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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Anthon_Transcript""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The "Anthon Transcript"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Anthon_Transcript"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainstream_scholarly_view_of_reformed_Egyptian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_scholarly_view_of_reformed_Egyptian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mainstream scholarly view of reformed Egyptian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_scholarly_view_of_reformed_Egyptian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mormon_studies_of_reformed_Egyptian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mormon_studies_of_reformed_Egyptian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mormon studies of reformed Egyptian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mormon_studies_of_reformed_Egyptian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipci_reformat" title="Egipci reformat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Egipci reformat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipcio_reformado" title="Egipcio reformado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Egipcio reformado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiziano_riformato" title="Egiziano riformato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Egiziano riformato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Aegyptiaca_Reformata" title="Lingua Aegyptiaca Reformata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Aegyptiaca Reformata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipsian_reformida" title="Egipsian reformida – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Egipsian reformida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_reformowany_egipski" title="Język reformowany egipski – Polish" lang="pl" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Book_of_Mormon" title="Category:Book of Mormon">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormon-book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mormon-book.jpg/170px-Mormon-book.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mormon-book.jpg/255px-Mormon-book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mormon-book.jpg/340px-Mormon-book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">Origin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith" title="Emma Smith">Emma Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whitmer" title="David Whitmer">David Whitmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)">Martin Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Harris" title="Lucy Harris">Lucy Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_witnesses" title="Book of Mormon witnesses">Book of Mormon witnesses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witnesses" title="Three Witnesses">Three Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Witnesses" title="Eight Witnesses">Eight Witnesses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalding%E2%80%93Rigdon_theory_of_Book_of_Mormon_authorship" title="Spalding–Rigdon theory of Book of Mormon authorship">Spalding–Rigdon theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Peoples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaredites" title="Jaredites">Jaredites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephites" title="Nephites">Nephites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalekites_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Amalekites (Book of Mormon)">Amalekites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amlicites" title="Amlicites">Amlicites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoramites" title="Zoramites">Zoramites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamanites" title="Lamanites">Lamanites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nephi-Lehies" title="Anti-Nephi-Lehies">Anti-Nephi-Lehies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_people" title="List of Book of Mormon people">Persons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_(Nephite)" title="Aaron (Nephite)">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abinadi" title="Abinadi">Abinadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abish_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Abish (Book of Mormon)">Abish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammon_(Book_of_Mormon_missionary)" title="Ammon (Book of Mormon missionary)">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_the_Elder" title="Alma the Elder">Alma the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_the_Younger" title="Alma the Younger">Alma the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akish" class="mw-redirect" title="Akish">Akish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaleki" title="Amaleki"> Amaleki (scribe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaleki_(Book_of_Mormon_explorer)" title="Amaleki (Book of Mormon explorer)"> Amaleki (explorer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalickiah" title="Amalickiah">Amalickiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminadab" title="Aminadab">Aminadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammoron" title="Ammoron">Ammoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammah_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Ammah (Book of Mormon)">Ammah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amulek" title="Amulek">Amulek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_of_Jared" title="Brother of Jared">Brother of Jared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Moroni" title="Captain Moroni">Captain Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezoram" title="Cezoram">Cezoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriantumr_(last_Jaredite_king)" title="Coriantumr (last Jaredite king)">Coriantumr (last Jaredite king)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriantumr_(Nephite_dissenter)" title="Coriantumr (Nephite dissenter)">Coriantumr (Nephite dissenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriantumr_(son_of_Omer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriantumr (son of Omer)">Coriantumr (son of Omer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Enos (Book of Mormon prophet)">Enos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ether_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Ether (Book of Mormon prophet)">Ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelem" title="Gazelem">Gazelem</a></li> <li>Gideon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helaman" title="Helaman">Helaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Ishmael (Book of Mormon)">Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Jacob (Book of Mormon prophet)">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_(founder_of_Jaredites)" title="Jared (founder of Jaredites)">Jared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaredite_kings" title="Jaredite kings">Jaredite kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (Book of Mormon)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Benjamin" title="King Benjamin">King Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Noah" title="King Noah">King Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Mosiah_I" title="King Mosiah I">King Mosiah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Mosiah_II" title="King Mosiah II">King Mosiah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Laban (Book of Mormon)">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachoneus">Lachoneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laman_and_Lemuel" title="Laman and Lemuel">Laman and Lemuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoni" title="Lamoni">Lamoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Lehi (Book of Mormon prophet)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limhi" title="Limhi">Limhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Mormon (Book of Mormon prophet)">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroni_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)">Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moron (Book of Mormon)">Moron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronihah" title="Moronihah">Moronihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulek" title="Mulek">Mulek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephi,_son_of_Lehi" title="Nephi, son of Lehi">Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehor" title="Nehor">Nehor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omner" class="mw-redirect" title="Omner">Omner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omni_(Book_of_Mormon_record_keeper)" title="Omni (Book of Mormon record keeper)">Omni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paanchi_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paanchi (Book of Mormon)">Paanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Sam (Book of Mormon)">Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariah" title="Sariah">Sariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_the_Lamanite" title="Samuel the Lamanite">Samuel the Lamanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiz" title="Shiz">Shiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teancum" title="Teancum">Teancum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Nephites" title="Three Nephites">Three Nephites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeezrom" title="Zeezrom">Zeezrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeram,_Amnor,_Manti,_and_Limher" title="Zeram, Amnor, Manti, and Limher">Zeram, Amnor, Manti, and Limher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeniff" title="Zeniff">Zeniff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenock" title="Zenock">Zenock</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nephi" title="First Nephi">First Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nephi" title="Second Nephi">Second Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jacob" title="Book of Jacob">Book of Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enos" title="Book of Enos">Book of Enos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jarom" title="Book of Jarom">Book of Jarom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Omni" title="Book of Omni">Book of Omni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Mormon" title="Words of Mormon">Words of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mosiah" title="Book of Mosiah">Book of Mosiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Alma" title="Book of Alma">Book of Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Helaman" title="Book of Helaman">Book of Helaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nephi" title="Third Nephi">Third Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nephi" title="Fourth Nephi">Fourth Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ether" title="Book of Ether">Book of Ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moroni" title="Book of Moroni">Book of Moroni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_places" title="List of Book of Mormon places">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonihah" title="Ammonihah">Ammonihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani-Anti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ani-Anti">Ani-Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparah" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiparah">Antiparah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bountiful_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Bountiful (Book of Mormon)">Bountiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumeni">Cumeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jershon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jershon">Jershon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moron (Book of Mormon)">Moron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahom" title="Nahom">Nahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="River Sidon">River Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Alma" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Alma">Valley of Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Nimrod" title="Valley of Nimrod">Valley of Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waters_of_Mormon" title="Waters of Mormon">Waters of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarahemla" title="Zarahemla">Zarahemla</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Analysis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronisms_in_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon">Anachronisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_and_the_King_James_Bible" title="Book of Mormon and the King James Bible">Book of Mormon and the King James Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historical authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Genetics and the Book of Mormon">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Laban" title="Killing of Laban">Killing of Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Linguistics and the Book of Mormon">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_geography_model" title="Limited geography model">Limited geography model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosiah_priority" title="Mosiah priority">Mosiah priority</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Objects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Liahona (Book of Mormon)">Liahona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plates_of_Nephi" title="Plates of Nephi">Plates of Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_of_the_Nephites" title="Record of the Nephites">Record of the Nephites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)">Urim and Thummim</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adaptations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Book_of_Mormon_Videos" title="List of films of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List of Book of Mormon Videos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Rare_a_Possession" title="How Rare a Possession">How Rare a Possession</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mormon_Movie" title="The Book of Mormon Movie">The Book of Mormon Movie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passage_to_Zarahemla" title="Passage to Zarahemla">Passage to Zarahemla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_translations" title="List of Book of Mormon translations">Translations</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_Historic_Publication_Site" title="Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site">Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curelom_and_cumom" title="Curelom and cumom">Curelom and cumom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Deseret (Book of Mormon)">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement_and_engraved_metal_plates" title="Latter Day Saint movement and engraved metal plates">Engraved metal plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadianton_robbers" title="Gadianton robbers">Gadianton robbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_116_pages" title="Lost 116 pages">Lost 116 pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_monetary_system" title="Book of Mormon monetary system">Monetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans and Mormonism">Native Americans and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders_and_Mormonism" title="Pacific Islanders and Mormonism">Pacific Islanders and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_color_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin color and Mormonism">Skin color and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)">Urim and Thummim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_of_Zeniff" title="Record of Zeniff">Record of Zeniff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_and_abominable_church" title="Great and abominable church">Great and abominable church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_combination_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Secret combination (Latter Day Saints)">Secret combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Chamberlin" title="Solomon Chamberlin">Solomon Chamberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_vision" title="Tree of life vision">Tree of life vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_thousand_stripling_warriors" title="Two thousand stripling warriors">Two thousand stripling warriors</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Outline of the Book of Mormon">Outline of the Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Mormon" title="Template:Book of Mormon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Mormon" title="Template talk:Book of Mormon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Mormon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Mormon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caractors_document,_by_John_Whitmer_-_Church_History_Museum_-_25_March_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Caractors_document%2C_by_John_Whitmer_-_Church_History_Museum_-_25_March_2024.jpg/290px-Caractors_document%2C_by_John_Whitmer_-_Church_History_Museum_-_25_March_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Caractors_document%2C_by_John_Whitmer_-_Church_History_Museum_-_25_March_2024.jpg/435px-Caractors_document%2C_by_John_Whitmer_-_Church_History_Museum_-_25_March_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Caractors_document%2C_by_John_Whitmer_-_Church_History_Museum_-_25_March_2024.jpg/580px-Caractors_document%2C_by_John_Whitmer_-_Church_History_Museum_-_25_March_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the "Caractors" document</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, a work of scripture of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, is asserted by both itself and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, the founder of the movement, to have been originally written in the Native American writing system of <b>reformed Egyptian</b> characters.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholarly reference works on languages do not acknowledge the existence of either a "reformed Egyptian" language or "reformed Egyptian" script as it was described by Joseph Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-standard_language_references_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standard_language_references-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no archaeological, linguistic, or other evidence of the use of Egyptian writing in the ancient Americas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformed_Egyptian_and_the_Book_of_Mormon">Reformed Egyptian and the Book of Mormon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_Egyptian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reformed Egyptian and the Book of Mormon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Book of Mormon uses the term "reformed Egyptian" in only one verse, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Mormon#9:32" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Mormon">Mormon 9:32</a>, which says that "the characters which are called among us the reformed Egyptian, [were] handed down and altered by us, according to our manner of speech" and that "none other people knoweth our language" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Mormon#9:32" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Mormon">Mormon 9:32-34</a>). The book also says that its first author, <a href="/wiki/Nephi,_son_of_Lehi" title="Nephi, son of Lehi">Nephi</a>, used the "learning of the Jews and the language of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/1_Nephi#1:2" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/1 Nephi">1 Nephi 1:2</a>) to write his record which constitutes the first two books of the Book of Mormon. The abridgment that the Book of Mormon says was prepared by Mormon and Moroni nearly a thousand years later in approximately 380 AD, containing most of the balance of the book, was written in "reformed Egyptian" because it took less space than <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, which had also been altered after the people left <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latter day-Saint scholars note that other scripts were developed to write Egyptian through the centuries and have hypothesized that the term <i>reformed Egyptian</i> refers to a form of Egyptian writing similar to other modified Egyptian scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a>, a handwritten form of hieroglyphics thousands of years old by the first millennium BC, or early <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a>, a simplified derivative of hieratic, which was used in northern Egypt fifty years before the time that the Book of Mormon states that prophet-patriarch <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (prophet)">Lehi</a> left Jerusalem for the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological record includes occasional use in the land of Israel, known as Palestinian Hieratic, mostly of isolated hieratic symbols, dating from the 8th through early 6th centuries BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although accounts of the process differ, Smith is said to have translated the reformed Egyptian characters engraved on gold plates into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> through various means, including the use of a <a href="/wiki/Seer_stone_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Seer stone (Latter Day Saints)">seer stone</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)">interpreter stones</a>, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith said when he had finished the translation, he returned the plates to the <a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">angel Moroni</a>, and therefore they are unavailable for study.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_"Anthon_Transcript""><span id="The_.22Anthon_Transcript.22"></span>The "Anthon Transcript"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_Egyptian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The "Anthon Transcript""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anthon_Transcript" title="Anthon Transcript">Anthon Transcript</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadside_of_Book_of_Mormon_Characters.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Broadside_of_Book_of_Mormon_Characters.png/280px-Broadside_of_Book_of_Mormon_Characters.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Broadside_of_Book_of_Mormon_Characters.png/420px-Broadside_of_Book_of_Mormon_Characters.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Broadside_of_Book_of_Mormon_Characters.png/560px-Broadside_of_Book_of_Mormon_Characters.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>1844 broadside with reformed Egyptian characters, "the same that was taken to Professor Anthon of New York, by Martin Harris, in the year 1827."</figcaption></figure> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Anthon_Transcript" title="Anthon Transcript">Anthon Transcript</a>" is a piece of paper on which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> is said to have <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transcribe" class="extiw" title="wikt:transcribe">transcribed</a> reformed Egyptian characters from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">golden plates</a>—the ancient record from which Smith claimed to have translated the Book of Mormon. A manuscript known as the "Caractors" document was previously thought to be this transcript. However, <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Handwriting analysis">handwriting analysis</a> suggests the document was most likely written by <a href="/wiki/John_Whitmer" title="John Whitmer">John Whitmer</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Witnesses" title="Eight Witnesses">Eight Witnesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This handwriting analysis casts doubt on the idea that "Caractors" document was the Anthon Transcript because John Whitmer was not affiliated with the Church until June 1829, while the Anthon Transcript was taken to New York in the winter of 1828. </p><p>Smith said that when this sample was presented by Smith's colleague <a href="/wiki/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)">Martin Harris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University" title="Columbia College, Columbia University">Columbia College</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthon" title="Charles Anthon">Charles Anthon</a>, a noted classical scholar, that Anthon had attested to the characters' authenticity in writing but had then ripped up his certification after hearing that the plates had been revealed by an angel.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthon wrote, to the contrary, that he had believed from the first that Harris was the victim of fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1844, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadside</a> about the Book of Mormon called "The Stick of Joseph" that reprinted some "reformed Egyptian" characters that resemble those on the first three lines of the "Caractors" document. The broadside said that the characters were those that had been shown to Anthon.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is unlikely that the characters on the broadside came directly from the "Caractors" document because Whitmer was excommunicated in 1838 and took his papers with him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mainstream_scholarly_view_of_reformed_Egyptian">Mainstream scholarly view of reformed Egyptian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_Egyptian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mainstream scholarly view of reformed Egyptian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard language reference works contain no reference to "reformed Egyptian"<sup id="cite_ref-standard_language_references_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standard_language_references-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is described with this term only in the Book of Mormon. No non-Mormon scholars acknowledge the existence of either a "reformed Egyptian" language or a "reformed Egyptian" script as it has been described in Mormon belief. For instance, in 1966, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Wilson_(Egyptologist)" title="John A. Wilson (Egyptologist)">John A. Wilson</a>, professor of Egyptology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, wrote, "From time to time there are allegations that picture writing has been found in America<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] In no case has a professional Egyptologist been able to recognize these characters as Egyptian hieroglyphs. From our standpoint there is no such language as 'reformed Egyptian'."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Michael D. Coe</a> of Yale University, an expert in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> studies, wrote, "Of all the peoples of the pre-Columbian New World, only the ancient <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> had a complete script."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifteen examples of distinct writing systems have been identified in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, many from a single inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mormon_studies_of_reformed_Egyptian">Mormon studies of reformed Egyptian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_Egyptian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mormon studies of reformed Egyptian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Fringe_theories plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-fringe-theories" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may present <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FRINGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FRINGE">fringe theories</a>, without giving <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">appropriate weight</a> to the mainstream view</b> and explaining the responses to the fringe theories.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reformed_Egyptian&action=edit">help improve it</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Reformed_Egyptian" title="Talk:Reformed Egyptian">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Oliver_Cowdery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Oliver_Cowdery.jpg/290px-Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Oliver_Cowdery.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Oliver_Cowdery.jpg/435px-Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Oliver_Cowdery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Oliver_Cowdery.jpg/580px-Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Oliver_Cowdery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Reformed Egyptian characters copied by Joseph Smith's scribe, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a>, written in the early 1830s<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Frederick_G_Williams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Frederick_G_Williams.jpg/290px-Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Frederick_G_Williams.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Frederick_G_Williams.jpg/435px-Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Frederick_G_Williams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Frederick_G_Williams.jpg/580px-Reformed_Egyptian_Characters_Frederick_G_Williams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Reformed Egyptian characters copied by Joseph Smith's scribe, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Williams" title="Frederick G. Williams">Frederick G. Williams</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mormon studies of reformed Egyptian are necessarily limited to whatever linguistic evidence can be obtained from the text of the Book of Mormon plus the extant seven-line "Caractors" document that may or may not be the symbols said to have been copied from the gold plates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four Mormon non-linguist translators with varying levels of education have attempted to decipher the "Caractors" document.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/John_Gee" title="John Gee">John Gee</a>, "the corpus is not large enough to render decipherment feasible."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terryl_Givens" title="Terryl Givens">Terryl Givens</a> has suggested that the characters are early examples of Egyptian symbols being used "to transliterate Hebrew words and vice versa," that <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> is a "reformed Egyptian", and that the mixing of a Semitic language with modified Egyptian characters is demonstrated in inscriptions of ancient Syria and the land of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Mormon apologists have suggested that the characters resemble those of <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> for various languages<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic (Egyptian)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic (Egyptian)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic (Egyptian)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Mayan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Irish <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a> ciphers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nibley" title="Hugh Nibley">Hugh Nibley</a> argued that a "revealed text in English" is preferable to trying to understand the original language.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_Egyptian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/48px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/64px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_Transcript_forgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthon Transcript forgery">Anthon Transcript forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_Egyptian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Mormon#9:32" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Mormon">Mormon 9:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHardy2010" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Grant (2010). <i>Understanding the Book of Mormon: a reader's guide</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973170-1"><bdi>978-0-19-973170-1</bdi></a>. <q>Joseph and his associates insisted from the beginning that the Book of Mormon was a translation from an authentic ancient document written in "Reformed Egyptian" on metal plates and buried by the last ancient author about AD 421.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Book+of+Mormon%3A+a+reader%27s+guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973170-1&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-standard_language_references-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-standard_language_references_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-standard_language_references_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard language references such as Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, eds., <i>The World's Writing Systems</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) (990 pages); David Crystal, <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1997); and Roger D. Woodard, ed., <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2004) (1162 pages) contain no reference to "reformed Egyptian." "Reformed Egyptian" is also ignored in Andrew Robinson, <i>Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts</i> (New York: McGraw Hill, 2002), although it is mentioned in Stephen Williams, <i>Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory</i> (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"And if our plates had been sufficiently large we should have written in Hebrew; but the Hebrew hath been altered by us also ..." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Mormon#9:33" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Mormon">Mormon 9:33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hamblin, William J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160514203811/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/19/1/S00006-5176a7ad373d86Hamblin.pdf">"Reformed Egyptian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FARMS Review</i>. <b>19</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/19/1/S00006-5176a7ad373d86Hamblin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FARMS+Review&rft.atitle=Reformed+Egyptian&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.mi.byu.edu%2Fpublications%2Freview%2F19%2F1%2FS00006-5176a7ad373d86Hamblin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimmer2008" class="citation book cs1">Wimmer, Stephan (2008). <i>Palastinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der althebraischen Schrift</i>. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 10–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447058629" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447058629"><bdi>978-3447058629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palastinisches+Hieratisch%3A+Die+Zahl-+und+Sonderzeichen+in+der+althebraischen+Schrift&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.pages=10-55&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3447058629&rft.aulast=Wimmer&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Morse, Smith's brother-in-law, said that he watched Smith on several occasions and said his "mode of procedure consisted in Joseph's placing the Seer Stone in the crown of a hat, then putting his face into the hat, so as to entirely cover his face." Michael Morse interview with <a href="/wiki/William_W._Blair" title="William W. Blair">William W. Blair</a>, May 8, 1879, in <i>EMD</i>, 4: 343. Morse was clearly awed by Smith's ability to dictate as he did and called it "a strange piece of work." <a href="/wiki/David_Whitmer" title="David Whitmer">David Whitmer</a> said that at one point "the plates were not before Joseph while he translated, but seem to have been removed by the custodian angel." David Whitmer Interview with the <i>Chicago Times</i>, August 1875, in <i>EMD</i>, 5: 21. Whitmer also stated that "after affixing the magical spectacles to his eyes, Smith would take the plates and translate the characters one at a time. The graven characters would appear in succession to the seer, and directly under the character, when viewed through the glasses, would be the translation in English." <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, 15 December 1885 in <i>EMD</i>, 5: 124. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hale" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Hale">Isaac Hale</a> said that while Joseph was translating, the plates were "hid in the woods.""Mormonism, <i>Susquehanna Register and Northern Pennsylvanian</i> 9 (May 1, 1834): 1 in <i>EMD</i> 4: 286–87. "No primary witness reported that Joseph used [the plates] in any way." Grant H. Palmer, <i>An Insider's View of Mormon Origins</i> (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002), 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Joseph Smith Interview with Peter Bauder, October 1830" in <i>EMD</i>, 1: 17; "Joseph Smith Interview with Leman Copley, 1831" in <i>EMD</i>, 1: 24–25. Yet even after Smith had returned the plates to the angel, other early Latter Day Saints testified that an angel had also showed them the plates. Grant Palmer, <i>An Insider's View of Mormon Origins</i> (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002), 201. In 1859, Brigham Young referred to one of these "post-return" testimonies: "Some of the witnesses of the Book of Mormon, who handled the plates and conversed with the angels of God, were afterwards left to doubt<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] One of the Quorum of the Twelve, a young man full of faith and good works, prayed, and the vision of his mind was opened, and the angel of God came and laid the plates before him, and he saw and handled them, and saw the angel." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses" title="Journal of Discourses">Journal of Discourses</a></i>, June 5, 1859, 7: 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKay" class="citation web cs1">MacKay, Michael H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5007828">"The 'Caractors' Document: New Light on an Early Transcription of the Book of Mormon Characters, Mormon Historical Studies, vol. 14, No. 1"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+%27Caractors%27+Document%3A+New+Light+on+an+Early+Transcription+of+the+Book+of+Mormon+Characters%2C+Mormon+Historical+Studies%2C+vol.+14%2C+No.+1&rft.aulast=MacKay&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5007828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93History" title="Joseph Smith–History">Joseph Smith–History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/js-h/1.63-65?lang=eng">1:63–65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Early Mormon Documents</i> 4:377–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Allen_(historian)" title="James B. Allen (historian)">James B. Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glen_M._Leonard" title="Glen M. Leonard">Glen M. Leonard</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Story of the Latter-day Saints">The Story of the Latter-day Saints</a></i> (Salt Lake City: <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Book">Deseret Book</a>, 1992), 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/appendix-2-document-3-stick-of-joseph-1844/1">"Appendix 2, Document 3. Stick of Joseph, 1844"</a>. <i>www.josephsmithpapers.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.josephsmithpapers.org&rft.atitle=Appendix+2%2C+Document+3.+Stick+of+Joseph%2C+1844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.josephsmithpapers.org%2Fpaper-summary%2Fappendix-2-document-3-stick-of-joseph-1844%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Wilson, March 16, 1966, cited in <a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald and Sandra Tanner</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/changech5c.htm"><i>The Changing World of Mormonism</i></a> (Chicago: Moody Press, 1979), ch. 5. Richard A. Parker, department of Egyptology at Brown University, wrote, "No Egyptian writing has been found in this [Western] hemisphere to my knowledge". Parker to Marvin Cowan, March 22, 1966, in <a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald and Sandra Tanner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/changech5c.htm"><i>The Changing World of Mormonism</i></a> (Chicago: Moody Press, 1979), ch. 5. In the same letter Parker said, "I do not know of any language such as Reformed Egyptian". In 1959, Mormon archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Ross_T._Christensen" title="Ross T. Christensen">Ross T. Christensen</a> said that "'reformed' Egyptian" is a "form of writing which we have not yet identified in the archaeological material available to us". <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mormon Institute">Book of Mormon Institute</a>, December 5, 1959, BYU, 1964 ed., p. 10, cited in <a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald and Sandra Tanner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/changech5c.htm"><i>The Changing World of Mormonism</i></a> (Chicago: Moody Press, 1979), ch. 5. In 1956 a request for review of the Caractors Document was made to three recognized Egyptologists, Sir <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardiner" title="Alan Gardiner">Alan Gardiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Hayes" title="William C. Hayes">William C. Hayes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_A._Wilson_(Egyptologist)" title="John A. Wilson (Egyptologist)">John A. Wilson</a>. Gardiner replied that he saw no resemblance with "any form of Egyptian writing." Hayes stated that it might be an inaccurate copy of something in <a href="/wiki/Hieratic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieratic script">hieratic script</a> and that "some groups look like hieratic numerals," adding that "I imagine, however, that the inscription bears a superficial resemblance to other scripts, both ancient and modern, of which I have no knowledge." Wilson gave the most detailed reply, saying that "This is not Egyptian writing, as known to the Egyptologist. It obviously is not hieroglyphic, nor the "cursive hieroglyphic" as used in the Book of the Dead. It is not Coptic, which took over Greek characters to write Egyptian. Nor does it belong to one of the cursive stages of ancient Egyptian writing: hieratic, abnormal hieratic, or demotic." Wilson added that "it does not conform to the normal pattern of cursive," and that because it was purported to be altered it may "remove this context from the professional analysis by the Egyptologist." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/31894670/1956_Statements_of_Egyptologists_on_the_Caractors_Document">https://www.academia.edu/31894670/1956_Statements_of_Egyptologists_on_the_Caractors_Document</a>. Earlier in 1956 Hayes had provided his analysis of his assertion of hieratic numerals within the Caractors Document. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/38458222/2002_Sunstone_article_Dr._Hayes_analysis_of_Caractors_Document_characters_as_numerals">https://www.academia.edu/38458222/2002_Sunstone_article_Dr._Hayes_analysis_of_Caractors_Document_characters_as_numerals</a>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael D. Coe, <i>Breaking the Maya Code</i>, (London: Thames and Hudson, 1999), preface.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacri1996" class="citation book cs1">Macri, Martha J. (1996). <i>"Maya and Other Mesoamerican Scripts," in The World's Writing Systems</i>. England: Oxford. pp. 172–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Maya+and+Other+Mesoamerican+Scripts%2C%22+in+The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.place=England&rft.pages=172-182&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Macri&rft.aufirst=Martha+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Appendix 2, Document 2a. Characters Copied by Oliver Cowdery, circa 1835–1836," p. [1], The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed February 16, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/appendix-2-document-2a-characters-copied-by-oliver-cowdery-circa-1835-1836/1">https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/appendix-2-document-2a-characters-copied-by-oliver-cowdery-circa-1835-1836/1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Appendix 2, Document 2b. Writings and Characters Copied by Frederick G. Williams, circa Early to Mid-1830s," p. [1], The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed February 16, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/appendix-2-document-2b-writings-and-characters-copied-by-frederick-g-williams-circa-early-to-mid-1830s/1">https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/appendix-2-document-2b-writings-and-characters-copied-by-frederick-g-williams-circa-early-to-mid-1830s/1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some Mormons also accept the Kirtland Egyptian papers and Frederick G. Williams note as genuine. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/byustudies&CISOPTR=14&REC=2&CISOSHOW">"BYU"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BYU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2Fbyustudies%26CISOPTR%3D14%26REC%3D2%26CISOSHOW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformed-egyptian.com/100years.bmp">"100 Years"</a>. Reformed Egyptian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Years&rft.pub=Reformed+Egyptian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed-egyptian.com%2F100years.bmp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shields, Steven L. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/85016162">"The Quest for "Reformed Egyptian"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 101–125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+John+Whitmer+Historical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+%22Reformed+Egyptian%22&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-125&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F85016162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span> The four translators identified are Blair B. Bryant, Jerry D. Grover, Jr, Mary Jo Jackel and Stanley Q. Johnson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.mi.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1451&index=3">Some Notes on the Anthon Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924083835/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1451&index=3">Archived</a> 2016-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by John Gee. Various LDS Church authors have made the attempt. In the February 1942 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Improvement_Era" title="Improvement Era">Improvement Era</a></i>, Ariel L. Crowley, a Mormon attorney from Boise, Idaho, presented evidence that the "Caractors" document characters could be of Egyptian origin. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shields-research.org/Scriptures/BoM/Anthon_Transcript-Crowley/Anthon_Transcript-Crowley.htm">The Anthon Transcript</a>. He discussed Chaldaic, Assyriac, and Arabic in relation to hieratic and demotic Egyptian, the "Caractors" document characters, and Martin Harris's report that Anthon mentioned those languages when he reviewed the transcript. He also presented 194 pairs of photographs comparing characters from the Anthon Transcript with similar or identical characters in recognized Egyptian works such as the <i>Book of the Dead</i> and the Rosetta Stone. Stan and Polly Johnson, in the book <i>Translating the Anthon Transcript</i> (Parowan, Utah: Ivory Books, 1999) argue that the Anthon transcript corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ether" title="Book of Ether">Ether</a> 6:3–13 in the present Book of Mormon. However, John Gee notes that if the so-called Anthon transcript is the actual piece of paper that Martin Harris took to Charles Anthon, it is safe to assume that the characters came from the text they were then translating (the 116 missing manuscript pages, which contained a record from the time of Lehi to the time of King Benjamin). Thus, Ether should not be a logical source for the transcript's contents. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.mi.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1451&index=3">Some Notes on the Anthon Transcript</a> by John Gee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Terryl_L._Givens" class="mw-redirect" title="Terryl L. Givens">Terryl L. Givens</a>, <i>By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion</i> (New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002) 132–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/trackingch6a.htm">"Tracking the White Salamander - Chapter 6 Part A"</a>. <i>www.utlm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.utlm.org&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+White+Salamander+-+Chapter+6+Part+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utlm.org%2Fonlinebooks%2Ftrackingch6a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410210806/http://thedigitalvoice.com/enigma/essays/AAffair1.htm">"The Anthon Affair by Jerome J. Knuijet"</a>. 2010-04-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedigitalvoice.com/enigma/essays/AAffair1.htm">the original</a> on 2010-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anthon+Affair+by+Jerome+J.+Knuijet&rft.date=2010-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedigitalvoice.com%2Fenigma%2Fessays%2FAAffair1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shields-research.org/Scriptures/BoM/BYUSAntn.html">"The Anthon Transcript - SHIELDS"</a>. <i>www.shields-research.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shields-research.org&rft.atitle=The+Anthon+Transcript+-+SHIELDS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shields-research.org%2FScriptures%2FBoM%2FBYUSAntn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs1992" class="citation cs2">Stubbs, Brian Darrel (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/5542">"Book of Mormon Language"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a></i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>, pp. 179–181, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+of+Mormon+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179-181&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=Brian+Darrel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F5542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrover" class="citation book cs1">Grover, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19655755"><i>Translation of the "Caractors" Document</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927000427/http://www.meridianmagazine.com/ancients/060228egyptians.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translation+of+the+%26quot%3BCaractors%26quot%3B+Document&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19655755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Sloan1996" class="citation journal cs1">David E. Sloan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301065324/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=5&num=2&id=124">"The Anthon Transcripts and the Translation of the Book of Mormon: Studying It Out in the Mind of Joseph Smith"</a>. <i>Journal of Book of Mormon Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 57–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F44758792">10.2307/44758792</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44758792">44758792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11807890">11807890</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=5&num=2&id=124">the original</a> on 2010-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Book+of+Mormon+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Anthon+Transcripts+and+the+Translation+of+the+Book+of+Mormon%3A+Studying+It+Out+in+the+Mind+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-81&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11807890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44758792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F44758792&rft.au=David+E.+Sloan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Fpublications%2Fjbms%2F%3Fvol%3D5%26num%3D2%26id%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shields-research.org/Books/Sperry/AChap09.PDF">"Some Problems Arising from Martin Harris' Visit to Professor Charles Anthon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Problems+Arising+from+Martin+Harris%27+Visit+to+Professor+Charles+Anthon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shields-research.org%2FBooks%2FSperry%2FAChap09.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nibley" title="Hugh Nibley">Hugh Nibley</a>, <i>Since Cumorah</i>, 2nd ed. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book and <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies" title="Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies">FARMS</a>, 1988), 149–150, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026224402/http://geocities.com/rameumptom/bom/demotic.html">archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later in E.B. Howe's Mormonism Unveiled, Anthon recalled that the characters were not hieroglyphics. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/onlineresources/anthon.htm">Anthon Transcript</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Sloan1996" class="citation journal cs1">David E. Sloan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301065324/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=5&num=2&id=124">"The Anthon Transcripts and the Translation of the Book of Mormon: Studying It Out in the Mind of Joseph Smith"</a>. <i>Journal of Book of Mormon Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 57–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F44758792">10.2307/44758792</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44758792">44758792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11807890">11807890</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=5&num=2&id=124">the original</a> on 2010-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Book+of+Mormon+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Anthon+Transcripts+and+the+Translation+of+the+Book+of+Mormon%3A+Studying+It+Out+in+the+Mind+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-81&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11807890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44758792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F44758792&rft.au=David+E.+Sloan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Fpublications%2Fjbms%2F%3Fvol%3D5%26num%3D2%26id%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607225132/http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?id=128&table=jbms">"Jewish and Other Semitic Texts Written in Egyptian Characters – Maxwell Institute JBMS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=128">the original</a> on 2007-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+and+Other+Semitic+Texts+Written+in+Egyptian+Characters+%E2%80%93+Maxwell+Institute+JBMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarms.byu.edu%2Fdisplay.php%3Ftable%3Djbms%26id%3D128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthon in <i>Mormonism Unveiled</i>, compared the characters to Mexican calendars. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrover" class="citation journal cs1">Grover, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31864298">"New Light: "Anthon Transcript" Writing Found?"</a>. <i>Journal of Book of Mormon Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 68–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Book+of+Mormon+Studies&rft.atitle=New+Light%3A+%22Anthon+Transcript%22+Writing+Found%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-70&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31864298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solomonspalding.com/SRP/saga/saga02c.htm">"Review of William L. Moore "Mitchill Affair" Article"</a>. <i>solomonspalding.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=solomonspalding.com&rft.atitle=Review+of+William+L.+Moore+%22Mitchill+Affair%22+Article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolomonspalding.com%2FSRP%2Fsaga%2Fsaga02c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+Egyptian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A revealed text in English is infinitely to be preferred to an original in a language that no one on earth could claim as his own. It frees the members and leaders of the Church as it frees the investigating world from the necessity of becoming philologists or, worse still, of having to rely on the judgment of philologists, as a prerequisite to understanding this great book. At the same time, it puts upon the modern world an obligation to study and learn, from which that world could easily plead immunity were the book in an ancient language or couched in the labored and pretentious idiom that learned men adopt when they try to decipher ancient texts." Hugh Nibley, "New Approaches to Book of Mormon Study," <i>The Prophetic Book of Mormon</i> (1989), 97 (link <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1112&index=5">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221095446/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1112&index=5">Archived</a> 2013-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for the specific excerpt from the book)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_Egyptian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Gee" title="John Gee">John Gee</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924083835/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1451&index=3">Some Notes on the Anthon Transcript</a>, Mormon apologetics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Hamblin" title="William J. Hamblin">William J. Hamblin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225939/http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/bom/Reformed_Egyptian.htm">Reformed Egyptian</a>, Mormon apologetics.</li> <li>Richard G. Grant, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060131124928/http://www.cometozarahemla.org/egyptian/reformedegyptian.html">Reformed Egyptian: 'In the Language of My Fathers'</a>, Mormon apologetics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald and Sandra Tanner</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/changech5c.htm">A book excerpt critical of Book of Mormon archeology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerplace.org/history/ts/v3n13.htm">Martin Harris testimony in "Times and Seasons"</a>.</li> <li>Summary of skeptical material about the Anthon Transcript from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/onlineresources/anthon.htm">Utah Lighthouse Ministries</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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of Joseph Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Extermination_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Extermination Order">Extermination Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History of the LDS Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Mormon handcart pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Reformation" title="Mormon Reformation">Mormon Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ" title="History of the Community of Christ">Community of Christ history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amboy_Conference" title="Amboy Conference">Amboy Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigdonite" title="Rigdonite">Rigdonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sacred texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Outline of the Book of Mormon">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Criticism of Mormon sacred texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Law_of_the_Lord" title="Book of the Law of the Lord">Book of the Law of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangites only</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_of_the_Lord" title="The Word of the Lord">The Word of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Fettingite)" title="Church of Christ (Fettingite)">Fettingites and offshoots</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Outline of Joseph Smith">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Hedrick" title="Granville Hedrick">Granville Hedrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Cutler" title="Alpheus Cutler">Alpheus Cutler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">LDS denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Bickertonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Hedrickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fellowships_of_%22the_Remnants%22_movement" title="Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement">Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Latter Day Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_Reorganization_movement" title="List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement">List of Reorganized Restorationist churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_in_Mormonism" title="Agency in Mormonism">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_19th-century_Mormonism" title="Death in 19th-century Mormonism">Early views on death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Spirit_in_Mormonism" title="Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism">Gifts of the Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Views on God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Parents" title="Heavenly Parents">Heavenly Parents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Islam and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Judaism and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">Law of consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_blessing" title="Patriarchal blessing">Patriarchal blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Women and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_early_Mormonism" title="Black people and early Mormonism">Black people and early Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_and_Mormonism" title="Civil rights and Mormonism">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%27s_views_on_Black_people" title="Joseph Smith's views on Black people">Joseph Smith's views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint movement">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historicity of the Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prophecies_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prophecies of Joseph Smith">List of prophecies of Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mormon" title="Jack Mormon">Jack Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_art" title="Mormon art">Mormon art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Mormon blogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Mormon cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folklore" title="Mormon folklore">Mormon folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Mormon foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_literature" title="Mormon literature">Mormon literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_poetry" title="Mormon poetry">Mormon poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fiction" title="Mormon fiction">Mormon fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Mormon_Letters" title="Association for Mormon Letters">Association for Mormon Letters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Mormon music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folk_music" title="Mormon folk music">Mormon folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Mormon Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Latter Day Saints in popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_Mormons_in_comics" title="Portrayal of Mormons in comics">Portrayal of Mormons in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pornography" title="Mormon pornography">Mormon pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)">Sacred Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Family_Farm" title="Smith Family Farm">Smith Family Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Bibliography of the Latter Day Saint movement">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolob" title="Kolob">Kolob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_history" title="Mormonism and history">Mormonism and history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_architecture_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple architecture (LDS Church)">Temple architecture (LDS Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voree_plates" title="Voree plates">Voree plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template talk:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_Transcript" title="Anthon Transcript">Anthon Transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy_(LDS_Church)" title="Good Neighbor policy (LDS Church)">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_sites_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of historic sites of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT Mormon timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Handcart companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Name of the church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_charges_against_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="2023 Securities and Exchange Commission charges against the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Ensign Peak Advisors">2023 SEC case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Sacred texts</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LDS_edition_of_the_Bible" title="LDS edition of the Bible">Holy Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93History" title="Joseph Smith–History">Joseph Smith–History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Beliefs and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Beliefs<br />and practices</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession_(LDS_Church)" title="Apostolic succession (LDS Church)">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Apostasy and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_calling#Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Home_Evening" title="Family Home Evening">Family Home Evening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Sunday" title="Fast Sunday">Fast Sunday</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Strength_of_Youth_(pamphlet)" title="For the Strength of Youth (pamphlet)">For the Strength of Youth</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Gender</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Family:_A_Proclamation_to_the_World" title="The Family: A Proclamation to the World">Family Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_minorities_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Gender minorities and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministering" title="Ministering">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Marriage in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">Ordinances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">Baptism for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Marriage sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Temple endowment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">Temple garment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mormons" title="Black Mormons">Black Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_temple_and_priesthood_policies_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Black people and temple and priesthood policies in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Black temple and priesthood restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curses_of_Cain_and_Ham_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Curses of Cain and Ham and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Curses of Cain and Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_birth_control_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on birth control in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_chastity" title="Law of chastity">Law of chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Homosexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexual orientation change efforts and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexual orientation change efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_masturbation_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on masturbation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soaking_(sexual_practice)" title="Soaking (sexual practice)">Soaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_suicide_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on suicide in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Culture<br />and worship</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Especially_for_Youth" title="Especially for Youth">Especially for Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Family_Services" title="LDS Family Services">Family Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of films of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Helping_Hands" title="Mormon Helping Hands">Helping Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services" title="LDS Humanitarian Services">Humanitarian services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Hymns in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(1985_book)" title="Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1985 book)">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_Channel" title="Latter-day Saints Channel">Latter-day Saints Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)"><i>Liahona</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Missionary service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pageants_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of pageants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(LDS_Church)" title="Tabernacle (LDS Church)">Tabernacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_Choir" title="Tabernacle Choir">Tabernacle Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_services_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Worship services of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Worship services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">Sacrament</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_authority" title="General authority"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Leadership</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_(LDS_Church)" title="Seventy (LDS Church)">Quorums of the Seventy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)" title="Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)">Presiding Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_School_(LDS_Church)" title="Sunday School (LDS Church)">Sunday School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Women_(organization)" title="Young Women (organization)">Young Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Men_(organization)" title="Young Men (organization)">Young Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_(LDS_Church)" title="Primary (LDS Church)">Primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Demographics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Demographics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_history_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Membership history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less-active_Mormon" title="Less-active Mormon">Less-active Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_people_and_organizations" title="LGBT Mormon people and organizations">LGBT Mormons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Congregational <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_(LDS_Church)" title="Area (LDS Church)">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_(LDS_Church)" title="District (LDS Church)">District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">Stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Congregations" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">BYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Idaho" title="Brigham Young University–Idaho">BYU-Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Hawaii" title="Brigham Young University–Hawaii">BYU-Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYU%E2%80%93Pathway_Worldwide" title="BYU–Pathway Worldwide">BYU–Pathway Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_College" title="Ensign College">Ensign College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Management_Corporation" title="Deseret Management Corporation">Deseret Management Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company" title="Deseret Book Company">Deseret Book Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Industries" title="Deseret Industries">Deseret Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Digital_Media" title="Deseret Digital Media">Deseret Digital Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Square_Hospitality" title="Temple Square Hospitality">Temple Square Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News_Publishing_Company" title="Deseret News Publishing Company">Deseret News Publishing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_International" title="Bonneville International">Bonneville International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_Financial_Group" title="Beneficial Financial Group">Beneficial Financial Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RootsTech" title="RootsTech">RootsTech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropies" title="Philanthropies">Philanthropies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Finances of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Finances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="Ensign Peak Advisors">Ensign Peak Advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Emigration_Fund" title="Perpetual Emigration Fund">Perpetual Emigration Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fund" title="Perpetual Education Fund">Perpetual Education Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Property_Management_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Property Management Associates">Utah Property Management Associates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgReserves" title="AgReserves">AgReserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Ranches" title="Deseret Ranches">Deseret Ranches</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Criticism</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Genetics and the Book of Mormon">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historical authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Linguistics and the Book of Mormon">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Fawn M. Brodie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History" title="No Man Knows My History"><i>No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Decker" title="Ed Decker">Ed Decker</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Makers" title="The God Makers">The God Makers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dehlin" title="John Dehlin">John Dehlin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Stories_Podcast" title="Mormon Stories Podcast">Mormon Stories Podcast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Runnells" title="Jeremy Runnells">Jeremy Runnells</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CES_Letter" title="CES Letter">CES Letter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderhook_plates" title="Kinderhook plates">Kinderhook plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamander_letter" title="Salamander letter">Salamander letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Six" title="September Six">September Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald and Sandra Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_%26_Transparency_Foundation" title="Truth & Transparency Foundation">Truth & Transparency Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Related</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComeUntoChrist.org" title="ComeUntoChrist.org">ComeUntoChrist.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_translations" title="List of Book of Mormon translations">List of Book of Mormon translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers" title="The Joseph Smith Papers">The Joseph Smith Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought"><i>Dialogue</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_(Mormon_apologetics_organization)" title="FAIR (Mormon apologetics organization)">FAIR organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies" title="Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies">FARMS organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Mormon" title="I'm a Mormon"><i>I'm a Mormon</i> campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBT Mormon suicides">LGBT Mormon suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_History_Association" title="Mormon History Association">Mormon History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Relationship to U.S. politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="LGBT rights and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkyoshigo" title="Senkyoshigo">Senkyoshigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)"><i>Sunstone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Latter Day Saint Movement</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Outline</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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