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id="toc-Types_of_polygamous_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_polygamous_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Types of polygamous marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_polygamous_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Polyandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings_about_polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings_about_polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teachings about polygamy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings_about_polygamy-sublist" 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Women's place in heaven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_place_in_heaven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posterity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posterity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Posterity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posterity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morality_and_preventing_temptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morality_and_preventing_temptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Morality and preventing temptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morality_and_preventing_temptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_precedence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_precedence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Biblical precedence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_precedence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings_on_the_multiple_wives_of_God_and_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings_on_the_multiple_wives_of_God_and_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Teachings on the multiple wives of God and Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings_on_the_multiple_wives_of_God_and_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_teachings_of_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_teachings_of_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern teachings of the church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_teachings_of_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygamous_marriages_of_early_church_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygamous_marriages_of_early_church_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Polygamous marriages of early church leaders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polygamous_marriages_of_early_church_leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Polygamous marriages of early church leaders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Polygamous_marriages_of_early_church_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joseph_Smith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Smith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Joseph Smith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Smith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_early_church_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_early_church_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other early church leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_early_church_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Response to polygamy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Response_to_polygamy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Response to polygamy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Response_to_polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mormon_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mormon_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mormon response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mormon_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Mormon_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Mormon_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Non-Mormon response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Mormon_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_C._Bennett_and_The_History_of_the_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_C._Bennett_and_The_History_of_the_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>John C. Bennett and <i>The History of the Saints</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_C._Bennett_and_The_History_of_the_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_officially_ends_polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_officially_ends_polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Church officially ends polygamy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Church_officially_ends_polygamy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Church officially ends polygamy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Church_officially_ends_polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._government_actions_against_polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._government_actions_against_polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>U.S. government actions against polygamy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._government_actions_against_polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-polygamy_Bill_of_1854" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-polygamy_Bill_of_1854"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Anti-polygamy Bill of 1854</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-polygamy_Bill_of_1854-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1857–1858_Utah_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1857–1858_Utah_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>1857–1858 Utah War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1857–1858_Utah_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1862_Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1862_Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>1862 Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1862_Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wade,_Cragin,_and_Cullom_Bills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wade,_Cragin,_and_Cullom_Bills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Wade, Cragin, and Cullom Bills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wade,_Cragin,_and_Cullom_Bills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1874_Poland_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1874_Poland_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>1874 Poland Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1874_Poland_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1882_Edmunds_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1882_Edmunds_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>1882 Edmunds Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1882_Edmunds_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1887_Edmunds–Tucker_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1887_Edmunds–Tucker_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span>1887 Edmunds–Tucker Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1887_Edmunds–Tucker_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1879_Reynolds_vs._United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1879_Reynolds_vs._United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8</span> <span>1879 <i>Reynolds</i> vs. <i>United States</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1879_Reynolds_vs._United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1890_Manifesto_banning_polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890_Manifesto_banning_polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1890 Manifesto banning polygamy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890_Manifesto_banning_polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1904_Second_Manifesto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1904_Second_Manifesto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>1904 Second Manifesto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1904_Second_Manifesto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygamy_in_other_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygamy_in_other_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Polygamy in other churches in the Latter Day Saint movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygamy_in_other_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_plural_marriage_theory_within_the_LDS_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_plural_marriage_theory_within_the_LDS_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern plural marriage theory within the LDS Church</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_plural_marriage_theory_within_the_LDS_Church-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern plural marriage theory within the LDS Church subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_plural_marriage_theory_within_the_LDS_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_sealings_when_a_prior_spouse_has_died" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_sealings_when_a_prior_spouse_has_died"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Multiple sealings when a prior spouse has died</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_sealings_when_a_prior_spouse_has_died-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_sealings_when_marriages_end_in_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_sealings_when_marriages_end_in_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Multiple sealings when marriages end in divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_sealings_when_marriages_end_in_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proxy_sealings_where_both_spouses_have_died" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proxy_sealings_where_both_spouses_have_died"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Proxy sealings where both spouses have died</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proxy_sealings_where_both_spouses_have_died-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_LDS_polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_LDS_polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism of LDS polygamy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_of_LDS_polygamy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism of LDS polygamy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_LDS_polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instances_of_unhappy_polygamous_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instances_of_unhappy_polygamous_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Instances of unhappy polygamous marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instances_of_unhappy_polygamous_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_means_for_immoral_sexual_gratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_means_for_immoral_sexual_gratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>A means for immoral sexual gratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_means_for_immoral_sexual_gratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underage_polygamous_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underage_polygamous_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Underage polygamous marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underage_polygamous_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unmarried_men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unmarried_men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Unmarried men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unmarried_men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamie_v_mormonismu" title="Polygamie v mormonismu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polygamie v mormonismu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamie_(Mormonen)" title="Polygamie (Mormonen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polygamie (Mormonen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonismo_y_poligamia" title="Mormonismo y poligamia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mormonismo y poligamia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%88_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مورمنیسم و چندهمسری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مورمنیسم و چندهمسری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariage_plural" title="Mariage plural – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mariage plural" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubumomoni_nesithembu" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mormonism and polygamy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_(1_husband,_4_wives),_by_Charles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of five caucasian Latter-day Saints, married to each other in nineteenth-century Latter-day Saint polygamy, against the backdrop of what may be a hedge. All seem to be posing; none face the camera. Leftmost is a woman, seated, her hair done in a high, braided bun, wearing a dress with buttons down the middle; in her hands are an open book. Center-left, standing furthest to the back (though still very much with the portraited group) is a woman, her hair done up but resting low, in a polka-dotted top and a scarf or ascot around her neck and a skirt. She carries a hat, held to her waist. Center is a woman, sort of kneeling or seated (perhaps there is an unseen stool she's sitting on?). She wears a white dress, her hair is done up in a high and large bun and she wears a headband. In her right arm she holds a hat, over her knees; her left arm rests on the lap of the man sitting center right. She may be leaning against his legs. Center-right is a man, wearing a suit jacket of some kind and a high-collared shirt. He is balded and bearded. His left hand is placed over the left arm of the center woman. Rightmost is a woman, her hair done up but resting low, sitting in a visibly wooden (likely handcrafted) chair. She wears a dress with buttons going down the middle. She holds a hat, which looks very like center's hat, over her knees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png/250px-Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png/375px-Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png/500px-Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="791" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>A Mormon "Saint" and Wives</i> by Charles Weitfle (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1878–1885)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early Mormonism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Joseph_Smith%27s_wives" title="List of Joseph Smith's wives">Wives of Joseph Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_wifery" title="Spiritual wifery">Spiritual wifery</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brigham_Young%27s_wives" title="List of Brigham Young's wives">Wives of Brigham Young</a> • <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy_in_the_late-19th_century" title="Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century">Late-19th century Mormon polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormon colonies in Mexico</a> • <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_hearings" title="Reed Smoot hearings">Reed Smoot hearings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">1904 Manifesto</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">AUB</a> • <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Friends_(Woolley)" title="Council of Friends (Woolley)">Council of Friends</a> • <a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">Current state of polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a> • <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Kingston Group</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_fundamentalist_leaders" title="List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders">List of leaders</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a> • <a href="/wiki/Short_Creek_raid" title="Short Creek raid">Short Creek raid</a> • <a href="/wiki/YFZ_Ranch" title="YFZ Ranch">YFZ Ranch</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antipolygamy laws</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act" title="Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act">Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poland_Act" title="Poland Act">Poland Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmunds%E2%80%93Tucker_Act" title="Edmunds–Tucker Act">Edmunds–Tucker Act</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Angus_M._Cannon#Polygamy_prosecution" title="Angus M. Cannon">Cannon v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Clawson_v._United_States" title="Clawson v. United States">Clawson v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Beason" title="Davis v. Beason">Davis v. Beason</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Corp._of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints_v._United_States" title="Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States">Late Corp. of the LDS Church v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_v._United_States_(1946)" title="Cleveland v. United States (1946)">Cleveland v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Buhman" title="Brown v. Buhman">Brown v. Buhman</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_polygamy_court_cases" title="List of polygamy court cases">List of polygamy court cases</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Category:Mormonism and polygamy">Related articles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial marriage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion in the US</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of polygamy">Legal status of polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latter_Day_Saint_practitioners_of_plural_marriage" title="List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage">List of practitioners</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_czar" title="Polygamy czar">Polygamy czar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">Polygamy in Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America" title="Polygamy in North America">Polygamy in North America</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_civil_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of civil marriage in the United States">Timeline of civil marriage in the United States</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/16px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/24px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDSpolygamy" title="Template:LDSpolygamy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDSpolygamy" title="Template talk:LDSpolygamy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDSpolygamy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDSpolygamy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Polygamy</b> (called <b>plural marriage</b> by Latter-day Saints in the 19th century or <b>the Principle</b> by modern <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>) was practiced by leaders of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) for more than half of the 19th century, and practiced publicly from 1852 to 1890 by between 20 and 30 percent of Latter-day Saint families. Polygamy among Latter-day Saints has been controversial, both in Western society and within the LDS Church itself. Many U.S. politicians were strongly opposed to the practice; the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> platform even referred to polygamy and slavery as "the twin relics of barbarism."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 438">: 438 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, founder of the Latter-day Saint movement, first introduced polygamy privately in the 1830s. Later, in 1852, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Pratt" title="Orson Pratt">Orson Pratt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Embry19942_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embry19942-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a>, publicly announced and defended the practice at the request of then-church president <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>. </p><p>Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">LDS Church and the United States</a> remained at odds over the issue. The church defended polygamy as a matter of religious freedom, while the federal government, in line with prevailing public opinion, sought to eradicate it. Polygamy likely played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> of 1857–1858, as Republican critics portrayed Democratic President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> as weak in opposing both polygamy and slavery. In 1862, the U.S. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act" title="Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act">Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</a>, prohibiting polygamous marriage in the territories. Despite the law, many Latter-day Saints continued to practice polygamy, believing it was protected by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a>. However, in 1879, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Morrill Act's constitutionality in <i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserting that while laws could not interfere with religious belief, they could regulate religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Embry19942_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embry19942-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, when it became clear that Utah would not be admitted to the Union while polygamy was still practiced, church president <a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially banning the formation of new polygamyous unions within the LDS Church.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this manifesto did not dissolve existing polygamous marriages, relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, such that Utah was admitted as a U.S. state in 1896. After the manifesto, some church members continued to enter into polygamous marriages, but these eventually stopped in 1904 when church president <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">Joseph F. Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_hearings" title="Reed Smoot hearings">disavowed polygamy before Congress</a> and issued a "<a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">Second Manifesto</a>", calling for all new polygamous marriages in the church to cease, and established <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> as the consequence for those who disobeyed. Existing polygamous LDS couples continued to live together into the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-1950s_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1950s-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several small <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon fundamentalist">Mormon fundamentalist</a> groups, seeking to continue the practice, split from the LDS Church, including the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a> (AUB) and the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a> (FLDS Church). Meanwhile, the LDS Church continues its policy of excommunicating members found practicing polygamy, and today actively seeks to distance itself from fundamentalist groups that continue the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adherents of various churches and groups from the larger <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> continue to practice polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy</a></div> <p>Historian Richard van Wagoner reports that Smith developed an interest in polygamy after studying parts of the Old Testament in which prophets had more than one wife.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> In the 1830s or early 1840s,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> secretly initiated a practice of religious polygamy among select members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a> he founded.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nauvoo, Illinois, Smith introduced ecclesiastical leaders to the practice of polygamy, and he married several plural wives.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 12, 1843, Smith dictated and had recorded what he said was a revelation from God describing the theology and purpose of polygamy, relating it to biblical portrayals of polygamous marriage by Old Testament patriarchs such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he dictated the document, Smith said he already "knew the revelation perfectly from beginning to end".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, the practice was kept secret from most people, both adherents and not.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church publicly denounced polygamy, and only some membership knew about the teachings and practiced polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of members aware of polygamy grew until the church started openly practicing polygamy in early 1852, eight years after Smith's death.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–54">: 53–54 </span></sup> According to some historians and then-contemporary accounts, by this time, polygamy was openly taught and practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup> The doctrine authorizing polygamy was canonized and first published in the 1876 version of the church's <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_polygamous_marriages">Types of polygamous marriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of polygamous marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were two types of polygamous marriages in the LDS Church: eternity-only and time-and-eternity. Eternity-only polygamous marriages applied only in the afterlife and time-and-eternity marriages applied both in mortal life and in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith had sexual relations with some of his wives; others, he had no sexual relations with.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyandry">Polyandry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Polyandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other types of polygamous marriages in the early LDS Church were <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandrous</a> (literally "many men") in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygynous</a> marriages. In polyandrous marriages one woman was married to more than one living husband at the same time. Examples of prominent Mormon women who at some point practiced polyandry included <a href="/wiki/Zina_D._H._Young" title="Zina D. H. Young">Zina D. H. Young</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MormonPolyandry_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MormonPolyandry-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 78">: 78 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Bartlett_Sessions" title="Patty Bartlett Sessions">Patty Bartlett Sessions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Trajectory_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trajectory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2,23">: 2,23 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_M._Cleveland" title="Sarah M. Cleveland">Sarah M. Cleveland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Trajectory_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trajectory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Rollins_Lightner" title="Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner">Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trajectory_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trajectory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> Prominent men who were in polyandrous marriages included presidents Joseph Smith<sup id="cite_ref-Trajectory_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trajectory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> and Brigham Young,<sup id="cite_ref-MormonPolyandry_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MormonPolyandry-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 79">: 79 </span></sup>, as well as the apostles <a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">Heber C. Kimball</a><sup id="cite_ref-Expanding_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Expanding-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132">: 132 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde" title="Orson Hyde">Orson Hyde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith married 14 women who were currently married to their living husband.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings_about_polygamy">Teachings about polygamy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teachings about polygamy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salvation">Salvation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Salvation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polygamy was taught as being essential for <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186">: 186 </span></sup> Polygamy was seen as "more important than baptism" and the practice of polygamy was required before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming of Christ</a>. Brigham Young said that any male member of the church who was commanded to practice polygamy and refused would be damned.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other leaders of the church taught that men who refused to have multiple wives were not obeying God's commandments and that they should step down from their <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">priesthood</a> callings.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church president Joseph F. Smith also spoke about the necessity of practicing polygamy in order to receive salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the church in St George, Utah report being taught in the late 1800s that there is no <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">"exaltation"</a> without polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a church-owned newspaper, an article speculates that men and women who refuse to practice polygamy will have a lesser station in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_2007_117_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy_2007_117-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polygamy was also explained as being a commandment of God that was received by divine revelation and that polygamy was a part of God's plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_place_in_heaven"><span id="Women.27s_place_in_heaven"></span>Women's place in heaven</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Women's place in heaven"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latter-day Saints believed that a woman could secure her place in heaven by being sealed to a righteous man who held the priesthood. Some women embraced polygamy because of this teaching and their desire to receive divine blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132">: 132 </span></sup> The salvation of women was understood to be dependent on their status as wives.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Posterity">Posterity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Posterity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One reason given for the practice of polygamy is to increase the Mormon population by childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Millennial_Star" title="Millennial Star">Millennial Star</a>, a church owned and operated newspaper, an article teaches that monogamous marriages result in offspring that are physically and mentally lesser than offspring of polygamous marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_2007_117_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy_2007_117-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morality_and_preventing_temptation">Morality and preventing temptation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morality and preventing temptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early church leader argued that polygamy has historically been the main form of marriage and that polygamy is the most moral form of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> Polygamy was sometimes explained as a way to prevent men from falling into sexual temptation,<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy_2007_117_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy_2007_117-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while monogamy was immoral and increased the likelihood of sexual temptation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biblical_precedence">Biblical precedence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biblical precedence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some who practiced polygamy defended it as a religious practice that was taught in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teachings_on_the_multiple_wives_of_God_and_Jesus">Teachings on the multiple wives of God and Jesus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Teachings on the multiple wives of God and Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Top leaders used the examples of the polygamy of God the Father and Jesus Christ in defense of it and these teachings on God and Jesus' polygamy were widely accepted among Latter-day Saints by the late 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-Desert_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desert-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1853, <a href="/wiki/Jedediah_M._Grant" title="Jedediah M. Grant">Jedediah M. Grant</a>—who later became a member of the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a>—stated that the top reason behind the persecution of Christ and his disciples was due to their practice of polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Citation is to a primary source published in 1853 by a Latter-day Saint church leader (February 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Desert_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desert-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">apostle</a> <a href="/wiki/Orson_Pratt" title="Orson Pratt">Orson Pratt</a> taught in a church periodical that "We have now clearly shown that God the Father had a plurality of wives", and that after her death, Mary (the mother of Jesus) may have become another eternal polygamous wife of God.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> He also stated that Christ had multiple wives—<a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>—as further evidence in defense of polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-Desert_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desert-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next two years the apostle <a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde" title="Orson Hyde">Orson Hyde</a> also stated during two general conference addresses that Jesus practiced polygamy<sup id="cite_ref-Desert_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desert-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and repeated this in an 1857 address.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_teachings_of_the_church">Modern teachings of the church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern teachings of the church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a teaching manual published by the church in 2015, the practice of polygamy is described as a "test of faith" that brought Latter-day Saints closer to God.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> Other recent church documents point to an increase in children as being why Mormons believe God commanded them to practice polygamy. An article on the church's website states that early Mormons believed that they would receive blessings from God by obeying the commandment of polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="In light of the extensive historiography, this page could do better than an essay directly published on the denomination's website (February 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polygamous_marriages_of_early_church_leaders">Polygamous marriages of early church leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Polygamous marriages of early church leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joseph_Smith">Joseph Smith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Joseph Smith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Joseph_Smith%27s_wives" title="List of Joseph Smith's wives">List of Joseph Smith's wives</a></div><p>Among historians, there is disagreement as to the precise number of wives Smith married.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">D. Michael Quinn</a> reports 46,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_D._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="George D. Smith">George D. Smith</a> 38,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Todd_M._Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Todd M. Compton">Todd M. Compton</a> 33 (plus eight "possible wives"),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Stewart Davenport 37.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is unclear with how many of the wives Smith had <a href="/wiki/Sexual_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual relations">sexual relations</a>. Some contemporary accounts from Smith's time indicate that he engaged in sexual relations with some of his wives.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Compton|1997_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Compton|1997-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were at least twelve early <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a> who, based on historical documents and circumstantial evidence, had been identified as potential Smith offspring stemming from polygamous marriages. In 2005 and 2007 studies, a geneticist with the <a href="/wiki/Sorenson_Molecular_Genealogy_Foundation" title="Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation">Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation</a> stated that they had shown "with 99.9 percent accuracy" that five of these individuals were in fact not Smith descendants: Mosiah Hancock (son of Clarissa Reed Hancock), Oliver Buell (son of Prescindia Huntington Buell), Moroni Llewellyn Pratt (son of Mary Ann Frost Pratt), Zebulon Jacobs (son of <a href="/wiki/Zina_D._H._Young" title="Zina D. H. Young">Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith</a>), and Orrison Smith (son of <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Alger" title="Fanny Alger">Fanny Alger</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-DMNdna_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMNdna-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining seven have yet to be conclusively tested, including Josephine Lyon, for whom current DNA testing using <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> cannot provide conclusive evidence either way. Lyon's mother, Sylvia Sessions Lyon, left her daughter a deathbed affidavit telling her she was Smith's daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-DMNdna_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMNdna-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_early_church_leaders">Other early church leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other early church leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latter_Day_Saint_practitioners_of_plural_marriage" title="List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage">List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brigham_Young%27s_wives" title="List of Brigham Young's wives">List of Brigham Young's wives</a></div> <p>LDS Church president Brigham Young had 51 wives, and 56 children by 16 of those wives.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LDS Church apostle <a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">Heber C. Kimball</a> had 43 wives, and had 65 children by 17 of those wives.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_to_polygamy">Response to polygamy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Response to polygamy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mormon_response">Mormon response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mormon response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mormons responded to polygamy with mixed emotions. One historian notes that Mormon women often struggled with the practice and a belief in the divinity of the polygamy commandment was often necessary in accepting it. Records indicate that future church leaders, such as Brigham Young, <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John Taylor (Mormon)">John Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">Heber C. Kimball</a>, greatly opposed polygamy initially.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documents left by Mormon women describe personal spiritual experiences that led them to accept polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another historian notes that some Mormon women expressed appreciation for polygamy and its effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 382">: 382 </span></sup> </p><p>An early leader of the church, Orson Pratt, defended polygamy by arguing that the practice was a result of divine revelation and that it was protected under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">US Constitution</a> as a religious freedom. Following the public announcement of polygamy, members of the church published pamphlets and literature defending the practice. Mormon missionaries were also directed to defend polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Mormon_response">Non-Mormon response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-Mormon response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_memoriam_brigham_young_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/In_memoriam_brigham_young_3.jpg/220px-In_memoriam_brigham_young_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/In_memoriam_brigham_young_3.jpg/330px-In_memoriam_brigham_young_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/In_memoriam_brigham_young_3.jpg/440px-In_memoriam_brigham_young_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5011" data-file-height="3581" /></a><figcaption>A caricature of Brigham Young's wives, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> following his death in 1877.</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of Americans who were not members of the church were opposed to polygamy as they saw the practice as a violation of American values and morals.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86">: 86 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 382">: 382 </span></sup> Opponents of polygamy believed that polygamy forced wives into submission to their husbands<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 454">: 454 </span></sup> and some described polygamy as a form of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> The overall opposition to polygamy led the Republican Party's platform to refer to it as one of the "relics of barbarianism".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This National Review briefly mentions the "relics of barbarism" but not as a scholarly description or analysis; instead, the article uses this as a launching off point to make political claims about the Republican Party's "moral heritage" as a call to also oppose same-sex marriage. This seems like an opinion piece in all but name. (February 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sensational and often violent novels provided fictional stories about polygamy which fueled the public's dislike for the practice and Mormons.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–50">: 39–50 </span></sup> </p><p>However, some non-Mormons held more positive views of polygamy. For example, after surveying the Utah Territory, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Stansbury" title="Howard Stansbury">Captain Howard Stansbury</a> concluded that most polygamous marriages were successful and there were good feelings between families.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_C._Bennett_and_The_History_of_the_Saints">John C. Bennett and <i>The History of the Saints</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: John C. Bennett and The History of the Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bennett" title="John C. Bennett">John C. Bennett</a> was a member of the church and close friend of Joseph Smith who was <a href="/wiki/Church_membership_council" title="Church membership council">disfellowshipped</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> for adultery. Following his excommunication, Bennett began to travel around the eastern United States as he lectured about the church. In his lectures, Bennett included claims of sexual misconduct among church leaders, secret rituals, and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73–74">: 73–74 </span></sup> In 1842, Bennett published a book entitled <i>The History of the Saints: Or, An Exposé of Joe Smith and Mormonism</i> which includes alleged stories of sexual misconduct by Smith and other church leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church responded to Bennett's claims about Smith by gathering affidavits and printing contradictory evidence in newspapers. The women of the <a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a>, encouraged by its president, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith" title="Emma Smith">Emma Smith</a>, also wrote their experiences that disproved Bennett's statements. They also began a petition in support of Joseph Smith's character which they delivered to the governor of Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74–75">: 74–75 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_officially_ends_polygamy">Church officially ends polygamy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Church officially ends polygamy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._government_actions_against_polygamy">U.S. government actions against polygamy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: U.S. government actions against polygamy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Special:EditPage/Mormonism and polygamy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mormonism+and+polygamy%22">"Mormonism and polygamy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mormonism+and+polygamy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mormonism+and+polygamy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mormonism+and+polygamy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mormonism+and+polygamy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mormonism+and+polygamy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mormon polygamy was one of the leading moral issues of the 19th century in the United States, perhaps second only to slavery in importance. Spurred by popular indignation, the U.S. government took a number of steps against polygamy; these were of varying effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-polygamy laws began to be passed ten years after the church publicly announced the practice of polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 191">: 191 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-polygamy_Bill_of_1854">Anti-polygamy Bill of 1854</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Anti-polygamy Bill of 1854"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first legislative attempt to discourage polygamy in Utah was presented in the 33rd Congress. The bill was debated in May 1854. The bill included the provision that any man who had more than one wife would not be able to own land in the Utah Territory. This bill was defeated in the House of Representatives after multiple representatives argued that the federal government did not have the authority to legislate morals in the states.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 194–195">: 194–195 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1857–1858_Utah_War"><span id="1857.E2.80.931858_Utah_War"></span>1857–1858 Utah War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1857–1858 Utah War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></div> <p>As the church settled in what became the Utah Territory, it eventually was subjected to the power and opinion of the United States. Friction first began to show in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">James Buchanan administration</a> and federal troops arrived (see <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a>). Buchanan, anticipating Mormon opposition to a newly appointed territorial governor to replace Brigham Young, dispatched 2,500 federal troops to Utah to seat the new governor, thus setting in motion a series of misunderstandings in which the Mormons felt threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1862_Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act">1862 Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1862 Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act" title="Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act">Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</a></div><p>In 1862, the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act became law. The act criminalized the practice of polygamy, unincorporated the church, and limited the church's real estate holdings. The act was largely understood to be unconstitutional and was only enforced in rare cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrington_1985_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrington_1985-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 422">: 422 </span></sup> While the act outlawed bigamy in the US territories, it was seen to be largely weak and ineffective at preventing people from practicing polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 447–449">: 447–449 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the continuous threat of legislation targeting polygamy and the church, Brigham Young pretended to comply.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrington_1985_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrington_1985-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 422">: 422 </span></sup> </p><p>On January 6, 1879, the Supreme Court upheld the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act in <i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wade,_Cragin,_and_Cullom_Bills"><span id="Wade.2C_Cragin.2C_and_Cullom_Bills"></span>Wade, Cragin, and Cullom Bills</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Wade, Cragin, and Cullom Bills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wade, Cragin, and Cullom Bills were anti-bigamy legislation that failed to pass in the US Congress. The bills were all intended to enforce the Morrill Act's prohibition on polygamy with more punitive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wade Bill of 1866 had the power to dismantle local government in Utah.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years after the Wade Bill failed, the Cragin Bill, which would have eliminated the right to a jury for bigamy trials, was introduced but not passed.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the Cullom Bill was introduced. One of the most concerning parts of the Cullom Bill for polygamists was that, if passed, anyone who practiced any type of non-monogamous relationship would not be able to become a citizen of the United States, vote in elections, or receive the benefits of the homestead laws. The leadership of the church publicly opposed the Cullom Bill. Op-eds in church-owned newspapers declared the bill as unjust and dangerous to Mormons.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of the Cullom Bill led to protests by Mormons, particularly Mormon women. Women organized indignation meetings to voice their disapproval of the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xii">: xii </span></sup> The strong reaction of Mormon women surprised many onlookers and politicians. Outside of the church, Mormon women were seen as weak and oppressed by their husbands and the men of the church. The political activism in support of polygamy of Mormon women was unexpected from a group that had been portrayed as powerless.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: xii–xvi">: xii–xvi </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1874_Poland_Act">1874 Poland Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1874 Poland Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poland_Act" title="Poland Act">Poland Act</a></div> <p>Following the failure of the Wade, Cragin, and Collum Bills, the Poland Act was an anti-bigamy prosecution act that was successfully enacted by the <a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">43rd United States Congress</a>. The Poland Act, named after <a href="/wiki/Luke_P._Poland" title="Luke P. Poland">its sponsor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a>, attempted to prosecute Utah under the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act for refusing to stop practicing polygamy. The act stripped away some of Utah's powers and gave the federal government greater control over the territory. Among other powers, the act gave US district courts jurisdiction in the Utah Territory for all court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Poland Act was a significant threat to Mormons practicing polygamy as it allowed for men who had multiple wives to be criminally <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indicted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1882_Edmunds_Act">1882 Edmunds Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1882 Edmunds Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a></div> <p>In February 1882, <a href="/wiki/George_Q._Cannon" title="George Q. Cannon">George Q. Cannon</a>, a prominent leader in the church, was denied a non-voting seat in the U.S. House of Representatives due to his polygamous relations. This revived the issue of polygamy in national politics. One month later, the <a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a> was passed by Congress, amending the Morrill Act and made polygamy a felony punishable by a $500 fine and five years in prison. "Unlawful cohabitation", in which the prosecution did not need to prove that a marriage ceremony had taken place (only that a couple had lived together), was a misdemeanor punishable by a $300 fine and six months imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Embry19942_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embry19942-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also revoked the right of polygamists to vote or hold office and allowed them to be punished without due process. Even if people did not practice polygamy, they would have their rights revoked if they confessed a belief in it. In August, <a href="/wiki/Rudger_Clawson" title="Rudger Clawson">Rudger Clawson</a> was imprisoned for continuing to cohabit with wives that he married before the 1862 Morrill Act.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1887_Edmunds–Tucker_Act"><span id="1887_Edmunds.E2.80.93Tucker_Act"></span>1887 Edmunds–Tucker Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1887 Edmunds–Tucker Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edmunds%E2%80%93Tucker_Act" title="Edmunds–Tucker Act">Edmunds–Tucker Act</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polygamists_in_prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Polygamists_in_prison.jpg/290px-Polygamists_in_prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Polygamists_in_prison.jpg/435px-Polygamists_in_prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Polygamists_in_prison.jpg/580px-Polygamists_in_prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="2728" /></a><figcaption>Polygamists, including <a href="/wiki/George_Q._Cannon" title="George Q. Cannon">George Q. Cannon</a>, imprisoned under the Edmunds–Tucker Act, at the Utah Penitentiary in 1889.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1887, the <a href="/wiki/Edmunds%E2%80%93Tucker_Act" title="Edmunds–Tucker Act">Edmunds–Tucker Act</a> allowed the disincorporation of the LDS Church and the seizure of church property; it also further extended the punishments of the Edmunds Act. On July 31 of the same year, U.S. Attorney General George Peters filed suit to seize all church assets.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church was losing control of the territorial government, and many members and leaders were being actively pursued as fugitives. Without being able to appear publicly, the leadership was left to navigate "underground".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the passage of the Edmunds–Tucker Act, the church found it difficult to operate as a viable institution. After visiting priesthood leaders in many settlements, church president <a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a> left for San Francisco on September 3, 1890, to meet with prominent businessmen and politicians. He returned to Salt Lake City on September 21, determined to obtain divine confirmation to pursue a course that seemed to be agonizingly more and more clear. As he explained to church members a year later, the choice was between, on the one hand, continuing to practice polygamy and thereby losing the <a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temples</a>, "stopping all the ordinances therein" and, on the other, ceasing to practice polygamy in order to continue performing the essential ordinances for the living and the dead. Woodruff hastened to add that he had acted only as the Lord directed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1879_Reynolds_vs._United_States">1879 <i>Reynolds</i> vs. <i>United States</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1879 Reynolds vs. United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></div> <p>In 1879, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled that a defendant cannot claim a religious obligation as a valid defense to a crime and upheld the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act in <i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court said that while holding a religious belief was protected under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> right of freedom of religion, practicing a religious belief that broke the law was not.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Reynolds</i> vs. <i>United States</i> was the Supreme Court's first case in which a party used the right of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">freedom of religion</a> as a defense. The ruling concluded that Mormons could be charged with committing bigamy despite their religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1890_Manifesto_banning_polygamy">1890 Manifesto banning polygamy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1890 Manifesto banning polygamy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></div> <p>The final element in Woodruff's revelatory experience came on the evening of September 23, 1890. The following morning, he reported to some of the <a href="/wiki/General_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="General authorities">general authorities</a> that he had struggled throughout the night with the Lord regarding the path that should be pursued. The result was a 510-word handwritten manuscript which stated his intentions to comply with the law and denied that the church continued to solemnize or condone polygamous marriages. The document was later edited by <a href="/wiki/George_Q._Cannon" title="George Q. Cannon">George Q. Cannon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a> and others to its present 356 words. On October 6, 1890, it was presented to the Latter-day Saints at the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">General Conference</a> and unanimously approved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While many church leaders in 1890 regarded the <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">Manifesto</a> as inspired, there were differences among them about its scope and permanence. Contemporary opinions include the contention that the manifesto was more related to an effort to achieve statehood for the Utah territory.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some leaders were reluctant to terminate a long-standing practice that was regarded as divinely mandated. As a result, over 200 polygamous marriages were performed between 1890 and 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1904_Second_Manifesto">1904 Second Manifesto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 1904 Second Manifesto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">Second Manifesto</a></div> <p>It was not until 1904, under the leadership of church president <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">Joseph F. Smith</a>, that the church completely banned new polygamous marriages worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Appears to be a denominational Sunday School manual (February 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Not surprisingly, rumors persisted of marriages performed after the 1890 Manifesto, and beginning in January 1904, testimony given in the <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_hearings" title="Reed Smoot hearings">Smoot hearings</a> made it clear that polygamy had not been completely extinguished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ambiguity was ended in the General Conference of April 1904, when Smith issued the "<a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">Second Manifesto</a>", an emphatic declaration that prohibited new polygamous marriages and proclaimed that offenders would be subject to <a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciplinary council">church discipline</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It declared that any who participated in additional plural marriages, and those officiating, would be excommunicated from the church. Those disagreeing with the Second Manifesto included apostles <a href="/wiki/Matthias_F._Cowley" title="Matthias F. Cowley">Matthias F. Cowley</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John W. Taylor (Mormon)">John W. Taylor</a>, who both resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve</a>. Cowley retained his membership in the church, but Taylor was later excommunicated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the Second Manifesto ended the official practice of new polygamous marriages, existing ones were not automatically dissolved. Many Mormons, including prominent church leaders, maintained their polygamy into the 1940s and 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-1950s_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1950s-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a> learned that apostle <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Lyman" title="Richard R. Lyman">Richard R. Lyman</a> was cohabitating with a woman other than his legal wife. As it turned out, in 1925 Lyman had begun a relationship which he defined as a polygamous marriage. Unable to trust anyone else to officiate, Lyman and the woman exchanged vows secretly. By 1943, both were in their seventies. Lyman was excommunicated on November 12, 1943. The Quorum of the Twelve provided the newspapers with a one-sentence announcement, stating that the ground for excommunication was violation of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_chastity" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of chastity">law of chastity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polygamy_in_other_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement">Polygamy in other churches in the Latter Day Saint movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Polygamy in other churches in the Latter Day Saint movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teens_from_polygamous_families.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Teens_from_polygamous_families.jpg/200px-Teens_from_polygamous_families.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Teens_from_polygamous_families.jpg/300px-Teens_from_polygamous_families.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Teens_from_polygamous_families.jpg/400px-Teens_from_polygamous_families.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Teens from polygamous families along with over 200 supporters demonstrate at a pro-polygamy rally in Salt Lake City in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Over time, many of those who rejected the LDS Church's relinquishment of polygamy formed small, close-knit communities in areas of the Rocky Mountains. These groups continue to practice "the Principle". In the 1940s, LDS Church apostle <a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Petersen" title="Mark E. Petersen">Mark E. Petersen</a> coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalist</a>" to describe such people.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fundamentalists either practice as individuals, as families, or as part of organized denominations. Today, the LDS Church objects to the use of the term "Mormon fundamentalists" and suggests using the term "polygamist sects" to avoid confusion about whether the main body of Mormon believers teach or practice polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a> (also referred to as the FLDS Church) continues to practice polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_plural_marriage_theory_within_the_LDS_Church">Modern plural marriage theory within the LDS Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Modern plural marriage theory within the LDS Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement</a></div> <p>Although the LDS Church has abandoned the practice of plural marriage, it has not abandoned the underlying doctrines of polygamy. It is still the practice of monogamous Mormon couples to be sealed to one another. However, in some circumstances, men and women may be sealed to multiple spouses. Most commonly, a man may be sealed to multiple wives: if his first wife dies, he may be sealed to a second wife. A deceased woman may also be sealed to multiple men, but only through <a href="#Multiple_sealings_when_a_prior_spouse_has_died">vicarious sealing</a> if they are also deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_sealings_when_a_prior_spouse_has_died">Multiple sealings when a prior spouse has died</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Multiple sealings when a prior spouse has died"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case where a man's first wife dies, and the man remarries, and both of the marriages involve a <a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealing (Latter Day Saints)">sealing</a>, LDS authorities teach that in the afterlife, the man will enter a polygamous relationship with both wives.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current apostles <a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dallin_H._Oaks" title="Dallin H. Oaks">Dallin H. Oaks</a> are examples of such a case.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under LDS Church policy, a man whose sealed wife has died does not have to request any permission beyond having a current temple recommend and an interview with his bishop to get final permission for a living ordinance, to be married in the temple and sealed to another woman, unless the new wife's circumstance requires a cancellation of sealing. However, a woman whose sealed husband has died is still bound by the original sealing and must request a cancellation of sealing to be sealed to another man (see next paragraph for exception to this after she dies). In some cases, women in this situation who wish to remarry choose to be married to a subsequent husband and are not sealed to them, leaving them sealed to their first husband for eternity. </p><p>As of 1998, however, women who have died may be sealed to more than one man. In 1998, the LDS Church created a new policy that a woman may also be sealed to more than one man. A woman, however, may not be sealed to more than one man while she is alive. She may only be sealed to subsequent partners after both she and her husband(s) have died.<sup id="cite_ref-CHOI_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHOI-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, if a widow who was sealed to her first husband remarries, she may be sealed by proxy to all of her subsequent husband(s), but only after both she and the subsequent husbands have died. Proxy sealings, like proxy baptisms, are merely <i>offered</i> to the person in the afterlife, indicating that the purpose is to allow the woman to choose the right man to be sealed to.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caveat is necessary to comply with Jesus's teaching in <a href="/wiki/Mark_12#The_resurrection_and_marriage" title="Mark 12">Mark 12</a>, wherein he teaches the law of marriage with regards to the question of widows remarrying. </p><p>In the twenty-first century, church leadership has taught that doctrinal knowledge about the nature of family relations in the afterlife is limited and there is no official church teaching on how multiple marriages in life play out in the afterlife beyond trust in God that such matters will work out happily.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_sealings_when_marriages_end_in_divorce">Multiple sealings when marriages end in divorce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Multiple sealings when marriages end in divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A man who is sealed to a woman but later divorced must apply for a "sealing clearance" from the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a> in order to be sealed to another woman.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Receiving clearance does not void or invalidate the first sealing. A woman in the same circumstances would apply to the First Presidency for a "cancellation of sealing" (sometimes called a "temple divorce"), allowing her to be sealed to another man. This approval voids the original sealing as far as the woman is concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorced women who have not applied for a sealing cancellation are considered sealed to the original husband. However, according to Drs. Joseph Stuart and Janiece Johnson of the <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Institute" title="Maxwell Institute">Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship</a>, even in the afterlife the marriage relationship is voluntary, so no person could be forced into an eternal relationship through a temple sealing they do not wish to be in.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorced women may also be granted a cancellation of sealing, even though they do not intend to marry someone else. In this case, they are no longer regarded as being sealed to anyone and are presumed to have the same eternal status as unwed women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proxy_sealings_where_both_spouses_have_died">Proxy sealings where both spouses have died</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Proxy sealings where both spouses have died"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to church policy, after a man has died, he may be sealed by proxy to all of the women to whom he was legally married while he was alive. The same is true for women; however, if a woman was sealed to a man while she was alive, all of her husbands must be deceased before she can be sealed by proxy to them.<sup id="cite_ref-CHOI_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHOI-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Church doctrine is not entirely specific on the status of men or women who are sealed by proxy to multiple spouses. There are at least two possibilities: </p> <ol><li>Regardless of how many people a man or woman is sealed to by proxy, they will only remain with one of them in the afterlife, and that the remaining spouses, who might still merit the full benefits of exaltation that come from being sealed, would then marry another person in order to ensure each has an eternal marriage.</li> <li>These sealings create effective plural marriages that will continue after death. There are no church teachings clarifying whether polyandrous relationships can exist in the afterlife, so some church members doubt whether this possibility would apply to women who are sealed by proxy to multiple spouses. The possibility for women to be sealed to multiple men is a recent policy change enacted in 1998. Church leaders have neither explained this change, nor its doctrinal implications.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_LDS_polygamy">Criticism of LDS polygamy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Criticism of LDS polygamy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instances_of_unhappy_polygamous_marriage">Instances of unhappy polygamous marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Instances of unhappy polygamous marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of polygamy in the early LDS Church claim that polygamy produced unhappiness in some wives.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Todd Compton, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/In_Sacred_Loneliness" class="mw-redirect" title="In Sacred Loneliness">In Sacred Loneliness</a></i>, described various cases where some wives in polygamous marriages were unhappy with polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Compton|1997_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Compton|1997-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_means_for_immoral_sexual_gratification">A means for immoral sexual gratification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: A means for immoral sexual gratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Critics of polygamy in the early LDS Church claim that church leaders established the practice of polygamy in order to further their immoral desires for sexual gratification with multiple sexual partners.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics point to the fact that church leaders practiced polygamy in secret from 1833 to 1852, despite a written church doctrine (Doctrine and Covenants 101, 1835 edition) renouncing polygamy and stating that only monogamous marriages were permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teenage_Brides_of_Early_Mormon_Leaders.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Teenage_Brides_of_Early_Mormon_Leaders.png/220px-Teenage_Brides_of_Early_Mormon_Leaders.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Teenage_Brides_of_Early_Mormon_Leaders.png/330px-Teenage_Brides_of_Early_Mormon_Leaders.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Teenage_Brides_of_Early_Mormon_Leaders.png/440px-Teenage_Brides_of_Early_Mormon_Leaders.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Bar chart showing age differences at the time of polygamous marriage between teenage brides and early Latter Day Saint church leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average age of first marriage for white US women from 1850 to 1880 was 23.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underage_polygamous_marriages">Underage polygamous marriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Underage polygamous marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/George_D._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="George D. Smith">George D. Smith</a> studied 153 men who took multiple wives in the early years of the Latter Day Saint movement, and found that two of the girls were thirteen years old, 13 girls were fourteen years old, 21 were fifteen years old, and 53 were sixteen years old.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Todd_Compton" title="Todd Compton">Todd Compton</a> believes that Joseph Smith married one girl who was fourteen-years old (possibly two); according to Compton, "it is unlikely that the marriage was consummated".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Stanley Hirshon documented cases of girls aged 10 and 11 being married to old men.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mean age of marriage for women was lower in Mormon polygamy than in New England and the Northeastern states (the societies in which Smith and many early converts to the movement had lived), and this was partly caused by the practice of polygamy, and Compton concludes that "[e]arly marriage and very early marriage were… accepted" in early Mormonism.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These marriages were frequently dynastic in purpose, meant to join people to the families of leaders, motivated by the significance of marriage for the nineteenth-century Latter-day Saint understanding of the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Compton, the "valid parallel" for Mormon early marriages is the "American and European history of elite early marriages that were not consummated until the marriage participants were much older".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compton "find[s] dynastic marriages of teenage girls problematic, even if sexual consummation is delayed".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unmarried_men">Unmarried men</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Unmarried men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If some men have several wives and the numbers of men and women are approximately equal, some men will necessarily be left without wives. In the denominations that still practice polygamy today, such men, known as <a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">lost boys</a> are often driven out so as not to compete with high-ranked polygamous men.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/48px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/64px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Latter Day Saint movement">Criticism of the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Creek_raid" title="Short Creek raid">Short Creek raid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sister_Wives" title="Sister Wives">Sister Wives</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The LDS Church encourages journalists when referring to people or organizations that practice polygamy, to state that the LDS Church is not affiliated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LDS Church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its website, the church states that "the standard doctrine of the church is monogamy" and that polygamy was a temporary exception to the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-LDSofficialstatement_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDSofficialstatement-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the words of historian Benjamin Park, "the precise origins of the practice remain murky".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Don Bradley, Joseph Smith's first polygamous marriage was likely in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Park, Smith initiated Mormon polygamy in the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These were Helen Mar Kimball and Nancy Maria Winchester. Kimball was fourteen-years old when Smith married her in May 1843; Winchester was either fourteen or fifteen, as the date of her marriage to Smith in relation to her birthday is uncertain. On nonconsummation, Compton states, "my judgment is that it is unlikely that the marriage was consummated" and "it is not just not certain, it is unlikely, in my judgment".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/gop/convention_1856.htm">US History.org</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhipps2009" class="citation journal cs1">Phipps, Kelly Elizabeth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25478708">"Marriage and Redemption: Mormon Polygamy in the Congressional Imagination, 1862–1887"</a>. <i>Virginia Law Review</i>. <b>95</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">435–</span>487. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6601">0042-6601</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25478708">25478708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Marriage+and+Redemption%3A+Mormon+Polygamy+in+the+Congressional+Imagination%2C+1862%E2%80%931887&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E487&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25478708%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0042-6601&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25478708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embry19942-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Embry19942_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embry19942_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embry19942_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbry1994" class="citation cs2">Embry, Jessie L. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417163937/http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html">"Polygamy"</a>, in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.), <i>Utah History Encyclopedia</i>, Salt Lake City, Utah: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874804256" title="Special:BookSources/0874804256"><bdi>0874804256</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473917">30473917</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html">the original</a> on April 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polygamy&rft.btitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30473917&rft.isbn=0874804256&rft.aulast=Embry&rft.aufirst=Jessie+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uen.org%2Futah_history_encyclopedia%2Fp%2FPOLYGAMY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reynolds v. United States</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009192447/http://www.historyofsupremecourt.org/scripts/supremecourt/glossary.cgi?term=r&letter=yes">"The History of The Supreme Court"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1994" class="citation cs2">Lyman, Edward Leo (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240731195201/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/m/MANIFESTO_PLURAL_MARRIAGE.shtml">"Manifesto (Plural Marriage)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/"><i>Utah History Encyclopedia</i></a>, University of Utah Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874804256" title="Special:BookSources/9780874804256"><bdi>9780874804256</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/m/MANIFESTO_PLURAL_MARRIAGE.shtml">the original</a> on July 31, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manifesto+%28Plural+Marriage%29&rft.btitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780874804256&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Edward+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uen.org%2Futah_history_encyclopedia%2Fm%2FMANIFESTO_PLURAL_MARRIAGE.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Official_Declaration_1" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Official Declaration 1">Official Declaration 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1950s-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1950s_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1950s_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbry1994" class="citation web cs1">Embry, Jessie L. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107044102/https://heritage.utah.gov/history/uhg-history-polygamy-2">"The History of Polygamy"</a>. <i>heritage.utah.gov</i>. Utah State Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.utah.gov/history/uhg-history-polygamy-2">the original</a> on November 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Those involved in plural marriages after 1904 were excommunicated; and those married between 1890 and 1904 were not to have church callings where other members would have to sustain them. Although the Mormon church officially prohibited new plural marriages after 1904, many plural husbands and wives continued to cohabit until their deaths in the 1940s and 1950s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heritage.utah.gov&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Polygamy&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Embry&rft.aufirst=Jessie+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.utah.gov%2Fhistory%2Fuhg-history-polygamy-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/style-guide">"Style Guide – LDS Newsroom"</a>. April 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Style+Guide+%E2%80%93+LDS+Newsroom&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstyle-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 91)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25396937">"Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mormons+seek+distance+from+polygamous+sects&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna25396937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDSofficialstatement-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LDSofficialstatement_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLDS_Church" class="citation cs2">LDS Church, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/polygamy-latter-day-saints-and-the-practice-of-plural-marriage"><i>Polygamy: Latter-day Saints and the Practice of Plural Marriage</i></a>, LDS Newsroom</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+Latter-day+Saints+and+the+Practice+of+Plural+Marriage&rft.pub=LDS+Newsroom&rft.au=LDS+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2Fpolygamy-latter-day-saints-and-the-practice-of-plural-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady_McCombs2019" class="citation web cs1">Brady McCombs (November 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kutv.com/news/local/mexican-killings-spotlight-mormon-history-with-polygamy">"Mexico killing highlights confusion over Mormon groups"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KUTV" title="KUTV">KUTV</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KUTV&rft.atitle=Mexico+killing+highlights+confusion+over+Mormon+groups&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.au=Brady+McCombs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkutv.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmexican-killings-spotlight-mormon-history-with-polygamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Wagoner1989" class="citation book cs1">Van Wagoner, Richard S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/681161668"><i>Mormon polygamy: A History</i></a> (2nd ed.). Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-303-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-303-9"><bdi>978-1-56085-303-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/681161668">681161668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+polygamy%3A+A+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F681161668&rft.isbn=978-1-56085-303-9&rft.aulast=Van+Wagoner&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F681161668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park 2020</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradley2010">Bradley 2010</a>, pp. 14–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park 2020</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrix-Komoto2022">Hendrix-Komoto 2022</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park 2020</a>, pp. 104–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park 2020</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2007">Hardy (2007</a>, p. 60).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman 2005</a>, p. 491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrix-Komoto2022">Hendrix-Komoto 2022</a>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowland2017" class="citation book cs1">Dowland, Seth (September 26, 2017). "Gender, Marriage, and Sexual Purity in American Religious History". In Barton, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.432"><i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.432">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.432</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8"><bdi>978-0-19-934037-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender%2C+Marriage%2C+and+Sexual+Purity+in+American+Religious+History&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.432&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934037-8&rft.aulast=Dowland&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman 2005</a>, p. 491; <a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park 2020</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFHendrix-Komoto2022">Hendrix-Komoto 2022</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinford1965" class="citation book cs1">Linford, Orma (1965). <i>The Mormons and the Law: The Polygamy Cases</i>. 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Portland, Maine: CreMark. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Maine&rft.atitle=Bethel%E2%80%99s+Patty+Bartlett+Sessions%3A+The+Mother+of+Mormon+Midwifery&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Nalley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fdiscovermainemagazine%2Fdocs%2F2022_western_lakes_and_mountains%2Fs%2F21465762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Expanding-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Expanding_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Expanding_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hales, Brian C. (April 1, 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/jmh/article/50/2/105/386867/Joseph-Smith-s-Polyandry-Expanding-the-Narrative">"Joseph Smith's 'Polyandry': Expanding the Narrative"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>50</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2F24736031.50.2.06">10.5406/24736031.50.2.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7342">0094-7342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Joseph+Smith%27s+%27Polyandry%27%3A+Expanding+the+Narrative&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2F24736031.50.2.06&rft.issn=0094-7342&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublishingcollective.org%2Fjmh%2Farticle%2F50%2F2%2F105%2F386867%2FJoseph-Smith-s-Polyandry-Expanding-the-Narrative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mormonstudies.as.virginia.edu/family/hyde/">"Hyde"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Greg Kofford Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589586857" title="Special:BookSources/9781589586857"><bdi>9781589586857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith%E2%80%99s+Polygamy%2C+Volume+1%3A+History&rft.pub=Greg+Kofford+Books&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.isbn=9781589586857&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FJoseph_Smith_s_Polygamy_Volume_1_History%2FOTVjEAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Trajectory_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trajectory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 2–3">: 2–3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Expanding_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Expanding-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 105">: 105 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmithsPolygamy_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsPolygamy-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 443">: 443 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2007">Hardy 2007</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2007">Hardy 2007</a>, pp. 112–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2007">Hardy 2007</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2007">Hardy 2007</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardy_2007_117-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_2007_117_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_2007_117_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_2007_117_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2007">Hardy 2007</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker1984" class="citation journal cs1">Whittaker, David J. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23286126">"Early Mormon Polygamy Defenses"</a>. <i>Journal of Mormon History</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7342">0094-7342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23286126">23286126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Early+Mormon+Polygamy+Defenses&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23286126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0094-7342&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23286126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2017" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/955274387"><i>A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women's Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835–1870</i></a> (1st ed.). Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59490-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59490-7"><bdi>978-0-307-59490-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/955274387">955274387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+Full+of+Females%3A+Plural+Marriage+and+Women%27s+Rights+in+Early+Mormonism%2C+1835%E2%80%931870&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F955274387&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59490-7&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Laurel+Thatcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F955274387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Sarah Barringer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51831976"><i>The Mormon question : polygamy and constitutional conflict in nineteenth-century America</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-7526-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-7526-0"><bdi>0-8078-7526-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51831976">51831976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+question+%3A+polygamy+and+constitutional+conflict+in+nineteenth-century+America&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51831976&rft.isbn=0-8078-7526-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Barringer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F51831976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2021" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Brittany Chapman (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245247408"><i>Let's talk about polygamy</i></a>. Deseret Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62972-823-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62972-823-0"><bdi>978-1-62972-823-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245247408">1245247408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+talk+about+polygamy&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245247408&rft.isbn=978-1-62972-823-0&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Brittany+Chapman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1245247408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desert-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Desert_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desert_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desert_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desert_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchelling_Durham1997" class="citation book cs1">Schelling Durham, Michael (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desertbetweenmou0000durh"><i>Desert Between the Mountains: Mormons, Miners, Padres, Mountain Men, and the Opening of the Great Basin, 1772–1869</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Henry Holt & Company, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desertbetweenmou0000durh/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805041613" title="Special:BookSources/9780805041613"><bdi>9780805041613</bdi></a>. <q>Pratt clearly loud out arguments in favor of polygamy that the Saints would use for years to come. ... Pratt and others argued that Jesus had three wives: Mary Magdalene, and Lazarus' two sisters, Mary and Martha. Apostle Orson Hyde went a step further and preached that 'Jesus Christ was married at Cana of Galilee, that Mary, Martha, and others were his wives, and that he begat children.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Between+the+Mountains%3A+Mormons%2C+Miners%2C+Padres%2C+Mountain+Men%2C+and+the+Opening+of+the+Great+Basin%2C+1772%E2%80%931869&rft.pages=182&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780805041613&rft.aulast=Schelling+Durham&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesertbetweenmou0000durh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2013" class="citation book cs1">Swanson, Vern G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rss1CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT251">"Christ and Polygamy"</a>. <i>Dynasty of the Holy Grail: Mormonism's Holy Bloodline</i>. Cedar Fort, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">247–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462104048" title="Special:BookSources/9781462104048"><bdi>9781462104048</bdi></a>. <q>Dr. William E. Phipps noted that the belief that 'Jesus married, and married often!' was used to encourage and promote the doctrine of polygamy amongst timid Latter-Day Saints ... By the late-1850s the idea that more than one woman was married to Jesus was widely accepted among Mormon circles. ... As if the concept of Christ's polygamy was not unsettling enough, Mormonism even taught in the nineteenth century that God the Father had a plurality of wives as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christ+and+Polygamy&rft.btitle=Dynasty+of+the+Holy+Grail%3A+Mormonism%27s+Holy+Bloodline&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.pub=Cedar+Fort%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781462104048&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Vern+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRss1CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2007">Hardy 2007</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1853" class="citation journal cs1">Grant, Jedediah (August 7, 1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A18tAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA345">"Uniformity"</a>. <i>Journal of Discourses</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">345–</span>346. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The grand reason why the Gentiles and philosophers of his school persecuted Jesus Christ, was, because he had so many wives; there were Elizabeth, and Mary, and a host of others that followed him.' ... The grand reason of the burst of public sentiment in anathemas upon Christ and his disciples, causing his crucifixion, was evidently based upon polygamy, according to the testimony of the philosophers who rose in that age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Discourses&rft.atitle=Uniformity&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=1853-08-07&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Jedediah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA18tAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1853" class="citation journal cs1">Pratt, Orson (October 1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/seereditedbyorso01unse#page/158/mode/1up">"The Seer"</a>. <i>The Seer</i>. <b>1</b> (10): 158, 172<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Inasmuch as God was the first husband to her, it may be that He only gave her to be the wife of Joseph while in this mortal state, and that He intended after the resurrection to again take her as one of his wives to raise up immortal spirits in eternity. ... We have now clearly shown that God the Father had a plurality of wives, one or more being in eternity by whom He begat our spirits as well as the spirit of Jesus His First Born, and another being upon the earth by whom He begat the tabernacle of Jesus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seer&rft.atitle=The+Seer&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=158%2C+172&rft.date=1853-10&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Orson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fseereditedbyorso01unse%23page%2F158%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1857" class="citation journal cs1">Hyde, Orson (March 1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/JournalOfDiscourses3/id/500/rec/1">"Man the Head of the Woman – Kingdom of God – The Seed of Christ – Polygamy – Society in Utah"</a>. <i>Journal of Discourses</i>. <b>4</b>: 259. <q>It will be borne in mind that once on a time, there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; and on a careful reading of that transaction, it will be discovered that no less a person than Jesus Christ was married on that occasion. If he was never married, his intimacy with Mary and Martha, and the other Mary also whom Jesus loved, must have been highly unbecoming and improper to say the best of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Discourses&rft.atitle=Man+the+Head+of+the+Woman+%E2%80%93+Kingdom+of+God+%E2%80%93+The+Seed+of+Christ+%E2%80%93+Polygamy+%E2%80%93+Society+in+Utah&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=259&rft.date=1857-03&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Orson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2FJournalOfDiscourses3%2Fid%2F500%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/manual/foundations-of-the-restoration-teacher-manual/lesson-20-plural-marriage">"Lesson 20: Plural Marriage"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Lesson+20%3A+Plural+Marriage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Feng%2Fmanual%2Ffoundations-of-the-restoration-teacher-manual%2Flesson-20-plural-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ph.churchofjesuschrist.org/polygamy-mormons-plural-marriage">"Polygamy: What Latter-day Saints Really Believe | LDS.org.ph"</a>. <i>ph.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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November 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mormon+church+polygamy%3A+Joseph+Smith+%27had+up+to+40+wives%27&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-30009324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMNdna-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMNdna_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMNdna_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2007" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Carrie (November 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113034023/http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695226318,00.html">"DNA tests rule out 2 as Smith descendants"</a>. <i>Deseret Morning News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695226318,00.html">the original</a> on November 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+Morning+News&rft.atitle=DNA+tests+rule+out+2+as+Smith+descendants&rft.date=2007-11-10&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F1%2C5143%2C695226318%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessee2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jessee, Dean C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43042842">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Man of God and a Good Kind Father': Brigham Young at Home"</a>. <i>Brigham Young University Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0106">0007-0106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43042842">43042842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brigham+Young+University+Studies&rft.atitle=%27A+Man+of+God+and+a+Good+Kind+Father%27%3A+Brigham+Young+at+Home&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43042842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0007-0106&rft.aulast=Jessee&rft.aufirst=Dean+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43042842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball" class="citation web cs1">Kimball, Stanley B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/k/KIMBALL_HEBER.shtml">"Kimball, Heber Chase"</a>. <i>Utah History Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Kimball%2C+Heber+Chase&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uen.org%2Futah_history_encyclopedia%2Fk%2FKIMBALL_HEBER.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewell1984" class="citation book cs1">Newell, Linda King (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10376019"><i>Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith</i></a>. Valeen Tippetts Avery (1st ed.). Doubleday. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-17166-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-17166-8"><bdi>0-385-17166-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10376019">10376019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Enigma%3A+Emma+Hale+Smith&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10376019&rft.isbn=0-385-17166-8&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Linda+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F10376019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2007">Hardy 2007</a>, pp. 160–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2013" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Christine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862745819"><i>A foreign kingdom : Mormons and polygamy in American political culture, 1852–1890</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09535-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09535-1"><bdi>978-0-252-09535-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862745819">862745819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+foreign+kingdom+%3A+Mormons+and+polygamy+in+American+political+culture%2C+1852%E2%80%931890&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862745819&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09535-1&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F862745819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps2009" class="citation journal cs1">Phipps, Kelly Elizabeth (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25478708.pdf">"Marriage and Redemption: Mormon Polygamy in the Congressional Imagination, 1862–1887"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Virginia Law Review</i>. <b>95</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">435–</span>487. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25478708">25478708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Marriage+and+Redemption%3A+Mormon+Polygamy+in+the+Congressional+Imagination%2C+1862%E2%80%931887&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E487&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25478708%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F25478708.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2004/08/republicans-and-relics-barbarism-robert-p-george-william-l-saunders/">"Republicans and The Relics of Barbarism"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. August 30, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Republicans+and+The+Relics+of+Barbarism&rft.date=2004-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2004%2F08%2Frepublicans-and-relics-barbarism-robert-p-george-william-l-saunders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2007">Hardy 2007</a>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinger2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dinger, John S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.44.3.0001">"Sexual Slander and Polygamy in Nauvoo"</a>. <i>Journal of Mormon History</i>. <b>44</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjmormhist.44.3.0001">10.5406/jmormhist.44.3.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7342">0094-7342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.44.3.0001">10.5406/jmormhist.44.3.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Sexual+Slander+and+Polygamy+in+Nauvoo&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0094-7342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjmormhist.44.3.0001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjmormhist.44.3.0001&rft.aulast=Dinger&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjmormhist.44.3.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2002" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Gaines M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moralreconst_fost_2002_000_7102584/page/233"><i>Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moralreconst_fost_2002_000_7102584/page/233">233–34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5366-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-5366-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Reconstruction%3A+Christian+Lobbyists+and+the+Federal+Legislation+of+Morality%2C+1865%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=233-34&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5366-5&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Gaines+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoralreconst_fost_2002_000_7102584%2Fpage%2F233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>E.g.</i>, Donald T. Critchlow and Philip R. VanderMeer, <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2012; Volume 1, pp. 47–51, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoll1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Poll" title="Richard D. Poll">Poll, Richard D.</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113105715/http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/u/UTAH_WAR.html">"The Utah War"</a>, in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.), <i>Utah History Encyclopedia</i>, Salt Lake City, Utah: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874804256" title="Special:BookSources/0874804256"><bdi>0874804256</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473917">30473917</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/u/UTAH_WAR.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Utah+War&rft.btitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30473917&rft.isbn=0874804256&rft.aulast=Poll&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uen.org%2Futah_history_encyclopedia%2Fu%2FUTAH_WAR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrington_1985-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arrington_1985_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrington_1985_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrington1985" class="citation book cs1">Arrington, Leonard J. 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(1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43042251">"The Legislative Antipolygamy Campaign"</a>. <i>Brigham Young University Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0106">0007-0106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43042251">43042251</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brigham+Young+University+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Legislative+Antipolygamy+Campaign&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43042251%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0007-0106&rft.aulast=Poll&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43042251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior2010" class="citation journal cs1">Prior, David (September 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/14/article/392714">"Civilization, Republic, Nation: Contested Keywords, Northern Republicans, and the Forgotten Reconstruction of Mormon Utah"</a>. <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>56</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">283–</span>310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.2010.0003">10.1353/cwh.2010.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-6271">1533-6271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145660564">145660564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Civilization%2C+Republic%2C+Nation%3A+Contested+Keywords%2C+Northern+Republicans%2C+and+the+Forgotten+Reconstruction+of+Mormon+Utah&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145660564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1533-6271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.2010.0003&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F14%2Farticle%2F392714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrMadsenHolbrookGrow2016" class="citation book cs1">Derr, Jill Mulvay; Madsen, Carol Cornwall; Holbrook, Kate; Grow, Matthew J., eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=The+Odyssey+of+a+Latter-day+Prophet%3A+Wilford+Woodruff+and+the+Manifesto+of+1890&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23286430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23286430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Beek2003">van Beek 2003</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2022">Bowman 2022</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/98/145/">"Reynolds v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Reynolds+v.+United+States%2C+98+U.S.+145+%281878%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F98%2F145%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace_and_World_Affairs" class="citation web cs1">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/cases/reynolds-v-united-states">"Reynolds v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=berkleycenter.georgetown.edu&rft.atitle=Reynolds+v.+United+States&rft.au=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fcases%2Freynolds-v-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stephen Eliot (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23921808">"Barbarians within the Gates: Congressional Debates on Mormon Polygamy, 1850–1879"</a>. <i>Journal of Church and State</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 587–616 [587]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcsq021">10.1093/jcs/csq021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-969X">0021-969X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23921808">23921808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=Barbarians+within+the+Gates%3A+Congressional+Debates+on+Mormon+Polygamy%2C+1850%E2%80%931879&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=587-616+587&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0021-969X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23921808%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcsq021&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23921808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/mormons/sfeature/utah_04.html">"The Mormons – Special Features – PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Mormons+%E2%80%93+Special+Features+%E2%80%93+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fmormons%2Fsfeature%2Futah_04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1992">Hardy 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scriptures of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, for the Sunday Schools, Salt Lake City: Deseret Sunday School Union, 1968, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobner2006" class="citation news cs1">Dobner, Jennifer (August 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902171217/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060820/ap_on_re_us/polygamy_rally">"Teens defend polygamy at Utah rally"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060820/ap_on_re_us/polygamy_rally">the original</a> on September 2, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Teens+defend+polygamy+at+Utah+rally&rft.date=2006-08-20&rft.aulast=Dobner&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20060820%2Fap_on_re_us%2Fpolygamy_rally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Driggs, "'This Will Someday Be the Head and Not the Tail of the Church': A History of the Mormon Fundamentalists at Short Creek," <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Church_and_State" title="Journal of Church and State">Journal of Church and State</a></i> <b>43</b>:49 (2001) at p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/mormons/faqs/controversies.html">"The Mormons . Frequently Asked Questions . Dissent/Excommunication/Controversies – PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Mormons+.+Frequently+Asked+Questions+.+Dissent%2FExcommunication%2FControversies+%E2%80%93+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fmormons%2Ffaqs%2Fcontroversies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/fundamentalist-church-jesus-christ-latter-day-saints">"Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints"</a>. <i>Southern Poverty Law Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Fundamentalist+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-Day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Fgroup%2Ffundamentalist-church-jesus-christ-latter-day-saints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Handbook_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook (LDS Church)">Handbook 1: Stake Presidents and Bishops</a> (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2010) § 3.6.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Penrose" title="Charles W. 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Lee</a>, <i>Deseret News 1974 Church Almanac</i>, p. 17 ("My lovely Joan was sent to me: So Joan joins Fern/That three might be, more fitted for eternity./'O Heavenly Father, my thanks to thee'.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When I was 66, my wife June died of cancer. Two years later I married Kristen McMain, the eternal companion who now stands at my side." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2003/10/timing?lang=eng">"Timing"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, October 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHOI-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHOI_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHOI_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">LDS Church, <i><a href="/wiki/Church_Handbook_of_Instructions" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Handbook of Instructions">Church Handbook of Instructions</a></i>, (LDS Church, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1998) p. 72. "A deceased woman may be sealed to all men to whom she was legally married during her life. However, if she was sealed to a husband during her life, all her husbands must be deceased before she can be sealed to a husband to whom she was not sealed during life."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/general-handbook/38-church-policies-and-guidelines?lang=eng">"38. Church Policies and Guidelines"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Why+must+one+who+is+divorced+be+cleared+by+the+First+Presidency+to+go+back+to+the+temple%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1976%2F02%2Fi-have-a-question%2Fwhy-must-one-who-is-divorced-be-cleared-by-the-first-presidency-to-go-back-to-the-temple%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC2019" class="citation web cs1">C, Angela (June 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bycommonconsent.com/2019/06/26/clearance-vs-cancellation/">"Clearance vs. Cancellation"</a>. <i>By Common Consent, a Mormon Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=By+Common+Consent%2C+a+Mormon+Blog&rft.atitle=Clearance+vs.+Cancellation&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.aulast=C&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbycommonconsent.com%2F2019%2F06%2F26%2Fclearance-vs-cancellation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuartJohnson" class="citation podcast cs1">Stuart, Joseph; Johnson, Janiece. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mi.byu.edu/abide-19-doctrine-and-covenants-129-132/">"Abide #19: Doctrine and Covenants 129-132"</a>. <i>Abide: A Maxwell Institute Podcast</i> (Podcast). <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Institute" title="Maxwell Institute">Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abide+%2319%3A+Doctrine+and+Covenants+129-132&rft.pub=Neal+A.+Maxwell+Institute+for+Religious+Scholarship&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Janiece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmi.byu.edu%2Fabide-19-doctrine-and-covenants-129-132%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span> "All eternal relationships are voluntary. We will not be forced into anything eternally" (39:32).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.familysearch.org/kb/UserGuide/en/policy/r_wws_policy_sealing_to_spouse_multiple_husbands.html">"Help Center — FamilySearch.org"</a>. <i>help.familysearch.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=help.familysearch.org&rft.atitle=Help+Center+%E2%80%94+FamilySearch.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.familysearch.org%2Fkb%2FUserGuide%2Fen%2Fpolicy%2Fr_wws_policy_sealing_to_spouse_multiple_husbands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanner1979">Tanner 1979</a>, pp. 226–228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanner1979">Tanner 1979</a>, pp. 204–290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanner1987">Tanner 1987</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodstein2014" class="citation news cs1">Goodstein, Laurie (November 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/us/its-official-mormon-founder-had-up-to-40-wives.html">"It's Official: Mormon Founder Had Up to 40 Wives"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2017</span>. <q>[Joseph Smith Jr.] married Helen Mar Kimball, a daughter of two close friends, 'several months before her 15th birthday'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=It%27s+Official%3A+Mormon+Founder+Had+Up+to+40+Wives&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft.aulast=Goodstein&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F11%2Fus%2Fits-official-mormon-founder-had-up-to-40-wives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2012" class="citation news cs1">Turner, John G. (October 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-g-turner/brigham-young-and-polygamy_b_1792555.html">"Polygamy, Brigham Young and His 55 Wives"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The sheer variety of Brigham Young's marriages makes it difficult to make sense of them. He married – was sealed to, in Mormon parlance – young (Clarissa Decker, 15) and old (Hannah Tapfield King, 65).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Polygamy%2C+Brigham+Young+and+His+55+Wives&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjohn-g-turner%2Fbrigham-young-and-polygamy_b_1792555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2009" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGrxBwAAQBAJ&q=sarah%20minnie%20jensen%20lorenzo%20snow&pg=PA220"><i>Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States</i></a> (1st ed.). Rootledge. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765681270" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765681270"><bdi>978-0765681270</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The name of each wife is followed by her age at marriage, the place of marriage, and the year the couple married. ... Lorenzo Snow ... Sarah Minnie Jensen, 16, Salt Lake City, 1871</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Disobedience%3A+An+Encyclopedic+History+of+Dissidence+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=220&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rootledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0765681270&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGrxBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsarah%2520minnie%2520jensen%2520lorenzo%2520snow%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2017" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0fmxDQAAQBAJ&q=Wilford+Woodruff+%26+(Emma+Smith+born+March+1st+1838+At+Diahman+Davis+County+Missouri)+was+sealed+for+time+%26+Eternity+by+President+Brigham+Young+at&pg=PA274"><i>A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women's Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835–1870</i></a>. Knopf. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307594907" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307594907"><bdi>978-0307594907</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Wilford Woodfruff & (Emma Smith born March 1st 1838 at Diahman Davis County Missouri) was Sealed for time & Eternity by President Brigham Young at 7 o'clock p.m. March 13, 1853.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+Full+of+Females%3A+Plural+Marriage+and+Women%27s+Rights+in+Early+Mormonism%2C+1835%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0307594907&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Laurel+Thatcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0fmxDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DWilford%2BWoodruff%2B%2526%2B%28Emma%2BSmith%2Bborn%2BMarch%2B1st%2B1838%2BAt%2BDiahman%2BDavis%2BCounty%2BMissouri%29%2Bwas%2Bsealed%2Bfor%2Btime%2B%2526%2BEternity%2Bby%2BPresident%2BBrigham%2BYoung%2Bat%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackerHildeJones2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hacker, J. David; Hilde, Libra; Jones, James Holland (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002115">"Nuptiality Measures for the White Population of the United States, 1850–1880"</a>. <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>76</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002115">3002115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21170276">21170276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Nuptiality+Measures+for+the+White+Population+of+the+United+States%2C+1850%E2%80%931880&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3002115%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21170276&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rft.au=Hilde%2C+Libra&rft.au=Jones%2C+James+Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3002115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="George D. Smith">George D. Smith</a>, "Nauvoo Polygamists," <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>, Spring 1994, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompton1997">Compton 1997</a>, pp. 6, 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompton2010">Compton 2010</a>, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirshon1969">Hirshon 1969</a>, pp. 126–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompton2010">Compton 2010</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompton2010">Compton 2010</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompton2010">Compton 2010</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompton2010">Compton 2010</a>, p. 231n74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2005" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (June 14, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/14/usa.julianborger">"The lost boys, thrown out of US sect so that older men can marry more wives"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+lost+boys%2C+thrown+out+of+US+sect+so+that+older+men+can+marry+more+wives&rft.date=2005-06-14&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Fjun%2F14%2Fusa.julianborger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alexander" title="Thomas G. Alexander">Alexander, Thomas G.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923214900/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C15544">"The Odyssey of a Latter-day Prophet: Wilford Woodruff and the Manifesto of 1890"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">169–</span>206. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,15544">the original</a> on September 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=The+Odyssey+of+a+Latter-day+Prophet%3A+Wilford+Woodruff+and+the+Manifesto+of+1890&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C15544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alexander" title="Thomas G. Alexander">Alexander, Thomas G.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nOu7th-Y_DQC"><i>Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 1890–1930</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252065781" title="Special:BookSources/9780252065781"><bdi>9780252065781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism+in+Transition%3A+A+History+of+the+Latter-day+Saints%2C+1890%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780252065781&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnOu7th-Y_DQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrus1973" class="citation book cs1">Andrus, Hyrum Leslie (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9UHGwAACAAJ&q=Andrus+%22Doctrines+of+the+Kingdom%22"><i>Doctrines of the Kingdom</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bookcraft" title="Bookcraft">Bookcraft</a>. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573454629" title="Special:BookSources/9781573454629"><bdi>9781573454629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrines+of+the+Kingdom&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Bookcraft&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9781573454629&rft.aulast=Andrus&rft.aufirst=Hyrum+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9UHGwAACAAJ%26q%3DAndrus%2B%2522Doctrines%2Bof%2Bthe%2BKingdom%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgus1871" class="citation journal cs1">Argus (September 9, 1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/UT/utahmisc.htm#090971">"History of Mormonism: An Open Letter to Brigham Young"</a>. <i>The Daily Corinne Reporter</i>. <b>4</b> (84).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Corinne+Reporter&rft.atitle=History+of+Mormonism%3A+An+Open+Letter+to+Brigham+Young&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=84&rft.date=1871-09-09&rft.au=Argus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsidneyrigdon.com%2Fdbroadhu%2FUT%2Futahmisc.htm%23090971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1842" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bennett" title="John C. Bennett">Bennett, John C.</a> (1842). <i>The History of the Saints : Or, an Exposé of Joe Smith and Mormonism</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02589-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02589-X"><bdi>0-252-02589-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Saints+%3A+Or%2C+an+Expos%C3%A9+of+Joe+Smith+and+Mormonism&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1842&rft.isbn=0-252-02589-X&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2022" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Matthew (2022). "Religion in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era". 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(eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amF6EAAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119775706" title="Special:BookSources/9781119775706"><bdi>9781119775706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+in+the+Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781119775706&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamF6EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2010" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Don (2010). "Mormon Polygamy Before Nauvoo? The Relationship of Joseph Smith and Fanny Alger". In Bringhurst, Newell G.; Foster, Craig L. (eds.). <i>The Persistence of Polygamy: Joseph Smith and the Origins of Mormon Polygamy</i>. Vol. 1. John Whitmer Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934901-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934901-13-7"><bdi>978-1-934901-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormon+Polygamy+Before+Nauvoo%3F+The+Relationship+of+Joseph+Smith+and+Fanny+Alger&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+Polygamy%3A+Joseph+Smith+and+the+Origins+of+Mormon+Polygamy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=John+Whitmer+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-934901-13-7&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurst2010" class="citation book cs1">Bringhurst, Newell G. (2010). "Section 132 of the LDS Doctrine and Covenants: Its Complex Contents and Controversial Legacy". In Bringhurst, Newell G.; Foster, Craig L. (eds.). <i>The Persistence of Polygamy: Joseph Smith and the Origins of Mormon Polygamy</i>. Vol. 1. John Whitmer Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934901-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934901-13-7"><bdi>978-1-934901-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+132+of+the+LDS+Doctrine+and+Covenants%3A+Its+Complex+Contents+and+Controversial+Legacy&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+Polygamy%3A+Joseph+Smith+and+the+Origins+of+Mormon+Polygamy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=John+Whitmer+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-934901-13-7&rft.aulast=Bringhurst&rft.aufirst=Newell+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushman2005" class="citation book cs1">Bushman, Richard Lyman (2005). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith:_Rough_Stone_Rolling" title="Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling"><i>Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling</i></a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6"><bdi>978-0-19-531030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531030-6&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Compton" title="Todd Compton">Compton, Todd</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221184953/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C18163">"Fanny Alger Smith Custer, Mormonism's First Plural Wife?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,18163">the original</a> on December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Fanny+Alger+Smith+Custer%2C+Mormonism%27s+First+Plural+Wife%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C18163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Compton" title="Todd Compton">Compton, Todd</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/In_Sacred_Loneliness:_The_Plural_Wives_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith"><i>In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-085-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-085-X"><bdi>1-56085-085-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Sacred+Loneliness%3A+The+Plural+Wives+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56085-085-X&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton2010" class="citation book cs1">Compton, Todd (2010). "Early Marriage in the New England and Northeastern States, and in Mormon Polygamy: What Was the Norm?". In Bringhurst, Newell G.; Foster, Craig L. (eds.). <i>The Persistence of Polygamy: Joseph Smith and the Origins of Mormon Polygamy</i>. Vol. 1. John Whitmer Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">184–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934901-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934901-13-7"><bdi>978-1-934901-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Marriage+in+the+New+England+and+Northeastern+States%2C+and+in+Mormon+Polygamy%3A+What+Was+the+Norm%3F&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+Polygamy%3A+Joseph+Smith+and+the+Origins+of+Mormon+Polygamy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=John+Whitmer+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-934901-13-7&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2022" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Stewart (2022). <i>Sex and Sects: The Story of Mormon Polygamy, Shaker Celibacy, and Oneida Complex Marriage</i>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4705-1"><bdi>978-0-8139-4705-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Sects%3A+The+Story+of+Mormon+Polygamy%2C+Shaker+Celibacy%2C+and+Oneida+Complex+Marriage&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-4705-1&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbry1987" class="citation book cs1">Embry, Jessie L. (1987). <i>Mormon Polygamous Families: Life in the Principle</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-277-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-277-6"><bdi>0-87480-277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Polygamous+Families%3A+Life+in+the+Principle&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-87480-277-6&rft.aulast=Embry&rft.aufirst=Jessie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulring1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_H._Faulring" title="Scott H. Faulring">Faulring, Scott H.</a> (1987). <i>An American Prophet's Record: The Diaries and Journals of Joseph Smith</i>. <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941214-55-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-941214-55-9"><bdi>0-941214-55-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Prophet%27s+Record%3A+The+Diaries+and+Journals+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-941214-55-9&rft.aulast=Faulring&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage1972" class="citation book cs1">Gage, Matilda Joslyn (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45580/45580-h/45580-h.htm"><i>Woman, Church, and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Woman Through the Christian Ages, With Reminiscences of the Matriarchate</i></a>. Arno. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-04458-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-04458-5"><bdi>0-405-04458-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%2C+Church%2C+and+State%3A+A+Historical+Account+of+the+Status+of+Woman+Through+the+Christian+Ages%2C+With+Reminiscences+of+the+Matriarchate&rft.pub=Arno&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-405-04458-5&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Matilda+Joslyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F45580%2F45580-h%2F45580-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales2007" class="citation book cs1">Hales, Brian C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gregkofford.com/products/modern-polygamy-and-mormon-fundamentalism"><i>Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalism: The Generations After the Manifesto</i></a>. John Whitmer Historical Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-035-0"><bdi>978-1-58958-035-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Polygamy+and+Mormon+Fundamentalism%3A+The+Generations+After+the+Manifesto&rft.pub=John+Whitmer+Historical+Association&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58958-035-0&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgregkofford.com%2Fproducts%2Fmodern-polygamy-and-mormon-fundamentalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, B. Carmon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626225451/http://history.utah.gov/history_programs/utah_historic_quarterly/table_of_contents/documents/UHQSummerBook.pdf">"That 'Same Old Question of Polygamy and Polygamous Living:' Some Recent Findings Regarding Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Mormon Polygamy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Utah_Historical_Quarterly" title="Utah Historical Quarterly">Utah Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>73</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">212–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45062934">10.2307/45062934</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45062934">45062934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254439450">254439450</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.utah.gov/history_programs/utah_historic_quarterly/table_of_contents/documents/UHQSummerBook.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utah+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=That+%27Same+Old+Question+of+Polygamy+and+Polygamous+Living%3A%27+Some+Recent+Findings+Regarding+Nineteenth+and+Early+Twentieth-Century+Mormon+Polygamy&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254439450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45062934%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45062934&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=B.+Carmon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.utah.gov%2Fhistory_programs%2Futah_historic_quarterly%2Ftable_of_contents%2Fdocuments%2FUHQSummerBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1992" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, B. Carmon (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831150532/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/pre95/0-252-01833-8.html"><i>Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01833-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01833-8"><bdi>0-252-01833-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/pre95/0-252-01833-8.html">the original</a> on August 31, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solemn+Covenant%3A+The+Mormon+Polygamous+Passage&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-252-01833-8&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=B.+Carmon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uillinois.edu%2Fpre95%2F0-252-01833-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2007" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, B. Carmon, ed. (2007). <i>Doing the Works of Abraham: Mormon Polygamy: Its Origin, Practice, and Demise</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-5906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-5906-5"><bdi>978-0-8061-5906-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+the+Works+of+Abraham%3A+Mormon+Polygamy%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Practice%2C+and+Demise&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-5906-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrix-Komoto2022" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix-Komoto, Amanda (2022). <i>Imperial Zions: Religion, Race, and Family in the American West and the Pacific</i>. Studies in Pacific Worlds. 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(2020). <i>Kingdom of Nauvoo: The Rise and Fall of a Religious Empire on the American Frontier</i>. Liveright. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-324-09110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-324-09110-3"><bdi>978-1-324-09110-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Nauvoo%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Religious+Empire+on+the+American+Frontier&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-324-09110-3&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. Michael</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye7DYE39tf8C&pg=PA240">"Part 2: Family and Interpersonal Relationships – Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism"</a>. In Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (eds.). <i>Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education</i>. The Fundamentalism Project. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">240–</span>293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226508818" title="Special:BookSources/9780226508818"><bdi>9780226508818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+2%3A+Family+and+Interpersonal+Relationships+%E2%80%93+Plural+Marriage+and+Mormon+Fundamentalism&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+and+Society%3A+Reclaiming+the+Sciences%2C+the+Family%2C+and+Education&rft.series=The+Fundamentalism+Project&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780226508818&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYe7DYE39tf8C%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. Michael</a> (Spring 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialoguejournal.com/articles/lds-church-authority-and-new-plural-marriages-1890-1904/">"LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890–1904"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45225323">10.2307/45225323</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45225323">45225323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259871046">259871046</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110004136/https://www.dialoguejournal.com/articles/lds-church-authority-and-new-plural-marriages-1890-1904/">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=LDS+Church+Authority+and+New+Plural+Marriages%2C+1890%E2%80%931904&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259871046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45225323%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45225323&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguejournal.com%2Farticles%2Flds-church-authority-and-new-plural-marriages-1890-1904%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. Michael</a> (1994). <i>The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power</i>. <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-056-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-056-6"><bdi>1-56085-056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+Hierarchy%3A+Origins+of+Power&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56085-056-6&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="George D. Smith">Smith, George D.</a> (1995) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141202212549/http://signaturebooks.com/2010/02/1137/"><i>Intimate Chronicle: The Journals of William Clayton</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-022-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-022-1"><bdi>1-56085-022-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89027572">89027572</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32830497">32830497</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://signaturebooks.com/2010/02/1137">the original</a> on December 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+Chronicle%3A+The+Journals+of+William+Clayton&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32830497&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89027572&rft.isbn=1-56085-022-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsignaturebooks.com%2F2010%2F02%2F1137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="George D. Smith">Smith, George D.</a> (2010) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141202211906/http://signaturebooks.com/2010/02/nauvoo-polygamy-but-we-called-it-celestial-marriage/"><i>Nauvoo Polygamy: "...but we called it celestial marriage"</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-207-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-207-0"><bdi>978-1-56085-207-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010032062">2010032062</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656848353">656848353</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://signaturebooks.com/2010/02/nauvoo-polygamy-but-we-called-it-celestial-marriage/">the original</a> on December 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nauvoo+Polygamy%3A+%22...but+we+called+it+celestial+marriage%22&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656848353&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010032062&rft.isbn=978-1-56085-207-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsignaturebooks.com%2F2010%2F02%2Fnauvoo-polygamy-but-we-called-it-celestial-marriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenhouse1875" class="citation book cs1">Stenhouse, Fanny (1875). <i>Tell it All: A Woman's Life in Polygamy</i>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-2811-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-2811-3"><bdi>0-7661-2811-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tell+it+All%3A+A+Woman%27s+Life+in+Polygamy&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1875&rft.isbn=0-7661-2811-3&rft.aulast=Stenhouse&rft.aufirst=Fanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Tanner, Jerald and Sandra</a> (1979). <i>The Changing World of Mormonism</i>. Moody Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620963-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9620963-2-6"><bdi>0-9620963-2-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+World+of+Mormonism&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-9620963-2-6&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Jerald+and+Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Tanner, Jerald and Sandra</a> (1987). <i>Mormonism – Shadow or Reality?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Utah_Lighthouse_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Lighthouse Ministry">Utah Lighthouse Ministry</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99930-74-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/99930-74-43-8"><bdi>99930-74-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism+%E2%80%93+Shadow+or+Reality%3F&rft.pub=Utah+Lighthouse+Ministry&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=99930-74-43-8&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Jerald+and+Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Beek2003" class="citation book cs1">van Beek, Walter E. A. (2003). "Pathways of Fundamentalization: The Peculiar Case of Mormonism". In ter Haar, Gerrie; Busuttil, James (eds.). <i>The Freedom to Do God's Will: Religious Fundamentalism and Social Change</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134490103" title="Special:BookSources/9781134490103"><bdi>9781134490103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pathways+of+Fundamentalization%3A+The+Peculiar+Case+of+Mormonism&rft.btitle=The+Freedom+to+Do+God%27s+Will%3A+Religious+Fundamentalism+and+Social+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134490103&rft.aulast=van+Beek&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Woodruff, Wilford</a> (1984). Kenney, Scott G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82EmAQAAIAAJ"><i>Wilford Woodruff's Journal</i></a>. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0941214133" title="Special:BookSources/0941214133"><bdi>0941214133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilford+Woodruff%27s+Journal&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0941214133&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Wilford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82EmAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span> Volume 5 includes journals from January 1, 1857 to December 31, 1861.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orson_F._Whitney" title="Orson F. Whitney">Whitney, Orson F.</a> (1888). <i>The Life of Heber C. Kimball</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Heber+C.+Kimball&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Orson+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1875–76" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Eliza_Young" title="Ann Eliza Young">Young, Ann Eliza</a> (1875–76). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wifenoorstoryofl00youniala"><i>Wife No. 19, or the Story of a Life in Bondage</i></a>. Kensinger Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0766140482" title="Special:BookSources/0766140482"><bdi>0766140482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wife+No.+19%2C+or+the+Story+of+a+Life+in+Bondage&rft.pub=Kensinger+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=1875%2F1876&rft.isbn=0766140482&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Ann+Eliza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwifenoorstoryofl00youniala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurstFosterHardy2013" class="citation book cs1">Bringhurst, Newell G.; Foster, Craig L.; Hardy, B Carmon, eds. (2013). <i>The Persistence of Polygamy: from Joseph Smith's Martyrdom to the First Manifesto, 1844–1890</i>. Volume 2. John Whitmer Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934901144" title="Special:BookSources/978-1934901144"><bdi>978-1934901144</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874165313">874165313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+Polygamy%3A+from+Joseph+Smith%27s+Martyrdom+to+the+First+Manifesto%2C+1844%E2%80%931890&rft.series=Volume+2&rft.pub=John+Whitmer+Books&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874165313&rft.isbn=978-1934901144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurstHamer2007" class="citation book cs1">Bringhurst, Newell G.; Hamer, John C., eds. (2007). <i>Scattering of the Saints: Schism within Mormonism</i>. John Whitmer Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934901021" title="Special:BookSources/978-1934901021"><bdi>978-1934901021</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225910256">225910256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scattering+of+the+Saints%3A+Schism+within+Mormonism&rft.pub=John+Whitmer+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F225910256&rft.isbn=978-1934901021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsonBurton2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Cardell K.; Burton, Lara, eds. (2011). <i>Modern Polygamy in the United States: Historical, Cultural, and Legal Issues</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199746378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199746378"><bdi>9780199746378</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466084007">466084007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Polygamy+in+the+United+States%3A+Historical%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Legal+Issues&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466084007&rft.isbn=9780199746378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Talbot, Christine. <i>A Foreign Kingdom: Mormons and Polygamy in American Political Culture, 1852–1890.</i> Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2013.</li> <li>Smith, William Victor. "Textual Studies of the Doctrine and Covenants: The Plural Marriage Revelation." Salt Lake City, UT: Greg Kofford Books, 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Thatcher_Ulrich" title="Laurel Thatcher Ulrich">Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher</a> (2017). <i><a href="/wiki/A_House_Full_of_Females:_Plural_Marriage_and_Women%27s_Rights_in_Early_Mormonism,_1835%E2%80%931870" class="mw-redirect" title="A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women's Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835–1870">A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women's Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835–1870</a></i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachman1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danel_W._Bachman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danel W. Bachman (page does not exist)">Bachman, Danel W.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221221652/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C10134">"New Light on an Old Hypothesis: The Ohio Origins of the Revelation on Eternal Marriage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,10134">the original</a> on December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+an+Old+Hypothesis%3A+The+Ohio+Origins+of+the+Revelation+on+Eternal+Marriage&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Bachman&rft.aufirst=Danel+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C10134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeecher1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Ursenbach_Beecher" class="mw-redirect" title="Maureen Ursenbach Beecher">Beecher, Maureen Ursenbach</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221183634/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C15750">"The 'Leading Sisters': A Female Hierarchy in Nineteenth Century Mormon Society"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,15750">the original</a> on December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=The+%27Leading+Sisters%27%3A+A+Female+Hierarchy+in+Nineteenth+Century+Mormon+Society&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Beecher&rft.aufirst=Maureen+Ursenbach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C15750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyWoodward1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, Martha Sonntag; Woodward, Mary Brown Firmage (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221182247/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C17862">"Plurality, Patriarchy, and the Priestess: Zina D. H. Young's Nauvoo Marriages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>118. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,17862">the original</a> on December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Plurality%2C+Patriarchy%2C+and+the+Priestess%3A+Zina+D.+H.+Young%27s+Nauvoo+Marriages&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Martha+Sonntag&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Mary+Brown+Firmage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C17862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2000" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Martha Sonntag (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024000910/http://www.signaturebooks.com/zina.htm"><i>Four Zinas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-141-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-141-4"><bdi>1-56085-141-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signaturebooks.com/zina.htm">the original</a> on October 24, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Zinas&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-56085-141-4&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Martha+Sonntag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signaturebooks.com%2Fzina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaynes1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_M._Daynes" title="Kathryn M. Daynes">Daynes, Kathryn M.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221171322/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C11296">"Single Men in a Polygamous Society: Male Marriage Patterns in Manti, Utah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>112. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,11296">the original</a> on December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Single+Men+in+a+Polygamous+Society%3A+Male+Marriage+Patterns+in+Manti%2C+Utah&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Daynes&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C11296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbry1992" class="citation journal cs1">Embry, Jessie L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221183629/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C14794">"Ultimate Taboos: Incest and Mormon Polygamy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>113. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,14794">the original</a> on December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Ultimate+Taboos%3A+Incest+and+Mormon+Polygamy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Embry&rft.aufirst=Jessie+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C14794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1981" class="citation journal cs1">James, Kimberly Jensen (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221221247/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C12087">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Between Two Fires': Women on the 'Underground' of Mormon Polygamy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>62. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,12087">the original</a> on December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=%27Between+Two+Fires%27%3A+Women+on+the+%27Underground%27+of+Mormon+Polygamy&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+Jensen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C12087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. Michael</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45226443">"Plural Marriage and Mormon fundamentalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45226443">10.2307/45226443</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45226443">45226443</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254325184">254325184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Plural+Marriage+and+Mormon+fundamentalism&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254325184%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45226443%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45226443&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F45226443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_V._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William V. Smith (page does not exist)">Smith, William</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V49N04_311.pdf">"A Documentary Note on a Letter to Joseph Smith. Romance, Death, and Polygamy: The Life and Times of Susan Hough Conrad and Lorenzo Dow Barnes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>49</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.49.4.0087">10.5406/dialjmormthou.49.4.0087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171950489">171950489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=A+Documentary+Note+on+a+Letter+to+Joseph+Smith.+Romance%2C+Death%2C+and+Polygamy%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Susan+Hough+Conrad+and+Lorenzo+Dow+Barnes&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.49.4.0087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171950489%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V49N04_311.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Compton" title="Todd Compton">Compton, Todd M.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928132255/http://signaturebookslibrary.org/the-four-major-periods-of-mormon-polygamy/">"The Four Major Periods of Mormon Polygamy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=425">the original</a> on September 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Four+Major+Periods+of+Mormon+Polygamy&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsignaturebookslibrary.org%2F%3Fp%3D425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/plural-marriage-in-the-church-of-jesus-christ-of-latter-day-saints">"Gospel Topics: Plural Marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"</a>, <i>lds.org</i>, LDS Church</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lds.org&rft.atitle=Gospel+Topics%3A+Plural+Marriage+in+The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Fplural-marriage-in-the-church-of-jesus-christ-of-latter-day-saints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span> – provides a historical overview</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/plural-marriage-in-kirtland-and-nauvoo">"Gospel Topics: Plural marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo"</a>, <i>lds.org</i>, LDS Church<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lds.org&rft.atitle=Gospel+Topics%3A+Plural+marriage+in+Kirtland+and+Nauvoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Fplural-marriage-in-kirtland-and-nauvoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span> – about the beginnings of polygamy in the church</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/plural-marriage-and-families-in-early-utah">"Gospel Topics: Plural Marriage and Families in Early Utah"</a>, <i>lds.org</i>, LDS Church</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lds.org&rft.atitle=Gospel+Topics%3A+Plural+Marriage+and+Families+in+Early+Utah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Fplural-marriage-and-families-in-early-utah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span>  – about polygamy in Utah</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/the-manifesto-and-the-end-of-plural-marriage">"Gospel Topics: The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage"</a>, <i>lds.org</i>, LDS Church</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lds.org&rft.atitle=Gospel+Topics%3A+The+Manifesto+and+the+End+of+Plural+Marriage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Fthe-manifesto-and-the-end-of-plural-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span> – about the gradual ending of LDS polygamy</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMain_Street_Church2007" class="citation cs2">Main Street Church (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mscbc.org/polygamy.htm"><i>Lifting the Veil of Polygamy</i></a> (polemic exposé video)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lifting+the+Veil+of+Polygamy&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Main+Street+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mscbc.org%2Fpolygamy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_E._Park2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_E._Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin E. Park">Benjamin E. Park</a> (May 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religiondispatches.org/how-an-1843-revelation-on-polygamy-poses-a-serious-challenge-to-modern-mormonism/">"How An 1843 Revelation on Polygamy Poses A Serious Challenge to Modern Mormonism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Religion_Dispatches" title="Religion Dispatches">Religion Dispatches</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Dispatches&rft.atitle=How+An+1843+Revelation+on+Polygamy+Poses+A+Serious+Challenge+to+Modern+Mormonism&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft.au=Benjamin+E.+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligiondispatches.org%2Fhow-an-1843-revelation-on-polygamy-poses-a-serious-challenge-to-modern-mormonism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+polygamy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_polygamy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mormonism_and_polygamy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mormonism and polygamy">Mormonism and polygamy</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">Polygynandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_marriage" title="Combined marriage">Combined marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">Polygamy in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America" title="Polygamy in North America">Polygamy in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny in Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LDS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">Current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latter_Day_Saint_practitioners_of_plural_marriage" title="List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage">List of practitioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_wifery" title="Spiritual wifery">Spiritual wifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_czar" title="Polygamy czar">Polygamy czar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polycule" title="Polycule">Polycule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory#Compersion" title="Polyamory">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_relationship_energy" title="New relationship energy">New relationship energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_(polyamory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary and secondary (polyamory)">Primary and secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_within_polyamory" title="Terminology within polyamory">Terminology within polyamory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_denominations_or_sub-groups_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDS_sects" title="Template:LDS sects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDS_sects" title="Template talk:LDS sects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDS_sects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDS 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rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px dotted black; border-right: 1px dotted black; border-top: 1px dotted black; background: #eee">        <small>— <b>(I.) Major two</b> </small><big><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a"><sub><b>*</b></sub></a></sup></big> —        </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a><br /> <small>17.0 million (2022), about 98–99% of Latter Day Saint movement – Utah-based</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a><br /><small>presided 2018–present</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson" title="Thomas S. Monson">Thomas S. Monson</a><br /><small>presided 2008–2018</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John Taylor (Mormon)">John Taylor</a><br /><small>presided 1877–1887</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Lineage_of_Brigham_Young" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">Brigham Young</a><br /><small>presided 1844–1877</small></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Joseph Smith Jr.</a><br /><small>presided 1830–1844</small><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a><br /> <small>252,000 (2019), about 1–2% of Latter Day Saint movement – Missouri-based</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ#Presidency_of_Stephen_M._Veazey" title="History of the Community of Christ">Steven M. Veazey</a><br /><small>presided 2005–present</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ#Presidencies_W._Wallace_Smith_and_Wallace_B._Smith" title="History of the Community of Christ">Wallace B. Smith</a><br /><small>presided 1978–1966</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Reorganized_Church_and_other_followers_of_Joseph_Smith_III_("Josephites")" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">Joseph Smith III</a><br /><small>presided 1860–1914</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0; border-bottom: 1px dotted black;"> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px dotted black; border-right: 1px dotted black; background: #eee"><small>— <b>(II.) With membership in the thousands</b> </small><big><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a"><sub><b>*</b></sub></a></sup></big> —</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)</a><br /> <small>19,029 members (Dec. 31, 2012) – Pennsylvania-based</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Joel Gehly</a><br /><small>presided 2018–present</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Followers_of_Sidney_Rigdon_or_William_Bickerton_("Bickertonites")" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">William Bickerton</a><br /><small>presided 1862–1880</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Followers_of_Sidney_Rigdon_or_William_Bickerton_("Bickertonites")" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">Sidney Rigdon</a><br /><small>presided 1844–1847</small><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_With_the_Elijah_Message" title="Church of Christ With the Elijah Message">Church of Christ With the Elijah Message</a><br /> <small>over 12,000 members (1998) – Missouri-based</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/W._A._Draves#Founding_a_church" class="mw-redirect" title="W. A. Draves">William Draves</a><br /><small>presided 1943–1994</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a><br /> <small>approximately 10,000 members (1998)– Utah-based</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#LDS-derived_churches_upholding_polygamy_after_the_Manifesto_of_1890" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormon fundamentalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_W._Woolley" title="John W. Woolley">John Woolley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lorin_C._Woolley" title="Lorin C. Woolley">Lorin Woolley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Friends_(Woolley)" title="Council of Friends (Woolley)">Council of Friends</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Short_Creek_Community" title="Short Creek Community">Short Creek Community</a>)<br />presided 1918–1928 / 1928–1934</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a><br /> <small>approximately 10,000 members (2011) – Utah-based</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="See_fundamentalist_denominations_in_addition_to_the_pair_above.82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDS_sects/additional_fundamentalist_denominations" title="Template:LDS sects/additional fundamentalist denominations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDS_sects/additional_fundamentalist_denominations" title="Template talk:LDS sects/additional fundamentalist denominations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDS_sects/additional_fundamentalist_denominations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDS sects/additional fundamentalist denominations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="See_fundamentalist_denominations_in_addition_to_the_pair_above.82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small><i>See fundamentalist denominations in addition to the pair above.</i></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="text-align:left"><blockquote><table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God</a><br /><small>Organized by:<a href="/wiki/Frank_Naylor_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Naylor (Latter Day Saints)">Frank Naylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Neilsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Neilsen">Ivan Neilsen</a> – approx. 250</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park</a></small>> <br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/J._Marion_Hammon" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Marion Hammon">Marion Hammon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alma_A._Timpson" title="Alma A. Timpson">Alma Timpson</a> – approx. 1,500 members</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS church</a> schisms</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Woolley <a href="/wiki/Short_Creek_Community" title="Short Creek Community">schisms</a></small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Original_Doctrine)_Inc." title="Church of Jesus Christ (Original Doctrine) Inc.">Church of Jesus Christ (Original Doctrine) Inc.</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Blackmore" title="Winston Blackmore">Winston Blackmore</a> – approx. 700 members</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lamb_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Lamb of God">Church of the Lamb of God</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Ervil_LeBaron" title="Ervil LeBaron">Ervil LeBaron</a> – Current status unknown</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Firstborn_of_the_Fulness_of_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times">Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Joel_F._LeBaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel F. LeBaron">Joel F. LeBaron</a> – Several hundred adherents</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">AUB</a> schisms</small></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Branch_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Peterson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Peterson, Sr.">Gerald Peterson, Sr.</a> – approx. 100 members</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Solemn_Assembly" title="Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly">Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Alex_Joseph" title="Alex Joseph">Alex Joseph</a></small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_New_Covenant_in_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the New Covenant in Christ">Church of the New Covenant in Christ</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Bryant" title="John W. Bryant">John W. Bryant</a></small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Latter Day Church of Christ</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Elden_Kingston" title="Elden Kingston">Elden Kingston</a> – approx. 2,000 members</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Prophets_(Crossfield)" class="mw-redirect" title="School of the Prophets (Crossfield)">School of the Prophets</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Crossfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Crossfield">Robert C. Crossfield</a></small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>LDS Church schisms<br />(Non-Woolley)</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/True_and_Living_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Saints_of_the_Last_Days" title="True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days">True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/James_D._Harmston" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Harmston">James D. Harmston</a> – approx. 400 members</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_the_Firstborn_and_the_General_Assembly_of_Heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of the Firstborn and the General Assembly of Heaven">The Church of the Firstborn and the General Assembly of Heaven</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Terrill_R._Dalton" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrill R. Dalton">Terrill R. Dalton</a></small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </blockquote></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a> movement <small>which have created the<br /><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Branches" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration Branches">Joint Conference of Restoration Branches</a><br /> <small>6,000–7,000 members</small></small><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><small><small> (2010) – Missouri-based</small></small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="See_Restoration_branches_movement_groupings_in_addition_to_one_above.88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDS_sects/additional_Restoration_Branch_groupings" title="Template:LDS sects/additional Restoration Branch groupings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDS_sects/additional_Restoration_Branch_groupings" title="Template talk:LDS sects/additional Restoration Branch groupings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDS_sects/additional_Restoration_Branch_groupings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDS sects/additional Restoration Branch groupings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="See_Restoration_branches_movement_groupings_in_addition_to_one_above.88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small><i>See Restoration branches movement groupings in addition to one above.</i></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="text-align:left"><blockquote><table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0; border-left: 1px dotted black; border-right: 1px dotted black; border-top: 1px dotted black; background: #eee"><small><b>Smaller, founded in the 20th century</b> </small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Remnant_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" title="Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Niels_Larsen" title="Frederick Niels Larsen">Frederick Niels Larsen</a>– 1,000–2,000 members</small></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" title="Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a><br /><small>Organized by: Several RLDS entities</small>– 8 congregations</td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0; border-left: 1px dotted black; border-right: 1px dotted black; border-top: 1px dotted black; background: #eee"><small><b>Minuscule, founded in the 20th century</b> </small></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Church of Jesus Christ (Toneyite)<br /><small>Organized by: Forrest Toney</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_Restored_1830" title="Church of Jesus Christ Restored 1830">Church of Jesus Christ Restored 1830</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Nolan_W._Glauner" class="mw-redirect" title="Nolan W. Glauner">Nolan W. Glauner</a></small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(David_Clark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Christ (David Clark)">Church of Christ</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/David_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Clark">David B. Clark</a></small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Zion%27s_Branch)" title="Church of Jesus Christ (Zion's Branch)">Church of Jesus Christ (Zion's Branch)</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/David_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Clark">David B. Clark</a></small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </blockquote></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fellowships_of_the_Remnant_movement_(Latter_Day_Saint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowships of the Remnant movement (Latter Day Saint)">Fellowships of the Remnant</a><br /><small>About 5,000–10,000 participants (2017). Organized 2013 worldwide by<br />adherents of a self-subscribed neo-<a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">LDS fundamentalist</a> and neo-"Reorganized Latter Day Saint" and <a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Other_lineages" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">Reorganization</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Restorationism#Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a> revealed through <a href="/wiki/Denver_Snuffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver Snuffer">Denver Snuffer</a><br />(excommunicated from LDS Church under Monson)</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Fettingite)" title="Church of Christ (Fettingite)">Church of Christ (Fettingite)</a><br /> <small>2,000 members (1988); Missouri-based</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fetting#Division_of_the_Fettingite_organization" title="Otto Fetting">Otto Fetting</a><br /><small>presided 1927–1933</small></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Church of Christ (Temple Lot)</a><br /> <small>7,310 members (2013) – Missouri-based</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Followers_of_Granville_Hedrick_("Hedrickites")" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">Granville Hedrick</a><br /><small>presided 1863–1881</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="See_Temple_Lot_–_derived_denominations_in_addition_to_pair_above.104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDS_sects/additional_temple_lot_denominations" title="Template:LDS sects/additional temple lot denominations"><abbr title="View this 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rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Leighton-Floyd/Burt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Christ (Leighton-Floyd/Burt)">Church of Christ<br />(Leighton-Floyd/Burt)</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Leighton-Floyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Leighton-Floyd">Howard Leighton-Floyd</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/H._H._Burt" class="mw-redirect" title="H. H. Burt">H. H. Burt</a><br />approx. 35 members</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>William Draves<br />presided 1943–1994<br />Church of Christ with the<br />Elijah Message schisms</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Otto Fetting<br />presided 1927–1933<br />Church of Christ<br />(Fettingite) schisms</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Granville Hedrick<br />presided 1863–1881<br />Church of Christ (Temple Lot)<br />schisms</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Assured_Way)" title="Church of Christ (Assured Way)">Church of Christ with<br />the Elijah Message<br />(The Assured Way<br />of the Lord)</a><br /><small>Organized by:<a href="/wiki/Leonard_Draves_(Latter_Day_Saint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Draves (Latter Day Saint)">Leonard Draves</a></small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Restored)" title="Church of Christ (Restored)">Church of Christ (Restored)</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/A._C._DeWolf" class="mw-redirect" title="A. C. DeWolf">A. C. DeWolf</a><br />approx. 450 members</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Israel" title="Church of Israel">Church of Israel</a><br /><small>Organized by:<a href="/wiki/Dan_Gayman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Gayman">Dan Gayman</a></small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_at_Halley%27s_Bluff" title="Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff">Church of Christ<br />at Halley's Bluff</a><br /><small>Organized by: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Nerren" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas B. Nerren">Thomas B. Nerren</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/E._E._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="E. E. Long">E. E. Long</a><br />less than 100 members</small></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While not considered a schism of the Church of Christ (Fettingite) and its founder Otto Fetting, the Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff accepted Fetting's revelations, but it did not immediately break with the Fettingites in 1929. Nerren and Long instead formed a separate sect in 1932, which was later joined by five other former Temple Lot congregations by 1941.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </blockquote></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0; border-left: 1px dotted black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px dotted black; border-top: 1px dotted black; background: #eee"><small>— <b>(III.) Minuscule, founded in the 19th century</b> </small><big><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a"><sub><b>*</b></sub></a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">†</a></sup></big> —</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)</a><br /> <small>300 members (1998) – Wisconsin-based</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Followers_of_James_J._Strang_("Strangites")" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">James Strang</a><br /><small>presided 1844–1856</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Cutlerite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)">Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)</a><br /> <small>"one branch" (as of 2023) – Missouri-based</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Followers_of_Alpheus_Cutler_("Cutlerites")" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">Alpheus Cutler</a><br /><small>presided 1853–1864</small></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br />     <big><sub><b>*</b></sub></big><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span>  Membership worldwide; generally church-reported; with an occasional exception<br />     <big><sup>†</sup></big><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^</a></b></span> Once larger </p> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Organized the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a>, the Latter Day Saint movement's original organization, of which multiple denominations currently believe themselves the true successor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Rigdonite" title="Rigdonite">Rigdonite</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Members consider themselves as remaining adherents of the (historical) <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a>. (As of 2011, litigation by the Community of Christ against Restoration Branch individuals and entities generally established CofC's right to both the full and abbreviated <i>RLDS</i> name.)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </blockquote></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints1807" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template talk:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints1807" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_Transcript" title="Anthon Transcript">Anthon Transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy_(LDS_Church)" title="Good Neighbor policy (LDS Church)">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_sites_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of historic sites of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ Mormon history">LGBTQ Mormon timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Handcart companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Name of the church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism & violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_charges_against_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="2023 Securities and Exchange Commission charges against the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Ensign Peak Advisors">2023 SEC case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Sacred texts</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LDS_edition_of_the_Bible" title="LDS edition of the Bible"><i>Holy Bible</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants"><i>Doctrine & Covenants</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)"><i>Pearl of Great Price</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93History" title="Joseph Smith–History">Joseph Smith–History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Beliefs and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Beliefs<br />& practices</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession_(LDS_Church)" title="Apostolic succession (LDS Church)">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Apostasy & restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_calling#Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam & Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Home_Evening" title="Family Home Evening">Family Home Evening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Sunday" title="Fast Sunday">Fast Sunday</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Strength_of_Youth_(pamphlet)" title="For the Strength of Youth (pamphlet)">For the Strength of Youth</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Gender</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Family:_A_Proclamation_to_the_World" title="The Family: A Proclamation to the World">Family Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_minorities_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Gender minorities and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministering" title="Ministering">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Marriage in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Interracial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polygamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">Ordinances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">Baptism for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Marriage sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Temple endowment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">Temple garment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mormons" title="Black Mormons">Black Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_temple_and_priesthood_policies_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Black people and temple and priesthood policies in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Black temple & priesthood restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curses_of_Cain_and_Ham_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Curses of Cain and Ham and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Curses of Cain and Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_birth_control_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on birth control in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Homosexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexual orientation change efforts and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexual orientation change efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_masturbation_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on masturbation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soaking_(sexual_practice)" title="Soaking (sexual practice)">Soaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of belief & practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_suicide_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on suicide in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Culture<br />& worship</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Especially_for_Youth" title="Especially for Youth">Especially for Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Family_Services" title="LDS Family Services">Family Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of films of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Helping_Hands" title="Mormon Helping Hands">Helping Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services" title="LDS Humanitarian Services">Humanitarian services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Hymns in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(1985_book)" title="Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1985 book)">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_Channel" title="Latter-day Saints Channel">Latter-day Saints Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)"><i>Liahona</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Missionary service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pageants_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of pageants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(LDS_Church)" title="Tabernacle (LDS Church)">Tabernacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_Choir" title="Tabernacle Choir">Tabernacle Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_services_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Worship services of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Worship services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">Sacrament</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_authority" title="General authority"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Leadership</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_(LDS_Church)" title="Seventy (LDS Church)">Quorums of the Seventy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)" title="Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)">Presiding Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_School_(LDS_Church)" title="Sunday School (LDS Church)">Sunday School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Women_(organization)" title="Young Women (organization)">Young Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Men_(organization)" title="Young Men (organization)">Young Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_(LDS_Church)" title="Primary (LDS Church)">Primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Demographics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Demographics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_history_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Membership history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less-active_Mormon" title="Less-active Mormon">Less-active Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_Mormon_people_and_organizations" title="LGBTQ Mormon people and organizations">LGBTQ Mormons & organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Congregational <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_(LDS_Church)" title="Area (LDS Church)">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_(LDS_Church)" title="District (LDS Church)">District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">Stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Congregations" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">BYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Idaho" title="Brigham Young University–Idaho">BYU-Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Hawaii" title="Brigham Young University–Hawaii">BYU-Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYU%E2%80%93Pathway_Worldwide" title="BYU–Pathway Worldwide">BYU–Pathway Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_College" title="Ensign College">Ensign College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Management_Corporation" title="Deseret Management Corporation">Deseret Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company" title="Deseret Book Company">Deseret Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Industries" title="Deseret Industries">Deseret Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Digital_Media" title="Deseret Digital Media">Deseret Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Square_Hospitality" title="Temple Square Hospitality">Temple Square Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News_Publishing_Company" title="Deseret News Publishing Company">Deseret News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_International" title="Bonneville International">Bonneville International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_Financial_Group" title="Beneficial Financial Group">Beneficial Financial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RootsTech" title="RootsTech">RootsTech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropies" title="Philanthropies">Philanthropies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Finances of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Finances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="Ensign Peak Advisors">Ensign Peak Advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Emigration_Fund" title="Perpetual Emigration Fund">Perpetual Emigration Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fund" title="Perpetual Education Fund">Perpetual Education Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Property_Management_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Property Management Associates">Utah Property Management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgReserves" title="AgReserves">AgReserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Ranches" title="Deseret Ranches">Deseret Ranches</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Criticism</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham"><i>Book of Abraham</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon"><i>Book of Mormon</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Genetics and the Book of Mormon">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historical authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Linguistics and the Book of Mormon">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Fawn M. Brodie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History" title="No Man Knows My History"><i>No Man Knows My History</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Decker" title="Ed Decker">Ed Decker</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Makers" title="The God Makers">The God Makers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dehlin" title="John Dehlin">John Dehlin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Stories_Podcast" title="Mormon Stories Podcast"><i>Mormon Stories</i> podcast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Runnells" title="Jeremy Runnells">Jeremy Runnells</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CES_Letter" title="CES Letter">CES Letter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderhook_plates" title="Kinderhook plates">Kinderhook plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamander_letter" title="Salamander letter">Salamander letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Six" title="September Six">September Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald & Sandra Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_%26_Transparency_Foundation" title="Truth & Transparency Foundation">Truth & Transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Related</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComeUntoChrist.org" title="ComeUntoChrist.org">ComeUntoChrist.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_translations" title="List of Book of Mormon translations"><i>Book of Mormon</i> translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers" title="The Joseph Smith Papers">Joseph Smith Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought"><i>Dialogue</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_(Mormon_apologetics_organization)" title="FAIR (Mormon apologetics organization)">FAIR organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies" title="Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies">FARMS organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Mormon" title="I'm a Mormon"><i>I'm a Mormon</i> campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBTQ Mormon suicides">LGBTQ Mormon suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_History_Association" title="Mormon History Association">Mormon History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism & Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Relationship to U.S. politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="LGBTQ rights and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LGBTQ rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkyoshigo" title="Senkyoshigo">Senkyoshigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)"><i>Sunstone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Machine" title="Giving Machine">Giving Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Latter Day Saint Movement</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Outline</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latter_Day_Saint_movement341" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template talk:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Teachings of Joseph Smith">Teachings of Joseph Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Extermination_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Extermination Order">Extermination Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History of the LDS Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Mormon handcart pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Reformation" title="Mormon Reformation">Mormon Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ" title="History of the Community of Christ">Community of Christ history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amboy_Conference" title="Amboy Conference">Amboy Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigdonite" title="Rigdonite">Rigdonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sacred texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Outline of the Book of Mormon">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Criticism of Mormon sacred texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Law_of_the_Lord" title="Book of the Law of the Lord">Book of the Law of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangites only</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_of_the_Lord" title="The Word of the Lord">The Word of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Fettingite)" title="Church of Christ (Fettingite)">Fettingites and offshoots</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Outline of Joseph Smith">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Hedrick" title="Granville Hedrick">Granville Hedrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Cutler" title="Alpheus Cutler">Alpheus Cutler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">LDS denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Bickertonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Hedrickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fellowships_of_%22the_Remnants%22_movement" title="Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement">Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Latter Day Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_Reorganization_movement" title="List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement">List of Reorganized Restorationist churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_in_Mormonism" title="Agency in Mormonism">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_19th-century_Mormonism" title="Death in 19th-century Mormonism">Early views on death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Spirit_in_Mormonism" title="Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism">Gifts of the Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Views on God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Parents" title="Heavenly Parents">Heavenly Parents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Islam and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Judaism and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">Law of consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_blessing" title="Patriarchal blessing">Patriarchal blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Women and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_early_Mormonism" title="Black people and early Mormonism">Black people and early Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_and_Mormonism" title="Civil rights and Mormonism">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%27s_views_on_Black_people" title="Joseph Smith's views on Black people">Joseph Smith's views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint movement">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historicity of the Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prophecies_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prophecies of Joseph Smith">List of prophecies of Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mormon" title="Jack Mormon">Jack Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_art" title="Mormon art">Mormon art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Mormon blogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Mormon cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folklore" title="Mormon folklore">Mormon folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Mormon foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_literature" title="Mormon literature">Mormon literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_poetry" title="Mormon poetry">Mormon poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fiction" title="Mormon fiction">Mormon fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Mormon_Letters" title="Association for Mormon Letters">Association for Mormon Letters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Mormon music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folk_music" title="Mormon folk music">Mormon folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Mormon Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Latter Day Saints in popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_Mormons_in_comics" title="Portrayal of Mormons in comics">Portrayal of Mormons in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pornography" title="Mormon pornography">Mormon pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)">Sacred Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Family_Farm" title="Smith Family Farm">Smith Family Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Bibliography of the Latter Day Saint movement">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolob" title="Kolob">Kolob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_history" title="Mormonism and history">Mormonism and history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_architecture_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple architecture (LDS Church)">Temple architecture (LDS Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voree_plates" title="Voree plates">Voree plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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