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aria-controls="toc-Chemistry_and_compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry and compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_and_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Common oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chromium(0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromium(0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Chromium(0) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromium(0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chromium(II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromium(II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Chromium(II) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromium(II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chromium(III)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromium(III)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Chromium(III) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromium(III)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chromium(VI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromium(VI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Chromium(VI) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromium(VI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Other oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metallurgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallurgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Metallurgy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallurgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Pigment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Uses of compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Dietary recommendations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Labeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Food sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Supplementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initiation_of_research_on_glucose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation_of_research_on_glucose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Initiation of research on glucose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation_of_research_on_glucose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approved_and_disapproved_health_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approved_and_disapproved_health_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Approved and disapproved health claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approved_and_disapproved_health_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Diabetes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Body weight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fresh-water_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fresh-water_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Fresh-water fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fresh-water_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Precautions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Precautions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chromium(VI)_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromium(VI)_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Chromium(VI) toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromium(VI)_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chromium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" > 155 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroom" title="Chroom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chroom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9A%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ክሮሚየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክሮሚየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="كروم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كروم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cromo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromu" title="Hromu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hromu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromu_(elementu)" title="Cromu (elementu) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cromu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्रोमियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="क्रोमियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xrom" title="Xrom – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xrom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kromium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ক্রোমিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রোমিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chromium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्रोमियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्रोमियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromyo" title="Kromyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kromyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀོ་ལྕགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀོ་ལྕགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrom" title="Hrom – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hrom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crom" title="Crom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromyo" title="Kromyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kromyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrom" title="Chrom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chrom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromu" title="Cromu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cromu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromiwm" title="Cromiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cromiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="كروم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كروم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrom" title="Chrom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AF%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ކްރޯމިއަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކްރޯމިއަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroom" title="Kroom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kroom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Χρώμιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρώμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cromo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromio" title="Kromio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kromio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromo" title="Kromo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kromo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="کروم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chromium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome" title="Chrome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chrome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crom" title="Crom – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Crom" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3imiam" title="Cróimiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cróimiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromium" title="Cromium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cromium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B2mium" title="Cròmium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cròmium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cromo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81" title="વર્ણાતુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વર્ણાતુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chromium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%AE%B4" title="크로뮴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크로뮴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Քրոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्रोमियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रोमियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrom" title="Chrom – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Chrom" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromo" title="Kromo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kromo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kromium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromo" title="Chromo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chromo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmChiyangqwala" title="UmChiyangqwala – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmChiyangqwala" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3m" title="Króm – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Króm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cromo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="כרום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromiyum" title="Kromiyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kromiyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurom" title="Kurom – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kurom" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ರೋಮಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರೋಮಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ქრომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromiom" title="Kromiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kromiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromi" title="Chromi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chromi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogel" title="Vogel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vogel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kw%C3%B2m" title="Kwòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crom" title="Crom – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Crom" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A1" title="ໂຄຣມຽມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຄຣມຽມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chromium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hroms" title="Hroms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hroms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrom" title="Chrom – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chrom" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromas" title="Chromas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chromas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crommo" title="Crommo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Crommo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroeam" title="Chroeam – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chroeam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrom" title="Hrom – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hrom" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rogjinme" title="rogjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rogjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolomiyaamu(Chromium)" title="Kolomiyaamu(Chromium) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kolomiyaamu(Chromium)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3m" title="Cróm – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cróm" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3m" title="Króm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Króm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B4ma" title="Krôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Krôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രോമിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രോമിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konukita" title="Konukita – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konukita" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="वर्णातु – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वर्णातु" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="كروم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كروم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kromium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kromium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1uk_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Gáuk (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáuk (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хрома – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Хрома" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ခရိုမီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရိုမီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlap%C4%81ltepoztli" title="Tlapāltepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapāltepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroom_(element)" title="Chroom (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chroom (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्रोमियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्रोमियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A0" title="クロム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroom_(element)" title="Kroom (element) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kroom (element)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B2me" title="Cròme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cròme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AE" title="କ୍ରୋମିୟମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ରୋମିୟମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xrom_(kimyoviy_element)" title="Xrom (kimyoviy element) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xrom (kimyoviy element)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕਰੋਮੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰੋਮੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्रोमियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="क्रोमियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="کرومیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرومیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ခရိုမီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခရိုမီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85" title="کروميم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کروميم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B2m" title="Cròm – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cròm" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrom" title="Chrom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chrom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrom" title="Chrom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cromo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crom" title="Crom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurumu" title="Kurumu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kurumu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्रोमियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्रोमियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromu" title="Cromu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cromu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chromium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrom" title="Chrom – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chrom" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromi" title="Kromi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kromi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromu" title="Cromu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cromu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chromium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%B3m" title="Chróm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chróm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koroomiyaam" title="Koroomiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koroomiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85" title="کرۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کرۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrom" title="Hrom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hrom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kromium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromi" title="Kromi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kromi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromo" title="Kromo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kromo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குரோமியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குரோமியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="క్రోమియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్రోమియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="โครเมียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครเมียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хром" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krom" title="Krom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Krom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For the web browser, see <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium (web browser)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 24 (Cr)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Chromium, 24Cr</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5279" data-file-height="3153" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Chromium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery metallic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Cr)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>51.9961±0.0006<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>51.996±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Chromium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Cr ↓ <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> ← chromium → <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">24</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">group 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d5 4s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 13, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2180 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1907 °C, 3465 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2944 K (2671 °C, 4840 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">7.192 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.3 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21.0 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">347 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23.35 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1656 </td> <td>1807 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>2223 </td> <td>2530 </td> <td>2942 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3, +6 −4,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> −2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +4,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.66 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 652.9 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1590.6 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2987 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#chromium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 128 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">139±5 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chromium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Chromium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chromium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Chromium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chromium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Chromium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of chromium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for chromium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 288.49  pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.81×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">93.9 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">125 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnetic</a> (rather: <a href="/wiki/Spin_density_wave" title="Spin density wave">SDW</a>)<a href="#cite_note-fawcett-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+280.0×10−6 cm3/mol (273 K)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">279 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">115 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">160 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">5940 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.21 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1060 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">687–6500 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-47-3 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a> (1794, 1797)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chromium" title="Isotopes of chromium">Isotopes of chromium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_chromium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox chromium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_chromium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox chromium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">50Cr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.34% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">51Cr </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">27.7025 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium-51" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium-51">51V</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">γ</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">52Cr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">83.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">53Cr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.50% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">54Cr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.37% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chromium" title="Category:Chromium">Category: Chromium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_chromium" title="Template:Infobox chromium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_chromium" title="Template talk:Infobox chromium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_chromium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox chromium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Chromium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Cr and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 24. It is the first element in <a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">group 6</a>. It is a steely-grey, <a href="/wiki/Luster_(mineralogy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luster (mineralogy)">lustrous</a>, hard, and brittle <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Chromium is valued for its high <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resistance and <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a>. A major development in steel production was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding metallic chromium to form <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Stainless steel and <a href="/wiki/Chrome_plating" title="Chrome plating">chrome plating</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> with chromium) together comprise 85% of the commercial use. Chromium is also greatly valued as a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> that is able to be highly <a href="/wiki/Polishing" title="Polishing">polished</a> while resisting <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnishing</a>. Polished chromium reflects almost 70% of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>, and almost 90% of <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIST_specular_reflection-12">[12]</a> The name of the element is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> word χρῶμα, chrōma, meaning <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> because many chromium compounds are intensely colored. Industrial production of chromium proceeds from <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a> ore (mostly FeCr2O4) to produce <a href="/wiki/Ferrochromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrochromium">ferrochromium</a>, an iron-chromium alloy, by means of <a href="/wiki/Aluminothermic_reaction" title="Aluminothermic reaction">aluminothermic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silicothermic_reaction" title="Silicothermic reaction">silicothermic reactions</a>. Ferrochromium is then used to produce alloys such as stainless steel. Pure chromium metal is produced by a different process: <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">roasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">leaching</a> of chromite to separate it from iron, followed by reduction with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivalent">Trivalent</a> chromium (Cr(III)) occurs naturally in many foods and is sold as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>, although there is insufficient evidence that dietary chromium provides nutritional benefit to people.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-lpi-15">[15]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> concluded that research on dietary chromium did not justify it to be recognized as an essential <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-efsa-16">[16]</a> While chromium metal and Cr(III) ions are considered non-toxic, chromate and its derivatives, often called "<a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">hexavalent chromium</a>", is toxic and <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a>. According to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), <a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">chromium trioxide</a> that is used in industrial electroplating processes is a "substance of very high concern" (SVHC).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic">Atomic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Atomic">edit</a>]</div> Gaseous chromium has a ground-state <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> of [<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d5 4s1. It is the first element in the periodic table whose configuration violates the <a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a>. Exceptions to the principle also occur later in the periodic table for elements such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CasaXPS-18">[18]</a> Chromium is the first element in the 3d series where the 3d electrons start to sink into the core; they thus contribute less to <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">metallic bonding</a>, and hence the melting and boiling points and the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_atomisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthalpy of atomisation">enthalpy of atomisation</a> of chromium are lower than those of the preceding element <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>. Chromium(VI) is a strong <a href="/wiki/Oxidising_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidising agent">oxidising agent</a> in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>(VI) and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>(VI) oxides.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1004-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulk">Bulk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bulk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chromium.jpg/220px-Chromium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chromium.jpg/330px-Chromium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chromium.jpg/440px-Chromium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Sample of chromium metal</figcaption></figure> Chromium is the third hardest element after <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a> is 8.5, which means that it can scratch samples of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, but can be scratched by <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>. Chromium is highly resistant to <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnishing</a>, which makes it useful as a metal that preserves its outermost layer from <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corroding</a>, unlike other metals such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Chromium has a <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of 1907 °C (3465 °F), which is relatively low compared to the majority of transition metals. However, it still has the second highest melting point out of all the <a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4 elements</a>, being topped by <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> by 3 °C (5 °F) at 1910 °C (3470 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of 2671 °C (4840 °F), however, is comparatively lower, having the fourth lowest boiling point out of the <a href="/wiki/Period_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 4">Period 4</a> <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> alone behind <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[note 1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">electrical resistivity</a> of chromium at 20 °C is 125 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">nanoohm</a>-<a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meters</a>. Chromium has a high <a href="/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specular reflection</a> in comparison to other transition metals. In <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, at 425 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>, chromium has a maximum reflectance of about 72%, reducing to a minimum of 62% at 750 μm before rising again to 90% at 4000 μm.<a href="#cite_note-NIST_specular_reflection-12">[12]</a> When chromium is used in <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> alloys and <a href="/wiki/Polishing" title="Polishing">polished</a>, the specular reflection decreases with the inclusion of additional metals, yet is still high in comparison with other alloys. Between 40% and 60% of the visible spectrum is reflected from polished stainless steel.<a href="#cite_note-NIST_specular_reflection-12">[12]</a> The explanation on why chromium displays such a high turnout of reflected <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> waves in general, especially the 90% in infrared, can be attributed to chromium's magnetic properties.<a href="#cite_note-ISU_infrared-21">[20]</a> Chromium has unique magnetic properties; it is the only elemental solid that shows <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiferromagnetic">antiferromagnetic</a> ordering at room temperature and below. Above 38 °C, its magnetic ordering becomes <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fawcett-7">[7]</a> The antiferromagnetic properties, which cause the chromium atoms to temporarily <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionize</a> and bond with themselves, are present because the body-centric cubic's magnetic properties are disproportionate to the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">lattice periodicity</a>. This is due to the magnetic moments at the cube's corners and the unequal, but antiparallel, cube centers.<a href="#cite_note-ISU_infrared-21">[20]</a> From here, the frequency-dependent <a href="/wiki/Relative_permittivity" title="Relative permittivity">relative permittivity</a> of chromium, deriving from <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a> and chromium's <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnetism</a>, leaves chromium with a high infrared and visible light reflectance.<a href="#cite_note-ISU_optical-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passivation">Passivation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Passivation">edit</a>]</div> Chromium metal in air is <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivated</a>: it forms a thin, protective surface layer of chromium oxide with the <a href="/wiki/Corundum_(structure)" title="Corundum (structure)">corundum</a> structure. Passivation can be enhanced by short contact with <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_acid" title="Oxidizing acid">oxidizing acids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. Passivated chromium is stable against acids. Passivation can be removed with a strong <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> that destroys the protective oxide layer on the metal. Chromium metal treated in this way readily dissolves in weak acids.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[22]</a> The surface <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">chromia</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Cr2O3 scale, is adherent to the metal. In contrast, iron forms a more porous oxide which is weak and flakes easily and exposes fresh metal to the air, causing continued <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rusting</a>. At room temperature, the chromia scale is a few atomic layers thick, growing in thickness by outward <a href="/wiki/Atomic_diffusion" title="Atomic diffusion">diffusion</a> of metal ions across the scale. Above 950 °C volatile <a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">chromium trioxide</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CrO3 forms from the chromia scale, limiting the scale thickness and oxidation protection.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Chromium, unlike iron and nickel, does not suffer from <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">hydrogen embrittlement</a>. However, it does suffer from nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Embrittlement" title="Embrittlement">embrittlement</a>, reacting with nitrogen from air and forming brittle nitrides at the high temperatures necessary to work the metal parts.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chromium" title="Isotopes of chromium">Isotopes of chromium</a></div> Naturally occurring chromium is composed of four stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>; 50Cr, 52Cr, 53Cr and 54Cr, with 52Cr being the most abundant (83.789% <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundance</a>). 50Cr is <a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide#Still-unobserved_decay" title="Stable nuclide">observationally stable</a>, as it is theoretically capable of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decaying</a> to <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_titanium" title="Isotopes of titanium">50Ti</a> via <a href="/wiki/Double_electron_capture" title="Double electron capture">double electron capture</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of no less than 1.3×1018 years. Twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been characterized, ranging from 42Cr to 70Cr; the most stable radioisotope is 51Cr with a half-life of 27.7 days. All of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lives that are less than 24 hours and the majority less than 1 minute. Chromium also has two <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> before the most abundant stable isotope, 52Cr, is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> and the primary mode after is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> 53Cr is the <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic">radiogenic</a> decay product of 53<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> (half-life 3.74 million years).<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Chromium isotopes are typically collocated (and compounded) with <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> isotopes. This circumstance is useful in <a href="/wiki/Isotope_geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope geology">isotope geology</a>. Manganese-chromium isotope ratios reinforce the evidence from <a href="/wiki/Aluminium-26" title="Aluminium-26">26Al</a> and 107<a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> concerning the early history of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate an initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio that suggests Mn-Cr isotopic composition must result from in-situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence 53Cr provides additional evidence for <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthetic</a> processes immediately before coalescence of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-53Mn53Cr-27">[26]</a> 53Cr has been posited as a proxy for atmospheric oxygen concentration.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry_and_compounds">Chemistry and compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemistry and compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chromium_compounds" title="Chromium compounds">Chromium compounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chromium_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png/220px-Chromium_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chromium_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png/330px-Chromium_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chromium_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png/440px-Chromium_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pourbaix_diagram" title="Pourbaix diagram">Pourbaix diagram</a> for chromium in pure water, perchloric acid, or sodium hydroxide<a href="#cite_note-Crspeci-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-medusa-30">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> Chromium is a member of <a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">group 6</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>. The +3 and +6 states occur most commonly within chromium compounds, followed by +2; charges of +1, +4 and +5 for chromium are rare, but do nevertheless occasionally exist.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_oxidation_states">Common oxidation states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Oxidation states<a href="#cite_note-33">[note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-32">[31]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−4 (d10) </td> <td>Na4[Cr(CO)4]<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2 (d8)</td> <td>Na 2[Cr(CO) 5] </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1 (d7)</td> <td>Na 2[Cr 2(CO) 10] </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 (d6)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bis(benzene)chromium" title="Bis(benzene)chromium">Cr(C 6H 6) 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1 (d5)</td> <td>K 3[Cr(CN) 5NO] </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2 (d4)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_chloride" title="Chromium(II) chloride">CrCl 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3 (d3)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_chloride" title="Chromium(III) chloride">CrCl 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4 (d2)</td> <td>K 2CrF 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5 (d1)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_tetraperoxochromate(V)" title="Potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)">K 3Cr(O 2) 4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6 (d0)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chromate" title="Potassium chromate">K 2CrO 4</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chromium(0)">Chromium(0)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chromium(0)">edit</a>]</div> Many Cr(0) complexes are known. <a href="/wiki/Bis(benzene)chromium" title="Bis(benzene)chromium">Bis(benzene)chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromium_hexacarbonyl" title="Chromium hexacarbonyl">chromium hexacarbonyl</a> are highlights in <a href="/wiki/Organochromium_chemistry" title="Organochromium chemistry">organochromium chemistry</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chromium(II)">Chromium(II)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chromium(II)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium_carbide_Cr3C2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chromium_carbide_Cr3C2.JPG/170px-Chromium_carbide_Cr3C2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chromium_carbide_Cr3C2.JPG/255px-Chromium_carbide_Cr3C2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chromium_carbide_Cr3C2.JPG/340px-Chromium_carbide_Cr3C2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_carbide" title="Chromium(II) carbide">Chromium(II) carbide</a> (Cr3C2)</figcaption></figure> Chromium(II) compounds are uncommon, in part because they readily oxidize to chromium(III) derivatives in air. Water-stable <a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_chloride" title="Chromium(II) chloride">chromium(II) chloride</a> CrCl 2 that can be made by reducing chromium(III) chloride with zinc. The resulting bright blue solution created from dissolving chromium(II) chloride is stable at neutral <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[22]</a> Some other notable chromium(II) compounds include <a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_oxide" title="Chromium(II) oxide">chromium(II) oxide</a> CrO, and <a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_sulfate" title="Chromium(II) sulfate">chromium(II) sulfate</a> CrSO 4. Many chromium(II) carboxylates are known. The red <a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_acetate" title="Chromium(II) acetate">chromium(II) acetate</a> (Cr2(O2CCH3)4) is somewhat famous. It features a Cr-Cr <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_bond" title="Quadruple bond">quadruple bond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chromium(III)">Chromium(III)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chromium(III)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium(III)-chloride-purple-anhydrous-sunlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Chromium%28III%29-chloride-purple-anhydrous-sunlight.jpg/170px-Chromium%28III%29-chloride-purple-anhydrous-sunlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Chromium%28III%29-chloride-purple-anhydrous-sunlight.jpg/255px-Chromium%28III%29-chloride-purple-anhydrous-sunlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Chromium%28III%29-chloride-purple-anhydrous-sunlight.jpg/340px-Chromium%28III%29-chloride-purple-anhydrous-sunlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride (CrCl3)</figcaption></figure> A large number of chromium(III) compounds are known, such as <a href="/wiki/Chromium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium nitrate">chromium(III) nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_acetate" title="Chromium(III) acetate">chromium(III) acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">chromium(III) oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Chromium(III) can be obtained by dissolving elemental chromium in acids like <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, but it can also be formed through the reduction of chromium(VI) by <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">cytochrome</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c" title="Cytochrome c">c7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The Cr3+ ion has a similar radius (63 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a>) to Al3+ (radius 50 pm), and they can replace each other in some compounds, such as in <a href="/wiki/Chrome_alum" title="Chrome alum">chrome alum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>. Chromium(III) tends to form <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">octahedral</a> complexes. Commercially available <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_chloride" title="Chromium(III) chloride">chromium(III) chloride</a> hydrate is the dark green complex [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl. Closely related compounds are the pale green [CrCl(H2O)5]Cl2 and violet [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3. If anhydrous violet<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_chloride" title="Chromium(III) chloride">chromium(III) chloride</a> is dissolved in water, the violet solution turns green after some time as the chloride in the inner <a href="/wiki/Coordination_sphere" title="Coordination sphere">coordination sphere</a> is replaced by water. This kind of reaction is also observed with solutions of <a href="/wiki/Chrome_alum" title="Chrome alum">chrome alum</a> and other water-soluble chromium(III) salts. A <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedral</a> coordination of <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium(III)">chromium(III)</a> has been reported for the Cr-centered <a href="/wiki/Keggin_structure" title="Keggin structure">Keggin</a> anion [α-CrW12O40]5–.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_hydroxide" title="Chromium(III) hydroxide">Chromium(III) hydroxide</a> (Cr(OH)3) is <a href="/wiki/Amphoterism" title="Amphoterism">amphoteric</a>, dissolving in acidic solutions to form [Cr(H2O)6]3+, and in basic solutions to form [Cr(OH) 6]3− . It is dehydrated by heating to form the green chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), a stable oxide with a crystal structure identical to that of <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chromium(VI)">Chromium(VI)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chromium(VI)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">Hexavalent chromium</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">Chromium(VI) compounds</a> are oxidants at low or neutral pH. <a href="/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate" title="Chromate and dichromate">Chromate</a> anions (CrO2− 4) and <a href="/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate" title="Chromate and dichromate">dichromate</a> (Cr2O72−) anions are the principal ions at this oxidation state. They exist at an equilibrium, determined by pH: <dl><dd>2 [CrO4]2− + 2 H+ ⇌ [Cr2O7]2− + H2O</dd></dl> Chromium(VI) oxyhalides are known also and include <a href="/wiki/Chromyl_fluoride" title="Chromyl fluoride">chromyl fluoride</a> (CrO2F2) and <a href="/wiki/Chromyl_chloride" title="Chromyl chloride">chromyl chloride</a> (CrO 2Cl 2).<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[22]</a> However, despite several erroneous claims, <a href="/wiki/Chromium_hexafluoride" title="Chromium hexafluoride">chromium hexafluoride</a> (as well as all higher hexahalides) remains unknown, as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrom(VI)-oxid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chrom%28VI%29-oxid.jpg/170px-Chrom%28VI%29-oxid.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chrom%28VI%29-oxid.jpg/255px-Chrom%28VI%29-oxid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chrom%28VI%29-oxid.jpg/340px-Chrom%28VI%29-oxid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Chromium(VI) oxide</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chromate" title="Sodium chromate">Sodium chromate</a> is produced industrially by the oxidative roasting of <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a> ore with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>. The change in equilibrium is visible by a change from yellow (chromate) to orange (dichromate), such as when an acid is added to a neutral solution of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chromate" title="Potassium chromate">potassium chromate</a>. At yet lower pH values, further condensation to more complex <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanions</a> of chromium is possible. Both the <a href="/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate" title="Chromate and dichromate">chromate and dichromate</a> anions are strong oxidizing reagents at low pH:<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[22]</a> <dl><dd>Cr 2O2− 7 + 14 H 3O+ + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+ + 21 H 2O (ε0 = 1.33 V)</dd></dl> They are, however, only moderately oxidizing at high pH:<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[22]</a> <dl><dd>CrO2− 4 + 4 H 2O + 3 e− → Cr(OH) 3 + 5 OH− (ε0 = −0.13 V)</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chroman_sodn%C3%BD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chroman_sodn%C3%BD.JPG/170px-Chroman_sodn%C3%BD.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chroman_sodn%C3%BD.JPG/255px-Chroman_sodn%C3%BD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chroman_sodn%C3%BD.JPG/340px-Chroman_sodn%C3%BD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chromate" title="Sodium chromate">Sodium chromate</a> (Na2CrO4)</figcaption></figure> Chromium(VI) compounds in solution can be detected by adding an acidic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> solution. The unstable dark blue <a href="/wiki/Chromium(VI)_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium(VI) peroxide">chromium(VI) peroxide</a> (CrO5) is formed, which can be stabilized as an ether adduct CrO 5·OR 2.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid">Chromic acid</a> has the hypothetical formula H 2CrO 4. It is a vaguely described chemical, despite many well-defined chromates and dichromates being known. The dark red <a href="/wiki/Chromium(VI)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium(VI) oxide">chromium(VI) oxide</a> CrO 3, the acid <a href="/wiki/Anhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydride">anhydride</a> of chromic acid, is sold industrially as "chromic acid".<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[22]</a> It can be produced by mixing sulfuric acid with dichromate and is a strong oxidizing agent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_oxidation_states">Other oxidation states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Organochromium_chemistry" title="Organochromium chemistry">Organochromium chemistry</a></div> Compounds of chromium(V) are rather rare; the oxidation state +5 is only realized in few compounds but are intermediates in many reactions involving oxidations by chromate. The only binary compound is the volatile <a href="/wiki/Chromium(V)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium(V) fluoride">chromium(V) fluoride</a> (CrF5). This red solid has a melting point of 30 °C and a boiling point of 117 °C. It can be prepared by treating chromium metal with fluorine at 400 °C and 200 bar pressure. The peroxochromate(V) is another example of the +5 oxidation state. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_tetraperoxochromate(V)" title="Potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)">Potassium peroxochromate</a> (K3[Cr(O2)4]) is made by reacting potassium chromate with hydrogen peroxide at low temperatures. This red brown compound is stable at room temperature but decomposes spontaneously at 150–170 °C.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Compounds of chromium(IV) are slightly more common than those of chromium(V). The tetrahalides, <a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_fluoride" title="Chromium(IV) fluoride">CrF4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_chloride" title="Chromium(IV) chloride">CrCl4</a>, and CrBr4, can be produced by treating the trihalides (CrX 3) with the corresponding halogen at elevated temperatures. Such compounds are susceptible to disproportionation reactions and are not stable in water. Organic compounds containing Cr(IV) state such as chromium tetra t-butoxide are also known.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Most chromium(I) compounds are obtained solely by oxidation of electron-rich, <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">octahedral</a> chromium(0) complexes. Other chromium(I) complexes contain <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl" title="Cyclopentadienyl">cyclopentadienyl</a> ligands. As verified by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a>, a Cr-Cr <a href="/wiki/Quintuple_bond" title="Quintuple bond">quintuple bond</a> (length 183.51(4) pm) has also been described.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Extremely bulky monodentate ligands stabilize this compound by shielding the quintuple bond from further reactions. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5-fold_chromium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/5-fold_chromium.png/220px-5-fold_chromium.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/5-fold_chromium.png/330px-5-fold_chromium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/5-fold_chromium.png/440px-5-fold_chromium.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Chromium compound determined experimentally to contain a Cr-Cr quintuple bond</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Chromium_minerals" title="Category:Chromium minerals">Category:Chromium minerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg/170px-Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg/255px-Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg/340px-Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crocoite" title="Crocoite">Crocoite</a> (PbCrO4)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chromit_1.jpg/170px-Chromit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chromit_1.jpg/255px-Chromit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chromit_1.jpg/340px-Chromit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">Chromite</a> ore</figcaption></figure> Chromium is the 21st most <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">abundant element in Earth's crust</a><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-44">[42]</a> with an average concentration of 100 ppm. Chromium compounds are found in the environment from the <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> of chromium-containing rocks, and can be redistributed by volcanic eruptions. Typical background concentrations of chromium in environmental media are: atmosphere <10 ng/m3; soil <500 mg/kg; vegetation <0.5 mg/kg; freshwater <10 μg/L; seawater <1 μg/L; sediment <80 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-Rieuwerts-45">[43]</a> Chromium is mined as chromite (FeCr2O4) ore.<a href="#cite_note-NRC-46">[44]</a> About two-fifths of the chromite ores and concentrates in the world are produced in South Africa, about a third in Kazakhstan,<a href="#cite_note-Trump-SoHo-Bayrock-47">[45]</a> while India, Russia, and Turkey are also substantial producers. Untapped chromite deposits are plentiful, but geographically concentrated in Kazakhstan and southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2015Yb-48">[46]</a> Although rare, deposits of <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native</a> chromium exist.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Udachnaya_Pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Udachnaya Pipe">Udachnaya Pipe</a> in Russia produces samples of the native metal. This mine is a <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite</a> pipe, rich in <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing environment</a> helped produce both elemental chromium and diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The relation between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) strongly depends on <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidative" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidative">oxidative</a> properties of the location. In most cases, Cr(III) is the dominating species,<a href="#cite_note-Crspeci-29">[28]</a> but in some areas, the ground water can contain up to 39 μg/L of total chromium, of which 30 μg/L is Cr(VI).<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_applications">Early applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early applications">edit</a>]</div> Chromium minerals as pigments came to the attention of the west in the eighteenth century. On 26 July 1761, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlob_Lehmann_(scientist)" title="Johann Gottlob Lehmann (scientist)">Johann Gottlob Lehmann</a> found an orange-red mineral in the <a href="/wiki/Beryozovskoye_deposit" title="Beryozovskoye deposit">Beryozovskoye mines</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> which he named Siberian red lead.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer_1962_p.-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Though misidentified as a <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> compound with <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> components, the mineral was in fact <a href="/wiki/Crocoite" title="Crocoite">crocoite</a> with a formula of PbCrO4.<a href="#cite_note-ChromiumVI-55">[53]</a> In 1770, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Peter Simon Pallas</a> visited the same site as Lehmann and found a red lead mineral that was discovered to possess useful properties as a <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>. After Pallas, the use of Siberian red lead as a paint pigment began to develop rapidly throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks1932-56">[54]</a> Crocoite would be the principal source of chromium in pigments until the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a> many years later.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cut_Ruby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cut_Ruby.jpg/170px-Cut_Ruby.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cut_Ruby.jpg/255px-Cut_Ruby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cut_Ruby.jpg/340px-Cut_Ruby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>The red color of rubies is due to trace amounts of chromium within the <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1794, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a> received samples of crocoite <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>. He produced <a href="/wiki/Chromium(VI)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium(VI) oxide">chromium trioxide</a> (CrO3) by mixing crocoite with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChromiumVI-55">[53]</a> In 1797, Vauquelin discovered that he could isolate metallic chromium by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven, for which he is credited as the one who truly discovered the element.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Vauquelin was also able to detect traces of chromium in precious <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChromiumVI-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> During the nineteenth century, chromium was primarily used not only as a component of paints, but in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> salts as well. For quite some time, the crocoite found in Russia was the main source for such tanning materials. In 1827, a larger chromite deposit was discovered near <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, United States, which quickly met the demand for tanning salts much more adequately than the crocoite that had been used previously.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> This made the United States the largest producer of chromium products until the year 1848, when larger deposits of chromite were uncovered near the city of <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-NRC-46">[44]</a> With the development of metallurgy and chemical industries in the Western world, the need for chromium increased.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Chromium is also famous for its reflective, metallic luster when polished. It is used as a protective and decorative coating on car parts, plumbing fixtures, furniture parts and many other items, usually applied by <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>. Chromium was used for electroplating as early as 1848, but this use only became widespread with the development of an improved process in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Crplating-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrom_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chrom_1.jpg/220px-Chrom_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chrom_1.jpg/330px-Chrom_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Chrom_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Piece of chromium produced with <a href="/wiki/Aluminothermic_reaction" title="Aluminothermic reaction">aluminothermic reaction</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg/310px-Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg/465px-Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg/620px-Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>World production trend of chromium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>Chromium, remelted in a horizontal arc <a href="/wiki/Zone_melting" title="Zone melting">zone-refiner</a>, showing large visible crystal grains</figcaption></figure> Approximately 28.8 million metric tons (Mt) of marketable chromite ore was produced in 2013, and converted into 7.5 Mt of ferrochromium.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2015Yb-48">[46]</a> According to John F. Papp, writing for the USGS, "Ferrochromium is the leading end use of chromite ore, [and] stainless steel is the leading end use of ferrochromium."<a href="#cite_note-USGS2015Yb-48">[46]</a> The largest producers of chromium ore in 2013 have been South Africa (48%), Kazakhstan (13%), Turkey (11%), and India (10%), with several other countries producing the rest of about 18% of the world production.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2015Yb-48">[46]</a> The two main products of chromium ore refining are <a href="/wiki/Ferrochromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrochromium">ferrochromium</a> and metallic chromium. For those products the ore smelter process differs considerably. For the production of ferrochromium, the chromite ore (FeCr2O4) is reduced in large scale in <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnace</a> or in smaller smelters with either <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Aluminothermic_reaction" title="Aluminothermic reaction">aluminothermic reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IndMin-64">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg/310px-World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg/465px-World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg/620px-World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Chromium ore output in 2002<a href="#cite_note-USGS2002Yb-65">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> For the production of pure chromium, the iron must be separated from the chromium in a two step roasting and leaching process. The chromite ore is heated with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> in the presence of air. The chromium is oxidized to the hexavalent form, while the iron forms the stable Fe2O3. The subsequent leaching at higher elevated temperatures dissolves the <a href="/wiki/Chromates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromates">chromates</a> and leaves the insoluble iron oxide. The chromate is converted by <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> into the dichromate.<a href="#cite_note-IndMin-64">[62]</a> <dl><dd>4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2</dd></dl> <dl><dd>2 Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 → Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O</dd></dl> The dichromate is converted to the chromium(III) oxide by reduction with carbon and then reduced in an aluminothermic reaction to chromium.<a href="#cite_note-IndMin-64">[62]</a> <dl><dd>Na2Cr2O7 + 2 C → Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + CO</dd> <dd>Cr2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2 Cr</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> The creation of metal alloys account for 85% of the available chromium's usage. The remainder of chromium is used in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a> industries.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Metallurgy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Besteck_WMF_Stockholm_ca_1960er.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Besteck_WMF_Stockholm_ca_1960er.jpg/220px-Besteck_WMF_Stockholm_ca_1960er.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Besteck_WMF_Stockholm_ca_1960er.jpg/330px-Besteck_WMF_Stockholm_ca_1960er.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Besteck_WMF_Stockholm_ca_1960er.jpg/440px-Besteck_WMF_Stockholm_ca_1960er.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Stainless steel cutlery made from Cromargan 18/10, containing 18% chromium</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chrome_plating" title="Chrome plating">Chrome plating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></div> The strengthening effect of forming stable metal carbides at grain boundaries, and the strong increase in corrosion resistance made chromium an important alloying material for steel. <a href="/wiki/High-speed_steel" title="High-speed steel">High-speed tool steels</a> contain 3–5% chromium. <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a>, the primary corrosion-resistant metal alloy, is formed when chromium is introduced to <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> in concentrations above 11%.<a href="#cite_note-Davis_2000_p.-67">[65]</a> For stainless steel's formation, ferrochromium is added to the molten iron. Also, nickel-based alloys have increased strength due to the formation of discrete, stable, metal, carbide particles at the grain boundaries. For example, <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a> 718 contains 18.6% chromium. Because of the excellent high-temperature properties of these nickel <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a>, they are used in <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a> in lieu of common structural materials.<a href="#cite_note-superal-68">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> B163 relies on chromium for condenser and heat-exchanger tubes, while <a href="/wiki/Castings" class="mw-redirect" title="Castings">castings</a> with high strength at elevated temperatures that contain chromium are standardised with ASTM A567.<a href="#cite_note-iarc49-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Iron_and_Steel_Institute" title="American Iron and Steel Institute">AISI</a> type 332 is used where high temperature would normally cause <a href="/wiki/Carburization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carburization">carburization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-azom332-70">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Incoloy" title="Incoloy">Incoloy</a> 800 "is capable of remaining stable and maintaining its <a href="/wiki/Austenitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austenitic">austenitic</a> structure even after long time exposures to high temperatures".<a href="#cite_note-azom800-71">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nichrome" title="Nichrome">Nichrome</a> is used as resistance wire for heating elements in things like <a href="/wiki/Toasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Toasters">toasters</a> and space heaters. These uses make chromium a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_material" title="Strategic material">strategic material</a>. Consequently, during World War II, U.S. road engineers were instructed to avoid chromium in yellow road paint, as it "may become a critical material during the emergency".<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The United States likewise considered chromium "essential for the German war industry" and made intense diplomatic efforts to keep it out of the hands of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg/220px-Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg/330px-Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg/440px-Motorcycle_Reflections_bw_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Decorative chrome plating on a motorcycle</figcaption></figure> The high hardness and corrosion resistance of unalloyed chromium makes it a reliable metal for surface coating; it is still the most popular metal for sheet coating, with its above-average durability, compared to other coating metals.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> A layer of chromium is deposited on pretreated metallic surfaces by <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> techniques. There are two deposition methods: thin, and thick. Thin deposition involves a layer of chromium below 1 μm thickness deposited by <a href="/wiki/Chrome_plating" title="Chrome plating">chrome plating</a>, and is used for decorative surfaces. Thicker chromium layers are deposited if wear-resistant surfaces are needed. Both methods use acidic chromate or <a href="/wiki/Dichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromate">dichromate</a> solutions. To prevent the energy-consuming change in oxidation state, the use of chromium(III) sulfate is under development; for most applications of chromium, the previously established process is used.<a href="#cite_note-Crplating-63">[61]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Chromate_conversion_coating" title="Chromate conversion coating">chromate conversion coating</a> process, the strong oxidative properties of chromates are used to deposit a protective oxide layer on metals like aluminium, zinc, and cadmium. This <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a> and the self-healing properties of the chromate stored in the chromate conversion coating, which is able to migrate to local defects, are the benefits of this coating method.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-75">[73]</a> Because of environmental and health regulations on chromates, alternative coating methods are under development.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Chromic acid <a href="/wiki/Anodizing" title="Anodizing">anodizing</a> (or Type I anodizing) of aluminium is another electrochemical process that does not lead to the deposition of chromium, but uses <a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid">chromic acid</a> as an electrolyte in the solution. During anodization, an oxide layer is formed on the aluminium. The use of chromic acid, instead of the normally used sulfuric acid, leads to a slight difference of these oxide layers.<a href="#cite_note-surface-77">[75]</a> The high toxicity of Cr(VI) compounds, used in the established chromium electroplating process, and the strengthening of safety and environmental regulations demand a search for substitutes for chromium, or at least a change to less toxic chromium(III) compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Crplating-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigment">Pigment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pigment">edit</a>]</div> The mineral <a href="/wiki/Crocoite" title="Crocoite">crocoite</a> (which is also <a href="/wiki/Lead_chromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead chromate">lead chromate</a> PbCrO4) was used as a yellow pigment shortly after its discovery. After a synthesis method became available starting from the more abundant chromite, <a href="/wiki/Chrome_yellow" title="Chrome yellow">chrome yellow</a> was, together with <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium yellow">cadmium yellow</a>, one of the most used yellow pigments. The pigment does not photodegrade, but it tends to darken due to the formation of chromium(III) oxide. It has a strong color, and was used for school buses in the United States and for the postal services (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post" title="Deutsche Post">Deutsche Post</a>) in Europe. The use of chrome yellow has since declined due to environmental and safety concerns and was replaced by organic pigments or other alternatives that are free from lead and chromium. Other pigments that are based around chromium are, for example, the deep shade of red pigment <a href="/wiki/Chrome_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome red">chrome red</a>, which is simply lead chromate with <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_hydroxide" title="Lead(II) hydroxide">lead(II) hydroxide</a> (PbCrO4·Pb(OH)2). A very important chromate pigment, which was used widely in metal primer formulations, was zinc chromate, now replaced by zinc phosphate. A wash primer was formulated to replace the dangerous practice of pre-treating aluminium aircraft bodies with a phosphoric acid solution. This used zinc tetroxychromate dispersed in a solution of <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_butyral" title="Polyvinyl butyral">polyvinyl butyral</a>. An 8% solution of phosphoric acid in solvent was added just before application. It was found that an easily oxidized alcohol was an essential ingredient. A thin layer of about 10–15 μm was applied, which turned from yellow to dark green when it was cured. There is still a question as to the correct mechanism. Chrome green is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrome_yellow" title="Chrome yellow">chrome yellow</a>, while the chrome oxide green is <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">chromium(III) oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cryel-78">[76]</a> Chromium oxides are also used as a green pigment in the field of glassmaking and also as a glaze for ceramics.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Green chromium oxide is extremely <a href="/wiki/Lightfastness" title="Lightfastness">lightfast</a> and as such is used in cladding coatings. It is also the main ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> reflecting paints, used by the armed forces to paint vehicles and to give them the same infrared reflectance as green leaves.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Maiman_Laser_Components.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Components of original ruby laser." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/5_Maiman_Laser_Components.jpg/220px-5_Maiman_Laser_Components.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/5_Maiman_Laser_Components.jpg/330px-5_Maiman_Laser_Components.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/5_Maiman_Laser_Components.jpg/440px-5_Maiman_Laser_Components.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Red crystal of a ruby laser</figcaption></figure> Chromium(III) ions present in <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a> crystals (aluminium oxide) cause them to be colored red; when corundum appears as such, it is known as a <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>. If the corundum is lacking in chromium(III) ions, it is known as a <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[note 3]</a> A red-colored artificial ruby may also be achieved by doping chromium(III) into artificial corundum crystals, thus making chromium a requirement for making synthetic rubies.<a href="#cite_note-82">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Such a synthetic ruby crystal was the basis for the first <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, produced in 1960, which relied on <a href="/wiki/Stimulated_emission" title="Stimulated emission">stimulated emission</a> of light from the chromium atoms in such a crystal. Ruby has a laser transition at 694.3 nanometers, in a deep red color.<a href="#cite_note-WebbJones2004-84">[80]</a> Chromium(VI) salts are used for the preservation of wood. For example, <a href="/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate" title="Chromated copper arsenate">chromated copper arsenate</a> (CCA) is used in <a href="/wiki/Timber_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber treatment">timber treatment</a> to protect wood from decay fungi, wood-attacking insects, including <a href="/wiki/Termites" class="mw-redirect" title="Termites">termites</a>, and marine borers.<a href="#cite_note-Hings-85">[81]</a> The formulations contain chromium based on the oxide CrO3 between 35.3% and 65.5%. In the United States, 65,300 metric tons of CCA solution were used in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Hings-85">[81]</a> Chromium(III) salts, especially <a href="/wiki/Chrome_alum" title="Chrome alum">chrome alum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_sulfate" title="Chromium(III) sulfate">chromium(III) sulfate</a>, are used in the tanning of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>. The chromium(III) stabilizes the leather by cross linking the <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> fibers.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Chromium tanned leather can contain 4–5% of chromium, which is tightly bound to the proteins.<a href="#cite_note-NRC-46">[44]</a> Although the form of chromium used for tanning is not the toxic hexavalent variety, there remains interest in management of chromium in the tanning industry. Recovery and reuse, direct/indirect recycling,<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> and "chrome-less" or "chrome-free" tanning are practiced to better manage chromium usage.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> The high heat resistivity and high melting point makes <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a> and chromium(III) oxide a material for high temperature refractory applications, like <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a>, cement <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a>, molds for the firing of <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a> and as foundry sands for the <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">casting</a> of metals. In these applications, the refractory materials are made from mixtures of chromite and magnesite. The use is declining because of the environmental regulations due to the possibility of the formation of chromium(VI).<a href="#cite_note-IndMin-64">[62]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Barnhart1997-89">[85]</a> Several chromium compounds are used as <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> for processing hydrocarbons. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Phillips_catalyst" title="Phillips catalyst">Phillips catalyst</a>, prepared from chromium oxides, is used for the production of about half the world's <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Fe-Cr mixed oxides are employed as high-temperature catalysts for the <a href="/wiki/Water_gas_shift_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Water gas shift reaction">water gas shift reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper_chromite" title="Copper chromite">Copper chromite</a> is a useful <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> catalyst.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_of_compounds">Uses of compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Uses of compounds">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Chromium(IV) oxide</a> (CrO2) is a <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a> compound. Its ideal shape <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropy</a>, which imparts high <a href="/wiki/Coercivity" title="Coercivity">coercivity</a> and remnant magnetization, made it a compound superior to γ-Fe2O3. Chromium(IV) oxide is used to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> used in high-performance audio tape and standard <a href="/wiki/Compact_audio_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact audio cassette">audio cassettes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Chromium(III) oxide</a> (Cr2O3) is a metal polish known as green rouge.<a href="#cite_note-DoiMarinescu2011-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid">Chromic acid</a> is a powerful oxidizing agent and is a useful compound for cleaning laboratory glassware of any trace of organic compounds.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> It is prepared by dissolving <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">potassium dichromate</a> in concentrated sulfuric acid, which is then used to wash the apparatus. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_dichromate" title="Sodium dichromate">Sodium dichromate</a> is sometimes used because of its higher solubility (50 g/L versus 200 g/L respectively). The use of dichromate cleaning solutions is now phased out due to the high toxicity and environmental concerns. Modern cleaning solutions are highly effective and chromium free.<a href="#cite_note-Roth1994-98">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">Potassium dichromate</a> is a chemical <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagent</a>, used as a titrating agent.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate" title="Chromate and dichromate">Chromates</a> are added to drilling muds to prevent corrosion of steel under wet conditions.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_alum" title="Chrome alum">Chrome alum</a> is <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_potassium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium(III) potassium sulfate">Chromium(III) potassium sulfate</a> and is used as a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> (i.e., a fixing agent) for dyes in fabric and in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ul-Islam2017-101">[97]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> The possible nutritional value of chromium(III) is unproven.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> Although chromium is regarded as a trace element and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">dietary mineral</a>, its suspected roles in the action of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> – a hormone that mediates the metabolism and storage of carbohydrate, fat, and protein – have not been adequately established.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-lpi-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of its actions</a> in the body is undefined, leaving in doubt whether chromium has a biological role in healthy people.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-lpi-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-efsa-16">[16]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">hexavalent chromium</a> (Cr(VI) or Cr6+) is highly toxic and <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutagenic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> Ingestion of chromium(VI) in water has been linked to stomach tumors, and it may also cause allergic <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Chromium_deficiency" title="Chromium deficiency">Chromium deficiency</a>", involving a lack of Cr(III) in the body, or perhaps some complex of it, such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose_tolerance_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose tolerance factor">glucose tolerance factor</a>, is not accepted as a medical condition, as it has no symptoms and healthy people do not require chromium supplementation.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-lpi-15">[15]</a> Some studies suggest that the biologically active form of chromium(III) is transported in the body via an oligopeptide called <a href="/wiki/Low-molecular-weight_chromium-binding_substance" title="Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance">low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance</a> (chromodulin), which might play a role in the insulin signaling pathway.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pharmacological1-106">[102]</a> The chromium content of common foods is generally low (1–13 micrograms per serving).<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-database-107">[103]</a> The chromium content of food varies widely, due to differences in soil mineral content, growing season, plant <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>, and contamination during processing.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-database-107">[103]</a> Chromium (and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>) leach into food cooked in stainless steel, with the effect being largest when the cookware is new. Acidic foods that are cooked for many hours also exacerbate this effect.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dietary recommendations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chromium_deficiency" title="Chromium deficiency">Chromium deficiency</a></div> There is disagreement on chromium's status as an essential nutrient. Governmental departments from Australia, New Zealand, India, and Japan consider chromium as essential,<a href="#cite_note-AustraliaNZ-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-India-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Japan-112">[108]</a> while the United States and European Food Safety Authority of the European Union do not.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-efsa-16">[16]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> (NAM) updated the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Parameters" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Estimated Average Requirements</a> (EARs) and the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Parameters" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Recommended Dietary Allowances</a> (RDAs) for chromium in 2001. For chromium, there was insufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so its needs are described as estimates for <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Parameters" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Adequate Intake</a> (AI). From a 2001 assessment, AI of chromium for women ages 14 through 50 is 25 μg/day, and the AI for women ages 50 and above is 20 μg/day. The AIs for women who are pregnant are 30 μg/day, and for women who are lactating, the set AI is 45 μg/day. The AI for men ages 14 through 50 is 35 μg/day, and the AI for men ages 50 and above is 30 μg/day. For children ages 1 through 13, the AI increases with age from 0.2 μg/day up to 25 μg/day.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a> As for safety, the NAM sets <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Parameters" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Tolerable Upper Intake Levels</a> (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when the evidence is sufficient. In the case of chromium, there is not yet enough information, hence no UL has been established. Collectively, the EARs, RDAs, AIs, and ULs are the parameters for the nutrition recommendation system known as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intake</a> (DRI).<a href="#cite_note-IOM-Chromium-113">[109]</a> Australia and New Zealand consider chromium to be an essential nutrient, with an AI of 35 μg/day for men, 25 μg/day for women, 30 μg/day for women who are pregnant, and 45 μg/day for women who are lactating. A UL has not been set due to the lack of sufficient data.<a href="#cite_note-AustraliaNZ-110">[106]</a> India considers chromium to be an essential nutrient, with an adult recommended intake of 33 μg/day.<a href="#cite_note-India-111">[107]</a> Japan also considers chromium to be an essential nutrient, with an AI of 10 μg/day for adults, including women who are pregnant or lactating. A UL has not been set.<a href="#cite_note-Japan-112">[108]</a> The EFSA does not consider chromium to be an essential nutrient.<a href="#cite_note-efsa-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFSA17-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labeling">Labeling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Labeling">edit</a>]</div> For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount of the substance in a serving is expressed as a percent of the <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Daily Value</a> (%DV). For chromium labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 120 μg. As of 27 May 2016, the percentage of daily value was revised to 35 μg to bring the chromium intake into a consensus with the official <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Recommended Dietary Allowance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FedReg-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> A table of the old and new adult daily values in the United States is provided at <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a>. After evaluation of research on the potential nutritional value of chromium, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that there was no evidence of benefit by dietary chromium in healthy people, thereby declining to establish recommendations in Europe for dietary intake of chromium.<a href="#cite_note-efsa-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_sources">Food sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Food sources">edit</a>]</div> Food composition databases such as those maintained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture do not contain information on the chromium content of foods.<a href="#cite_note-USDA-Database-118">[114]</a> A wide variety of animal and vegetable foods contain chromium.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-IOM-Chromium-113">[109]</a> Content per serving is influenced by the chromium content of the soil in which the plants are grown, by foodstuffs fed to animals, and by processing methods, as chromium is leached into foods if processed or cooked in stainless steel equipment.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> One diet analysis study conducted in Mexico reported an average daily chromium intake of 30 micrograms.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> An estimated 31% of adults in the United States consume multi-vitamin/mineral dietary supplements,<a href="#cite_note-Kantor2016-121">[117]</a> which often contain 25 to 60 micrograms of chromium. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplementation">Supplementation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Supplementation">edit</a>]</div> Chromium is an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Total_parenteral_nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Total parenteral nutrition">total parenteral nutrition</a> (TPN), because deficiency can occur after months of intravenous feeding with chromium-free TPN.<a href="#cite_note-Stehle2016-122">[118]</a> It is also added to nutritional products for <a href="/wiki/Preterm_infant" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterm infant">preterm infants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> Although the mechanism of action in biological roles for chromium is unclear, in the United States chromium-containing products are sold as non-prescription dietary supplements in amounts ranging from 50 to 1,000 μg. Lower amounts of chromium are also often incorporated into multi-vitamin/mineral supplements consumed by an estimated 31% of adults in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Kantor2016-121">[117]</a> Chemical compounds used in dietary supplements include chromium chloride, chromium citrate, <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_picolinate" title="Chromium(III) picolinate">chromium(III) picolinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium_polynicotinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium polynicotinate">chromium(III) polynicotinate</a>, and other chemical compositions.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a> The benefit of supplements has not been proven.<a href="#cite_note-ods-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vincent2010-124">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initiation_of_research_on_glucose">Initiation of research on glucose</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Initiation of research on glucose">edit</a>]</div> The notion of chromium as a potential regulator of glucose metabolism began in the 1950s when scientists performed a series of experiments controlling the diet of rats.<a href="#cite_note-schwarz-125">[121]</a> The experimenters subjected the rats to a chromium deficient diet, and witnessed an inability to respond effectively to increased levels of blood glucose. A chromium-rich <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Brewer's yeast</a> was provided in the diet, enabling the rats to effectively metabolize glucose, and so giving evidence that chromium may have a role in glucose management.<a href="#cite_note-schwarz-125">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approved_and_disapproved_health_claims">Approved and disapproved health claims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Approved and disapproved health claims">edit</a>]</div> In 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had approved a qualified health claim for chromium picolinate with a requirement for specific label wording: <dl><dd>"One small study suggests that chromium picolinate may reduce the risk of insulin resistance, and therefore possibly may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. FDA concludes, however, that the existence of such a relationship between chromium picolinate and either insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes is highly uncertain."</dd></dl> In other parts of the petition, the FDA rejected claims for chromium picolinate and cardiovascular disease, retinopathy or kidney disease caused by abnormally high blood sugar levels.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> As of March 2024, this ruling on chromium remains in effect.<a href="#cite_note-fda-enforce-127">[123]</a> In 2010, chromium(III) picolinate was approved by Health Canada to be used in dietary supplements. Approved labeling statements include: a factor in the maintenance of good health, provides support for healthy glucose metabolism, helps the body to metabolize carbohydrates and helps the body to metabolize fats.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> The European Food Safety Authority approved claims in 2010 that chromium contributed to normal macronutrient metabolism and maintenance of normal blood glucose concentration, but rejected claims for maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight, or reduction of tiredness or fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-EFSA2010-129">[125]</a> However, in a 2014 reassessment of studies to determine whether a Dietary Reference Intake value could be established for chromium, EFSA stated:<a href="#cite_note-efsa-16">[16]</a> <dl><dd>"The Panel concludes that no Average Requirement and no Population Reference Intake for chromium for the performance of physiological functions can be defined." and</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"The Panel considered that there is no evidence of beneficial effects associated with chromium intake in healthy subjects. The Panel concludes that the setting of an Adequate Intake for chromium is also not appropriate."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diabetes">Diabetes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Diabetes">edit</a>]</div> Given the evidence for chromium deficiency causing problems with glucose management in the context of intravenous nutrition products formulated without chromium,<a href="#cite_note-Stehle2016-122">[118]</a> research interest turned to whether chromium supplementation would benefit people who have type 2 diabetes but are not chromium deficient. Looking at the results from four meta-analyses, one reported a statistically significant decrease in fasting <a href="/wiki/Plasma_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma glucose">plasma glucose</a> levels and a non-significant trend in lower <a href="/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin" title="Glycated hemoglobin">hemoglobin A1C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mauro-130">[126]</a> A second reported the same,<a href="#cite_note-Abdoll2013-131">[127]</a> a third reported significant decreases for both measures,<a href="#cite_note-Suk2014-132">[128]</a> while a fourth reported no benefit for either.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> A review published in 2016 listed 53 <a href="/wiki/Randomized_clinical_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomized clinical trial">randomized clinical trials</a> that were included in one or more of six <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analyses</a>. It concluded that whereas there may be modest decreases in fasting blood glucose and/or HbA1C that achieve statistical significance in some of these meta-analyses, few of the trials achieved decreases large enough to be expected to be relevant to clinical outcome.<a href="#cite_note-Costello2016-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Body_weight">Body weight</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Body weight">edit</a>]</div> Two <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic reviews</a> looked at chromium supplements as a mean of managing body weight in overweight and obese people. One, limited to <a href="/wiki/Chromium_picolinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium picolinate">chromium picolinate</a>, a common supplement ingredient, reported a statistically significant −1.1 kg (2.4 lb) weight loss in trials longer than 12 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Tian2013-135">[131]</a> The other included all chromium compounds and reported a statistically significant −0.50 kg (1.1 lb) weight change.<a href="#cite_note-Onakpoya2013-136">[132]</a> Change in percent body fat did not reach statistical significance. Authors of both reviews considered the clinical relevance of this modest weight loss as uncertain/unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-Tian2013-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Onakpoya2013-136">[132]</a> The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the literature and concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support a claim.<a href="#cite_note-efsa-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports">Sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> Chromium is promoted as a sports performance dietary supplement, based on the theory that it potentiates insulin activity, with anticipated results of increased muscle mass, and faster recovery of glycogen storage during post-exercise recovery.<a href="#cite_note-Vincent2010-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vinvent2003-138">[134]</a> A review of clinical trials reported that chromium supplementation did not improve exercise performance or increase muscle strength.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The International Olympic Committee reviewed dietary supplements for high-performance athletes in 2018 and concluded there was no need to increase chromium intake for athletes, nor support for claims of losing body fat.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fresh-water_fish">Fresh-water fish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Fresh-water fish">edit</a>]</div> Irrigation water standards for chromium are 0.1 mg/L, but some rivers in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> are more than five times that amount. The standard for fish for human consumption is less than 1 mg/kg, but many tested samples were more than five times that amount.<a href="#cite_note-Islam2018-141">[137]</a> Chromium, especially hexavalent chromium, is highly toxic to fish because it is easily absorbed across the gills, readily enters blood circulation, crosses cell membranes and bioconcentrates up the food chain. In contrast, the toxicity of trivalent chromium is very low, attributed to poor membrane permeability and little biomagnification.<a href="#cite_note-Bakshi2018-142">[138]</a> Acute and chronic exposure to chromium(VI) affects fish behavior, physiology, reproduction and survival. Hyperactivity and erratic swimming have been reported in contaminated environments. Egg hatching and fingerling survival are affected. In adult fish there are reports of histopathological damage to liver, kidney, muscle, intestines, and gills. Mechanisms include mutagenic gene damage and disruptions of enzyme functions.<a href="#cite_note-Bakshi2018-142">[138]</a> There is evidence that fish may not require chromium, but benefit from a measured amount in diet. In one study, juvenile fish gained weight on a zero chromium diet, but the addition of 500 μg of chromium in the form of chromium chloride or other supplement types, per kilogram of food (dry weight), increased weight gain. At 2,000 μg/kg the weight gain was no better than with the zero chromium diet, and there were increased DNA strand breaks.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chromium_toxicity" title="Chromium toxicity">Chromium toxicity</a></div> Water-insoluble chromium(III) compounds and chromium metal are not considered a health hazard, while the toxicity and carcinogenic properties of chromium(VI) have been known for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-Barceloux-144">[140]</a> Because of the specific <a href="/wiki/Transport_protein" title="Transport protein">transport</a> mechanisms, only limited amounts of chromium(III) enter the cells. Acute oral toxicity ranges between 50 and 150 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-Katz-145">[141]</a> A 2008 review suggested that moderate uptake of chromium(III) through dietary supplements poses no genetic-toxic risk.<a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-146">[142]</a> In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has designated an air <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) in the workplace as a time-weighted average (TWA) of 1 mg/m3. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 0.5 mg/m3, time-weighted average. The <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (immediately dangerous to life and health) value is 250 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chromium(VI)_toxicity">Chromium(VI) toxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chromium(VI) toxicity">edit</a>]</div> The acute <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">chromium(VI)</a> ranges between 1.5 and 3.3 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-Katz-145">[141]</a> In the body, chromium(VI) is reduced by several mechanisms to chromium(III) already in the blood before it enters the cells. The chromium(III) is excreted from the body, whereas the chromate ion is transferred into the cell by a transport mechanism, by which also <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> ions enter the cell. The acute toxicity of chromium(VI) is due to its strong <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidant</a> properties. After it reaches the blood stream, it damages the kidneys, the liver and blood cells through oxidation reactions. <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">Hemolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal">renal</a>, and liver failure result. Aggressive dialysis can be therapeutic.<a href="#cite_note-Dayan-148">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenity" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenity">carcinogenity</a> of chromate dust has been known for a long time, and in 1890 the first publication described the elevated cancer risk of workers in a chromate dye company.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Langard-150">[146]</a> Three mechanisms have been proposed to describe the <a href="/wiki/Genotoxicity" title="Genotoxicity">genotoxicity</a> of chromium(VI). The first mechanism includes highly reactive <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a> and other reactive radicals which are by products of the reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III). The second process includes the direct binding of chromium(V), produced by reduction in the cell, and chromium(IV) compounds to the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. The last mechanism attributed the genotoxicity to the binding to the DNA of the end product of the chromium(III) reduction.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Chromium salts (chromates) are also the cause of <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a> in some people. Chromates are often used to manufacture, amongst other things, leather products, paints, cement, mortar and anti-corrosives. Contact with products containing chromates can lead to allergic <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a> and irritant dermatitis, resulting in ulceration of the skin, sometimes referred to as "chrome ulcers". This condition is often found in workers that have been exposed to strong chromate solutions in electroplating, tanning and chrome-producing manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Environmental issues">edit</a>]</div> Because chromium compounds were used in <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> compounds, these compounds are often found in soil and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> at active and abandoned industrial sites, needing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_cleanup" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental cleanup">environmental cleanup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">remediation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primer_(paint)" title="Primer (paint)">Primer paint</a> containing hexavalent chromium is still widely used for <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> refinishing applications.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Working_Group" title="Environmental Working Group">Environmental Working Group</a> studied the drinking water in 35 American cities in the first nationwide study. The study found measurable hexavalent chromium in the tap water of 31 of the cities sampled, with <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman, Oklahoma</a>, at the top of list; 25 cities had levels that exceeded California's proposed limit.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> The more toxic hexavalent chromium form can be reduced to the less soluble trivalent oxidation state in soils by organic matter, ferrous iron, sulfides, and other reducing agents, with the rates of such reduction being faster under more acidic conditions than under more alkaline ones. In contrast, trivalent chromium can be oxidized to hexavalent chromium in soils by manganese oxides, such as Mn(III) and Mn(IV) compounds. Since the solubility and toxicity of chromium (VI) are greater that those of chromium (III), the oxidation-reduction conversions between the two oxidation states have implications for movement and bioavailability of chromium in soils, groundwater, and plants.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The melting/boiling point of transition metals are usually higher compared to the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and nonmetals, which is why the range of elements compared to chromium differed between comparisons </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Most common oxidation states of chromium are in bold. The right column lists a representative compound for each oxidation state. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Any color of corundum (disregarding red) is known as a sapphire. If the corundum is red, then it is a ruby. Sapphires are not required to be blue corundum crystals, as sapphires can be other colors such as yellow and purple </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> When Cr3+ replaces Al3+ in <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a> (aluminium oxide, Al2O3), <a href="/wiki/Pink_sapphire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink sapphire">pink sapphire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> is formed, depending on the amount of chromium. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/chromium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Chromium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Chromium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fchromium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Cr(–4) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na4Cr(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Cr(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cr(CO)6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. 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"Chromium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1081–1095. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chromium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1081-1095&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F&rft.au=Wiber%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallwork1976" class="citation journal cs1">Wallwork, GR (1976). 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Chemguide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427120058/http://chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/redox/oxidnstates.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemguide&rft.atitle=Oxidation+states+%28oxidation+numbers%29&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Finorganic%2Fredox%2Foxidnstates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 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Protein Data Bank (1LM2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2210%2Fpdb1LM2%2Fpdb">10.2210/pdb1LM2/pdb</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002124813/https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1lm2">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2021. 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Science. 310 (5749): 844–847. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310..844N">2005Sci...310..844N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1116789">10.1126/science.1116789</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16179432">16179432</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42853922">42853922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+a+stable+compound+with+fivefold+bonding+between+two+chromium%28I%29+centers&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=5749&rft.pages=844-847&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1116789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42853922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16179432&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...310..844N&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Sutton%2C+AD&rft.au=Brynda%2C+M&rft.au=Fettinger%2C+JC&rft.au=Long%2C+GJ&rft.au=Power%2C+PP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1116789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/495">"Chromium"</a>. Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/495">495–498</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chromium&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=495-498&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl%2Fpage%2F495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rieuwerts-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Rieuwerts_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Rieuwerts2017" class="citation book cs1">John Rieuwerts (14 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XHAGCAAAQBAJ">The Elements of Environmental Pollution</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-12679-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-12679-7"><bdi>978-1-135-12679-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610050327/https://books.google.com/books?id=XHAGCAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. 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National Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-02217-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-02217-0"><bdi>978-0-309-02217-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610050311/https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=ZZsrAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. 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United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110210251/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/chromium/mcs-2015-chrom.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Yearbook+2015%3A+Chromium&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=John+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fchromium%2Fmcs-2015-chrom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischer1982" class="citation journal cs1">Fleischer, Michael (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM67/AM67_854.pdf">"New Mineral Names"</a> (PDF). American Mineralogist. 67: 854–860. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926205636/http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM67/AM67_854.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=New+Mineral+Names&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=854-860&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Fleischer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fammin%2FAM67%2FAM67_854.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-1037.html">Chromium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917100820/https://www.mindat.org/min-1037.html">Archived</a> 17 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (with location data), Mindat. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/locentry-27628.html">Chromium from Udachnaya-Vostochnaya pipe, Daldyn, Daldyn-Alakit kimberlite field, Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926214304/https://www.mindat.org/locentry-27628.html">Archived</a> 26 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mindat. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalezNdung'uFlegal2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzalez, A. R.; Ndung'u, K.; Flegal, A. R. (2005). "Natural Occurrence of Hexavalent Chromium in the Aromas Red Sands Aquifer, California". Environmental Science and Technology. 39 (15): 5505–5511. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnST...39.5505G">2005EnST...39.5505G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes048835n">10.1021/es048835n</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16124280">16124280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Natural+Occurrence+of+Hexavalent+Chromium+in+the+Aromas+Red+Sands+Aquifer%2C+California&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=5505-5511&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16124280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes048835n&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EnST...39.5505G&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft.au=Ndung%27u%2C+K.&rft.au=Flegal%2C+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer_1962_p.-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_1962_p._53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meyer, RJ (1962). Chrom: Teil A – Lieferung 1. Geschichtliches · Vorkommen · Technologie · Element bis Physikalische Eigenschaften (in German). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Imprint Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-11865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-11865-8"><bdi>978-3-662-11865-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/913810356">913810356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chrom%3A+Teil+A+%E2%80%93+Lieferung+1.+Geschichtliches+%C2%B7+Vorkommen+%C2%B7+Technologie+%C2%B7+Element+bis+Physikalische+Eigenschaften&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg+Imprint+Springer&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F913810356&rft.isbn=978-3-662-11865-8&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmanni1766" class="citation book cs1">Lehmanni, Iohannis Gottlob (1766). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10226162-6">De Nova Minerae Plumbi Specie Crystallina Rubra, Epistola</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724004908/http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10226162-6">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Nova+Minerae+Plumbi+Specie+Crystallina+Rubra%2C+Epistola&rft.date=1766&rft.aulast=Lehmanni&rft.aufirst=Iohannis+Gottlob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdz-nbn-resolving.de%2Furn%2Fresolver.pl%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Abvb%3A12-bsb10226162-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChromiumVI-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChromiumVI_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChromiumVI_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChromiumVI_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuertin,_JacquesJacobs,_James_AlanAvakian,_Cynthia_P.2005" class="citation book cs1">Guertin, Jacques; Jacobs, James Alan & Avakian, Cynthia P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chromiumvihandbo00guer_095">Chromium (VI) Handbook</a>. CRC Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chromiumvihandbo00guer_095/page/n18">7</a>–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56670-608-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56670-608-7"><bdi>978-1-56670-608-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chromium+%28VI%29+Handbook&rft.pages=7-11&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56670-608-7&rft.au=Guertin%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+James+Alan&rft.au=Avakian%2C+Cynthia+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchromiumvihandbo00guer_095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks1932-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks1932_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1932). "The discovery of the elements. V. Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (3): 459–73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9..459W">1932JChEd...9..459W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p459">10.1021/ed009p459</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+V.+Chromium%2C+molybdenum%2C+tungsten+and+uranium&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=459-73&rft.date=1932&rft.issn=0021-9584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p459&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9..459W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasteran" class="citation web cs1">Casteran, Rene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/chromite_mining/#.W7K-TWhKiyJ">"Chromite mining"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Chromite+mining&rft.aulast=Casteran&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foregonencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Fchromite_mining%2F%23.W7K-TWhKiyJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVauquelin1798" class="citation journal cs1">Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas (1798). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dgPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA145">"Memoir on a New Metallic Acid which exists in the Red Lead of Siberia"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Philosophy%2C+Chemistry%2C+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Memoir+on+a+New+Metallic+Acid+which+exists+in+the+Red+Lead+of+Siberia&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=145-146&rft.date=1798&rft.aulast=Vauquelin&rft.aufirst=Louis+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dgPAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn1895" class="citation journal cs1">Glenn, William (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822008815672;view=1up;seq=542">"Chrome in the Southern Appalachian Region"</a>. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers. 25: 482. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926201003/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822008815672;view=1up;seq=542">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021. 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Retrieved 24 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chromium&rft.aulast=van+der+Krogt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DCr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtt" class="citation web cs1">Ortt, Richard A Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgs.md.gov/geology/geology_tour/soldiers_delight.html">"Soldier's Delight, Baltimore Country"</a>. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Maryland Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503161902/http://www.mgs.md.gov/geology/geology_tour/soldiers_delight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.atitle=Soldier%27s+Delight%2C+Baltimore+Country&rft.aulast=Ortt&rft.aufirst=Richard+A+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgs.md.gov%2Fgeology%2Fgeology_tour%2Fsoldiers_delight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilginÇağlar" class="citation book cs1">Bilgin, Arif; Çağlar, Burhan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bkmkitap.com/klasikten-moderne-osmanli-ekonomisi">Klasikten Moderne Osmanlı Ekonomisi</a>. Turkey: Kronik Kitap. p. 240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418060259/https://www.bkmkitap.com/klasikten-moderne-osmanli-ekonomisi">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klasikten+Moderne+Osmanl%C4%B1+Ekonomisi&rft.place=Turkey&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Kronik+Kitap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bkmkitap.com%2Fklasikten-moderne-osmanli-ekonomisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crplating-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crplating_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crplating_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crplating_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisSuch1993" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, JK; Such, TE (1993). 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Woodhead Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nickelchromiumpl00such/page/n22">9</a>–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-081-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-081-6"><bdi>978-1-85573-081-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Chromium+Plating&rft.btitle=Nickel+and+Chromium+Plating&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85573-081-6&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=JK&rft.au=Such%2C+TE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnickelchromiumpl00such&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndMin-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IndMin_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndMin_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndMin_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndMin_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapp,_John_F.Lipin,_Bruce_R.2006" class="citation book cs1">Papp, John F. & Lipin, Bruce R. 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United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110130417/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/chromium/chrommyb02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Yearbook+2002%3A+Chromium&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fchromium%2Fchrommyb02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonMurphy2010" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, RD; Murphy, BL (4 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_-0-DWxuRgC&q=metal+alloys+account+for+85%25+of+chromium+use&pg=PA83">Environmental Forensics: Contaminant Specific Guide</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-049478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-049478-4"><bdi>978-0-08-049478-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610050311/https://books.google.com/books?id=k_-0-DWxuRgC&q=metal+alloys+account+for+85%25+of+chromium+use&pg=PA83#v=snippet&q=metal%20alloys%20account%20for%2085%25%20of%20chromium%20use&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Forensics%3A+Contaminant+Specific+Guide&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.isbn=978-0-08-049478-4&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Murphy%2C+BL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk_-0-DWxuRgC%26q%3Dmetal%2Balloys%2Baccount%2Bfor%2B85%2525%2Bof%2Bchromium%2Buse%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_2000_p.-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_2000_p._67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Davis, JR (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701021614/https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/1849770/06940G_Chapter_1.pdf/53f29213-5dd6-4499-9959-841477b385b9">Alloy digest sourcebook: stainless steels</a> (in Afrikaans). Materials Park, OH: ASM International. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-649-2"><bdi>978-0-87170-649-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43083287">43083287</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/1849770/06940G_Chapter_1.pdf/53f29213-5dd6-4499-9959-841477b385b9">the original</a> on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alloy+digest+sourcebook%3A+stainless+steels&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+OH&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43083287&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-649-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asminternational.org%2Fdocuments%2F10192%2F1849770%2F06940G_Chapter_1.pdf%2F53f29213-5dd6-4499-9959-841477b385b9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-superal-68"><a href="#cite_ref-superal_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhadeshia" class="citation web cs1">Bhadeshia, HK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060825053006/http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2003/Superalloys/superalloys.html">"Nickel-Based Superalloys"</a>. University of Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2003/Superalloys/superalloys.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nickel-Based+Superalloys&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.aulast=Bhadeshia&rft.aufirst=HK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msm.cam.ac.uk%2Fphase-trans%2F2003%2FSuperalloys%2Fsuperalloys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iarc49-69"><a href="#cite_ref-iarc49_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Chromium, Nickel and Welding". IARC Monographs. 49. 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Finishing Publications Ltd. and ASMy International. pp. 66–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904477-16-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904477-16-0"><bdi>978-0-904477-16-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coating+and+Surface+Treatment+Systems+for+Metals&rft.pages=66-71&rft.pub=Finishing+Publications+Ltd.+and+ASMy+International&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-904477-16-0&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoXiaSehgalLu2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao J, Xia L, Sehgal A, Lu D, McCreery RL, Frankel GS (2001). "Effects of chromate and chromate conversion coatings on corrosion of aluminum alloy 2024-T3". 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Wiley. pp. 74–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-42388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-42388-1"><bdi>978-1-119-42388-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610050514/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYMtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. 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Human & Experimental Toxicology. 20 (9): 439–451. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001HETox..20..439D">2001HETox..20..439D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F096032701682693062">10.1191/096032701682693062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11776406">11776406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31351037">31351037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+%26+Experimental+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+chromium+toxicity%2C+carcinogenicity+and+allergenicity%3A+Review+of+the+literature+from+1985+to+2000&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=439-451&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F096032701682693062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31351037%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11776406&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001HETox..20..439D&rft.aulast=Dayan&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.au=Paine%2C+AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1191%252F096032701682693062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1890" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, D. 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Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Foster City: Biomedical Publications. pp. 305–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9626523-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9626523-7-0"><bdi>978-0-9626523-7-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disposition+of+Toxic+Drugs+and+Chemicals+in+Man&rft.place=Foster+City&rft.pages=305-307&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Biomedical+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9626523-7-0&rft.aulast=Baselt&rft.aufirst=Randall+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223164916/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/healthusenvironmentpollutionwater">"US water has large amounts of likely carcinogen: study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_News" title="Yahoo News">Yahoo News</a>. 19 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/healthusenvironmentpollutionwater">the original</a> on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=US+water+has+large+amounts+of+likely+carcinogen%3A+study&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fafp%2Fhealthusenvironmentpollutionwater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1996" class="citation journal cs1">James, Bruce (1996). "The challenge of remediating chromium-contaminated soil". 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Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chromium" class="extiw" title="commons:Chromium">Chromium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chromium">chromium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/chromium/cover-page.html">ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Chromium Toxicity</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040701090041/http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol49/chromium.html">IARC Monograph "Chromium and Chromium compounds"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele024.html">It's Elemental – The Element Chromium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch005/ch005b.html">The Merck Manual – Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/chromium/">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Chromium Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/024.htm">Chromium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chromium">"Chromium" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 296–298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chromium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=296-298&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chromium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chromium_compounds" title="Template:Chromium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chromium_compounds" title="Template talk:Chromium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chromium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chromium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chromium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chromium_compounds" title="Chromium compounds">Chromium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chromium(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_hexacarbonyl" title="Chromium hexacarbonyl">Cr(CO)6</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organochromium(0)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organochromium(0) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(benzene)chromium" title="Bis(benzene)chromium">Cr(C6H6)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Benzene)chromium_tricarbonyl" title="(Benzene)chromium tricarbonyl">CrC6H6(CO)3</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chromium(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(I)_hydride" title="Chromium(I) hydride">CrH</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organochromium(I)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organochromium(I) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienylchromium_tricarbonyl_dimer" title="Cyclopentadienylchromium tricarbonyl dimer">Cr2(C5H5)2(CO)6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chromium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_hydride" title="Chromium(II) hydride">CrH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_carbide" title="Chromium(II) carbide">Cr3C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_oxalate" title="Chromium(II) oxalate">Cr(C2O4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_acetate" title="Chromium(II) acetate">Cr(CH3CO2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_silicide" title="Chromium(II) silicide">CrSi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_oxide" title="Chromium(II) oxide">CrO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_sulfide" title="Chromium(II) sulfide">CrS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_sulfate" title="Chromium(II) sulfate">CrSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_selenide" title="Chromium(II) selenide">CrSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_fluoride" title="Chromium(II) fluoride">CrF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_chloride" title="Chromium(II) chloride">CrCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_bromide" title="Chromium(II) bromide">CrBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_iodide" title="Chromium(II) iodide">CrI2</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organochromium(II)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organochromium(II) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromocene" title="Chromocene">Cr(C5H5)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chromium(II, III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_carbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium carbide">Cr3C2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chromium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_boride" title="Chromium(III) boride">CrB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_acetate" title="Chromium(III) acetate">[Cr3O(CH3CO2)6(H2O)3]+[CH3CO2]−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_nitride" title="Chromium nitride">CrN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium nitrate">Cr(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_phosphate" title="Chromium(III) phosphate">CrPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Cr2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_hydroxide" title="Chromium(III) hydroxide">Cr(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_sulfide" title="Chromium(III) sulfide">Cr2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_sulfate" title="Chromium(III) sulfate">Cr2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_telluride" title="Chromium(III) telluride">Cr2Te3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_fluoride" title="Chromium(III) fluoride">CrF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_chloride" title="Chromium(III) chloride">CrCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_perchlorate" title="Chromium(III) perchlorate">Cr(ClO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_bromide" title="Chromium(III) bromide">CrBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_iodide" title="Chromium(III) iodide">CrI3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chromium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_silicide" title="Chromium(IV) silicide">CrSi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">CrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_fluoride" title="Chromium(IV) fluoride">CrF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_chloride" title="Chromium(IV) chloride">CrCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_bromide" title="Chromium(IV) bromide">CrBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_iodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium(IV) iodide">CrI4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chromium(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_tetraperoxochromate(V)" title="Potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)"> K3Cr(O2)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_pentafluoride" title="Chromium pentafluoride">CrF5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">Chromium(VI)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">CrO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(VI)_oxide_peroxide" title="Chromium(VI) oxide peroxide">CrO(O2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid">H2CrO4/H2Cr2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromyl_fluoride" title="Chromyl fluoride">CrO2F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_oxytetrafluoride" title="Chromium oxytetrafluoride">CrOF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromyl_chloride" title="Chromyl chloride">CrO2Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromyl_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromyl bromide (page does not exist)">CrO2Br2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyridinium_chlorochromate" title="Pyridinium chlorochromate">[C5H5NH]+CrO3Cl−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_hexafluoride" title="Chromium hexafluoride">CrF6</a> (hypothetical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">Polyatomic ion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate" title="Chromate and dichromate">Chromate and dichromate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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