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, a close alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> and Gujarati sultans to effectively safeguard <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> trade from Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, encouraged the existence of powerful <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> elites within the kingdom who took the post of <a href="/wiki/Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="Viziers">viziers</a> in Gujarat keen to maintain ties with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> also briefly occupied the province in 1536, but fled due to the threat <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah</a>, the Gujarat king, imposed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Gujarat">Sultanate of Gujarat</a> remained independent until 1572, when the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> conquered it and annexed it to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> port (the only Indian port facing west) then became the principal port of India during Mughal rule, gaining widespread international repute. The city of Surat, famous for its exports of silk and <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>, had reached a par with contemporary <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, great mercantile cities of Europe and Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and earned the distinguished title, <i>Bab al-Makkah</i> (Gate of Mecca).<sup id="cite_ref-Hinduism_and_modernity_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinduism_and_modernity-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawn by the religious renaissance taking place under Akbar, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ghaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ghaus">Mohammed Ghaus</a> moved to Gujarat and established spiritual centers for the <a href="/wiki/Shattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shattari">Shattari</a> Sufi order from Iran, founding the <a href="/wiki/Ek_Toda_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ek Toda Mosque">Ek Toda Mosque</a> and producing such devotees as <a href="/wiki/Wajihuddin_Alvi" title="Wajihuddin Alvi">Wajihuddin Alvi</a> of Ahmedabad whose many successors moved to <a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a> during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Zoroastrian high priest <a href="/wiki/Azar_Kayvan" title="Azar Kayvan">Azar Kayvan</a> who was a native of <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a>, immigrated to Gujarat founding the Zoroastrian school of <a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">illuminationists</a> which attracted key Shi'ite Muslim admirers of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> philosophical revival from <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>. </p><p>Early 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrebi">Maghrebi</a> adventurer, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Batuta">Ibn Batuta</a>, who famously visited India with his entourage, recalls in his memoirs about Cambay, one of the great emporia of the Indian Ocean that indeed: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cambay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambay">Cambay</a> is one of the most beautiful cities as regards the artistic architecture of its houses and the construction of its mosques. The reason is that the majority of its inhabitants are foreign merchants, who continually build their beautiful houses and wonderful mosques – an achievement in which they endeavor to surpass each other.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:#FFF5EE"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:217px;max-width:217px;background-color:#FFF5EE"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#FFF5EE;width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Gujarati_Farmers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Codice_Casanatense_Gujarati_Farmers.jpg/213px-Codice_Casanatense_Gujarati_Farmers.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Codice_Casanatense_Gujarati_Farmers.jpg/320px-Codice_Casanatense_Gujarati_Farmers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Codice_Casanatense_Gujarati_Farmers.jpg/426px-Codice_Casanatense_Gujarati_Farmers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1325" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;">16th-century Portuguese illustration from the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a>, depicting inhabitants of Gujarat</span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Many of these "foreign merchants" were transient visitors, men of <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> ports, who migrated in and out of Cambay with the rhythm of the monsoons. But others were men with Arab or Persian patronyms whose families had settled in the town generations, even centuries earlier, intermarrying with Gujarati women, and assimilating everyday customs of the Hindu hinterland.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> heralded the dawn of pioneer Portuguese and Spanish long-distance travel in search of alternative <a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">trade routes</a> to "<a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">the East Indies</a>", moved by the trade of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>. In 1497, Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> is said to have discovered the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the sea route to India">Europe-to-India</a> sea route which changed the course of history, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_people" title="Kutchi people">Kutchi</a> sailor Kanji Malam, who showed him the route from the East African coasts of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> sailing onwards to <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Gujarat Sultanate allied with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Egyptian Mamluks</a> naval fleets led by governor-generals <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ayyaz" title="Malik Ayyaz">Malik Ayyaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amir_Husain_Al-Kurdi" title="Amir Husain Al-Kurdi">Amir Husain Al-Kurdi</a>, vanquished the Portuguese in the 1508 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaul" title="Battle of Chaul">Battle of Chaul</a> resulting in the first Portuguese defeat at sea in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To 16th-century European observers, Gujarat was a fabulously wealthy country. The customs revenue of Gujarat alone in the early 1570s was nearly three times the total revenue of the whole <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese empire</a> in Asia in 1586–87, when it was at its height.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, when the British arrived on the coast of Gujarat, houses in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> already had windows of <a href="/wiki/Venetian_glass" title="Venetian glass">Venetian glass</a> imported from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1514, the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> described the cosmopolitan atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Rander" title="Rander">Rander</a> known otherwise as <i>City of Mosques</i> in Surat province, which gained the fame and reputation of illustrious Islamic scholars, Sufi-saints, merchants and intellectuals from all over the world:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Ranel (Rander) is a good town of the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, built of very pretty houses and squares. It is a rich and agreeable place ... the Moors of the town trade with <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, Tawasery (Tannasserim), <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Martaban">Martaban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in all sort of spices, drugs, silks, musk, benzoin and porcelain. They possess very large and fine ships and those who wish Chinese articles will find them there very completely. The Moors of this place are white and well dressed and very rich they have pretty wives, and in the furniture of these houses have china vases of many kinds, kept in glass cupboards well arranged. Their women are not secluded like other Moors, but go about the city in the day time, attending to their business with their faces uncovered as in other parts.</p></blockquote> <p>The conquest of the Kingdom of Gujarat marked a significant event of Akbar's reign. Being the major trade gateway and departure harbour of pilgrim ships to Mecca, it gave the Mughal Empire free access to the Arabian sea and control over the rich commerce that passed through its ports. The territory and income of the empire were vastly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Sultanate_of_Gujarat_and_the_merchants">The Sultanate of Gujarat and the merchants</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg/170px-Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg/255px-Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg/340px-Pundole_Agiary_Udvada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>A modern <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Agiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Agiary">Agiary</a> in Western India</figcaption></figure> <p>For the best part of two centuries, the independent <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Gujarat">Sultanate of Gujarat</a> was the cynosure of its neighbours on account of its wealth and prosperity, which had long made the Gujarati merchant a familiar figure in the ports of the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-wink143_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wink143-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mehta1991_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehta1991-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujaratis, including Hindus and Muslims as well as the enterprising <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> class of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a>, had been specialising in the organisation of overseas trade for many centuries, and had moved into various branches of commerce such as <a href="/wiki/Commodity_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity trade">commodity trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brokerage">brokerage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money-changing" class="mw-redirect" title="Money-changing">money-changing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money-lending" class="mw-redirect" title="Money-lending">money-lending</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Arab_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (Gujarat)">Chavuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi Jews</a> had assimilated into the social world of the Surat province, later on their descendants would give rise to the <a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_(treasurer)" title="David Sassoon (treasurer)">Sassoons</a> of Bombay and the <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Mir" title="Ezra Mir">Ezras</a> of Calcutta, and other influential Indian-Jewish figures who went on to play a philanthropical role in the commercial development of 19th-century British Crown Colony of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustaali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaali">Bohra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatia_caste" title="Bhatia caste">Bhatiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahbandar" title="Shahbandar">shahbandars</a> and Moorish <a href="/wiki/Nakhuda" title="Nakhuda">nakhudas</a> who dominated sea navigation and shipping, Gujarat's transactions with the outside world had created the legacy of an international transoceanic empire which had a vast commercial network of permanent agents stationed at all the great port cities across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. These networks extended to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> in the west, and via maritime and the inland caravan route to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a>, a Portuguese official at <a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca</a>, wrote of conditions during the reigns of Mahmud I and Mozaffar II: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<a href="/wiki/Cambay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambay">Cambay</a> stretches out two arms; with her right arm she reaches toward <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and with the other towards Malacca"<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He also described Gujarat's active trade with <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar</a>. His contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a>, describing Gujarat's maritime trade, recorded the import of horses from the Middle East and elephants from Malabar, and lists exports which included muslins, chintzes and silks, carnelian, ginger and other spices, aromatics, opium, indigo and other substances for dyeing, cereals and legumes.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> was the destination for many of these commodities, and they were partly paid for in <a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a> taken from <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter item, in particular, led Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Lodi">Sikandar Lodi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, according to Ali-Muhammad Khan, author of the Mirat-i-Ahmadi, to complain that the </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>support of the throne of Delhi is wheat and barley but the foundation of the realm of Gujarat is coral and pearls<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hence, the sultans of Gujarat possessed ample means to sustain lavish patronage of religion and the arts, to build madrasas and ḵānaqāhs, and to provide douceurs for the literati, mainly poets and historians, whose presence and praise enhanced the fame of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jama_Masjid,_Ahmedabad_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jama_Masjid%2C_Ahmedabad_01.jpg/220px-Jama_Masjid%2C_Ahmedabad_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jama_Masjid%2C_Ahmedabad_01.jpg/330px-Jama_Masjid%2C_Ahmedabad_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jama_Masjid%2C_Ahmedabad_01.jpg/440px-Jama_Masjid%2C_Ahmedabad_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4755" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jama_Mosque,_Ahmedabad" title="Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad">Jama Masjid</a>, Ahmedabad</figcaption></figure> <p>Even at the time of <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a>' travel to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> in the early 16th century, Gujarati merchants had earned an international reputation for their commercial acumen and this encouraged the visit of merchants from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Guilans</a> from Aden and Hormuz.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pires noted in his <i>Suma Orientale</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> These [people] are [like] Italians in their knowledge of and dealings in merchandise ... they are men who understand merchandise; they are so properly steeped in the sound and harmony of it, that the <i>Gujaratees</i> say that any offence connected with merchandise is pardonable. There are <i>Gujaratees</i> settled everywhere. They work some for some and others for others. They are diligent, quick men in trade. They do their accounts with fingers like ours and with our very writings.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gujarat_in_the_Mughal_Empire">Gujarat in the Mughal Empire</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg/170px-Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg/255px-Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gujarat was one of the twelve original <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">subahs</a> (imperial top-level provinces) established by <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> (<i>Badshah</i>) <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, with a seat at Ahmedabad, bordering on <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a> (Sindh), <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> and later Ahmadnagar subahs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, the sixth Mughal Emperor, was born in <a href="/wiki/Dahod" title="Dahod">Dahod</a>, Gujarat. He was the third son and sixth child of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his birth, his father, Shah Jahan, was then the Subahdar (governor) of Gujarat, and his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Jehangir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehangir">Jehangir</a>, was the Mughal Emperor. Before he became emperor, Aurangzeb was made Subahdar of Gujarat subah as part of his training and was stationed at Ahmedabad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aurangzeb had great love for his place of birth. In 1704, he wrote a letter to his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a>, asking him to be kind and considerate to the people of Dahod as it was his birthplace. Muhammad Azam was then the Subedar (governor) of Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-DNA_May2012_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA_May2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his letter, Aurangzeb wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-DNA_May2012_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA_May2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> My son of exalted rank, the town of Dahod, one of the dependencies of Gujarat, is the birthplace of this sinner. Please consider a regard for the inhabitants of that town as incumbent on you.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maratha_Empire">Maratha Empire</h3></div> <p>When the cracks had started to develop in the edifice of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in the mid-17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Marathas</a> were consolidating their power in the west, <a href="/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatrapati Shivaji">Chatrapati Shivaji</a>, the great Maratha ruler, attacked Surat in southern Gujarat twice first in 1664 and again in 1672.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attacks marked the entry of the Marathas into Gujarat. However, before the Maratha had made inroads into Gujarat, the Europeans had made their presence felt, led by the Portuguese, and followed by the Dutch and the English. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a> had established sovereignty over parts of Gujarat and collected taxes and tributes through their representatives. <a href="/wiki/Damaji_Rao_Gaekwad" title="Damaji Rao Gaekwad">Damaji Rao Gaekwad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kadam_(clan)" title="Kadam (clan)">Kadam</a> Bande divided the Peshwa territory between them,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Damaji establishing the sway of <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad_dynasty" title="Gaekwad dynasty">Gaekwad</a> over Gujarat and making <a href="/wiki/Baroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroda">Baroda</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a> in southern Gujarat) his capital. The ensuing internecine war among the Marathas was fully exploited by the British, who interfered in the affairs of both Gaekwads and the Peshwas. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>, as elsewhere, the Marathas were met with resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-cpc_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpc-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> helped form larger peripheral states in Saurashtra, including <a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawanagar_State" title="Nawanagar State">Jamnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_State" title="Bhavnagar State">Bhavnagar</a> and a few others, which largely resisted the Maratha incursions.<sup id="cite_ref-cpc_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpc-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonialism,_1614–1947"><span id="European_colonialism.2C_1614.E2.80.931947"></span>European colonialism, 1614–1947</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg/220px-Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg/330px-Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg/440px-Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Territory ceded by the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Sultanate of Gujarat</a> to Portugal in 1534 according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bassein_(1534)" title="Treaty of Bassein (1534)">Treaty of Bassein</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1600s, the Dutch, French, English and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> all established bases along the western coast of the region. Portugal was the first European power to arrive in Gujarat, and after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu" title="Battle of Diu">Battle of Diu</a>, acquired several enclaves along the Gujarati coast, including <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a>. These enclaves were administered by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> under a single union territory for over 450 years, only to be later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> on 19 December 1961 by military conquest. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> in 1614 following the commercial treaty made with Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> after the English received it from Portugal in 1668 as part of the marriage treaty of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/King_John_IV_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King John IV of Portugal">King John IV of Portugal</a>. The state was an early point of contact with the west, and the first British commercial <a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">outpost</a> in India was in Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-wingsbirds.com_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wingsbirds.com-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>17th-century French explorer <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pyrard_de_Laval" title="François Pyrard de Laval">François Pyrard de Laval</a>, who is remembered for his 10-year sojourn in South Asia, bears witness in his account that the Gujaratis were always prepared to learn workmanship from the Portuguese, and in turn imparted skills to the Portuguese:<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> I have never seen men of wit so fine and polished as are these Indians: they have nothing barbarous or savage about them, as we are apt to suppose. They are unwilling indeed to adopt the manners and customs of the <i>Portuguese</i>; yet do they regularly learn their manufactures and workmanship, being all very curious and desirous of learning. In fact, the <i>Portuguese</i> take and learn more from them than they from the <i>Portuguese</i>.</p></blockquote> <p>Later in the 17th century, Gujarat came under control of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> that arose, defeating the Muslim Mughals who had dominated the politics of India. Most notably, from 1705 to 1716, <a href="/wiki/Senapati" title="Senapati">Senapati</a> <a href="/wiki/Khanderao_Dabhade" title="Khanderao Dabhade">Khanderao Dabhade</a> led the Maratha Empire forces in Baroda. <a href="/wiki/Pilaji_Gaekwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilaji Gaekwad">Pilaji Gaekwad</a>, first ruler of <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad_dynasty" title="Gaekwad dynasty">Gaekwad dynasty</a>, established the control over Baroda and other parts of Gujarat. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> in 1802–1803. Many local rulers, notably the Maratha Gaekwad Maharajas of Baroda (<a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>), made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule. </p><p>An epidemic in 1812 killed half the population of Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda State</a>, which had a direct relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a>, Kutch and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a>, but several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_district" title="Ahmedabad district">Ahmedabad</a>, Broach (<a href="/wiki/Bharuch_district" title="Bharuch district">Bharuch</a>), Kaira (<a href="/wiki/Kheda_district" title="Kheda district">Kheda</a>), <a href="/wiki/Panchmahal_district" title="Panchmahal district">Panchmahal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surat_district" title="Surat district">Surat</a>, were governed directly by British officials. In 1819, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Sahajanand Swami</a> established the World's First <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Temple,_Ahmedabad" title="Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad">Swaminarayan Mandir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalupur" title="Kalupur">Kalupur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baroda-gujarat.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Princely states of Gujarat in 1924"><img alt="Princely states of Gujarat in 1924" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Baroda-gujarat.png/276px-Baroda-gujarat.png" decoding="async" width="184" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Baroda-gujarat.png/414px-Baroda-gujarat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Baroda-gujarat.png/551px-Baroda-gujarat.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="611" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princely states of Gujarat in 1924</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombay_Prov_north_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion"><img alt="Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bombay_Prov_north_1909.jpg/275px-Bombay_Prov_north_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bombay_Prov_north_1909.jpg/413px-Bombay_Prov_north_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bombay_Prov_north_1909.jpg/550px-Bombay_Prov_north_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahatma Gandhi picking salt at Dandi beach, South Gujarat, ending the Salt satyagraha on 5 April 1930"><img alt="Mahatma Gandhi picking salt at Dandi beach, South Gujarat, ending the Salt satyagraha on 5 April 1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg/161px-Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg/242px-Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg/322px-Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="3107" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> picking salt at <a href="/wiki/Dandi_Beach" title="Dandi Beach">Dandi beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Gujarat" title="South Gujarat">South Gujarat</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Salt_satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt satyagraha">Salt satyagraha</a> on 5 April 1930</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shree_Swaminarayan_Sampraday,_Ahmedabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foundational Swaminarayan Mandir, est. 1819"><img alt="Foundational Swaminarayan Mandir, est. 1819" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Shree_Swaminarayan_Sampraday%2C_Ahmedabad.jpg/273px-Shree_Swaminarayan_Sampraday%2C_Ahmedabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Shree_Swaminarayan_Sampraday%2C_Ahmedabad.jpg/410px-Shree_Swaminarayan_Sampraday%2C_Ahmedabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Shree_Swaminarayan_Sampraday%2C_Ahmedabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foundational Swaminarayan Mandir, est. 1819</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombay_1956-1960_de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bombay_1956-1960_de.svg/300px-Bombay_1956-1960_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bombay_1956-1960_de.svg/450px-Bombay_1956-1960_de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bombay_1956-1960_de.svg/600px-Bombay_1956-1960_de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Gujarat in Bombay state</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujarat-High-Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gujarat-High-Court.jpg/220px-Gujarat-High-Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gujarat-High-Court.jpg/330px-Gujarat-High-Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gujarat-High-Court.jpg/440px-Gujarat-High-Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_High_Court" title="Gujarat High Court">Gujarat High Court</a> in Ahmedabad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhinagar_Capital_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gandhinagar_Capital_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Gandhinagar_Capital_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gandhinagar_Capital_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Gandhinagar_Capital_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gandhinagar_Capital_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Gandhinagar_Capital_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar_Capital_railway_station" title="Gandhinagar Capital railway station">Gandhinagar Capital railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Initially there was confusion over whether Junagadh would join India or Pakistan. This was resolved in 1947 with a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> for full union with India following the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">Indian independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947, the new Indian government grouped the former princely states of Gujarat into three larger units; <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>, which included the former princely states on the <a href="/wiki/Kathiawad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathiawad">Kathiawad</a> peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay state">Bombay state</a>, which included the former British districts of Bombay Presidency together with most of <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda State</a> and the other former princely states of eastern Gujarat. Bombay state was enlarged to include Kutch, Saurashtra (Kathiawar) and parts of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad state">Hyderabad state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> in central India. The new state had a mostly Gujarati-speaking north and a Marathi-speaking south. Agitation by Gujarati nationalists, the <a href="/wiki/Mahagujarat_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahagujarat Movement">Mahagujarat Movement</a>, and Marathi nationalists, the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Samiti" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti">Samyukta Maharashtra</a>, for their own states led to the split of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay state">Bombay state</a> on linguistic lines; on 1 May 1960, it became the new states of Gujarat and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1969_Gujarat_riots" title="1969 Gujarat riots">1969 riots</a>, at least 660 died and properties worth millions were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Yasmeen2007_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yasmeen2007-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaurentChris2012_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaurentChris2012-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first capital of Gujarat was <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>. The capital of Gujarat was moved to <a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a> in 1970. <i><a href="/wiki/Nav_Nirman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav Nirman">Nav Nirman</a> Andolan</i> was a socio-political movement of 1974. It was a students' and <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> people's movement against economic crisis and corruption in public life. This was the first and last successful agitation after the Independence of India that ousted an elected government.<sup id="cite_ref-it_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-avk_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avk-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bs_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bs-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gujarat has emerged as an important industrial hub in India. In Western India <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> was among the strongest industrial clusters in the 1970s. Between 1971 and 1981 <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cutting" title="Diamond cutting">diamond cutting</a> was established as industry in Surat. At the same time the production of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">artificial silk</a> and a substantial <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industry</a> became a fixture in Surat.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Morvi_dam_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Morvi dam failure">Morvi dam failure</a>, in 1979, resulted in the death of thousands of people and large economic loss.<sup id="cite_ref-expi_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expi-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, a <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">reservation policy</a> was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">castes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquake" title="2001 Gujarat earthquake">2001 Gujarat earthquake</a> was located about 9 km south-southwest of the village of <a href="/wiki/Chobari" title="Chobari">Chobari</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bhachau" title="Bhachau">Bhachau</a> taluka of <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a> District. This magnitude 7.7 shock killed around 20,000 people (including at least 18 in South-eastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Godhra_train_burning" title="Godhra train burning">Godhra train burning</a> led to statewide <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat violence">riots</a>, resulting in the deaths of 1044 people – 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus, and hundreds missing still unaccounted for.<sup id="cite_ref-Riots_toll_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riots_toll-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Akshardham_Temple_attack" title="Akshardham Temple attack">Akshardham Temple was attacked</a> by two terrorists in September 2002, killing 32 people and injuring more than 80 others. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guards</a> intervened to end the siege killing both terrorists.<sup id="cite_ref-akshar_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akshar-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 July 2008 a <a href="/wiki/2008_Ahmedabad_serial_blasts" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Ahmedabad serial blasts">series of seventeen bomb blasts</a> rocked Ahmedabad, killing and injuring several people.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gujarat" title="Geography of Gujarat">Geography of Gujarat</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Gujarat" title="Climate of Gujarat">Climate of Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Gujarat" title="List of rivers of Gujarat">List of rivers of Gujarat</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:235px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Gujarat_physical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/India_Gujarat_physical.svg/288px-India_Gujarat_physical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/India_Gujarat_physical.svg/432px-India_Gujarat_physical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/India_Gujarat_physical.svg/576px-India_Gujarat_physical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="858" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;">Physical map of Gujarat</span></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardar_Sarovar_dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sardar_Sarovar_dam.jpg/288px-Sardar_Sarovar_dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sardar_Sarovar_dam.jpg/432px-Sardar_Sarovar_dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sardar_Sarovar_dam.jpg/576px-Sardar_Sarovar_dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Sarovar_Dam" title="Sardar Sarovar Dam">Sardar Sarovar Dam</a>, Gujarat.</span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Gujarat borders the <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badin_District" title="Badin District">Badin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thatta_District" title="Thatta District">Thatta</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> province to the northwest, is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the southwest, the state of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and by Maharashtra, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territory">Union Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> to the south. Historically, the north was known as <a href="/wiki/Anarta" title="Anarta">Anarta</a>, the Kathiawar peninsula, "Saurastra", and the south as "Lata".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarat was also known as Pratichya and Varuna.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. The capital, Gandhinagar is a <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned city</a>. Gujarat has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km<sup>2</sup>) with the longest coastline (24% of Indian sea coast) 1,600 km (990 mi), dotted with 41 ports: one major, 11 intermediate and 29 minor. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a> is the largest river in Gujarat followed by the <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_River" title="Sabarmati River">Sabarmati</a> has the longest course through the state. The Sardar Sarovar Project is built on Narmada, one of the major rivers of <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsular India">peninsular India</a> where it is one of only three major rivers that run from east to west – the others being the Tapi and the <a href="/wiki/Mahi_River" title="Mahi River">Mahi</a>. It is about 1,312 km (815 mi) long. Several riverfront embankments have been built on the Sabarmati River. </p><p>The eastern borders have fringes of low mountains of India, the <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">Aravalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Sahyadri (Western Ghats)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saputara" title="Saputara">Saputara</a>. Apart from this the Gir hills, Barda, Jessore and <a href="/wiki/Chotila" title="Chotila">Chotila</a> together make up a large minority of Gujarat. <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a> is the tallest peak and <a href="/wiki/Saputara" title="Saputara">Saputara</a> is the only hill-station (hilltop resort) in the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rann_of_Kutch">Rann of Kutch</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></div> <p>Rann (રણ) is Gujarati for desert. The Rann of Kutch is a seasonally marshy saline clay desert in the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> biogeographic region between the Pakistani province of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and the rest of the state of Gujarat; it commences 8 km (5.0 mi) from the village of Kharaghoda, Surendranagar District. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Karo, Kutch"><img alt="Mount Karo, Kutch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mount_Kiro.jpg/314px-Mount_Kiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mount_Kiro.jpg/472px-Mount_Kiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mount_Kiro.jpg/628px-Mount_Kiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mount Karo, <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cracked_earth_in_the_Rann_of_Kutch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cracked earth in the Rann of Kutch"><img alt="Cracked earth in the Rann of Kutch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cracked_earth_in_the_Rann_of_Kutch.jpg/303px-Cracked_earth_in_the_Rann_of_Kutch.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cracked_earth_in_the_Rann_of_Kutch.jpg/455px-Cracked_earth_in_the_Rann_of_Kutch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cracked_earth_in_the_Rann_of_Kutch.jpg/605px-Cracked_earth_in_the_Rann_of_Kutch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cracked earth in the <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kutch_White_Rann_Tents_(8335851293).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The colourful Rann Utsav Festival is held annually in the Rann of Kutch."><img alt="The colourful Rann Utsav Festival is held annually in the Rann of Kutch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kutch_White_Rann_Tents_%288335851293%29.jpg/358px-Kutch_White_Rann_Tents_%288335851293%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kutch_White_Rann_Tents_%288335851293%29.jpg/537px-Kutch_White_Rann_Tents_%288335851293%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kutch_White_Rann_Tents_%288335851293%29.jpg/715px-Kutch_White_Rann_Tents_%288335851293%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The colourful Rann Utsav Festival is held annually in the <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_in_the_Twilight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="People enjoying Raan Utsav at Dhordo, Kutch"><img alt="People enjoying Raan Utsav at Dhordo, Kutch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/People_in_the_Twilight.jpg/268px-People_in_the_Twilight.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/People_in_the_Twilight.jpg/403px-People_in_the_Twilight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/People_in_the_Twilight.jpg/536px-People_in_the_Twilight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">People enjoying Raan Utsav at <a href="/wiki/Dhordo" title="Dhordo">Dhordo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kutch_Adventures_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camel ride in Rann of Kutch"><img alt="Camel ride in Rann of Kutch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kutch_Adventures_India.jpg/268px-Kutch_Adventures_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kutch_Adventures_India.jpg/403px-Kutch_Adventures_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kutch_Adventures_India.jpg/536px-Kutch_Adventures_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camel ride in <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Flamingo_at_Kutch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater Flamingo at Rann of Kutch"><img alt="Greater Flamingo at Rann of Kutch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greater_Flamingo_at_Kutch.jpg/380px-Greater_Flamingo_at_Kutch.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greater_Flamingo_at_Kutch.jpg/571px-Greater_Flamingo_at_Kutch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greater_Flamingo_at_Kutch.jpg/760px-Greater_Flamingo_at_Kutch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Flamingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Flamingo">Greater Flamingo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Gujarat" title="Fauna of Gujarat">Fauna of Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_and_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Gujarat,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India">List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prehistoric_fauna">Prehistoric fauna</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinosaurs_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dinosaurs_Park.jpg/220px-Dinosaurs_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dinosaurs_Park.jpg/330px-Dinosaurs_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dinosaurs_Park.jpg/440px-Dinosaurs_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>Indroda <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaur</a> and Fossil Park, <a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1980s, palaeontologists found <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_egg" title="Dinosaur egg">dinosaur egg</a> hatcheries and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> of at least 13 species in <a href="/wiki/Balasinor" title="Balasinor">Balasinor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_jurassic_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_jurassic-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important find was that of a carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">abelisaurid</a> dinosaur named <i><a href="/wiki/Rajasaurus" title="Rajasaurus">Rajasurus narmadensis</a></i> which lived in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_jurassic_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_jurassic-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable discovery in the village of Dholi Dungri was that of <i><a href="/wiki/Sanajeh_indicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanajeh indicus">Sanajeh indicus</a></i>, a primitive <a href="/wiki/Madtsoiidae" title="Madtsoiidae">madtsoiid</a> snake that likely preyed on <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropod</a> dinosaur hatchlings and embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extant_species">Extant species</h4></div> <p>According to the <i>India State of Forest Report 2011</i>, Gujarat has 9.7% of its total geographical area under forest cover.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_forest_report_2011_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_forest_report_2011-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the districts, <a href="/wiki/The_Dangs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dangs">The Dangs</a> has the largest area under forest cover. Gujarat has four national parks and 21 sanctuaries. It is the only home of Asiatic lions and, outside <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, is the only present natural habitat of lions.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2011_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2011-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gir_Forest_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gir Forest National Park">Gir Forest National Park</a> in the southwest part of the state covers part of the lions' habitat. Apart from lions, <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopards</a> are also found in the state. They are spread across the large plains of Saurashtra and the mountains of South Gujarat. Other National Parks include <a href="/wiki/Vansda_National_Park" title="Vansda National Park">Vansda National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck_National_Park,_Velavadar" title="Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar">Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_National_Park,_Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch">Narara Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutchh, Jamnagar</a>. Wildlife sanctuaries include <a href="/wiki/Wild_Ass_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary">Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nal_Sarovar_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary">Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porbandar_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Porbandar Bird Sanctuary">Porbandar Bird Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutch_Desert_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary">Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutch_Bustard_Sanctuary" title="Kutch Bustard Sanctuary">Kutch Bustard Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Sarovar_Sanctuary" title="Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary">Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessore_Sloth_Bear_Sanctuary" title="Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary">Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary</a>, Anjal, <a href="/wiki/Balaram_Ambaji_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary">Balaram-Ambaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barda_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Barda Wildlife Sanctuary">Barda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambughoda_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary">Jambughoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khavda" title="Khavda">Khavda</a>, Paniya, <a href="/wiki/Purna_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Purna Wildlife Sanctuary">Purna</a>, Rampura, <a href="/wiki/Ratan_Mahal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratan Mahal Wildlife Sanctuary">Ratan Mahal</a>, and Surpaneshwar. </p><p>In February 2019, a <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> claimed to be from <a href="/wiki/Ratapani_Tiger_Reserve" title="Ratapani Tiger Reserve">Ratapani</a> in Madhya Pradesh was spotted in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lunavada" title="Lunavada">Lunavada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mahisagar_district" title="Mahisagar district">Mahisagar district</a>, in the eastern part of the state,<sup id="cite_ref-HT_02-2019_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HT_02-2019-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DTE_02-2019_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTE_02-2019-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being found dead later that month, likely from starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_03-2019_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI_03-2019-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 283.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 281.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gir_lion-Gir_forest,junagadh,gujarat,india.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Asiatic lion family, which occurs in and around Gir National Park"><img alt="An Asiatic lion family, which occurs in and around Gir National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gir_lion-Gir_forest%2Cjunagadh%2Cgujarat%2Cindia.jpeg/422px-Gir_lion-Gir_forest%2Cjunagadh%2Cgujarat%2Cindia.jpeg" decoding="async" width="282" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Gir_lion-Gir_forest%2Cjunagadh%2Cgujarat%2Cindia.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> family, which occurs in and around <a href="/wiki/Gir_National_Park" title="Gir National Park">Gir National Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Flamingo,_Jamnagar,_Rangilo_Gujarati_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater flamingo, Jamnagar"><img alt="Greater flamingo, Jamnagar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_Flamingo%2C_Jamnagar%2C_Rangilo_Gujarati_01.jpg/212px-Greater_Flamingo%2C_Jamnagar%2C_Rangilo_Gujarati_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_Flamingo%2C_Jamnagar%2C_Rangilo_Gujarati_01.jpg/318px-Greater_Flamingo%2C_Jamnagar%2C_Rangilo_Gujarati_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_Flamingo%2C_Jamnagar%2C_Rangilo_Gujarati_01.jpg/425px-Greater_Flamingo%2C_Jamnagar%2C_Rangilo_Gujarati_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="2766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greater <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamnagar" title="Jamnagar">Jamnagar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Striped_Hyena_(Hyaena_hyaena).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striped hyena at the Gir Forest National Park"><img alt="Striped hyena at the Gir Forest National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Striped_Hyena_%28Hyaena_hyaena%29.jpg/450px-Striped_Hyena_%28Hyaena_hyaena%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Striped_Hyena_%28Hyaena_hyaena%29.jpg/675px-Striped_Hyena_%28Hyaena_hyaena%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Striped_Hyena_%28Hyaena_hyaena%29.jpg/900px-Striped_Hyena_%28Hyaena_hyaena%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Gir_Forest_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gir Forest National Park">Gir Forest National Park</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati people</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,094,748</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,803,587</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,174,989</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,489,828</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">13,701,551</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+19.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,263,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,633,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,697,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">34,086,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">41,310,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+21.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,671,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,383,628</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The population of Gujarat was 60,439,692 (31,491,260 males and 28,948,432 females) according to the 2011 census data.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population density is 308 persons per square kilometre (800 persons/sq mi), lower than other Indian states. As per the census of 2011, the state has a sex ratio of 918 females for every 1000 males, one of the lowest (ranked 24) among the 29 states in India. </p><p>While Gujarati speakers constitute a majority of Gujarat's population, the metropolitan areas of Ahmedabad, <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> are cosmopolitan, with numerous other ethnic and language groups. <a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwaris</a> compose large minorities of economic migrants; smaller communities of people from the other states of India have also migrated to Gujarat for employment. <a href="/wiki/Luso-Indian" title="Luso-Indian">Luso-Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a> also live in the areas.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi</a> presence is traditionally important here following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> forms the largest caste-cluster, comprising 24% of the total population of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12242.415657572px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 8841.5642885499px; border-left-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5683.5186676955px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 900.60030535866px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 114.43847649848px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Gujarat (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (88.57%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (9.67%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.96%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.52%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkKhaki; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Others (0.03%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Not stated (0.1%)</div> </div> </div></div><p> According to 2011 census, the religious makeup in Gujarat was 88.57% <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, 9.67% <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 0.96% <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a>, 0.52% <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, 0.10% <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>, 0.05% <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and 0.03% others. Around 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">did not state any religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism is the majority religion, and is over 93% in rural areas. <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims" title="Gujarati Muslims">Muslims</a> are the biggest minority in the state accounting for 9.7% of the population. Gujarat has the third-largest population of <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a> in India, following <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, almost all of whom live in urban areas like Vadodara, Ahmedabad and Surat.<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huteesingh_ni_vadi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hathisingh Jain Temple, Ahmedabad"><img alt="Hathisingh Jain Temple, Ahmedabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Huteesingh_ni_vadi.JPG/112px-Huteesingh_ni_vadi.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Huteesingh_ni_vadi.JPG/169px-Huteesingh_ni_vadi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Huteesingh_ni_vadi.JPG/225px-Huteesingh_ni_vadi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hathisingh_Jain_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathisingh Jain Temple">Hathisingh Jain Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palitana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palitana temples"><img alt="Palitana temples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palitana.jpg/121px-Palitana.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palitana.jpg/182px-Palitana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palitana.jpg/242px-Palitana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana temples</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Temple_Sabha_Mandap.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Modhera Sun Temple built by Bhimdev"><img alt="Modhera Sun Temple built by Bhimdev" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sun_Temple_Sabha_Mandap.JPG/200px-Sun_Temple_Sabha_Mandap.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sun_Temple_Sabha_Mandap.JPG/300px-Sun_Temple_Sabha_Mandap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sun_Temple_Sabha_Mandap.JPG/400px-Sun_Temple_Sabha_Mandap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Modhera_Sun_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Modhera Sun Temple">Modhera Sun Temple</a> built by Bhimdev</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurudwara_Govinddham.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gurudwara Govinddham, Ahmedabad"><img alt="Gurudwara Govinddham, Ahmedabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gurudwara_Govinddham.JPG/220px-Gurudwara_Govinddham.JPG" decoding="async" width="147" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gurudwara_Govinddham.JPG/329px-Gurudwara_Govinddham.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gurudwara_Govinddham.JPG/439px-Gurudwara_Govinddham.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gurudwara Govinddham, Ahmedabad</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmedabad_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magen Abraham Jewish Synagogue"><img alt="Magen Abraham Jewish Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ahmedabad_Synagogue.jpg/202px-Ahmedabad_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ahmedabad_Synagogue.jpg/304px-Ahmedabad_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ahmedabad_Synagogue.jpg/405px-Ahmedabad_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3403" data-file-height="2523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Magen_Abraham_Synagogue" title="Magen Abraham Synagogue">Magen Abraham</a> Jewish Synagogue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmedabad_Jama_Masjid_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque, 15th century), Ahmedabad"><img alt="Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque, 15th century), Ahmedabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ahmedabad_Jama_Masjid_2.jpg/200px-Ahmedabad_Jama_Masjid_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ahmedabad_Jama_Masjid_2.jpg/300px-Ahmedabad_Jama_Masjid_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ahmedabad_Jama_Masjid_2.jpg/400px-Ahmedabad_Jama_Masjid_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Ahmedabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad">Jama Masjid</a> (Friday Mosque, 15th century), Ahmedabad</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg/220px-Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg/330px-Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg/440px-Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="85" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati alphabet">Gujarati script</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.11163985411px; border-left-color:springgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:springgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:springgreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 233.49754029752px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 182.9872039767px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 82.410190611068px; border-left-color:skyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:skyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:skyblue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Languages of Gujarat (2011) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:skyblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> (85.97%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (6.07%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> (1.52%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:springgreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kachchhi</a> (1.43%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Others (5.01%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> is the official language of the state. It is spoken natively by 86% of the state's population, or 52 million people (as of 2011). Hindi is the second-largest language, spoken by over 6% of the population. Marathi is also spoken in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-language_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People from the Kutch region of Gujarat also speak in the <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a> mother tongue, and to a great extent understand <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> as well. <a href="/wiki/Memoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoni">Memoni</a> is the mother tongue of Kathiawar and Sindhi Memons, most whom are Muslims. </p><p>Almost 88% of the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims" title="Gujarati Muslims">Gujarati Muslims</a> speak Gujarati as their mother tongue, whilethe other 12% speak <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. A sizeable proportion of Gujarati Muslims are bilingual in the two languages; Islamic academic institutions (Darul Uloom) place a high prestige on learning <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, with students' memorising the Quran and <i>ahadith</i>, and emphasising the oral and literary importance of mastering these languages as a compulsory rite of religion. </p><p>In rural areas among the tribals, various Bhil dialects are spoken by around 1.37% of the population. In the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a> is spoken, in the central part is spoken <a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasava</a>, while in the southeast is spoken <a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a> <a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhodia-Kukna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhodia-Kukna language">Dhodia</a> which are related to Marathi. </p><p>Apart from this, English, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and others are spoken by a considerable number of economic migrants from other states of India seeking employment.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusLang2011_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusLang2011-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The languages taught in schools under the <a href="/wiki/Three-language_formula" title="Three-language formula">three-language formula</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>First language</b>: Gujarati/Hindi/English </p><p><b>Second language</b>: Gujarati/English </p><p><b>Third language</b>: Hindi </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujarat_Map_by_Regions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gujarat_Map_by_Regions.jpg/220px-Gujarat_Map_by_Regions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gujarat_Map_by_Regions.jpg/330px-Gujarat_Map_by_Regions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gujarat_Map_by_Regions.jpg/440px-Gujarat_Map_by_Regions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>Gujarat map by Divisions & Regions.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Divisions </th> <th>Headquarters </th> <th>Districts </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/North_Gujarat" title="North Gujarat">North Gujarat</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Patan</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Gujarat" title="Central Gujarat">Central Gujarat</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/South_Gujarat" title="South Gujarat">South Gujarat</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra - Kutch</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_administration">Governance and administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gujarat" title="Politics of Gujarat">Politics of Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government of Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly" title="Gujarat Legislative Assembly">Gujarat Legislative Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Gujarat">Districts of Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Gujarat">Cities of Gujarat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talukas_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Talukas of Gujarat">Talukas of Gujarat</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chief_Ministers_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ministers of Gujarat">Chief Ministers of Gujarat</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SACHIVALAY_PANORAMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandhinagar, the capital of Gujarat State. The picture shown above is of the Legislative Assembly and seat of Gujarat government."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SACHIVALAY_PANORAMA.jpg/1200px-SACHIVALAY_PANORAMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SACHIVALAY_PANORAMA.jpg/1800px-SACHIVALAY_PANORAMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SACHIVALAY_PANORAMA.jpg/2400px-SACHIVALAY_PANORAMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SACHIVALAY_PANORAMA.jpg" title="File:SACHIVALAY PANORAMA.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a>, the capital of Gujarat State. The picture shown above is of the Legislative Assembly and seat of Gujarat government.</div></div></div></div> <p>"Structurally Gujarat is divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Gujarat">districts</a> (Zila), Prant (subdivisions), <a href="/wiki/Taluks_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluks of Gujarat">Taluka</a> (blocks) & villages. The state is divided into 33 districts, 122 prants, 248 talukas.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 08 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal corporations">municipal corporations</a>, 156 <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> and 14,273 <a href="/wiki/Panchayats" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayats">Panchayats</a>, for administrative purposes.' </p> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">India</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Gujarat">Districts</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Prant<br />(Subdivisions)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation in Gujarat">Municipal Corporations</a><br />(Mahanagar Palika)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities in Gujarat">Municipalities</a><br />(Nagar Palika)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagar_panchayat_in_Gujarat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagar panchayat in Gujarat (page does not exist)">Town Council</a><br />(Nagar Panchayat)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Taluks_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluks of Gujarat">Taluka</a><br />(Block/Tehsil)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Wards</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Gujarat has 33 districts and 250 talukas.<sup id="cite_ref-Internetof-7-new-districts-and-22_Archive_2016_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Internetof-7-new-districts-and-22_Archive_2016-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HighBeam_Research_2013_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighBeam_Research_2013-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat District">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharuch District">Bharuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang District, India">Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navsari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Navsari District">Navsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapi District">Tapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Valsad District">Valsad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmada_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada District">Narmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmedabad District">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadodara District">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Anand District">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhota_Udaipur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhota Udaipur District">Chhota Udaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahod_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahod District">Dahod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kheda District">Kheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahisagar District">Mahisagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchmahal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchmahal District">Panchmahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhinagar District">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravalli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Aravalli District">Aravalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaskantha_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaskantha District">Banaskantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehsana_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehsana District">Mehsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Patan District">Patan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarkantha_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarkantha District">Sabarkantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajkot District">Rajkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamnagar District">Jamnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amreli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Amreli District">Amreli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavnagar District">Bhavnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Botad District">Botad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devbhoomi_Dwarka_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Devbhoomi Dwarka District">Devbhoomi Dwarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gir_Somnath_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gir Somnath District">Gir Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junagadh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Junagadh District">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morbi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbi District">Morbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbandar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Porbandar District">Porbandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Surendranagar District">Surendranagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachchh_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachchh district">Kachchh</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Gujarat</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">As of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Gujarat">2011 Census</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Gujarat">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Gujarat">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Gujarat" title="List of districts of Gujarat">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Gujarat"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Gujarat">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Gujarat">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Gujarat" title="List of districts of Gujarat">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Gujarat"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ahmedabad"><img alt="Ahmedabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg/120px-Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg/180px-Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg/240px-Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="335" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Road_Surat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surat"><img alt="Surat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/University_Road_Surat.jpg/120px-University_Road_Surat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/University_Road_Surat.jpg/180px-University_Road_Surat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/University_Road_Surat.jpg/240px-University_Road_Surat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5001" data-file-height="3334" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_district" title="Ahmedabad district">Ahmedabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,357,693</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morbi" title="Morbi">Morbi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morbi_district" title="Morbi district">Morbi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">210,451 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laxmi_villas_palace_baroda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vadodara"><img alt="Vadodara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Laxmi_villas_palace_baroda.jpg/120px-Laxmi_villas_palace_baroda.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Laxmi_villas_palace_baroda.jpg/180px-Laxmi_villas_palace_baroda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Laxmi_villas_palace_baroda.jpg/240px-Laxmi_villas_palace_baroda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="3425" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rajkot"><img alt="Rajkot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Atlantis_.jpg/120px-Atlantis_.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Atlantis_.jpg/180px-Atlantis_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Atlantis_.jpg/240px-Atlantis_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surat_district" title="Surat district">Surat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,935,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anand,_Gujarat" title="Anand, Gujarat">Anand</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anand_district" title="Anand district">Anand</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">209,410 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vadodara_district" title="Vadodara district">Vadodara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,065,771</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mehsana" title="Mehsana">Mehsana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mehsana_district" title="Mehsana district">Mehsana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">190,753 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rajkot_district" title="Rajkot district">Rajkot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,390,640</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surendranagar_Dudhrej" title="Surendranagar Dudhrej">Surendranagar Dudhrej</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surendranagar_district" title="Surendranagar district">Surendranagar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">177,851 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar" title="Bhavnagar">Bhavnagar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_district" title="Bhavnagar district">Bhavnagar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">605,882</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veraval" title="Veraval">Veraval</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gir_Somnath_district" title="Gir Somnath district">Gir Somnath</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">171,121 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jamnagar" title="Jamnagar">Jamnagar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jamnagar_district" title="Jamnagar district">Jamnagar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">479,920</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Navsari" title="Navsari">Navsari</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Navsari_district" title="Navsari district">Navsari</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">171,109 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Junagadh_district" title="Junagadh district">Junagadh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">319,462</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharuch_district" title="Bharuch district">Bharuch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">169,007 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar_district" title="Gandhinagar district">Gandhinagar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">292,167</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vapi" title="Vapi">Vapi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valsad_district" title="Valsad district">Valsad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">163,630 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gandhidham" title="Gandhidham">Gandhidham</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">248,705</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Porbandar" title="Porbandar">Porbandar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Porbandar_district" title="Porbandar district">Porbandar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">152,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nadiad" title="Nadiad">Nadiad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kheda_district" title="Kheda district">Kheda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">225,071</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bhuj" title="Bhuj">Bhuj</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">148,834 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <p>Gujarat is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly" title="Gujarat Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> of 182 members. Members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult suffrage from one of 182 constituencies, of which 13 are reserved for <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Castes and Tribes">scheduled castes</a> and 27 for <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled tribe">scheduled tribes</a>. The term of office for a member of the Legislative Assembly is five years. The Legislative Assembly elects a speaker who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A governor is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, and is to address the state legislature after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister) or his or her designee acts as the Leader of the Legislative Assembly. The administration of the state is led by the Chief Minister. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maganbhai_Ninama,_a_Class_IV_Karma_Yogi_in_Secretariat_belonging_to_Adivasi_community_inaugurated_Swarnim_Sankul_2_(12534098875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maganbhai_Ninama%2C_a_Class_IV_Karma_Yogi_in_Secretariat_belonging_to_Adivasi_community_inaugurated_Swarnim_Sankul_2_%2812534098875%29.jpg/220px-Maganbhai_Ninama%2C_a_Class_IV_Karma_Yogi_in_Secretariat_belonging_to_Adivasi_community_inaugurated_Swarnim_Sankul_2_%2812534098875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maganbhai_Ninama%2C_a_Class_IV_Karma_Yogi_in_Secretariat_belonging_to_Adivasi_community_inaugurated_Swarnim_Sankul_2_%2812534098875%29.jpg/330px-Maganbhai_Ninama%2C_a_Class_IV_Karma_Yogi_in_Secretariat_belonging_to_Adivasi_community_inaugurated_Swarnim_Sankul_2_%2812534098875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maganbhai_Ninama%2C_a_Class_IV_Karma_Yogi_in_Secretariat_belonging_to_Adivasi_community_inaugurated_Swarnim_Sankul_2_%2812534098875%29.jpg/440px-Maganbhai_Ninama%2C_a_Class_IV_Karma_Yogi_in_Secretariat_belonging_to_Adivasi_community_inaugurated_Swarnim_Sankul_2_%2812534098875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Swarnim Sankul 2, Office of Gujarat Government</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">independence of India</a> in 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC) ruled the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a> (which included present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra). Congress continued to govern Gujarat after the state's creation in 1960. </p><p>During and after India's <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">State of Emergency of 1975–1977</a>, public support for the INC eroded, but it continued to hold government until 1995 with the brief rule of nine months by <a href="/wiki/Janata_Morcha" title="Janata Morcha">Janata Morcha</a>. In the 1995 Assembly elections, the Congress lost to the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) led by <a href="/wiki/Keshubhai_Patel" title="Keshubhai Patel">Keshubhai Patel</a> who became the Chief Minister. His government lasted only two years. The fall of that government was provoked by a split in the BJP led by <a href="/wiki/Shankersinh_Vaghela" title="Shankersinh Vaghela">Shankersinh Vaghela</a>. BJP again won election in 1998 with clear majority. In 2001, following the loss of two assembly seats in by-elections, Keshubhai Patel resigned and yielded power to <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>. BJP retained a majority in the 2002 election, and Narendra Modi remained as Chief Minister. On 1 June 2007, Narendra Modi became the longest serving Chief Minister of Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BJP retained the power in subsequent elections in 2007 and 2012 and Narendra Modi continued as the chief minister. After Narendra Modi became the prime minister of India in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Anandiben_Patel" title="Anandiben Patel">Anandiben Patel</a> became the first female chief minister of the state. <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Rupani" title="Vijay Rupani">Vijay Rupani</a> took over as chief minister and Nitin Patel as deputy chief minister on 7 August 2016 after <a href="/wiki/Anandiben_Patel" title="Anandiben Patel">Anandiben Patel</a> resigned earlier on 3 August. <a href="/wiki/Bhupendrabhai_Patel" title="Bhupendrabhai Patel">Bhupendrabhai Patel</a> became chief minister in September 2021 after the resignation of Vijay Rupani. </p><p>The incumbent chief secretary of Gujarat is Raj Kumar<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and director general of police (DGP) is Vikas Sahay.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Economy of Gujarat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adani_Mundra_Port_Kutch_Gujarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Adani_Mundra_Port_Kutch_Gujarat.jpg/220px-Adani_Mundra_Port_Kutch_Gujarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Adani_Mundra_Port_Kutch_Gujarat.jpg/330px-Adani_Mundra_Port_Kutch_Gujarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Adani_Mundra_Port_Kutch_Gujarat.jpg/440px-Adani_Mundra_Port_Kutch_Gujarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mundra_Port" title="Mundra Port">Mundra Port</a>, Kutch</figcaption></figure> <p>During the British Raj, Gujarati businesses played a major role in enriching the economies of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major agricultural produce of the state includes cotton, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnuts</a> (peanuts), <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, milk and milk products. Industrial products include cement and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">petrol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarat is ranked number one in the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">pharmaceutical industry in India</a>, with a 33% share in drug manufacturing and 28% share in drug exports. The state has 130 USFDA certified drug manufacturing facilities. Ahmedabad and Vadodara are considered as pharmaceutical hubs, as there are many big and small pharmaceutical companies established in these cities.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gujarat has the longest coastline in India (1600 km), and its ports (both private and public sector) handle around 40% of India's ocean cargo, with <a href="/wiki/Mundra_Port" title="Mundra Port">Mundra Port</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a> being the largest port of India by cargo handled (144 million tons) due to its favourable location on the westernmost part of India and closeness to global shipping lanes. Gujarat also contributes around 20% share in India's industrial production and merchandise exports. According to a 2009 report on <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, Gujarat is the most free state in India (the second one being <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a> operates the oil refinery at <a href="/wiki/Jamnagar" title="Jamnagar">Jamnagar</a>, which is the world's largest grass-roots refinery at a single location. The world's largest shipbreaking yard is in Gujarat near Bhavnagar at <a href="/wiki/Alang" title="Alang">Alang</a>. India's only Liquid Chemical Port Terminal at <a href="/wiki/Dahej" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahej">Dahej</a>, developed by Gujarat Chemical Port Terminal Co Ltd. Gujarat has two of the three liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals in the country (Dahej and Hazira). Two more LNG terminals are proposed, at <a href="/wiki/Pipavav" title="Pipavav">Pipavav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mundra" title="Mundra">Mundra</a>. </p><p>Gujarat has 85% village connectivity with all‐weather roads.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 100% of Gujarat's 18,000 villages have been connected to the electrical grid for 24-hour power to households and eight hours of power to farms, through the <a href="/wiki/Jyotigram_Yojana" title="Jyotigram Yojana">Jyotigram Yojana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gujarat&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Gujarat ranks <a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_installed_power_capacity" title="States of India by installed power capacity">first nationwide</a> in gas-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 8%, and second nationwide in nuclear electricity generation with national market share of over 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state registered 12.8% agricultural growth in the last five years against the national average of 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gujarat records highest decadal agricultural growth rate of 10.97%. Over 20% of the <i>S&P CNX 500</i> conglomerates have corporate offices in Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per RBI report<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, in year 2006–07, 26% of total bank finance in India was in Gujarat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a 2012 survey report of the Chandigarh Labour Bureau, Gujarat had the lowest unemployment rate of 1% against the national average of 3.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Institute" title="Legatum Institute">Legatum Institute</a>'s Global Prosperity Index 2012 recognised Gujarat as one of the two highest-scoring among all states of India on matters of social capital.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state ranks 15th alongside Germany in a list of 142 nations worldwide: higher than several developed nations.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallest_Building_in_Gujarat_Gift_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tallest_Building_in_Gujarat_Gift_One.jpg/220px-Tallest_Building_in_Gujarat_Gift_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tallest_Building_in_Gujarat_Gift_One.jpg/330px-Tallest_Building_in_Gujarat_Gift_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tallest_Building_in_Gujarat_Gift_One.jpg/440px-Tallest_Building_in_Gujarat_Gift_One.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Tallest building in Gujarat: <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_International_Finance_Tec-City" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat International Finance Tec-City">GIFT One</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The tallest tower in Gujarat, GIFT One was inaugurated on 10 January 2013. One other tower called GIFT Two has been finished and more towers are planned.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_growth">Industrial growth</h3></div> <p>Gujarat's major cities include Ahmedabad, <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamnagar" title="Jamnagar">Jamnagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar" title="Bhavnagar">Bhavnagar</a>. In 2010, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> list of the world's fastest growing cities included Ahmedabad at number 3 after <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> from China.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-07_October_2010_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-07_October_2010-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is rich in <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quartz_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz sand">quartz sand</a>, and successful mining of these minerals is done in their specified areas. Jamnagar is the hub for manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> parts. Gujarat produces about 98% of India's required amount of soda ash, and gives the country about 78% of the national requirement of salt. It is one of India's most prosperous states, having a per-capita GDP significantly above India's average. <a href="/wiki/Kalol_(Panchmahal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalol (Panchmahal)">Kalol</a>, Khambhat, and <a href="/wiki/Ankleshwar" title="Ankleshwar">Ankleshwar</a> are today known for their oil and natural gas production. Dhuvaran has a thermal power station, which uses coal, oil, and gas. Also, on the Gulf of Khambhat, 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Bhavnagar, is the Alang Ship Recycling Yard (the world's largest). <a href="/wiki/MG_Motor_India" class="mw-redirect" title="MG Motor India">MG Motor India</a> manufactures its cars at Halol near <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Motors" title="Tata Motors">Tata Motors</a> manufactures the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Nano" title="Tata Nano">Tata Nano</a> from Sanand near Ahmedabad, and AMW trucks are made near <a href="/wiki/Bhuj" title="Bhuj">Bhuj</a>. <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, a city by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a>, is a hub of the global diamond trade. In 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in Surat.<sup id="cite_ref-time.com_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time.com-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diamond industry employs 500,000 people in Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At an investor's summit entitled "Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit", arranged between 11 and 13 January 2015, at Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar, the state government signed 21000 Memoranda of Understanding for Special Economic Zones worth a total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 2.5 million crores (<a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">short scale</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of the investment was from domestic industry.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fourth Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit held at Science City, Ahmedabad, in January 2009, there were 600 foreign delegates. In all, 8668 MOUs worth <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 12500 billion were signed, estimated to create 2.5 million new job opportunities in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-in.rediff.com_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in.rediff.com-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit MOUs worth <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 21 trillion (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span> 463 billion) were signed. </p><p>Gujarat is a state with surplus electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kakrapar_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Kakrapar Atomic Power Station">Kakrapar Atomic Power Station</a> is a nuclear power station run by NPCIL that lies in the proximity of the city of Surat. According to the official sources, against demand of 40,793 million units during the nine months since April 2010, Gujarat produced 43,848 million units. Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states: Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shown here is the Tata Nano, the world's least expensive car.[163] Sanand, Gujarat, is home to Tata Nano."><img alt="Shown here is the Tata Nano, the world's least expensive car.[163] Sanand, Gujarat, is home to Tata Nano." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nano.jpg/356px-Nano.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nano.jpg/533px-Nano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nano.jpg/711px-Nano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="702" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shown here is the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Nano" title="Tata Nano">Tata Nano</a>, the world's least expensive car.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanand" title="Sanand">Sanand</a>, Gujarat, is home to <a href="/wiki/Tata_Nano" title="Tata Nano">Tata Nano</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GauravPath1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surat is one of the fastest growing cities in the world."><img alt="Surat is one of the fastest growing cities in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GauravPath1.jpg/400px-GauravPath1.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GauravPath1.jpg/600px-GauravPath1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GauravPath1.jpg/800px-GauravPath1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alang_Ship_Breaking_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alang shipbreaking"><img alt="Alang shipbreaking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Alang_Ship_Breaking_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Alang_Ship_Breaking_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Alang_Ship_Breaking_-_panoramio.jpg/600px-Alang_Ship_Breaking_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Alang_Ship_Breaking_-_panoramio.jpg/800px-Alang_Ship_Breaking_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alang" title="Alang">Alang</a> shipbreaking</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Gujarat" title="Solar power in Gujarat">Solar power in Gujarat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astonfield_11.5MW_Solar_Plant_Gujarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Astonfield_11.5MW_Solar_Plant_Gujarat.jpg/220px-Astonfield_11.5MW_Solar_Plant_Gujarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Astonfield_11.5MW_Solar_Plant_Gujarat.jpg/330px-Astonfield_11.5MW_Solar_Plant_Gujarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Astonfield_11.5MW_Solar_Plant_Gujarat.jpg/440px-Astonfield_11.5MW_Solar_Plant_Gujarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Astonfield's 11.5 MW solar plant in Gujarat</figcaption></figure> <p>As of May 2024, the peak power requirement of state is 25,088 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2024, total installed power generation capacity is 52,945.13 MW. Of this 23,643.41 MW belongs to thermal power generation capacity while 27,461.72 MW (51.87%) belongs to renewable energy generation capacity including 1990 MW <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a>. The rest 1840 MW is nuclear power generation capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The renewable energy installed capacity includes 11,823 MW wind power and 14,182 MW solar power totalling 26,005 MW, as of June 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total rooftop solar power installation capacity of state is 3455.90 MW, as of April 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SherdiImage6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SherdiImage6.JPG/220px-SherdiImage6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SherdiImage6.JPG/330px-SherdiImage6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SherdiImage6.JPG/440px-SherdiImage6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Traditional farming</figcaption></figure> <p>The total geographical area of Gujarat is 19,602,400 hectares, of which crops take up 10,630,700 hectares.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2013)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three main sources of growth in Gujarat's agriculture are from cotton production, the rapid growth of high-value foods such as livestock, fruits and vegetables, and from wheat production, which saw an annual average growth rate of 28% between 2000 and 2008 (According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute" title="International Food Policy Research Institute">International Food Policy Research Institute</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major produce includes bajra, groundnut, cotton, rice, maize, wheat, mustard, sesame, pigeon pea, green gram, sugarcane, mango, banana, sapota, lime, guava, tomato, potato, onion, cumin, garlic, isabgul and fennel. Whilst, in recent times, Gujarat has seen a high average annual growth of 9% in the agricultural sector, the rest of India has an annual growth rate of around 3%. This success was lauded by former President of India, APJ Abdul Kalam.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strengths of Gujarat's agricultural success have been attributed to diversified crops and cropping patters; climatic diversity (8 climatic zones for agriculture); the existence of 4 agricultural universities in the state, which promote research in agricultural efficiency and sustainability;<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> co-operatives; adoption of hi-tech agriculture such as tissue culture, green houses and shed-net houses; agriculture export zones; strong marketing infrastructure, which includes cold storage, processing units, logistic hubs and consultancy facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gujarat is the main producer of tobacco, cotton, and groundnuts in India. Other major food crops produced are rice, wheat, <i>jowar, bajra</i>, maize, <i>tur</i>, and <i>gram</i>. The state has an agricultural economy; the total crop area amounts to more than one-half of the total land area.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal husbandry and dairying have played vital roles in the rural economy of Gujarat. Dairy farming, primarily concerned with milk production, functions on a co-operative basis and has more than a million members. Gujarat is the largest producer of milk in India. The <a href="/wiki/Amul" title="Amul">Amul</a> milk co-operative federation is well known all over India, and it is Asia's biggest dairy.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the livestock raised are, buffaloes and other cattle, sheep, and goats. As per the results of livestock census 1997, there were 20.97 million head of livestock in Gujarat State. In the estimates of the survey of major livestock products, during the year 2002–03, Gujarat produced 6.09 million tonnes of milk, 385 million eggs and 2.71 million kg of wool. Gujarat also contributes inputs to the textiles, oil, and soap industries. </p><p>The adoption of cooperatives in Gujarat is widely attributed to much of the success in the agricultural sector, particularly sugar and dairy <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a>. Cooperative farming has been a component of India's strategy for agricultural development since 1951. Whilethe success of these was mixed throughout the country, their positive impact on the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat have been the most significant. In 1995 alone, the two states had more registered co-operatives than any other region in the country. Out of these, the agricultural cooperatives have received much attention. Many have focused on subsidies and credit to farmers and rather than collective gathering, they have focused on facilitating collective processing and marketing of produce. However, whilethey have led to increased productivity, their effect on equity in the region has been questioned, because membership in agricultural co-operatives has tended to favour landowners whilelimiting the entry of landless agricultural labourers.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of co-operative success in Gujarat can be illustrated through dairy co-operatives, with the particular example of <a href="/wiki/Amul" title="Amul">Amul</a> (Anand Milk Union Limited). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amul_Plant_at_Anand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amul_Plant_at_Anand.jpg/220px-Amul_Plant_at_Anand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amul_Plant_at_Anand.jpg/330px-Amul_Plant_at_Anand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amul_Plant_at_Anand.jpg/440px-Amul_Plant_at_Anand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5214" data-file-height="2329" /></a><figcaption>Amul plant at Anand</figcaption></figure> <p>Amul was formed as a dairy cooperative in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the city of Anand, Gujarat. The cooperative, Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF), is jointly owned by around 2.6 million milk producers in Gujarat. Amul has been seen as one of the best examples of cooperative achievement and success in a developing economy and the Amul pattern of growth has been taken as a model for rural development, particularly in the agricultural sector of developing economies. The company stirred the White Revolution of India (also known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">Operation Flood</a>), the world's biggest dairy development program, and made the milk-deficient nation of India the largest milk producer in the world, in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Amul Model" aims to stop the exploitation by middlemen and encourage freedom of movement since the farmers are in control of procurement, processing and packaging of the milk and milk products.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company is worth 2.5 billion US dollars (as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gujarat&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>70% of Gujarat's area is classified as semi-arid to arid climatically, thus the demand on water from various economic activities puts a strain on the supply.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the total gross irrigated area, 16–17% is irrigated by government-owned canals and 83–84% by privately owned tube wells and other wells extracting groundwater, which is the predominant source of irrigation and water supply to the agricultural areas. As a result, Gujarat has faced problems with <a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">groundwater depletion</a>, especially after demand for water increased in the 1960s. As access to electricity in rural areas increased, submersible electric pumps became more popular in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the Gujarat Electricity Board switched to flat tariff rates linked to the horsepower of pumps, which increased tubewell irrigation again and decreased the use of electric pumps. By the 1990s, groundwater abstraction rates exceeded groundwater recharge rate in many districts, while only 37.5% of all districts has "safe" recharge rates. Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies is now an issue faced by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sardar Sarovar Project, a debated dam project in the Narmada valley consisting of a network of canals, has significantly increased irrigation in the region. However, its impact on communities who were displaced is still a contested issue. In 2012 Gujarat began an experiment to reduce water loss due to evaporation in canals and to increase sustainability in the area, by constructing solar panels over the canals. In a one megawatt (MW) solar power project set up at Chandrasan, Gujarat uses solar panels fixed over a 750-metre stretch of an irrigation canal. Unlike many solar power projects, this one does not take up large amounts of land since the panels are constructed over the canals, and not on additional land. This results in lower upfront costs since land does not need to be acquired, cleared or modified to set up the panels. The Chandrasan project is projected to save 9 million litres of water per year.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Government of Gujarat, to improve <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">soil management</a> and introduce farmers to new technology, started on a project which involved giving every farmer a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_Health_Card&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil Health Card (page does not exist)">Soil Health Card</a>. This acts like a ration card, providing permanent identification for the status of cultivated land, as well as farmers' names, account numbers, survey numbers, <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a> status and general fertiliser dose. Samples of land from each village are taken and analysed by the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Narmada_Valley_Fertilisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers">Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertiliser Corporation</a>, State Fertiliser Corporation and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Farmers_Fertiliser_Cooperative_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited">Indian Farmers Fertilisers Co-operative</a>. 1,200,000 <a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">soil test</a> data from the villages was collected as of 2008, from farmer's field villages have gone into a database. Assistance and advice for this project was given by local agricultural universities and crop and soil-specific data was added to the database. This allows the soil test data to be interpreted and recommendations or adjustments made in terms of fertiliser requirements, which are also added to the database.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gujarat" title="Culture of Gujarat">Culture of Gujarat</a></div> <p>Gujarat is home for the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati people</a>. Gujarat was also the home of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, a worldwide figure known for his non-violent struggle against British rule, and <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, a founding father of the Republic of India. Gujarat is known for its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_dances_of_Gujarat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folk dances of Gujarat (page does not exist)">Folk dances of Gujarat</a> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati literature</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemchandra_Acharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hemchandra_Acharya.jpg/200px-Hemchandra_Acharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hemchandra_Acharya.jpg/300px-Hemchandra_Acharya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hemchandra_Acharya.jpg/400px-Hemchandra_Acharya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Acharya <a href="/wiki/Hemchandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemchandra">Hemchandra</a> with his disciple Raja <a href="/wiki/Kumarapala_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)">Kumarapala</a>. He is regarded as the father of the Gujarati language.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrimad_Rajchandra_and_Ambalal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shrimad_Rajchandra_and_Ambalal.jpg/200px-Shrimad_Rajchandra_and_Ambalal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shrimad_Rajchandra_and_Ambalal.jpg/300px-Shrimad_Rajchandra_and_Ambalal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shrimad_Rajchandra_and_Ambalal.jpg/400px-Shrimad_Rajchandra_and_Ambalal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Shrimad Rajchandra writing <i>Atmasiddhi</i> in single sitting of 1.5 hrs, one of the longest Gujarati poems based on <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati literature</a> may be traced back to 1000 CE. Well-known laureates of Gujarati literature include <a href="/wiki/Hemchandracharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemchandracharya">Hemchandracharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narsinh_Mehta" title="Narsinh Mehta">Narsinh Mehta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirabai" title="Mirabai">Mirabai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akho" class="mw-redirect" title="Akho">Akho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premanand_Bhatt" title="Premanand Bhatt">Premanand Bhatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamal_Bhatt" title="Shamal Bhatt">Shamal Bhatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayaram" title="Dayaram">Dayaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalpatram" title="Dalpatram">Dalpatram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govardhanram_Tripathi" title="Govardhanram Tripathi">Govardhanram Tripathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._M._Munshi" class="mw-redirect" title="K. M. Munshi">K. M. Munshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umashankar_Joshi" title="Umashankar Joshi">Umashankar Joshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suresh_Joshi" title="Suresh Joshi">Suresh Joshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannalal_Patel" title="Pannalal Patel">Pannalal Patel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Shah_(author)" title="Rajendra Shah (author)">Rajendra Shah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kavi_Kant" title="Kavi Kant">Kavi Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaverchand_Meghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaverchand Meghani">Zaverchand Meghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalapi" title="Kalapi">Kalapi</a> are famous Gujarati poets. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Vidhya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat Vidhya Sabha">Gujarat Vidhya Sabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sahitya_Sabha" title="Gujarat Sahitya Sabha">Gujarat Sahitya Sabha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Sahitya_Parishad" title="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad">Gujarati Sahitya Parishad</a> are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature. <a href="/wiki/Saraswatichandra_(novel)" title="Saraswatichandra (novel)">Saraswatichandra</a> is a landmark novel by <a href="/wiki/Govardhanram_Tripathi" title="Govardhanram Tripathi">Govardhanram Tripathi</a>. Writers like Aanand Shankar Dhruv, Ashvini Bhatt, <a href="/wiki/Balwantray_Thakore" title="Balwantray Thakore">Balwantray Thakore</a>, Bhaven Kachhi, <a href="/wiki/Bhagwatikumar_Sharma" title="Bhagwatikumar Sharma">Bhagwatikumar Sharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrakant_Bakshi" title="Chandrakant Bakshi">Chandrakant Bakshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunvant_Shah" title="Gunvant Shah">Gunvant Shah</a>, Harindra Dave, Harkisan Mehta, Jay Vasavada, Jyotindra Dave, Kanti Bhatt, Kavi Nanalal, Khabardar, <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvandas_Luhar" title="Tribhuvandas Luhar">Sundaram</a>, Makarand Dave, Ramesh Parekh, Suresh Dalal, Tarak Mehta, Vinod Bhatt, Dhruv Bhatt and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers. </p><p>A notable contribution to Gujarati literature came from the <a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Swaminarayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagwan Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> paramhanso, like <a href="/wiki/Brahmanand_Swami" title="Brahmanand Swami">Brahmanand Swami</a>, Premanand, with prose like <a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a> and poetry in the form of <a href="/wiki/Bhajans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhajans">bhajans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shrimad Rajchandra Vachnamrut and Shri <a href="/wiki/Atma_Siddhi" title="Atma Siddhi">Atma Siddhi</a> Shastra, written in 19th century by Jain philosopher and poet <a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a> (Mahatma Gandhi's guru) are very well known.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gujarati theatre owes a lot to <a href="/wiki/Bhavai" title="Bhavai">Bhavai</a>. Bhavai is a <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> musical performance of stage plays. <a href="/wiki/Ketan_Mehta" title="Ketan Mehta">Ketan Mehta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Leela_Bhansali" title="Sanjay Leela Bhansali">Sanjay Leela Bhansali</a> explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bhavni_Bhavai" title="Bhavni Bhavai">Bhavni Bhavai</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oh_Darling!_Yeh_Hai_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India">Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hum_Dil_De_Chuke_Sanam" title="Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam">Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam</a></i>. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature. </p><p>Mumbai theatre veteran, <a href="/wiki/Alyque_Padamsee" title="Alyque Padamsee">Alyque Padamsee</a>, best known in the English-speaking world for playing <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> in Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a></i>, was from a traditional Gujarati-Kutchi family from Kathiawar.<sup id="cite_ref-Padamsee1999_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padamsee1999-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujarati_Dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gujarati_Dish.jpg/220px-Gujarati_Dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gujarati_Dish.jpg/330px-Gujarati_Dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gujarati_Dish.jpg/440px-Gujarati_Dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Gujarati thali</figcaption></figure> <p>Gujarati food is primarily vegetarian. The typical Gujarati <i><a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thali</a></i> consists of <i><a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">rotli</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakri" title="Bhakri">bhakhari</a> or thepala or rotlo</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kadhi" title="Kadhi">kadhi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khichdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khichdi">khichdi</a></i>, Bhat and <i><a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">shak</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_pickle#India" title="South Asian pickle">Athanu (Indian pickle)</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chhundo" title="Chhundo">chhundo</a></i> are used as <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiments</a>. The four major regions of Gujarat all bring their own styles to Gujarati food. Many Gujarati dishes are distinctively sweet, salty, and spicy at the same time. In the <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra region</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chass" class="mw-redirect" title="Chass">chhash</a></i> (buttermilk) is believed to be a must-have in their daily food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati cinema</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati film industry">Gujarati film industry</a> dates back to 1932, when the first Gujarati film, <i><a href="/wiki/Narsinh_Mehta_(1932_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)">Narsinh Mehta</a></i>, was released.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After flourishing through the 1960s to 1980s, the industry saw a decline. The industry is revived in recent times. The film industry has produced more than one thousand films since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-Thou2011_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thou2011-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government of Gujarat announced a 100% entertainment <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">tax exemption</a> for Gujarati films in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_2005_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy_2005-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a policy of incentives in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-polic2016_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polic2016-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gujarat" title="Music of Gujarat">Music of Gujarat</a></div> <p>Gujarati folk music, known as <i>Sugam Sangeet</i>, is a hereditary profession of the <a href="/wiki/Barot_(caste)" title="Barot (caste)">Barot</a> community. <a href="/wiki/Gadhvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadhvi">Gadhvi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charan" title="Charan">Charan</a> communities have contributed heavily in modern times. The omnipresent instruments in Gujarati folk music include wind instruments, such as <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">turi</i></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">bungal</i></span>, and <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">pava</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>, such as the <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">ravan hattho</i></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">ektaro</i></span>, and <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">jantar</i></span> and percussion instruments, such as the <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">manjira</i></span> and <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">zanz</i></span> pot drum.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navratri_Garba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garba during Navaratri in Ahmedabad"><img alt="Garba during Navaratri in Ahmedabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Navratri_Garba.jpg/302px-Navratri_Garba.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Navratri_Garba.jpg/453px-Navratri_Garba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Navratri_Garba.jpg/603px-Navratri_Garba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Garba_(dance)" title="Garba (dance)">Garba</a> during Navaratri in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navratri_garba_at_Ambaji_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navratri Garba at Ambaji temple"><img alt="Navratri Garba at Ambaji temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Navratri_garba_at_Ambaji_temple.jpg/307px-Navratri_garba_at_Ambaji_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Navratri_garba_at_Ambaji_temple.jpg/461px-Navratri_garba_at_Ambaji_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Navratri_garba_at_Ambaji_temple.jpg/613px-Navratri_garba_at_Ambaji_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Navratri Garba at <a href="/wiki/Ambaji_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambaji temple">Ambaji temple</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dandiya_Raas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tourists playing Dandiya Raas"><img alt="Tourists playing Dandiya Raas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dandiya_Raas.jpg/297px-Dandiya_Raas.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dandiya_Raas.jpg/447px-Dandiya_Raas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dandiya_Raas.jpg/594px-Dandiya_Raas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tourists playing <a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Kite_Festival,India.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="International Kite Festival, Ahmedabad"><img alt="International Kite Festival, Ahmedabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/International_Kite_Festival%2CIndia.JPG/304px-International_Kite_Festival%2CIndia.JPG" decoding="async" width="203" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/International_Kite_Festival%2CIndia.JPG/456px-International_Kite_Festival%2CIndia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/International_Kite_Festival%2CIndia.JPG/607px-International_Kite_Festival%2CIndia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/International_Kite_Festival_in_Gujarat_%E2%80%93_Uttarayan" title="International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan">International Kite Festival</a>, Ahmedabad</div> </li> </ul> <p>The folk traditions of Gujarat include <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bhavai" title="Bhavai">bhavai</a></i></span> and <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">raas</a>-<a href="/wiki/Garba_(dance)" title="Garba (dance)">garba</a></i></span>. <i>Bhavai</i> is a folk theatre; it is partly entertainment and partly ritual, and is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Amba</a>. The <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">raas-garba</i></span> is a folk dance done as a celebration of <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a> by Gujarati people. The <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">folk costume</a> of this dance is <i><a href="/wiki/Gagra_choli" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagra choli">chaniya choli</a></i> for women and <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">kedia</i></span> for men. Different styles and steps of <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">garba</i></span> include <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">dodhiyu</i></span>, simple five, simple seven, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">popatiyu</i></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">trikoniya</i></span> (hand movement which forms an imagery triangle), <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">lehree</i></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">tran taali</i></span>, butterfly, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">hudo</i></span>, two claps and many more. <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">Sheri garba</i></span> is one of the oldest form of garba where all the women wear red patola sari and sing along while dancing. It is a very graceful form of garba.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></i> is a festival where people of Gujarat fly kites. In Gujarat, from December through to <i>Makar Sankranti</i>, people start enjoying kite flying. <i><a href="/wiki/Undhiyu" title="Undhiyu">Undhiyu</a></i>, a special dish made of various vegetables, is a must-have of Gujarati people on <i>Makar Sankranti</i>. Surat is especially well known for the strong string which is made by applying glass powder on the row thread to provide it a cutting edge.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from Navratri and Uttarayana, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavir Jayanti">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chup_Tazia" title="Chup Tazia">Tazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paryushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paryushan">Paryushan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavnath_fair" title="Bhavnath fair">Bhavnath fair</a>, and others are also celebrated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffusion_of_culture">Diffusion of culture</h3></div> <p>Due to close proximity to the Arabian Sea, Gujarat has developed a mercantile ethos which maintained a cultural tradition of <a href="/wiki/Seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafaring">seafaring</a>, long-distance trade, and overseas contacts with the outside world since ancient times, and the diffusion of culture through Gujarati <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> was a logical outcome of such a tradition. During the pre-modern period, various European sources have observed that these merchants formed diaspora communities outside of Gujarat, and in many parts of the world, such as the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long before the internal rise of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> dynasty, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> colonial occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early 1st-century Western historians such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> are testament to Gujarati people's role in the spread of Buddhism in the Mediterranean, when it was recorded that the <i><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">sramana</a></i> monk <a href="/wiki/Zarmanochegas" title="Zarmanochegas">Zarmanochegas</a> (Ζαρμανοχηγὰς) of <a href="/wiki/Barygaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Barygaza">Barygaza</a> met <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas of Damascus">Nicholas of Damascus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> while Augustus ruled the Roman Empire, and shortly thereafter proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> where died by <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">setting himself on fire</a> to demonstrate his faith.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tomb to the <i>sramana</i>, was still visible in the time of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which bore the mention "ΖΑΡΜΑΝΟΧΗΓΑΣ ΙΝΔΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΒΑΡΓΟΣΗΣ" ("The <i>sramana</i> master from Barygaza in India").<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The progenitor of the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala language</a> is believed to have been <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a>, son of King Simhabahu, who ruled Simhapura (modern-day Sihor near Bhavnagar).<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Vijaya was banished by his father for his lawlessness and set forth with a band of adventurers. This tradition was followed by other Gujaratis. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta</a> frescoes, a Gujarati prince is shown entering <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Indians migrated to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, most of them Gujaratis. King Aji Saka, who is said to have come to Java in Indonesia in year 1 of the Saka calendar, is believed by some to have been a king of Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Indian settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and Java Island of Indonesia are believed to have been established with the coming of Prince Dhruvavijaya of Gujarat, with 5000 traders.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some stories propose a Brahmin named Tritresta was the first to bring Gujarati migrants with him to Java, so some scholars equate him with Aji Saka.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Gujarati ship has been depicted in a sculpture at Borabudur, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Gujarat" title="Tourism in Gujarat">Tourism in Gujarat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saputara,_Gujarat,_India_-_panoramio_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Saputara%2C_Gujarat%2C_India_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/220px-Saputara%2C_Gujarat%2C_India_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Saputara%2C_Gujarat%2C_India_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/330px-Saputara%2C_Gujarat%2C_India_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Saputara%2C_Gujarat%2C_India_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/440px-Saputara%2C_Gujarat%2C_India_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saputara" title="Saputara">Saputara</a> – a hill station in Gujarat</figcaption></figure> <p>Gujarat's natural environment includes the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Great Rann of Kutch">Great Rann of Kutch</a> and the hills of <a href="/wiki/Saputara" title="Saputara">Saputara</a>, and it is the sole home of pure Asiatic lions in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reigns of the sultans, Hindu craftsmanship blended with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> style. Many structures in the state are built in this fashion. It is also the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, figures of <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India's Independence</a> movement. <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> is currently the brand ambassador of Gujarat Tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Unity_in_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Statue_of_Unity_in_2018.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Unity_in_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Statue_of_Unity_in_2018.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Unity_in_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Statue_of_Unity_in_2018.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Unity_in_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a> facing the <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Sarovar_Dam" title="Sardar Sarovar Dam">Sardar Sarovar Dam</a> on the river <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> in Kevadiya colony</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_memorials">Museums and memorials</h3></div> <p>Gujarat has a variety of museums on different genres that are run by the state's Department of Museums located at the principal state museum, <a href="/wiki/Baroda_Museum_%26_Picture_Gallery" title="Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery">Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also the location of the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Fateh_Singh_Museum" title="Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum">Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar" title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar">Kirti Mandir, Porbandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a> are museums related to Mahatma Gandhi, the former being the place of his birth and the latter two where he lived in his lifetime. Kaba Gandhi No Delo in <a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a> exhibits part of a rare collection of photographs relating to the life of Mahatma Gandhi. Sabarmati Ashram is the place where Gandhi initiated the <a href="/wiki/Dandi_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandi March">Dandi March</a>. On 12 March 1930 he vowed that he would not return to the Ashram until India won independence.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum is housed within <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Vilas_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmi Vilas Palace">Lakshmi Vilas Palace</a>, the residence of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharajas</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Calico_Museum_of_Textiles" title="Calico Museum of Textiles">Calico Museum of Textiles</a> is managed by the Sarabhai Foundation and is one of the most popular tourist spots in Ahmedabad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Lakhota Museum at Jamnagar is a palace transformed into museum, which was residence of the Jadeja Rajputs. The collection of the museum includes artefacts spanning from 9th to 18th centuries, pottery from medieval villages nearby and the skeleton of a whale. </p><p>Other well-known museums in the state include the <a href="/wiki/Kutch_Museum" title="Kutch Museum">Kutch Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhuj" title="Bhuj">Bhuj</a>, which is the oldest museum in Gujarat founded in 1877, the <a href="/wiki/Watson_Museum" title="Watson Museum">Watson Museum</a> of human history and culture in <a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Science_City" title="Gujarat Science City">Gujarat Science City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Memorial" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial</a> in Ahmedabad. In October 2018, the world's tallest statue commemorating the independence leader Sardar Patel was unveiled. At 182 metres tall the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a> is the newest tourist attraction with over 30,000 visitors every day.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_sites">Religious sites</h3></div> <p>Religious sites play a major part in the tourism of Gujarat. <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a> is the first of the twelve <a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlingas</a>, and is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dwarkadheesh_temple,_Gujrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarkadheesh temple, Gujrat">Dwarakadheesh Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Damodar_Temple,_Junagadh" title="Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh">Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dakor" title="Dakor">Dakor</a> are holy pilgrimage sites with temples dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Lord Krishna</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple,_Modhera" title="Sun Temple, Modhera">Sun Temple, Modhera</a> is a ticketed monument, handled by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other religious sites in state include <a href="/wiki/Ambaji" title="Ambaji">Ambaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakor" title="Dakor">Dakor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamlaji" title="Shamlaji">Shamlaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chotila" title="Chotila">Chotila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Becharaji" title="Becharaji">Becharaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahudi" title="Mahudi">Mahudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankheshwar" title="Shankheshwar">Shankheshwar</a> etc. The <a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana temples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> on Mount <a href="/wiki/Shatrunjaya" title="Shatrunjaya">Shatrunjaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana</a> are considered the holiest of all <a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">pilgrimage places</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Svetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetambara">Svetambara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> <a href="/wiki/Jain_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain community">Jain community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palitana is the world's only mountain with more than 900 temples.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Saiyyed_Mosque" title="Sidi Saiyyed Mosque">Sidi Saiyyed Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Ahmedabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad">Jama Masjid</a> are holy mosques for Gujarati Muslims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairs">Fairs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarnetar01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tarnetar01.jpg/220px-Tarnetar01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tarnetar01.jpg/330px-Tarnetar01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tarnetar01.jpg/440px-Tarnetar01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Tarnetar Fair, <a href="/wiki/Tarnetar" title="Tarnetar">Tarnetar</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarnetar_Fair_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tarnetar_Fair_09.jpg/220px-Tarnetar_Fair_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tarnetar_Fair_09.jpg/330px-Tarnetar_Fair_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tarnetar_Fair_09.jpg/440px-Tarnetar_Fair_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A man in traditional costumes during <a href="/wiki/Tarnetar" title="Tarnetar">Tarnetar</a> fair</figcaption></figure> <p>A five-day festival is held during <a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a> at the fort of <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a>, Junagadh, known as the Bhavanth Mahadev Fair (Gujarati: ભવનાથ નો મેળો). The Kutch Festival or Rann Festival (Gujarati: કચ્છ or રણ ઉત્સવ) is a festival celebrated at Kutch during <a href="/wiki/Mahashivratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahashivratri">Mahashivratri</a>. The <i>Modhra Dance Festival</i> is a festival for classical dance, arranged by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government of Gujarat</a>'s Cultural Department, to promote tourism in state and to keep traditions and culture alive.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ambaji Fair is held in the Hindu month of Bhadrapad (around August–September) at Ambaji, during a time which is particularly suitable for farmers, when the busy monsoon season is about to end. The Bhadrapad fair is held at Ambaji which is in the Danta Taluka of Banaskantha district, near the Gujarat-Rajasthan border. The walk from the bus station to the temple is less than one kilometre, under a roofed walkway. Direct buses are available from many places, including Mount Abu (45 km away), Palanpur (65 km away), Ahmedabad and Idar. The Bhadrapad fair is held in the centre of the Ambaji village just outside the temple premises. The village is visited by the largest number of sanghas (pilgrim groups) during the fair. Many of them go there on foot, which is particularly enriching as it happens immediately after the monsoon, when the landscape is rich with greenery, streams are full of sparkling water and the air is fresh. About 1.5 million devotees are known to attend this fair each year from all over the world. Not only Hindus, but some devout Jains and Parsis also attend the functions, while some Muslims attend the fair for trade. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tarnetar" title="Tarnetar">Tarnetar</a> Fair is held during the first week of <i>Bhadrapad</i>, (September–October according to <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>), and mostly serves as a place to find a suitable bride for tribal people from Gujarat. The region is believed to be the place where <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> took up the difficult task of piercing the eye of a fish, rotating at the end of a pole, by looking at its reflection in the pond water, to marry <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other fairs in Gujarat include Dang Durbar, Shamlaji Fair, Chitra Vichitra Fair, Dhrang Fair and Vautha Fair. </p><p>The Government of Gujarat has <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_India" title="Alcohol laws of India">banned alcohol</a> since 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarat government collected the <i>Best State Award</i> for 'Citizen Security' by IBN7 Diamond States on 24 December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Gandhi_at_Sabarmati_Ashram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad"><img alt="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Statue_of_Gandhi_at_Sabarmati_Ashram.jpg/270px-Statue_of_Gandhi_at_Sabarmati_Ashram.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Statue_of_Gandhi_at_Sabarmati_Ashram.jpg/405px-Statue_of_Gandhi_at_Sabarmati_Ashram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Statue_of_Gandhi_at_Sabarmati_Ashram.jpg/539px-Statue_of_Gandhi_at_Sabarmati_Ashram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3338" data-file-height="2490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somnath-current.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somnath Temple, Veraval"><img alt="Somnath Temple, Veraval" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Somnath-current.jpg/268px-Somnath-current.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Somnath-current.jpg/403px-Somnath-current.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Somnath-current.jpg/536px-Somnath-current.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Somnath_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath Temple">Somnath Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veraval" title="Veraval">Veraval</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwarkadhish Temple, Dwarka"><img alt="Dwarkadhish Temple, Dwarka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg/268px-Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg/403px-Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg/536px-Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dwarkadhish Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh"><img alt="Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC001.jpg/268px-Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC001.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC001.jpg/403px-Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC001.jpg/536px-Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Damodar_Temple,_Junagadh" title="Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh">Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vadnagar_Torana.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kirti Toran, Vadnagar"><img alt="Kirti Toran, Vadnagar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Vadnagar_Torana.JPG/268px-Vadnagar_Torana.JPG" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Vadnagar_Torana.JPG/403px-Vadnagar_Torana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Vadnagar_Torana.JPG/536px-Vadnagar_Torana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kirti Toran, <a href="/wiki/Vadnagar" title="Vadnagar">Vadnagar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akshardham_Gandhinagar_Gujarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akshardham Gandhinagar"><img alt="Akshardham Gandhinagar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Akshardham_Gandhinagar_Gujarat.jpg/312px-Akshardham_Gandhinagar_Gujarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Akshardham_Gandhinagar_Gujarat.jpg/469px-Akshardham_Gandhinagar_Gujarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Akshardham_Gandhinagar_Gujarat.jpg/624px-Akshardham_Gandhinagar_Gujarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Akshardham_(Gandhinagar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshardham (Gandhinagar)">Akshardham</a> <a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jama_masjid_in_Champaner.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jama Mosque, Champaner"><img alt="Jama Mosque, Champaner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jama_masjid_in_Champaner.JPG/268px-Jama_masjid_in_Champaner.JPG" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jama_masjid_in_Champaner.JPG/403px-Jama_masjid_in_Champaner.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jama_masjid_in_Champaner.JPG/536px-Jama_masjid_in_Champaner.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jama_Mosque,_Champaner" title="Jama Mosque, Champaner">Jama Mosque, Champaner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakhota_Lake_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lakhota Museum in Jamnagar"><img alt="Lakhota Museum in Jamnagar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lakhota_Lake_Museum.JPG/302px-Lakhota_Lake_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lakhota_Lake_Museum.JPG/453px-Lakhota_Lake_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lakhota_Lake_Museum.JPG/603px-Lakhota_Lake_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lakhota Museum in <a href="/wiki/Jamnagar" title="Jamnagar">Jamnagar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Temple,_Modhera_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun Temple, Modhera"><img alt="Sun Temple, Modhera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera_06.jpg/299px-Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera_06.jpg/449px-Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera_06.jpg/597px-Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5094" data-file-height="3429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple,_Modhera" title="Sun Temple, Modhera">Sun Temple, Modhera</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laxmi_Vilas_Palace_-_Vadodara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara"><img alt="Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Laxmi_Vilas_Palace_-_Vadodara.jpg/303px-Laxmi_Vilas_Palace_-_Vadodara.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Laxmi_Vilas_Palace_-_Vadodara.jpg/455px-Laxmi_Vilas_Palace_-_Vadodara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Laxmi_Vilas_Palace_-_Vadodara.jpg/605px-Laxmi_Vilas_Palace_-_Vadodara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Laxmi_Vilas_Palace,_Vadodara" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara">Laxmi Vilas Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vijay_Vilas_-_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vijay Vilas Palace, Mandvi, Kutch"><img alt="Vijay Vilas Palace, Mandvi, Kutch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vijay_Vilas_-_2009.JPG/268px-Vijay_Vilas_-_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vijay_Vilas_-_2009.JPG/403px-Vijay_Vilas_-_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vijay_Vilas_-_2009.JPG/536px-Vijay_Vilas_-_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Vilas_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijay Vilas Palace">Vijay Vilas Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandvi" title="Mandvi">Mandvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahauddin_Maqbara_by_Kshitij.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahabat Maqbara, Junagadh"><img alt="Mahabat Maqbara, Junagadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bahauddin_Maqbara_by_Kshitij.jpg/302px-Bahauddin_Maqbara_by_Kshitij.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bahauddin_Maqbara_by_Kshitij.jpg/453px-Bahauddin_Maqbara_by_Kshitij.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bahauddin_Maqbara_by_Kshitij.jpg/603px-Bahauddin_Maqbara_by_Kshitij.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mahabat_Maqbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabat Maqbara">Mahabat Maqbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kutch_Bhadreshwar_Jain_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasai Jain Temple, Kutch"><img alt="Vasai Jain Temple, Kutch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kutch_Bhadreshwar_Jain_Temple.jpg/385px-Kutch_Bhadreshwar_Jain_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kutch_Bhadreshwar_Jain_Temple.jpg/578px-Kutch_Bhadreshwar_Jain_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kutch_Bhadreshwar_Jain_Temple.jpg/769px-Kutch_Bhadreshwar_Jain_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="1557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vasai_Jain_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasai Jain Temple">Vasai Jain Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wankaner-palace.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wankaner palace, Wankaner"><img alt="Wankaner palace, Wankaner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wankaner-palace.png/257px-Wankaner-palace.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wankaner-palace.png/387px-Wankaner-palace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wankaner-palace.png/515px-Wankaner-palace.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wankaner palace, <a href="/wiki/Wankaner" title="Wankaner">Wankaner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandvi_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandvi Beach, Kutch"><img alt="Mandvi Beach, Kutch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mandvi_Beach.jpg/151px-Mandvi_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mandvi_Beach.jpg/227px-Mandvi_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mandvi_Beach.jpg/302px-Mandvi_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mandvi" title="Mandvi">Mandvi</a> Beach, <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmedabad_Airport_Terminal_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ahmedabad_Airport_Terminal_2.jpg/218px-Ahmedabad_Airport_Terminal_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ahmedabad_Airport_Terminal_2.jpg/327px-Ahmedabad_Airport_Terminal_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ahmedabad_Airport_Terminal_2.jpg/436px-Ahmedabad_Airport_Terminal_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport</a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surat_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Surat_Airport.jpg/218px-Surat_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Surat_Airport.jpg/327px-Surat_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Surat_Airport.jpg/436px-Surat_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Surat_Airport" title="Surat Airport">Surat Airport</a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Gujarat" title="List of airports in Gujarat">List of airports in Gujarat</a></div><div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 300px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="6" data-lat="22.719" data-lon="71.224" data-overlays="["_8bb6b58a03886a104d040b30b3341c95f41b8ee0"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/22.719/71.224/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,22.719,71.224,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Gujarat&revid=1257566612&groups=_8bb6b58a03886a104d040b30b3341c95f41b8ee0" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,22.719,71.224,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Gujarat&revid=1257566612&groups=_8bb6b58a03886a104d040b30b3341c95f41b8ee0 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Airports_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Airports in Gujarat">Airports in Gujarat</a></div></div></div> <p>There are three international airports (<a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_Airport" title="Ahmedabad Airport">Ahmedabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surat_Airport" title="Surat Airport">Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadodara_Airport" title="Vadodara Airport">Vadodara</a>), nine domestic airports (<a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_Airport" title="Bhavnagar Airport">Bhavnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhuj_Airport" title="Bhuj Airport">Bhuj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamnagar_Airport" title="Jamnagar Airport">Jamnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandla_Airport" title="Kandla Airport">Kandla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porbandar_Airport" title="Porbandar Airport">Porbandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajkot_Airport" title="Rajkot Airport">Rajkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amreli_Airport" title="Amreli Airport">Amreli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keshod_Airport" title="Keshod Airport">Keshod</a>), two private airports (<a href="/wiki/Mundra_Airport" title="Mundra Airport">Mundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mithapur" title="Mithapur">Mithapur</a>) and three military bases (<a href="/wiki/Bhuj_Rudra_Mata_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Base">Bhuj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamnagar_Airport" title="Jamnagar Airport">Jamnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naliya_Air_Force_Station" title="Naliya Air Force Station">Naliya</a>) in Gujarat. Two more airports (<a href="/wiki/Ankleshwar_Airport" title="Ankleshwar Airport">Ankleshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajkot_Greenfield_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajkot Greenfield Airport">Rajkot</a>) are under construction. There are three disused airports situated at <a href="/wiki/Deesa_Airport" title="Deesa Airport">Deesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandvi" title="Mandvi">Mandvi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehsana_Airport" title="Mehsana Airport">Mehsana</a>; the last serving as a flying school. Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited (GUJSAIL) has been established by the Government of Gujarat to foster development of aviation infrastructure in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These airports are operated and owned by either the <a href="/wiki/Airport_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Airport Authority of India">Airports Authority of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a>, Government of Gujarat or private companies.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GCAP_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCAP-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Gujarat" title="Category:Railway stations in Gujarat">Railway stations in Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pune_%E2%80%93_Mumbai_%E2%80%93_Ahmedabad_High-Speed_Passenger_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pune – Mumbai – Ahmedabad High-Speed Passenger Corridor">Pune – Mumbai – Ahmedabad High-Speed Passenger Corridor</a></div> <p>Gujarat comes under the <a href="/wiki/Western_Railway_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Railway Zone">Western Railway Zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmedabad Railway Station">Ahmedabad Railway Station</a> is the most important, centrally located and biggest railway station in Gujarat which connects to all important cities of Gujarat and India.<a href="/wiki/Surat_railway_station" title="Surat railway station">Surat railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vadodara_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadodara Railway Station">Vadodara Railway Station</a> is also the busiest railway station in Gujarat and the ninth busiest railway station in India. Other important railway stations are <a href="/wiki/Surat_railway_station" title="Surat railway station">Palanpur Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_Terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavnagar Terminus">Bhavnagar Terminus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajkot_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajkot Railway Station">Rajkot Railway Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarmati Junction">Sabarmati Junction</a>, Nadiad Junction, Valsad Railway Station, Bharuch Junction, Gandhidham Junction, Anand Junction, Godhra Railway Station, etc. Indian Railways is planning a dedicated rail freight route Delhi–Mumbai passing through the state. </p><p>The 39.259 km (24.394 mi) long tracks of the first phase of <a href="/wiki/Metro-Link_Express_for_Gandhinagar_and_Ahmedabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad">MEGA</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro rail system</a> for Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar is under construction. It is expected to complete by 2024. The construction started on 14 March 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-DeshGuj32015_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeshGuj32015-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gujarat_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gujarat-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3></div> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 300px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="6" data-lat="22.719" data-lon="71.224" data-overlays="["_914a1e2ae27a8b8b5a160edc9ad9323d8107f1cd"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/22.719/71.224/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,22.719,71.224,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Gujarat&revid=1257566612&groups=_914a1e2ae27a8b8b5a160edc9ad9323d8107f1cd" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,22.719,71.224,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Gujarat&revid=1257566612&groups=_914a1e2ae27a8b8b5a160edc9ad9323d8107f1cd 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Operational Ports and harbours of Gujarat</div></div></div> <p>Gujarat State has the longest sea coast of 1214 km in India. <a href="/wiki/Kandla_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandla Port">Kandla Port</a> is one of the largest ports serving Western India. Other important ports in Gujarat are the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Navlakhi" title="Port of Navlakhi">Port of Navlakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Magdalla" title="Port of Magdalla">Port of Magdalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Pipavav" title="Port Pipavav">Port Pipavav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamnagar" title="Jamnagar">Bedi Port</a>, Port of <a href="/wiki/Porbandar" title="Porbandar">Porbandar</a>, Port of <a href="/wiki/Veraval" title="Veraval">Veraval</a> and the privately owned <a href="/wiki/Mundra_Port" title="Mundra Port">Mundra Port</a>. The state also has <a href="/wiki/RORO_ferry_service,_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="RORO ferry service, Gujarat">Ro-Ro ferry service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_Gujarat" title="List of ports and harbours of Gujarat">List of ports and harbours of Gujarat</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Highways_in_India#Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Highways in India">List of National Highways in Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Gujarat" title="List of state highways in Gujarat">List of state highways in Gujarat</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bus_terminus_in_Vadodara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bus_terminus_in_Vadodara.jpg/200px-Bus_terminus_in_Vadodara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bus_terminus_in_Vadodara.jpg/300px-Bus_terminus_in_Vadodara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Bus_terminus_in_Vadodara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;">Bus terminal in <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg/200px-Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg/300px-Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg/400px-Ahmedabad_BRTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_BRTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmedabad BRTS">Ahmedabad BRTS</a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation">Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation</a> (GSRTC) is the primary body responsible for providing the bus services within the state of Gujarat and also with the neighbouring states. It is a public transport corporation providing bus services and public transit within Gujarat and to the other states in India. Apart from this, there are a number of services provided by GSRTC. </p> <ul><li>Mofussil Services – connects major cities, smaller towns and villages within Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Intercity Bus Services – connects major cities – Ahmedabad, Surat, Veraval, Vapi, Vadodara (Baroda), Rajkot, Bharuch etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Interstate Bus Services – connects various cities of Gujarat with the neighbouring states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_228-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>City Services – GSRTC provides city bus services at Surat, Vadodara, Vapi, Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad, within the state of Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_228-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parcel Services – service used for transporting goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_228-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Apart from this, the GSRTC provides special bus services for festivals, industrial zones, schools, colleges and pilgrim places also buses are given on contract basis to the public for certain special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_228-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>There are also city buses in cities like Ahmedabad (<a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_Municipal_Transport_Service" title="Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service">AMTS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_BRTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmedabad BRTS">Ahmedabad BRTS</a>), Surat (<a href="/wiki/Surat_BRTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat BRTS">Surat BRTS</a>), Bhavnagar (BMC CITY BUS) ) Vadodara (Vinayak Logistics), Gandhinagar (VTCOS), Rajkot (RMTS and <a href="/wiki/Rajkot_BRTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajkot BRTS">Rajkot BRTS</a>), Anand (VTCOS) Bharuch (Gurukrupa) etc.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaws</a> are common mode of transport in Gujarat. The Government of Gujarat is promoting bicycles to reduce pollution by the way of initiative taken by free cycle rides for commuters.. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gujarat" title="Education in Gujarat">Education in Gujarat</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Gujarat" title="List of institutions of higher education in Gujarat">List of institutions of higher education in Gujarat</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Secondary_and_Higher_Secondary_Education_Board" title="Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board">Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board</a> (GSHSEB) are in charge of the schools run by the Government of Gujarat. However, most of the private schools in Gujarat are affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</a> (CBSE) and <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations</a> (CISCE) board. Gujarat has 13 state universities and four agricultural universities. </p><p>Institutes for Engineering and Research in the area include <a href="/wiki/IIT_Gandhinagar" title="IIT Gandhinagar">IIT Gandhinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Vadodara" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Vadodara">Indian Institute of Information Technology Vadodara (IIITV)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Infrastructure,_Technology,_Research_and_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management">Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani_Institute_of_Information_and_Communication_Technology" title="Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology">Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/DA-IICT" class="mw-redirect" title="DA-IICT">DA-IICT</a>) also in Gandhinagar, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_National_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology">Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/SVNIT" class="mw-redirect" title="SVNIT">SVNIT</a>) and <a href="/wiki/P_P_Savani_University" title="P P Savani University">P P Savani University</a> in Surat, <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Deendayal_Petroleum_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University">Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University</a> (PDPU) in Gandhinagar, <a href="/wiki/Nirma_University" title="Nirma University">Nirma University</a> in Ahmedabad, M.S. University in Vadodara, Marwadi Education Foundation's Group of Institutions (MEFGI) in Rajkot and <a href="/wiki/Birla_Vishwakarma_Mahavidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya">Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya</a> (BVM) in Vallabh Vidyanagar (a suburb in Anand district). </p><p><a href="/wiki/MICA_(institute)" title="MICA (institute)">Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad</a> (MICA) is an institute for mass communication. </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Rural_Management_Anand" title="Institute of Rural Management Anand">Institute of Rural Management Anand</a> (IRMA) is one of the leading sectoral institution in rural management. IRMA is a unique institution in the sense that it provides professional education to train managers for rural management. It is the only one of its kind in all Asia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design,_Ahmedabad" title="National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad">National Institute of Design and development</a> (NID) in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar is internationally acclaimed as one of the foremost multi-disciplinary institutions in the field of design education and research. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, popularly known as (CEPT) is one of the best planning and architectural school not in India, but across the world; providing various technical and professional courses. </p><p>In the emerging area of legal education, a premier institution <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_National_Law_University" title="Gujarat National Law University">Gujarat National Law University</a> was founded in the capital city Gandhinagar which started imparting education in 2004 and is ranked in top institutions in the country. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lalbhai_Dalpatbhai_College_of_Engineering" title="Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering">Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering</a> (LDCE) is also one of the top engineering college of the state. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda" title="Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda">Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda</a>, Vadodara, is a premier university of Gujarat. It is one of the oldest universities of Gujarat and provides education in <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Fine Arts">Faculty of Fine Arts</a>, Engineering, Arts, Journalism, Education, Law, Social Work, Medicine, Science and Performing Arts. Originally known as the Baroda College of Science (established 1881), it became a university in 1949 after the independence of the country and later renamed after its benefactor Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the former ruler of Baroda State. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_University" title="Gujarat University">Gujarat University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadi_Sarva_Vishwavidyalaya" title="Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya">Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_University" title="Sardar Patel University">Sardar Patel University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_University" title="Ahmedabad University">Ahmedabad University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_University" title="Saurashtra University">Saurashtra University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veer_Narmad_South_Gujarat_University" title="Veer Narmad South Gujarat University">Veer Narmad South Gujarat University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmsinh_Desai_University" title="Dharmsinh Desai University">Dharmsinh Desai University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemchandracharya_North_Gujarat_University" title="Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University">Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University</a> are also among reputed universities, affiliating many reputed colleges. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iima_panorama_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad"><img alt="Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Iima_panorama_complex.jpg/358px-Iima_panorama_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Iima_panorama_complex.jpg/537px-Iima_panorama_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Iima_panorama_complex.jpg/715px-Iima_panorama_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6295" data-file-height="3541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Management">Indian Institute of Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar"><img alt="The Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg/327px-Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg/492px-Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg/654px-Administrative_Block_at_GNLU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_National_Law_University" title="Gujarat National Law University">Gujarat National Law University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daiict-campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campus at Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar"><img alt="Campus at Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Daiict-campus.jpg/268px-Daiict-campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Daiict-campus.jpg/403px-Daiict-campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Daiict-campus.jpg/536px-Daiict-campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Campus at <a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani_Institute_of_Information_and_Communication_Technology" title="Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology">Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujarat_University3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The clock tower in Gujarat University, Ahmedabad"><img alt="The clock tower in Gujarat University, Ahmedabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gujarat_University3.jpg/268px-Gujarat_University3.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gujarat_University3.jpg/403px-Gujarat_University3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gujarat_University3.jpg/536px-Gujarat_University3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The clock tower in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_University" title="Gujarat University">Gujarat University</a>, Ahmedabad</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baroda_Techo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kala Bhavan, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda"><img alt="Kala Bhavan, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Baroda_Techo.jpg/268px-Baroda_Techo.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Baroda_Techo.jpg/403px-Baroda_Techo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Baroda_Techo.jpg/536px-Baroda_Techo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kala Bhavan, <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda" title="Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda">Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_at_Science_City,_Ahmedabad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rocket_at_Science_City%2C_Ahmedabad.JPG/170px-Rocket_at_Science_City%2C_Ahmedabad.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rocket_at_Science_City%2C_Ahmedabad.JPG/255px-Rocket_at_Science_City%2C_Ahmedabad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rocket_at_Science_City%2C_Ahmedabad.JPG/340px-Rocket_at_Science_City%2C_Ahmedabad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Rocket model at Science City, Ahmedabad</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a> (SAC) is an institution for space research and satellite communication in Ahmedabad, India, under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO). <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a>, a renowned scientist, industrialist, and visionary Gujarati, played an important role in it. He also founded <a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory</a>, a research institute encompasses Astrophysics, Solar System, and cosmic radiation. He also envisioned <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Ahmedabad" title="Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad">Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad</a>, one of the internationally reputed management research institute that is located in Gujarat's commercial capital Ahmedabad and is the top ranked management institutes in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Central_Salt_and_Marine_Chemicals_Research_Institute" title="Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute">Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute</a> has been established under <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> Government of India at Bhavnagar. It was inaugurated by Late Pandit <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of India">first</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> on 10 April 1954, with a view to carry out research on marine salt, and salt from inland lakes and sub-soil brine. It is working on <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a>, electro membrane process, salt and marine chemicals, analytical science, marine biotechnology, and other related fields. The <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_National_Law_University" title="Gujarat National Law University">Gujarat National Law University</a> situated at Gandhinagar is the 5th Best Law School currently in India. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Science_City" title="Gujarat Science City">Gujarat Science City</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a government initiative to draw more students towards education in science, which hosts India's first <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> 3D theatre, an energy park, a hall of science, an <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, and dancing <a href="/wiki/Musical_fountain" title="Musical fountain">musical fountains</a> among others. Institute of Management under Nirma University is constantly ranked among the top MBA colleges in India. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Management_and_Technical_Studies" title="International Institute of Management and Technical Studies">International Institute of Management and Technical Studies</a> affiliated with Gujarat Knowledge Society, <a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Distance_Learning" title="European Association for Distance Learning">European Association for Distance Learning</a>, Association of Indian Management Schools and <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_Textile_Industry%27s_Research_Association" title="Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association">Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association</a> has performed globally for its <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> certification courses for working professionals. IIMT STUDIES also launched GET SET GO programme in 2013 in affiliation with <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Technological_University" title="Gujarat Technological University">Gujarat Technological University</a> and Gujarat Knowledge Society, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Technical_Education" title="Department of Technical Education">Department of Technical Education</a>- <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government of Gujarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/B.K._School_of_Business_Management" title="B.K. School of Business Management">B.K. School of Business Management</a> is ranked sixth in financial management. <a href="/wiki/K._S._School_of_Business_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="K. S. School of Business Management">K. S. School of Business Management</a> is also an MBA college in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_University" title="Gujarat University">Gujarat University</a> providing a five-year integrated MBA course. Shanti Business School in Ahmedabad is a business school offering a post-graduate diploma in management through a corporate citizenship initiative. </p><p>The Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) was established by the Science and Technology Department, Government of Gujarat, in 2003 and is registered as a society. ISR campus is at Raisan, Gandhinagar, on the banks of Sabarmati river. Aims and objectives include assigning optimum seismic factors for buildings in different regions and long-term assessment of potential. The ISR is the only institute in India fully dedicated to seismological research and is planned to be developed into a premier international institute in few years time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Gujarat" title="List of people from Gujarat">List of people from Gujarat</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:#F0FFF0"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;background-color:#F0FFF0"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Notable people of Gujarat</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#F0FFF0;width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_smiling_R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gandhi_smiling_R.jpg/139px-Gandhi_smiling_R.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gandhi_smiling_R.jpg/209px-Gandhi_smiling_R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gandhi_smiling_R.jpg/278px-Gandhi_smiling_R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#F0FFF0;width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardar_patel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg/145px-Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg/218px-Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#F0FFF0;width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JNTata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/JNTata.jpg/155px-JNTata.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/JNTata.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="179" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jamsetji_Tata" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamsetji Tata">Jamsetji Tata</a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#F0FFF0;width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dr._Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg/129px-Dr._Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dr._Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg/194px-Dr._Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dr._Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg/258px-Dr._Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="836" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#F0FFF0;width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narendra_Modi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Narendra_Modi.jpg/288px-Narendra_Modi.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Narendra_Modi.jpg/432px-Narendra_Modi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Narendra_Modi.jpg/576px-Narendra_Modi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3128" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> ( Incumbent PM Of India )</span></div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Adani" title="Gautam Adani">Gautam Adani</a>, founder and chairman of <a href="/wiki/Adani_Group" title="Adani Group">Adani Group</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, Gujarat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, ex-president of <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a> and Deputy Prime Minister of India (1999–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani" title="Dhirubhai Ambani">Dhirubhai Ambani</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Chorvad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorvad">Chorvad</a>, Gujarat<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasprit_Bumrah" title="Jasprit Bumrah">Jasprit Bumrah</a>, Indian bowler who plays for Indian National Cricket team (all formats), from <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>, 4th Prime Minister of India (1977–1979); from Valsad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urvashi_Dholakia" title="Urvashi Dholakia">Urvashi Dholakia</a>, Television & Bollywood actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkrishna_Vithaldas_Doshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi">Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi</a>, Architect, Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadudan_Gadhvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadudan Gadhvi">Dadudan Gadhvi</a> (Kavi DadBapu), poet, singer and lyricist of <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati Cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padmashri</a> title given in 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, spearheaded the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> against <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British colonial rule</a>; Gujarati<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Jadeja" title="Ravindra Jadeja">Ravindra Jadeja</a>, Indian all-rounder & part of the Indian U-19 cricket team, from <a href="/wiki/Navagam_Ghed" title="Navagam Ghed">Navagam Ghed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjeev_Kumar" title="Sanjeev Kumar">Sanjeev Kumar</a> a Versatility Bollywood actor, Born in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Gopinathji_Maharaj" title="Shri Gopinathji Maharaj">Shri Gopinathji Maharaj</a>, family founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, 14th and current <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Vadnagar" title="Vadnagar">Vadnagar</a>, Gujarat<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Parekh" title="Asha Parekh">Asha Parekh</a> influential actress in Hindi cinema, she was born in Ahmedabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urjit_Patel" title="Urjit Patel">Urjit Patel</a>, former Governor of Reserve Bank of India; from <a href="/wiki/Kheda_district" title="Kheda district">Kheda district</a>, Gujarat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, Independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister; from <a href="/wiki/Karamsad" title="Karamsad">Karamsad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falguni_Pathak" title="Falguni Pathak">Falguni Pathak</a>, a female singer and performing artist born & brought up in <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, who currently resides in Mumbai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a>, software magnate and chairman of <a href="/wiki/Wipro_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipro Limited">Wipro Limited</a>; ethnically Gujarati<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheteshwar_Pujara" title="Cheteshwar Pujara">Cheteshwar Pujara</a>, Indian batter who plays fior Indian National Cricket Test team, from <a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a>, poet, philosopher and reformer best known as the spiritual guru of Mahatma Gandhi<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresh_Rawal" title="Paresh Rawal">Paresh Rawal</a>, Indian film actor and politician of Gujarati origin born in Mumbai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a>, "father of the Indian space programme"; from Ahmedabad<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a> is an Indian philosopher, social leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, Born in <a href="/wiki/Tankara" title="Tankara">Tankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Shah" title="Amit Shah">Amit Shah</a>, 31st and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">Current Home Minister of India</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a>, Government of Gujarat; born in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamsetji_Tata" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamsetji Tata">Jamsetji Tata</a>, pioneer industrialist, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Group" title="Tata Group">Tata Group</a>; from a <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Navsari" title="Navsari">Navsari</a><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a>, an Indian revolutionary fighter, an Indian patriot, lawyer and journalist From Kutch</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_states">Sister states</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, United States (September 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, United States (September 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hyogo_Prefecture.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hyogo_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hyogo_Prefecture.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hyogo_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hyogo_Prefecture.svg/43px-Flag_of_Hyogo_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="454" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a>, Japan (November 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, China (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg/22px-Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg/34px-Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg/44px-Flag_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="527" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a>, Russia<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuttanee" title="Cuttanee">Cuttanee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navnirman_Andolan" title="Navnirman Andolan">Navnirman Andolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Gujarat" title="Outline of Gujarat">Outline of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DeshGujarat2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeshGujarat2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113115131/http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/">"Newest version of Jay Jay Garvi Gujarat song launched(Video)"</a>. <i>Desh Gujarat</i>. 7 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/">the original</a> on 13 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Desh+Gujarat&rft.atitle=Newest+version+of+Jay+Jay+Garvi+Gujarat+song+launched%28Video%29&rft.date=2011-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeshgujarat.com%2F2011%2F05%2F07%2Fnewest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820085038/http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm">"DGFASLI REPORT"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm">the original</a> on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DGFASLI+REPORT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdgfasli.nic.in%2Fpublication%2Freports%2Fgujarat%2FChapter2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langoff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langoff_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">"50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 16 July 2014. p. 118. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50th+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM50thReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf">"The Gujarat Official Languages Act, 1960"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. indiacode.nic.in. 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221090052/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gujarat+Official+Languages+Act%2C+1960&rft.pub=indiacode.nic.in&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiacode.nic.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F4501%2F1%2Fofficiallanguages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedikter2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benedikter2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedikter2009" class="citation book cs1">Benedikter, Thomas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89"><i>Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10231-7"><bdi>978-3-643-10231-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425230812/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India%3A+An+Appraisal+of+the+Linguistic+Rights+of+Minorities+in+India&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-643-10231-7&rft.aulast=Benedikter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpZv2GHM7VQC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gujarat_GSDP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gujarat_GSDP_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gujarat_GSDP_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/Documents/Bud-Eng_1096_2022-3-3_683.pdf">"Socio-Economic Review 2021–2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government of Gujarat</a></i>. p. 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Household+Social+Consumption+on+Education+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmospi.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication_reports%2FReport_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pc-census2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pc-census2011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf">"Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>planningcommission.gov.in</i>. Planning Commission, Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=planningcommission.gov.in&rft.atitle=Census+2011+%28Final+Data%29+%E2%80%93+Demographic+details%2C+Literate+Population+%28Total%2C+Rural+%26+Urban%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanningcommission.gov.in%2Fdata%2Fdatatable%2Fdata_2312%2FDatabookDec2014%2520307.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToI2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ToI2016_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ToI2016_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ToI2016_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-forgets-state-bird-tree-and-flower/articleshow/29893945.cms">"Gujarat forgets state bird, tree and flower"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 14 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227222448/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-forgets-state-bird-tree-and-flower/articleshow/29893945.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Gujarat+forgets+state+bird%2C+tree+and+flower&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FGujarat-forgets-state-bird-tree-and-flower%2Farticleshow%2F29893945.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair2023" class="citation news cs1">Nair, Avinash (21 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ghol-declared-state-fish-gujarat-global-fisheries-conference-9036238/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ghol' declared state fish of Gujarat at Global Fisheries Conference, Ahmedabad"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121203230/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ghol-declared-state-fish-gujarat-global-fisheries-conference-9036238/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=%27Ghol%27+declared+state+fish+of+Gujarat+at+Global+Fisheries+Conference%2C+Ahmedabad&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Avinash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fahmedabad%2Fghol-declared-state-fish-gujarat-global-fisheries-conference-9036238%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nri_Gujarati_News-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nri_Gujarati_News_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031530/http://www.nrigujarati.co.in/Topic/3631/1/which-is-state-fruit-of-gujarat-india-mango-keri-verities-photos-types-of-mango-images.html">"Which is State Fruit of Gujarat India – Mango (Keri)"</a>. <i>Nri Gujarati News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrigujarati.co.in/Topic/3631/1/which-is-state-fruit-of-gujarat-india-mango-keri-verities-photos-types-of-mango-images.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nri+Gujarati+News&rft.atitle=Which+is+State+Fruit+of+Gujarat+India+%E2%80%93+Mango+%28Keri%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrigujarati.co.in%2FTopic%2F3631%2F1%2Fwhich-is-state-fruit-of-gujarat-india-mango-keri-verities-photos-types-of-mango-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/gujarat-population/">"Gujarat Population 2018"</a>. <i>worldpopulationreview.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015346/http://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/gujarat-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Gujarat+Population+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fterritories%2Fgujarat-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kulke-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kulke_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kulke_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Professor of Asian History Hermann; Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC"><i>A History of India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32920-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923072146/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32920-0&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Professor+of+Asian+History+Hermann&rft.au=Kulke%2C+Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoW9GuFJ9GIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaṭṭūṭaHusain1976" class="citation book cs1">Baṭṭūṭa, Ibn; Husain, Mahdi (1976). <i>The Rehla of Ibn Battuta (India, Maldive Islands and Ceylon)</i>. Baroda: Oriental Institute. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rehla+of+Ibn+Battuta+%28India%2C+Maldive+Islands+and+Ceylon%29&rft.place=Baroda&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft.au=Husain%2C+Mahdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinduism_and_modernity-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinduism_and_modernity_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinduism_and_modernity_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">David Smith (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-aRSuypah8C&pg=PA62"><i>Hinduism and modernity</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20862-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20862-4"><bdi>978-0-631-20862-4</bdi></a>. <q>Surat was then the place of embarkation of pilgrims to Mecca; known as Bab al-Makkah or the Gate of Mecca, it was almost a sacred place for the Muslims of India. It was the main city for foreign imports, where many merchants had their bases, and all the European trading companies were established. Its population was more than 100,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+modernity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20862-4&rft.au=David+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx-aRSuypah8C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJtRAQAAIAAJ"><i>The journal of Asian studies, Volume 35, Issues 1–2</i></a>. 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJtRAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>For a pious emperor, Surat had more than economic and political importance; it was the port from which the hajj (pilgrimage) ships left Mughal India for the Red Sea. The port was variously known as Bab-al-Makkah, the Bab-ul-Hajj, the Dar-al-Hajj, and the Bandar-i-Mubarak.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+journal+of+Asian+studies%2C+Volume+35%2C+Issues+1%E2%80%932&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJtRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-liquor-ban-states-having-total-prohibition-gujarat-kerala/">"States with total and phase-wise prohibition of alcohol in India"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 6 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605154304/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-liquor-ban-states-having-total-prohibition-gujarat-kerala/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=States+with+total+and+phase-wise+prohibition+of+alcohol+in+India&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fbihar-liquor-ban-states-having-total-prohibition-gujarat-kerala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjeeBorad2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee, Aeshita; Borad, C.K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+%26+Conservation&rft.atitle=Integrated+approach+towards+conservation+of+Gir+National+Park%3A+the+last+refuge+of+Asiatic+Lions%2C+India&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2165-2182&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3ABIOC.0000040009.75090.8c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35893400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-9710&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004BiCon..13.2165M&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Aeshita&rft.au=Borad%2C+C.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1023%2FB%3ABIOC.0000040009.75090.8c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://niryat.gov.in/india#?start_date=202204&end_date=202303&default_table=default&sort_table=export_achieved-sort-desc">"NIRYAT"</a>. <i>niryat.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118005123/https://niryat.gov.in/india#?start_date=202204&end_date=202303&default_table=default&sort_table=export_achieved-sort-desc">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=niryat.gov.in&rft.atitle=NIRYAT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fniryat.gov.in%2Findia%23%3Fstart_date%3D202204%26end_date%3D202303%26default_table%3Ddefault%26sort_table%3Dexport_achieved-sort-desc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snhdi-gdl-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snhdi-gdl_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database"</a>. <i>Global Data Lab</i>. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">the original</a> on 23 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Data+Lab&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gujarat_info1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gujarat_info1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704192359/http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf">"Periodic Labour Force Survey (2017-18)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Employment_(India)" title="Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)">Ministry of Labour and Employment</a>. p. 212. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Periodic+Labour+Force+Survey+%282017-18%29&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Labour+and+Employment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mospi.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication_reports%2FAnnual%2520Report%252C%2520PLFS%25202017-18_31052019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_Saraswathy2020" class="citation web cs1">M Saraswathy (5 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/electronic-appliance-makers-eye-gujarat-as-new-manufacturing-hub-4909051.html">"Electronic appliance makers eye Gujarat as new manufacturing hub"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC_TV18" title="CNBC TV18">CNBC TV18</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205094701/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/electronic-appliance-makers-eye-gujarat-as-new-manufacturing-hub-4909051.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Journal of Rural Management, 12(2), 104–124. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0973005216660908">10.1177/0973005216660908</a></li> <li>Christophe Jaffrelot (2015) What 'Gujarat Model'?—Growth without Development—and with Socio-Political Polarisation, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 38:4, 820-838, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856401.2015.1087456">10.1080/00856401.2015.1087456</a></li> <li>KALAIYARASAN, A. "A Comparison of Developmental Outcomes in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 49, no. 15, 2014, pp. 55–63. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Gurjars of Chitrakuta and Gurjars of lta were mentioned in Rashtrakuta inscriptions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-104-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd8yFaNRcYcsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGujarat_Government" class="citation web cs1">Gujarat Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203081044/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/history-1.htm">"Gujarat state official site"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2010</span>. <q>The State took its name from the Gurjara, the land of the <a href="/wiki/Gujjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar">Gujjar</a>, who ruled the area during the 700s and 800s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gujarat+state+official+site&rft.au=Gujarat+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gujaratindia.com%2Fabout-gujarat%2Fhistory-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_MajumdarBhāratīya_Itihāsa_Samiti1954" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QhuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History and Culture of the Indian People:The classical age</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Gujarat draws its name from the Gurjara, who ruled the area during the 8th and 9th centuries CE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gujarat&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGujarat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_MajumdarAchut_Dattatrya_PusalkerA._K._MajumdarDilip_Kumar_Ghose1977" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Achut Dattatrya Pusalker; A. K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Architecture+and+Building+Science&rft.atitle=Stepwells+%E2%80%93+Cosmology+of+Subterranean+Architecture+as+seen+in+Adalaj&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=1492&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2002-08&rft.au=Shuichi+Takezawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews-sv.aij.or.jp%2Fjabs%2Fs1%2Fjabs0208-019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. R. Rao (1985). Lothal. Archaeological Survey of India. p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Acts of Judas Thomas, M.R. James, Tr. by M.R. James, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medlycott, A. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4a.htm">India and the Apostle Thomas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034342/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4a.htm">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India, von Moti Chandra, page: 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103733/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=277200">"CNG: eAuction 343. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Gujura Confederacy). Gujuras of Sindh. Circa AD 570-712. AR Drachm (25 mm, 3.84 g, 9h)"</a>. cngcoins.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=277200">the original</a> on 11 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNG%3A+eAuction+343.+INDIA%2C+Post-Gupta+%28Gujura+Confederacy%29.+Gujuras+of+Sindh.+Circa+AD+570-712.+AR+Drachm+%2825+mm%2C+3.84+g%2C+9h%29.&rft.pub=cngcoins.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D277200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote1996" class="citation book cs1">Mote, Sally Hovey Wriggins; with a foreword by Frederick W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwQLAAAAYAAJ"><i>Xuanzang : a Buddhist pilgrim on the Silk Road</i></a>. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2801-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2801-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-2801-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwQLAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xuanzang+%3A+a+Buddhist+pilgrim+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2801-0&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=Sally+Hovey+Wriggins%3B+with+a+foreword+by+Frederick+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwQLAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVashi2010" class="citation cs2">Vashi, Ashish (21 October 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Saga-of-Barygaza/articleshow/6782964.cms">"Saga of Barygaza"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121042919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-21/ahmedabad/28239734_1_bharuch-port-book">archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2014</span>, <q>The book describes an episode of a foreigner bringing costly gifts for kings, saying, "And for the King there are very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Saga+of+Barygaza&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft.aulast=Vashi&rft.aufirst=Ashish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FSaga-of-Barygaza%2Farticleshow%2F6782964.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._Schoff1912" class="citation cs2">William H. Schoff (1912), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html"><i>The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(digitalized)</span>, New York, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224165507/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html">archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>, <q>As a sign of these places to those approaching from the sea there are serpents, very large and black; for at the other places on this coast and around Barygaza, they are smaller, and in color bright green, running into gold ... Now the whole country of India has very many rivers, and very great ebb and flow of the tides; increasing at the new moon, and at the full moon for three days, and falling off during the intervening days of the moon. But about Barygaza it is much greater, so that the bottom is suddenly seen, and now parts of the dry land are sea, and now it is dry where ships were sailing just before; and the rivers, under the inrush of the flood tide, when the whole force of the sea is directed against them, are driven upwards more strongly against their natural current, for many stadia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periplus+of+the+Erythraean+Sea%3A+Travel+and+Trade+in+the+Indian+Ocean+by+a+Merchant+of+the+First+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1912&rft.au=William+H.+Schoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fperiplus%2Fperiplus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankinship1994" class="citation book cs1">Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187"><i>The end of the jihād state : the reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1828-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-1828-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Syrian troops became increasingly reluctant to serve on the ill-omened Indian front, which seemed, after so many failures, to be well on its way to becoming the worst front.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+the+jih%C4%81d+state+%3A+the+reign+of+Hish%C4%81m+ibn+%CA%BBAbd+al-Malik+and+the+collapse+of+the+Umayyads&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1828-4&rft.aulast=Blankinship&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Yahya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNGq6sU-xbgC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjulal_Ranchholdlal_Majmudar1960" class="citation book cs1">Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar (1960). <i>Historical and cultural chronology of Gujarat, Volume 1</i>. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+and+cultural+chronology+of+Gujarat%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Maharaja+Sayajirao+University+of+Baroda&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Manjulal+Ranchholdlal+Majmudar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gajrani_32-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gajrani_32_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gajrani_32_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History, Religion and Culture of India, by S. Gajrani p.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodivala_1920_88-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hodivala_1920_88_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodivala1920">Hodivala 1920</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boy148-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boy148_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce2001">Boyce 2001</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan17-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khan17_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhanbaghi2006">Khanbaghi 2006</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jack-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jack_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1906">Jackson 1906</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bleek212-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bleek212_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBleekerWidengren1971">Bleeker & Widengren 1971</a>, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink1991-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wink1991_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink1991" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283"><i>Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2</i></a>. BRILL. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09509-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09509-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-+Hind%3A+The+slave+kings+and+the+Islamic+conquest.+2&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09509-0&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horace_glossary_punjab_nwfp-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horace_glossary_punjab_nwfp_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseIbbetson1990" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Horace Arthur; Ibbetson (1990). <i>Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province</i>. Asian Educational Services. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0505-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0505-3"><bdi>978-81-206-0505-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+the+Tribes+and+Castes+of+the+Punjab+and+North+West+Frontier+Province&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0505-3&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Horace+Arthur&rft.au=Ibbetson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes2017-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes2017_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes2017_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2017" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, Ruth (2017). "Indian Cotton for Cairo: The Royal Ontario Museum's Gujarati Textiles and the Early Western Indian Ocean Trade". <i>Textile History</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 15–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00404969.2017.1294814">10.1080/00404969.2017.1294814</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-4969">0040-4969</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194752057">194752057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Textile+History&rft.atitle=Indian+Cotton+for+Cairo%3A+The+Royal+Ontario+Museum%27s+Gujarati+Textiles+and+the+Early+Western+Indian+Ocean+Trade&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-30&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194752057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0040-4969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00404969.2017.1294814&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbuch_der_Orientalistik-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbuch_der_Orientalistik_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1980" class="citation book cs1">Schimmel, Annemarie (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC&pg=PA65"><i>Handbuch der Orientalistik</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06117-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06117-0"><bdi>978-90-04-06117-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Orientalistik&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06117-0&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYImm1TnemwC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wink143-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wink143_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wink143_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink1990" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA143"><i>Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries</i></a>. BRILL. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13561-1"><bdi>978-90-04-13561-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118142817/https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>Zafar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of a low subdivision called Tank, originally from Southern Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Islamic+society%3A+14th+-+15th+centuries&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13561-1&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyYslywJUE8C%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammed_Ibrahim_Dar1952" class="citation book cs1">Muhammed Ibrahim Dar (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Literary and Cultural Activities in Gujarat Under the Khaljis and Sultanate</i></a>. Bazm-i-Ishaʻat, Ismail Yusuf College. p. 51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gBAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+and+Cultural+Activities+in+Gujarat+Under+the+Khaljis+and+Sultanate&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Bazm-i-Isha%CA%BBat%2C+Ismail+Yusuf+College&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Muhammed+Ibrahim+Dar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm6gBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sufiorders-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sufiorders_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Spencer Trimingham, John O. Voll, <i>The Sufi Orders in Islam</i>, pg 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyamAlam2012" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay; Alam, Muzaffar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mmLOKuzT-IC&pg=PA41"><i>Writing the Mughal world : studies on culture and politics</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15811-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15811-4"><bdi>978-0-231-15811-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Mughal+world+%3A+studies+on+culture+and+politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15811-4&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft.au=Alam%2C+Muzaffar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mmLOKuzT-IC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Maxwell_Eaton2015" class="citation book cs1">Richard Maxwell Eaton (8 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India</i></a>. Princeton University Press, 2015. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-6815-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufis+of+Bijapur%2C+1300%E2%80%931700%3A+Social+Roles+of+Sufis+in+Medieval+India&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%2C+2015&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5&rft.au=Richard+Maxwell+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2F9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchyut_Yagnik2011" class="citation book cs1">Achyut Yagnik (2 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivMAUx6Hdl8C&pg=PT57"><i>Ahmedabad: From Royal city to Megacity</i></a>. Penguin UK, 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184754735" title="Special:BookSources/9788184754735"><bdi>9788184754735</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmedabad%3A+From+Royal+city+to+Megacity&rft.pub=Penguin+UK%2C+2011&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft.isbn=9788184754735&rft.au=Achyut+Yagnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivMAUx6Hdl8C%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansooruddin_Quraishi1972" class="citation book cs1">Mansooruddin Quraishi (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20UDAAAAMAAJ"><i>Muslim education and learning in Gujarat, 1297–1758</i></a>. Faculty of Education and Psychology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=20UDAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+education+and+learning+in+Gujarat%2C+1297%E2%80%931758&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Education+and+Psychology%2C+Maharaja+Sayajirao+University+of+Baroda&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Mansooruddin+Quraishi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20UDAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvi_Azra1985" class="citation book cs1">Alvi Azra (1985). <i>Socio Religious Outlook of Abul Fazl</i>. Lahore Pakistan: Vanguard Books. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-210-40543-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-210-40543-7"><bdi>978-0-210-40543-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socio+Religious+Outlook+of+Abul+Fazl&rft.place=Lahore+Pakistan&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Vanguard+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-210-40543-7&rft.au=Alvi+Azra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiancarlo_Casale2010" class="citation book cs1">Giancarlo Casale (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC&pg=PA104"><i>The Ottoman Age of Exploration</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979879-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979879-7"><bdi>978-0-19-979879-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Age+of+Exploration&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979879-7&rft.au=Giancarlo+Casale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXf3h3Z1YQtIC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Anooshahr2008" class="citation book cs1">Ali Anooshahr (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTN8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods</i></a>. Routledge. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04134-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04134-3"><bdi>978-1-134-04134-3</bdi></a>. <q>Nevertheless, there were indeed people in India, specifically in Gujarat, who by about 1486 knew the Ottomans as the primary Ghazi sultans of western domains of the abode of Islam, and had tried to elevate their own standing by posing as comrade ghazis fighting irreligion in the east.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghazi+Sultans+and+the+Frontiers+of+Islam%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Late+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Periods&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04134-3&rft.au=Ali+Anooshahr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpTN8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurup1997" class="citation book cs1">Kurup, K.K.N., ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA7"><i>India's naval traditions : the role of Kunhali Marakkars</i></a>. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-083-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-083-3"><bdi>978-81-7211-083-3</bdi></a>. <q>Gujarati merchants had very long-standing relations with the Persian Gulf and Red Sea regions. Aden, Ormuz, and Mecca were frequently visited by them. They took gold, quicksilver, vermilion, copper, rose-water, camlets, scarlet-in-grain, coloured woollen cloth, glass beads and weapons which were brought by merchants from Cairo to Aden. The above mentioned items were collected by merchants from Italy, Greece, and Damascus. Horses from various parts of Arabia and Persia, especially from Ormuz, were brought by the Gujarati merchants to India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+naval+traditions+%3A+the+role+of+Kunhali+Marakkars&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-083-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKmXcBCKEcAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Percival_Newton1936" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Percival Newton (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23"><i>The Cambridge History of the British Empire</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>. <q>The annual pilgrimages of Indian Muslim to Mecca, whose route lay through Gujarat (which was called the Gate of Mecca) had been for some years interrupted by the domination of the Arabian Sea by the Portuguese and also by the disorder prevailing in Gujarat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1936&rft.au=Arthur+Percival+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-08AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2006" class="citation book cs1">Ho, Engseng (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcZU0VHdG0C&pg=PA122"><i>The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93869-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93869-4"><bdi>978-0-520-93869-4</bdi></a>. <q>From the other direction, the enhanced security of the Hejaz provided not only profits for Gujarati merchants but succor for Gujarat's Muslim sultans. In times of insecurity, Gujarati sultans would send their families and treasures to the Hejaz for safekeeping ... the sultanate indeed fell, in 1573, and the triumphant emperor Akbar, retained his services giving him charge of pious endowments in Gujarat dedicated to Mecca and Medina.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+graves+of+Tarim+genealogy+and+mobility+across+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93869-4&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Engseng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMcZU0VHdG0C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.V._Williams" class="citation book cs1">A.V. Williams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter09.html"><i>Chapter 9 – The Ebb of the Tide – Humayun – 1530–1556 A.D.</i></a> p. 228. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003111225/http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter09.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+9+%E2%80%93+The+Ebb+of+the+Tide+%E2%80%93+Humayun+%E2%80%93+1530%E2%80%931556+A.D.&rft.pages=228&rft.au=A.V.+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fbritishraj%2FJackson3%2Fchapter09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen2-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen2_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. pp. 115–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-34-4"><bdi>978-93-80607-34-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=115-116&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-34-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoros2011" class="citation book cs1">Poros, Maritsa V. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_tm_n7uSXT8C&pg=PT30"><i>Modern migrations : Gujarati Indian networks in New York and London</i></a>. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7222-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7222-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-7222-8</bdi></a>. <q>Indeed, Fernand Braudel likened Surat to some of the great mercantile cities of Europe and Asia, such as Venice and Beijing ... Godinho estimated that Surat's population was more than 100, 000, with people from all over the world residing in the city or frequenting it for business. He even claimed that it surpasses our "Evora in grandeur"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+migrations+%3A+Gujarati+Indian+networks+in+New+York+and+London&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7222-8&rft.aulast=Poros&rft.aufirst=Maritsa+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_tm_n7uSXT8C%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Maxwell_Eaton2015" class="citation book cs1">Richard Maxwell Eaton (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400868155" title="Special:BookSources/9781400868155"><bdi>9781400868155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufis+of+Bijapur%2C+1300%E2%80%931700%3A+Social+Roles+of+Sufis+in+Medieval+India&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400868155&rft.au=Richard+Maxwell+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2F9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1986" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Ross E. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&pg=PA218"><i>The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05771-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05771-5"><bdi>978-0-520-05771-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&pg=PA218">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+adventures+of+Ibn+Battuta%2C+a+Muslim+traveler+of+the+fourteenth+century&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05771-5&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Ross+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZF2spo9BKacC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-showed-Vasco-da-way/articleshow/6674395.cms">"Gujarati showed Vasco 'da' way"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 3 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001090714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-03/ahmedabad/28223775_1_gama-vasco-da-gujarati">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>. <q>Historians have differed over the identity of the sailor, calling him a Christian, a Muslim and a Gujarati. According to another account, he was the famous Arab navigator Ibn Majid. Some historians suggest Majid could not have been near the vicinity at the time. German author Justus says it was Malam who accompanied Vasco ... Italian researcher Sinthia Salvadori too has concluded that it was Malam who showed Gama the way to India. Salvadori has made this observation in her 'We Came In Dhows', an account written after interacting with people in Gujarat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Gujarati+showed+Vasco+%27da%27+way&rft.date=2010-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FGujarati-showed-Vasco-da-way%2Farticleshow%2F6674395.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._SubrahmanianTamil̲an̲pan̲S._Jeyapragasam1976" class="citation book cs1">N. Subrahmanian; Tamil̲an̲pan̲; S. Jeyapragasam (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CbgBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Homage to a Historian: A Festschrift</i></a>. Dr. N. Subrahmanian 60th Birthday Celebration Committee. p. 62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=CbgBAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homage+to+a+Historian%3A+A+Festschrift&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Dr.+N.+Subrahmanian+60th+Birthday+Celebration+Committee&rft.date=1976&rft.au=N.+Subrahmanian&rft.au=Tamil%CC%B2an%CC%B2pan%CC%B2&rft.au=S.+Jeyapragasam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCbgBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwis_Khudori2007" class="citation book cs1">Darwis Khudori (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R6zZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Rethinking solidarity in global society : the challenge of globalisation for social and solidarity movements: 50 years after Bandung Asian-African Conference 1955</i></a>. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-3782-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-3782-13-0"><bdi>978-983-3782-13-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6zZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+solidarity+in+global+society+%3A+the+challenge+of+globalisation+for+social+and+solidarity+movements%3A+50+years+after+Bandung+Asian-African+Conference+1955&rft.place=Petaling+Jaya%2C+Selangor%2C+Malaysia&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Strategic+Information+and+Research+Development+Centre&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-983-3782-13-0&rft.au=Darwis+Khudori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6zZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Padfield1979" class="citation book cs1">Peter Padfield (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62"><i>Tide of Empires: 1481–1654</i></a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0150-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0150-4"><bdi>978-0-7100-0150-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052018/https://books.google.com/books?id=ACI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tide+of+Empires%3A+1481%E2%80%931654&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-0150-4&rft.au=Peter+Padfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACI-AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1976" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, M. N. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPn43u846AC&pg=PA108"><i>Merchants and rulers in Gujarat: the response to the Portuguese in the sixteenth century</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02809-8"><bdi>978-0-520-02809-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPn43u846AC&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants+and+rulers+in+Gujarat%3A+the+response+to+the+Portuguese+in+the+sixteenth+century&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=109&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02809-8&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=M.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVPn43u846AC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoody1996" class="citation book cs1">Goody, Jack (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXsaTLDG5HcC&pg=PA113"><i>The East in the West</i></a> (1998 Repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55673-6"><bdi>978-0-521-55673-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=xXsaTLDG5HcC&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+in+the+West&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=113&rft.edition=1998+Repr.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55673-6&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXsaTLDG5HcC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Gujarát Surat and Broach Volume 2, Part 1 of Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay (India : State)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Digitized)</span>. Printed at the Government Central Press. 30 April 2007. p. 299. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency%3A+Gujar%C3%A1t+Surat+and+Broach+Volume+2%2C+Part+1+of+Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency%2C+Bombay+%28India+%3A+State%29&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Government+Central+Press&rft.date=2007-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-rQBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsukasa_MizushimaGeorge_Bryan_SouzaDennis_O._Flynn2014" class="citation book cs1">Tsukasa Mizushima; George Bryan Souza; Dennis O. Flynn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>Hinterlands and Commodities: Place, Space, Time and the Political Economic Development of Asia over the Long Eighteenth Century European Expansion and Indigenous Response</i></a>. BRILL. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004283909" title="Special:BookSources/9789004283909"><bdi>9789004283909</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712204224/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinterlands+and+Commodities%3A+Place%2C+Space%2C+Time+and+the+Political+Economic+Development+of+Asia+over+the+Long+Eighteenth+Century+European+Expansion+and+Indigenous+Response&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004283909&rft.au=Tsukasa+Mizushima&rft.au=George+Bryan+Souza&rft.au=Dennis+O.+Flynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2OeBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehta1991-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mehta1991_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1991" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Makrand (11 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA21"><i>Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Academic Foundation. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7188-017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7188-017-1"><bdi>978-81-7188-017-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154259/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Merchants+and+Entrepreneurs+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Academic+Foundation&rft.date=1991-01-11&rft.isbn=978-81-7188-017-1&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Makrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lz3gNDMbWEC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiderKhanMoosviPrasad2011" class="citation book cs1">Haider, Irfan Habib with contributions from Najaf; Khan, Iqtidar Alam; Moosvi, Shireen; Prasad, Pushpa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA171"><i>Economic history of medieval India, 1200–1500</i></a>. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2791-1"><bdi>978-81-317-2791-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA171">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+history+of+medieval+India%2C+1200%E2%80%931500&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2791-1&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Irfan+Habib+with+contributions+from+Najaf&rft.au=Khan%2C+Iqtidar+Alam&rft.au=Moosvi%2C+Shireen&rft.au=Prasad%2C+Pushpa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK8kO4J3mXUAC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentin2002" class="citation book cs1">Lentin, Sifra Samuel (2002). "The Jewish presence in Bombay". In Weil, Shelve (ed.). <i>India's Jewish heritage: ritual, art, & life-cycle</i>. Mumbai. pp. 22–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+presence+in+Bombay&rft.btitle=India%27s+Jewish+heritage%3A+ritual%2C+art%2C+%26+life-cycle&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=22-35&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lentin&rft.aufirst=Sifra+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajesh_RaiPeter_Reeves2008" class="citation book cs1">Rajesh Rai; Peter Reeves, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28"><i>The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10595-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10595-3"><bdi>978-1-134-10595-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Asian+Diaspora%3A+Transnational+Networks+and+Changing+Identities&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10595-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwJD2WBNtNMC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pires, I, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbosa, I, pp. 108–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbosa, I, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">apud Bayley, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranicaonline.org-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gujarat">GUJARAT – Encyclopædia Iranica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117040036/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gujarat">Archived</a> 17 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman-GrenvilleMunro-Hay2002" class="citation book cs1">Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P.; Munro-Hay, Stuart Christopher (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3fKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250"><i>Historical atlas of Islam</i></a> (Rev. and expanded ed.). New York [u.a.]: Continuum. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1417-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-1417-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=3fKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+atlas+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=250&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1417-5&rft.aulast=Freeman-Grenville&rft.aufirst=G.S.P.&rft.au=Munro-Hay%2C+Stuart+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3fKoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajesh_RaiPeter_Reeves2008" class="citation book cs1">Rajesh Rai; Peter Reeves, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28"><i>The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities</i></a>. Routledge. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10595-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10595-3"><bdi>978-1-134-10595-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Asian+Diaspora%3A+Transnational+Networks+and+Changing+Identities&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10595-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwJD2WBNtNMC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2020" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A. (29 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNgDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Aurangzeb+born+Dahod&pg=PA190"><i>Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions</i></a>. Routledge. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62206-9"><bdi>978-0-429-62206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+South+Asian+Religions&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-11-29&rft.isbn=978-0-429-62206-9&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Knut+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNgDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAurangzeb%2Bborn%2BDahod%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNA_May2012-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNA_May2012_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNA_May2012_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVashi2012" class="citation news cs1">Vashi, Ashish (1 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1682952/report-aurangzeb-loved-dahod-till-the-end">"Aurangzeb loved Dahod till the end"</a>. <i>Daily News and Analysis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927142458/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1682952/report-aurangzeb-loved-dahod-till-the-end">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>. <q>Eminent historian Manekshah Commissariat has quoted from this letter in his book 'A History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Aurangzeb+loved+Dahod+till+the+end&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft.aulast=Vashi&rft.aufirst=Ashish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2F1682952%2Freport-aurangzeb-loved-dahod-till-the-end&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2012" class="citation web cs1">Patel, Aakar (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zgaDxyMuIrH3QWHElwkX3M/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-bankers.html">"Blame the British Raj on bankers – Livemint"</a>. <i>livemint.com</i>. Livemint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152732/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zgaDxyMuIrH3QWHElwkX3M/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-bankers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livemint.com&rft.atitle=Blame+the+British+Raj+on+bankers+%E2%80%93+Livemint&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Aakar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FOpinion%2FzgaDxyMuIrH3QWHElwkX3M%2FBlame-the-British-Raj-on-bankers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60443/8/08_chapter%204.pdf"><i>MULTIPLE AUTHORITIES – DISPUTED SOVEREIGNTY</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152712/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60443/8/08_chapter%204.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MULTIPLE+AUTHORITIES+%E2%80%93+DISPUTED+SOVEREIGNTY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F60443%2F8%2F08_chapter%25204.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpc-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cpc_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpc_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeheraPfeffer2002" class="citation book cs1">Behera, Deepak Kumar; Pfeffer, Georg (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&pg=PA198"><i>The concept of tribal society</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170229834" title="Special:BookSources/9788170229834"><bdi>9788170229834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concept+of+tribal+society&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788170229834&rft.aulast=Behera&rft.aufirst=Deepak+Kumar&rft.au=Pfeffer%2C+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR--XMUsk7sIC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wingsbirds.com-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wingsbirds.com_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/">WINGS Birding Tours to India: the West – Gujarat and the Rann of Kutch – Itinerary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730052857/http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/">Archived</a> 30 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Wingsbirds.com (14 December 2011). Retrieved 28 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaiReeves,_Peter2009" class="citation book cs1">Rai, Rajesh; Reeves, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31"><i>The South Asian diaspora transnational networks and changing identities</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89235-0"><bdi>978-0-203-89235-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Asian+diaspora+transnational+networks+and+changing+identities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-89235-0&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft.au=Reeves%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzb_X3L96AfgC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersenChenSchlagenhauf-Lawlor2017" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Eskild; Chen, Lin Hwei; Schlagenhauf-Lawlor, Patricia (14 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119085737" title="Special:BookSources/9781119085737"><bdi>9781119085737</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903073809/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infectious+Diseases%3A+A+Geographic+Guide&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.isbn=9781119085737&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Eskild&rft.au=Chen%2C+Lin+Hwei&rft.au=Schlagenhauf-Lawlor%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVPEjDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/">"Five states that refused to join India after Independence"</a>. August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113171155/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+states+that+refused+to+join+India+after+Independence&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Ffive-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yasmeen2007-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yasmeen2007_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeer2007" class="citation book cs1">Peer, Yasmeen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528094126/http://books.google.com/books?id=y0J4T6Rt-90C&pg=PA103"><i>Communal Violence in Gujarat: Rethinking the Role of Communalism and Institutionalised Injustices in India</i></a>. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549517535" title="Special:BookSources/9780549517535"><bdi>9780549517535</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0J4T6Rt-90C&pg=PA103">the original</a> on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Violence+in+Gujarat%3A+Rethinking+the+Role+of+Communalism+and+Institutionalised+Injustices+in+India&rft.pages=103-104&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780549517535&rft.aulast=Peer&rft.aufirst=Yasmeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0J4T6Rt-90C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaurentChris2012-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaurentChris2012_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayerJaffrelot2012" class="citation book cs1">Gayer, Lauren; Jaffrelot, Christophe (30 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EpGLmAEACAAJ&pg=PA53"><i>Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 53–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231703086" title="Special:BookSources/9780231703086"><bdi>9780231703086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Indian+Cities%3A+Trajectories+of+Marginalisation&rft.pages=53-60&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012-05-30&rft.isbn=9780231703086&rft.aulast=Gayer&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.au=Jaffrelot%2C+Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEpGLmAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-it-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-it_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Shah, Ghanshyam (20 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Pulse+of+the+people/1/2727.html">"Pulse of the people"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120917002911/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Pulse+of+the+people/1/2727.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Pulse+of+the+people&rft.date=2007-12-20&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Ghanshyam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2FPulse%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2F1%2F2727.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avk-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-avk_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2011" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Ananth V. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA120"><i>India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Book+on+1979+Morbi+dam+disaster+rubbishes+%27Act+of+God%27+theory&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fbook-on-1979-morbi-dam-disaster-rubbishes-act-of-god-theory%2F979087%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYagnik2002" class="citation web cs1">Yagnik, Achyut (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm">"The pathology of Gujarat"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+pathology+of+Gujarat&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Seminar+Publications&rft.date=2002-05&rft.aulast=Yagnik&rft.aufirst=Achyut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india-seminar.com%2F2002%2F513%2F513%2520achyut%2520yagnik.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101003339/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2001/2001_01_26.php">"Historic Earthquakes"</a>. Earthquake.usgs.gov. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Death+sentence+for+Akshardham+temple+attack+convicts+upheld&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.au=Dasgupta%2C+Manas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fdeath-sentence-for-akshardham-temple-attack-convicts-upheld%2Farticle443455.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html">"17 bomb blasts rock Ahmedabad, 15 dead"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste+and+Democratic+Politics+in+India&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-095-4&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Ghanshyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAou17T8KaEEC%26q%3Dkoli%2Bthakor%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religion community – 2011"</a>. <i>Census of India, 2011</i>. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> on 25 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India%2C+2011&rft.atitle=Population+by+religion+community+%E2%80%93+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW00C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religion_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Gujarat"</a>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221110075348/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Table+C-01+Population+by+Religion%3A+Gujarat&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F11373%2Fdownload%2F14486%2FDDW24C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-language-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-language_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX">"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat"</a>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718113847/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Table+C-16+Population+by+Mother+Tongue%3A+Gujarat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10212%2Fdownload%2F13324%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CensusLang2011-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CensusLang2011_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203/download/13315/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX">"C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Gujarat"</a>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706185603/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203/download/13315/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=C-16+Population+By+Mother+Tongue+-+Gujarat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10203%2Fdownload%2F13315%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">"52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. 29 March 2016. p. 96. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raman+Singh+breaks+Modi%27s+record+to+be+longest+serving+BJP+CM&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Framan-singh-breaks-modi-s-record-to-be-longest-serving-bjp-cm%2Fstory-5bakVFEDVU9MrSQIlDCYdK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.news.yahoo.com/070606/43/6gpdc.html">"Yahoo"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Narendra+Modi+to+complete+12+years+as+Gujarat%27s+chief+minister+tomorrow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FNarendra-Modi-to-complete-12-years-as-Gujarats-chief-minister-tomorrow%2Farticleshow%2F23610694.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421085204/https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/chief-secretary.htm#:~:text=Shri%20Raj%20Kumar%2C%20IAS%20has,January%2C%202023%20(AN).">"About the Chief Secretary"</a>. <i>Gad.gujarat.gov.in</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.pages=187-190&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65422-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPkexi2EhAIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrimad_Rajchandra" class="citation book cs1">Shrimad Rajchandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shrimadvachanamrutweb"><i>Shrimad Rajchandra Vachanamrut</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019221956/https://archive.org/details/shrimadvachanamrutweb">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shrimad+Rajchandra+Vachanamrut&rft.au=Shrimad+Rajchandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshrimadvachanamrutweb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202803/http://www.rajsaubhag.org/atmasiddhi/">"Atma Siddhi"</a>. <i>Shree Raj Saubhag</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rajsaubhag.org/atmasiddhi/">the original</a> on 14 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shree+Raj+Saubhag&rft.atitle=Atma+Siddhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rajsaubhag.org%2Fatmasiddhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padamsee1999-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Padamsee1999_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadamseePrabhu2007" class="citation book cs1">Padamsee, Alyque; Prabhu, Arun (11 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWsdGDA2j8EC&pg=PA63"><i>A Double Life: My Exciting Years in Theatre and Advertising</i></a>. Penguin. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024071-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024071-9"><bdi>978-0-14-024071-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105640/https://books.google.com/books?id=oWsdGDA2j8EC&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Double+Life%3A+My+Exciting+Years+in+Theatre+and+Advertising&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007-01-11&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024071-9&rft.aulast=Padamsee&rft.aufirst=Alyque&rft.au=Prabhu%2C+Arun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWsdGDA2j8EC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512105953/http://gujaratirocks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:narsinh-mehta&catid=34:gujarati-films&Itemid=29">"Narsinh Mehta"</a>. 26 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gujaratirocks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:narsinh-mehta&catid=34:gujarati-films&Itemid=29">the original</a> on 12 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narsinh+Mehta&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgujaratirocks.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D57%3Anarsinh-mehta%26catid%3D34%3Agujarati-films%26Itemid%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=15692">"NEWS: Limping at 75"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Screen_(magazine)" title="Screen (magazine)">Screen</a></i>. 4 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Screen&rft.atitle=NEWS%3A+Limping+at+75&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenindia.com%2Fold%2Ffullstory.php%3Fcontent_id%3D15692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/104966/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Dhollywood' at 75 finds few takers in urban Gujarat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a></i>. 22 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602081522/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/news-and-the-ugly-truth/1080794/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=%27Dhollywood%27+at+75+finds+few+takers+in+urban+Gujarat&rft.date=2007-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fprinter%2Fnews%2F104966%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thou2011-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thou2011_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms">"Golly! Gujarati films cross 1k mark"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 29 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018215219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Golly%21+Gujarati+films+cross+1k+mark&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FGolly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark%2Farticleshow%2F9401332.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy_2005-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy_2005_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Mithun (3 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html">"Crisis-hit Gujarati film industry gets 100% tax rebate"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714025118/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=Crisis-hit+Gujarati+film+industry+gets+100%25+tax+rebate&rft.date=2005-05-03&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Mithun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcompanies%2Fcrisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polic2016-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polic2016_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeshGujarat2016" class="citation web cs1">DeshGujarat (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204040324/http://deshgujarat.com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/">"Gujarat govt announces new policy for incentives to Gujarati films"</a>. <i>DeshGujarat</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deshgujarat.com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/">the original</a> on 4 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DeshGujarat&rft.atitle=Gujarat+govt+announces+new+policy+for+incentives+to+Gujarati+films&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.au=DeshGujarat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeshgujarat.com%2F2016%2F02%2F02%2Fgujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat-dances.htm">"Dance & Music"</a>. NRI Division <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government of Gujarat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213195733/http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat-dances.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dance+%26+Music&rft.pub=NRI+Division+Government+of+Gujarat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nri.gujarat.gov.in%2Fgujarat-dances.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725085151/http://gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/navratri.htm">"Navratri"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government of Gujarat</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/navratri.htm">the original</a> on 25 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navratri&rft.pub=Government+of+Gujarat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gujaratindia.com%2Fabout-gujarat%2Fnavratri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103200212/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/kite-festival.htm">"Kite Festival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government of Gujarat</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/kite-festival.htm">the original</a> on 3 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kite+Festival&rft.pub=Government+of+Gujarat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gujaratindia.com%2Fabout-gujarat%2Fkite-festival.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaiReeves2008" class="citation book cs1">Rai, Rajesh; Reeves, Peter (2008). Rajesh Rai, Peter Reeves (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA41"><i>The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational networks and changing identities</i></a>. Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89235-0"><bdi>978-0-203-89235-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153225/https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Gujarati merchant diaspora can still be found in the littoral cities of West Asia and Africa on the one hand and in Southeast Asia on the other.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Asian+Diaspora%3A+Transnational+networks+and+changing+identities&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-203-89235-0&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft.au=Reeves%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzb_X3L96AfgC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Even-British-were-envious-of-Gujaratis/articleshow/17575976.cms">"Even British were envious of Gujaratis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 11 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928112046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/vadodara/35748553_1_gujaratis-maritime-history-subcontinent">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Most people perceive that British dominated everything in the 19th century when the Indian sub-continent was under their control. But Gujarati merchants, especially those from Kutch, dominated the economy all along the East African coast. So while British were ruling, Gujaratis were making all the money," said Pearson." As financers, they (Gujarati merchants) had agents to collect tax, they had money to provide loans, they dominated the merchandise business and they were also into slavery business at <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> on the East African coast and to some extent their influence was also on the South African region," he said. "In fact, the dominance of Gujarati merchants on economy was to such an extent that at one point of time the British even complained about it. They, however, couldn't make any difference as most of them were either administrators or soldiers," said Pearson</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Even+British+were+envious+of+Gujaratis&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvadodara%2FEven-British-were-envious-of-Gujaratis%2Farticleshow%2F17575976.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73">"Strabo, Geography, NOTICE"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061428/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+NOTICE.&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0239%26layout%3D%26loc%3D15.1.73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html">"Cassius Dio – Book 54"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsonair.com&rft.atitle=Gujarat+Govt%2C+Delaware+State+of+America+sign+MoU+for+sister+state&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsonair.com%2FMain-News-Details.aspx%3Ftitle%3DGujarat-Govt%2C-Delaware-State-of-America-sign-MoU-for-sister-state%26id%3D371134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soir.senate.ca.gov/scr42001">"Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 4 | Senate Office of International Relations"</a>. <i>soir.senate.ca.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002225/https://soir.senate.ca.gov/scr42001">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soir.senate.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Senate+Concurrent+Resolution+No.+4+%7C+Senate+Office+of+International+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoir.senate.ca.gov%2Fscr42001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japancentreatama.com/">"Japan Information & Study Centre"</a>. <i>Japan Information and Study Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002229/https://www.japancentreatama.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Information+and+Study+Centre&rft.atitle=Japan+Information+%26+Study+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japancentreatama.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExperts2019" class="citation book cs1">Experts, Disha (25 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_yzDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state+hyogo&pg=PA65"><i>Quarterly Current Affairs Vol. 3 - July to September 2019 for Competitive Exams</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbth.com&rft.atitle=Modi+to+reconnect+in+Russia+with+Astrakhan&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.aulast=Upadhyay&rft.aufirst=Dadan&rft.au=RIR%2C+specially+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Feconomics%2Fcooperation%2F2015%2F12%2F09%2Fmodi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpadhyay2017" class="citation web cs1">Upadhyay, Dadan (16 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/economics/business/2017/01/16/russia-india-turn-to-gujarat-to-help-increase-trade-turnover_681841">"Russia, India turn to Gujarat to help increase trade turnover"</a>. <i>rbth.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.rbth.com/economics/business/2017/01/16/russia-india-turn-to-gujarat-to-help-increase-trade-turnover_681841">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbth.com&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+India+turn+to+Gujarat+to+help+increase+trade+turnover&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.aulast=Upadhyay&rft.aufirst=Dadan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Feconomics%2Fbusiness%2F2017%2F01%2F16%2Frussia-india-turn-to-gujarat-to-help-increase-trade-turnover_681841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleekerWidengren1971" class="citation book cs1">Bleeker, Claas Jouco; Widengren, Geo (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rrQY1tzLQUC"><i>Historia Religionum: Religions of the present</i></a>. Vol. II. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004025981" title="Special:BookSources/9789004025981"><bdi>9789004025981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Religionum%3A+Religions+of+the+present&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9789004025981&rft.aulast=Bleeker&rft.aufirst=Claas+Jouco&rft.au=Widengren%2C+Geo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3rrQY1tzLQUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2001" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC"><i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415239028" title="Special:BookSources/9780415239028"><bdi>9780415239028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780415239028&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6gbxVfjtUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodivala1920" class="citation book cs1">Hodivala, Shahpurshah Hormasji (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinparsihi00hodiuoft&printsec=frontcover"><i>Studies in Parsi History</i></a>. Bombay: Captain Print Works.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Parsi+History&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Captain+Print+Works&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Hodivala&rft.aufirst=Shahpurshah+Hormasji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiesinparsihi00hodiuoft%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1906" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R9coAAAAYAAJ"><i>Persia Past and Present: A Book of Travel and Research, with More Than Two Hundred Illustrations and a Map</i></a>. The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+Past+and+Present%3A+A+Book+of+Travel+and+Research%2C+with+More+Than+Two+Hundred+Illustrations+and+a+Map&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Valentine+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR9coAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanbaghi2006" class="citation book cs1">Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iAbUEaXnfEC"><i>The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran</i></a> (reprint ed.). I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845110567" title="Special:BookSources/9781845110567"><bdi>9781845110567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fire%2C+the+Star+and+the+Cross%3A+Minority+Religions+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Iran&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845110567&rft.aulast=Khanbaghi&rft.aufirst=Aptin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iAbUEaXnfEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Yazdani, Kaveh (2017). <i>India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)</i>. Leiden: Brill. xxxi + 669 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/?s=gujarat">Online review</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Gujarat</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gujarat" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Gujarat">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4" class="extiw" title="c:ગુજરાત">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Gujarat" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Gujarat">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gujarat" class="extiw" title="q:Gujarat">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gujarat" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Gujarat">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gujarat" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Gujarat">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gujarat" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Gujarat">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gujarat" class="extiw" title="voy:Gujarat">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gujaratindia.com">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://igod.gov.in/sg/GJ/categories">Gujarat Web Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gujarattourism.com/">Official tourism site 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tourism.gujarat.gov.in/">Official tourism site 2</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Gujarat">Gujarat</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249059">Gujarat</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1949080">Gujarat</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Gujarat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Gujarat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Gujarat</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Pakistan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></i></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Gujarat</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_State_of_Gujarat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gujarat" title="Template:Gujarat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gujarat" title="Template talk:Gujarat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gujarat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gujarat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_State_of_Gujarat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Gujarat.svg/25px-Flag_of_Gujarat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Gujarat.svg/38px-Flag_of_Gujarat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Gujarat.svg/50px-Flag_of_Gujarat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gujarat</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gujarat" title="Category:Gujarat">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Gujarat" title="Architecture of Gujarat">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gujarat" title="Culture of Gujarat">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gujarat" title="Education in Gujarat">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gujarat" title="Geography of Gujarat">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gujarat" title="Politics of Gujarat">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Gujarat" title="List of protected areas of Gujarat">Protected areas of Gujarats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Gujarat" title="Tourism in Gujarat">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Gujarat"><img alt="Map of Gujarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png/150px-Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png/225px-Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png/300px-Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions of Gujarat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Gujarat" title="North Gujarat">North Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Gujarat" title="Central Gujarat">Central Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gujarat" title="South Gujarat">South Gujarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Gujarat" title="List of districts of Gujarat">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_district" title="Ahmedabad district">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amreli_district" title="Amreli district">Amreli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_district" title="Anand district">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravalli_district" title="Aravalli district">Aravalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaskantha_district" title="Banaskantha district">Banaskantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch_district" title="Bharuch district">Bharuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_district" title="Bhavnagar district">Bhavnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botad_district" title="Botad district">Botad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhota_Udaipur_district" title="Chhota Udaipur district">Chhota Udaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahod_district" title="Dahod district">Dahod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_district,_India" title="Dang district, India">Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devbhumi_Dwarka_district" title="Devbhumi Dwarka district">Devbhumi Dwarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar_district" title="Gandhinagar district">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gir_Somnath_district" title="Gir Somnath district">Gir Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnagar_district" title="Jamnagar district">Jamnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junagadh_district" title="Junagadh district">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_district" title="Kheda district">Kheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisagar_district" title="Mahisagar district">Mahisagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehsana_district" title="Mehsana district">Mehsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morbi_district" title="Morbi district">Morbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmada_district" title="Narmada district">Narmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navsari_district" title="Navsari district">Navsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchmahal_district" title="Panchmahal district">Panchmahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patan_district" title="Patan district">Patan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbandar_district" title="Porbandar district">Porbandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot_district" title="Rajkot district">Rajkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarkantha_district" title="Sabarkantha district">Sabarkantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_district" title="Surat district">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranagar_district" title="Surendranagar district">Surendranagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapi_district" title="Tapi district">Tapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara_district" title="Vadodara district">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsad_district" title="Valsad district">Valsad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Gujarat_by_population" title="List of cities in Gujarat by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amreli" title="Amreli">Amreli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand,_Gujarat" title="Anand, Gujarat">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankleshwar" title="Ankleshwar">Ankleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar" title="Bhavnagar">Bhavnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botad" title="Botad">Botad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuj" title="Bhuj">Bhuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhidham" title="Gandhidham">Gandhidham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhra" title="Godhra">Godhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnagar" title="Jamnagar">Jamnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda" title="Kheda">Kheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehsana" title="Mehsana">Mehsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morbi" title="Morbi">Morbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiad" title="Nadiad">Nadiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navsari" title="Navsari">Navsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modasa" title="Modasa">Modasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Patan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbandar" title="Porbandar">Porbandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranagar_Dudhrej" title="Surendranagar Dudhrej">Surendranagar Dudhrej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadhwan" title="Wadhwan">Wadhwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankaner" title="Wankaner">Wankaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhna" title="Udhna">Udhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsad" title="Valsad">Valsad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapi" title="Vapi">Vapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraval" title="Veraval">Veraval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visnagar" title="Visnagar">Visnagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_India" title="Category:Ecoregions of India">Ecoregions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta%E2%80%93Arabian_Sea_mangroves" title="Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves">Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khathiar%E2%80%93Gir_dry_deciduous_forests" title="Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests">Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests" title="North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests">North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravalli_West_Thorn_Scrub_Forests" title="Aravalli West Thorn Scrub Forests">Aravalli West Thorn Scrub Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Category:Economy of Gujarat">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System">Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIFT_City" title="GIFT City">GIFT City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Riverfront" title="Sabarmati Riverfront">Sabarmati Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Sarovar_Dam" title="Sardar Sarovar Dam">Sardar Sarovar Dam</a></li> <li><a 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[\"CITEREFDavid_Smith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeshGujarat2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeshGujarat2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhar2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixitMehta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrahim2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExperts2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman-GrenvilleMunro-Hay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayerJaffrelot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhai2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiancarlo_Casale2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoody1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGujarat_Government\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulati2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaiderKhanMoosviPrasad2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodivala1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIANS2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJathar,_Dnyanesh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaushik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaled_Ahmed2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanbaghi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotkin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishna2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeKulkeRothermund2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurup1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLum2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM_Saraswathy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManjulal_Ranchholdlal_Majmudar1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansooruddin_Quraishi1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMote1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammed_Ibrahim_Dar1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjeeBorad2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._SubrahmanianTamil̲an̲pan̲S._Jeyapragasam1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNair2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadamseePrabhu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanda2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel,_Aakar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattanayak1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Padfield1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersenChenSchlagenhauf-Lawlor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoros2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradeep_Udhas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaiReeves,_Peter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaiReeves2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajesh_RaiPeter_Reeves2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_MajumdarAchut_Dattatrya_PusalkerA._K._MajumdarDilip_Kumar_Ghose1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_MajumdarBhāratīya_Itihāsa_Samiti1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Maxwell_Eaton2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRobyn_Meredith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoseIbbetson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrimad_Rajchandra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuichi_Takezawa2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh,_H._S.Gibson,_L.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyamAlam2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuran2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaraporevala\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomarOza2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsukasa_MizushimaGeorge_Bryan_SouzaDennis_O._Flynn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUday_Mahurkar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpadhyay2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpadhyayRIR2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVashi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVashi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_H._Schoff1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonMohabeyPetersHead2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWink1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYagnik2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 25,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Administrative structure of Gujarat\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 7,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 106,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 8,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"DecreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 5,\n [\"Flag\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 1,\n [\"Font\"] = 12,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Gujarat\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"INRConvert\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 3,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian Rupee\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox Indian state or territory\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Map/Airports in Gujarat\"] = 1,\n [\"Map/Ports and harbours of Gujarat\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 8,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"States and territories of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 21,\n [\"USD\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","17.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","180","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","180","8.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","5.3"],["recursiveClone 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