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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:642px;max-width:642px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">The Eight Witnesses</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyrum_Smith_ca_1880-1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hyrum_Smith_ca_1880-1920.png/130px-Hyrum_Smith_ca_1880-1920.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hyrum_Smith_ca_1880-1920.png/195px-Hyrum_Smith_ca_1880-1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hyrum_Smith_ca_1880-1920.png/260px-Hyrum_Smith_ca_1880-1920.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith,_Sr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Smith%2C_Sr.jpg/112px-Joseph_Smith%2C_Sr.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Smith%2C_Sr.jpg/168px-Joseph_Smith%2C_Sr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Smith%2C_Sr.jpg/224px-Joseph_Smith%2C_Sr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1277" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Sr." title="Joseph Smith Sr.">Joseph Smith Sr.</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_H._Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Samuel_H._Smith.jpg/136px-Samuel_H._Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Samuel_H._Smith.jpg/204px-Samuel_H._Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Samuel_H._Smith.jpg/272px-Samuel_H._Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Samuel H. Smith (Latter Day Saints)">Samuel H. Smith</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Whitmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jacob_Whitmer.jpg/122px-Jacob_Whitmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jacob_Whitmer.jpg/183px-Jacob_Whitmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jacob_Whitmer.jpg/244px-Jacob_Whitmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="414" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Whitmer" title="Jacob Whitmer">Jacob Whitmer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Whitmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Whitmer.jpg/122px-John_Whitmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Whitmer.jpg/183px-John_Whitmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/John_Whitmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/John_Whitmer" title="John Whitmer">John Whitmer</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">(not shown: <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Page" title="Hiram Page">Hiram Page</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Whitmer" title="Christian Whitmer">Christian Whitmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Whitmer_Jr." title="Peter Whitmer Jr.">Peter Whitmer Jr.</a>)</div></div></div></div> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Book_of_Mormon" title="Category:Book of Mormon">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormon-book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mormon-book.jpg/170px-Mormon-book.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mormon-book.jpg/255px-Mormon-book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mormon-book.jpg/340px-Mormon-book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">Origin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith" title="Emma Smith">Emma Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whitmer" title="David Whitmer">David Whitmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)">Martin Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Harris" title="Lucy Harris">Lucy Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_witnesses" title="Book of Mormon witnesses">Book of Mormon witnesses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witnesses" title="Three Witnesses">Three Witnesses</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eight Witnesses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalding%E2%80%93Rigdon_theory_of_Book_of_Mormon_authorship" title="Spalding–Rigdon theory of Book of Mormon authorship">Spalding–Rigdon theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Peoples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaredites" title="Jaredites">Jaredites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephites" title="Nephites">Nephites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalekites_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Amalekites (Book of Mormon)">Amalekites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amlicites" title="Amlicites">Amlicites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoramites" title="Zoramites">Zoramites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamanites" title="Lamanites">Lamanites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nephi-Lehies" title="Anti-Nephi-Lehies">Anti-Nephi-Lehies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_people" title="List of Book of Mormon people">Persons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_(Nephite)" title="Aaron (Nephite)">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abinadi" title="Abinadi">Abinadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abish_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Abish (Book of Mormon)">Abish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammon_(Book_of_Mormon_missionary)" title="Ammon (Book of Mormon missionary)">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_the_Elder" title="Alma the Elder">Alma the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_the_Younger" title="Alma the Younger">Alma the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akish" class="mw-redirect" title="Akish">Akish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaleki" title="Amaleki"> Amaleki (scribe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaleki_(Book_of_Mormon_explorer)" title="Amaleki (Book of Mormon explorer)"> Amaleki (explorer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalickiah" title="Amalickiah">Amalickiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminadab" title="Aminadab">Aminadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammoron" title="Ammoron">Ammoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammah_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Ammah (Book of Mormon)">Ammah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amulek" title="Amulek">Amulek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_of_Jared" title="Brother of Jared">Brother of Jared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Moroni" title="Captain Moroni">Captain Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezoram" title="Cezoram">Cezoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriantumr_(last_Jaredite_king)" title="Coriantumr (last Jaredite king)">Coriantumr (last Jaredite king)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriantumr_(Nephite_dissenter)" title="Coriantumr (Nephite dissenter)">Coriantumr (Nephite dissenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriantumr_(son_of_Omer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriantumr (son of Omer)">Coriantumr (son of Omer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Enos (Book of Mormon prophet)">Enos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ether_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Ether (Book of Mormon prophet)">Ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelem" title="Gazelem">Gazelem</a></li> <li>Gideon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helaman" title="Helaman">Helaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Ishmael (Book of Mormon)">Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Jacob (Book of Mormon prophet)">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_(founder_of_Jaredites)" title="Jared (founder of Jaredites)">Jared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaredite_kings" title="Jaredite kings">Jaredite kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (Book of Mormon)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Benjamin" title="King Benjamin">King Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Noah" title="King Noah">King Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Mosiah_I" title="King Mosiah I">King Mosiah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Mosiah_II" title="King Mosiah II">King Mosiah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Laban (Book of Mormon)">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachoneus">Lachoneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laman_and_Lemuel" title="Laman and Lemuel">Laman and Lemuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoni" title="Lamoni">Lamoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Lehi (Book of Mormon prophet)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limhi" title="Limhi">Limhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Mormon (Book of Mormon prophet)">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroni_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)">Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moron (Book of Mormon)">Moron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronihah" title="Moronihah">Moronihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulek" title="Mulek">Mulek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephi,_son_of_Lehi" title="Nephi, son of Lehi">Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehor" title="Nehor">Nehor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omner" class="mw-redirect" title="Omner">Omner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omni_(Book_of_Mormon_record_keeper)" title="Omni (Book of Mormon record keeper)">Omni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paanchi_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paanchi (Book of Mormon)">Paanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Sam (Book of Mormon)">Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariah" title="Sariah">Sariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_the_Lamanite" title="Samuel the Lamanite">Samuel the Lamanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiz" title="Shiz">Shiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teancum" title="Teancum">Teancum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Nephites" title="Three Nephites">Three Nephites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeezrom" title="Zeezrom">Zeezrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeram,_Amnor,_Manti,_and_Limher" title="Zeram, Amnor, Manti, and Limher">Zeram, Amnor, Manti, and Limher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeniff" title="Zeniff">Zeniff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenock" title="Zenock">Zenock</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nephi" title="First Nephi">First Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nephi" title="Second Nephi">Second Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jacob" title="Book of Jacob">Book of Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enos" title="Book of Enos">Book of Enos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jarom" title="Book of Jarom">Book of Jarom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Omni" title="Book of Omni">Book of Omni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Mormon" title="Words of Mormon">Words of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mosiah" title="Book of Mosiah">Book of Mosiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Alma" title="Book of Alma">Book of Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Helaman" title="Book of Helaman">Book of Helaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nephi" title="Third Nephi">Third Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nephi" title="Fourth Nephi">Fourth Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ether" title="Book of Ether">Book of Ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moroni" title="Book of Moroni">Book of Moroni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_places" title="List of Book of Mormon places">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonihah" title="Ammonihah">Ammonihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani-Anti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ani-Anti">Ani-Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparah" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiparah">Antiparah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bountiful_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Bountiful (Book of Mormon)">Bountiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumeni">Cumeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jershon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jershon">Jershon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moron (Book of Mormon)">Moron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahom" title="Nahom">Nahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="River Sidon">River Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Alma" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Alma">Valley of Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Nimrod" title="Valley of Nimrod">Valley of Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waters_of_Mormon" title="Waters of Mormon">Waters of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarahemla" title="Zarahemla">Zarahemla</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Analysis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronisms_in_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon">Anachronisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_and_the_King_James_Bible" title="Book of Mormon and the King James Bible">Book of Mormon and the King James Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historical authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Genetics and the Book of Mormon">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Laban" title="Killing of Laban">Killing of Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Linguistics and the Book of Mormon">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_geography_model" title="Limited geography model">Limited geography model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosiah_priority" title="Mosiah priority">Mosiah priority</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Objects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Liahona (Book of Mormon)">Liahona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plates_of_Nephi" title="Plates of Nephi">Plates of Nephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_of_the_Nephites" title="Record of the Nephites">Record of the Nephites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)">Urim and Thummim</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adaptations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Book_of_Mormon_Videos" title="List of films of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List of Book of Mormon Videos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Rare_a_Possession" title="How Rare a Possession">How Rare a Possession</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mormon_Movie" title="The Book of Mormon Movie">The Book of Mormon Movie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passage_to_Zarahemla" title="Passage to Zarahemla">Passage to Zarahemla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_translations" title="List of Book of Mormon translations">Translations</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_Historic_Publication_Site" title="Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site">Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curelom_and_cumom" title="Curelom and cumom">Curelom and cumom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_(Book_of_Mormon)" title="Deseret (Book of Mormon)">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement_and_engraved_metal_plates" title="Latter Day Saint movement and engraved metal plates">Engraved metal plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadianton_robbers" title="Gadianton robbers">Gadianton robbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_116_pages" title="Lost 116 pages">Lost 116 pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_monetary_system" title="Book of Mormon monetary system">Monetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans and Mormonism">Native Americans and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders_and_Mormonism" title="Pacific Islanders and Mormonism">Pacific Islanders and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_color_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin color and Mormonism">Skin color and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)">Urim and Thummim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_of_Zeniff" title="Record of Zeniff">Record of Zeniff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_and_abominable_church" title="Great and abominable church">Great and abominable church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_combination_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Secret combination (Latter Day Saints)">Secret combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Chamberlin" title="Solomon Chamberlin">Solomon Chamberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_vision" title="Tree of life vision">Tree of life vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_thousand_stripling_warriors" title="Two thousand stripling warriors">Two thousand stripling warriors</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Outline of the Book of Mormon">Outline of the Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Mormon" title="Template:Book of Mormon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Mormon" title="Template talk:Book of Mormon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Mormon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Mormon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Eight Witnesses</b> were one of the two groups of witnesses who made statements stating that they had seen the <a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">golden plates</a> which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> said was his source material for the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>. An earlier group of witnesses who said they had seen the plates were called the <a href="/wiki/Three_Witnesses" title="Three Witnesses">Three Witnesses</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testimony">Testimony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Witnesses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Testimony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1830)/Eight_Witnesses" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Book of Mormon (1830)/Eight Witnesses">Book of Mormon (1830)/Eight Witnesses</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Testimony of Eight Witnesses</b> was first published at the end of the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon and has been printed in nearly every edition since, although most subsequent editions moved the statement to the front of the book and included minor grammatical corrections. </p> <blockquote><p>Be it known unto all nations, kindreds, tongues, and people, unto whom this work shall come: That Joseph Smith, Jr., the translator<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of this work, has shewn unto us the plates of which hath been spoken, which have the appearance of gold; and as many of the leaves as the said Smith has translated we did handle with our hands; and we also saw the engravings thereon, all of which has the appearance of ancient work, and of curious workmanship. And this we bear record with words of soberness, that the said Smith has shewn unto us, for we have seen and hefted, and know of a surety that the said Smith has got the plates of which we have spoken. And we give our names unto the world, to witness unto the world that which we have seen. And we lie not, God bearing witness of it. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_signatures_of_the_Eight_Witnesses_to_the_Book_of_Mormon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_signatures_of_the_Eight_Witnesses_to_the_Book_of_Mormon.jpg/220px-The_signatures_of_the_Eight_Witnesses_to_the_Book_of_Mormon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/The_signatures_of_the_Eight_Witnesses_to_the_Book_of_Mormon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the names of the Eight Witnesses to the Book of Mormon, as written by Oliver Cowdery</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian Whitmer </p><p>Jacob Whitmer </p><p>Peter Whitmer, Jr. </p><p>John Whitmer </p><p>Hiram Page </p><p>Joseph Smith, Sen. </p><p>Hyrum Smith </p><p>Samuel H. Smith </p> </blockquote> <p>Unlike the Three Witnesses, the Eight testified that they both saw and handled the plates. Another difference is that the Eight testified that they were shown the plates by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> rather than by an angel as had the Three Witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting">Setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Witnesses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toward the end of June 1829, at the <a href="/wiki/Peter_Whitmer_Sr." title="Peter Whitmer Sr.">Peter Whitmer Sr.</a> home in <a href="/wiki/Fayette,_New_York" title="Fayette, New York">Fayette, New York</a>, Joseph Smith (with <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a> as scribe) finished the translation of the Book of Mormon. Near the end of translation process, a prophecy was translated from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Nephi" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Nephi">Second Book of Nephi</a> that three, and "a few" others, might see the golden plates. Subsequently, on June 28, 1829, near the Whitmer farm,<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152">: 152 </span></sup> the Three Witnesses had their experience. Thereafter, the Smith and Whitmer families traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Smith, Sr.">Joseph Smith, Sr.</a> home in <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmyra (town), New York">Palmyra, New York</a>. On July 2, 1829, near the Smith home, the Eight Witnesses said that they saw and handled the golden plates.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156">: 156 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="About_the_witnesses">About the witnesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Witnesses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: About the witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eight Witnesses were all members of the Whitmer or Smith families: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Whitmer" title="Christian Whitmer">Christian Whitmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Whitmer" title="Jacob Whitmer">Jacob Whitmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Whitmer_Jr." title="Peter Whitmer Jr.">Peter Whitmer Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Whitmer" title="John Whitmer">John Whitmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Page" title="Hiram Page">Hiram Page</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Sr." title="Joseph Smith Sr.">Joseph Smith Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Samuel H. Smith (Latter Day Saints)">Samuel H. Smith</a>. Joseph Smith Sr. was Joseph Smith's father, and Hyrum and Samuel were his brothers. Christian, Jacob, Peter Jr. and John were <a href="/wiki/David_Whitmer" title="David Whitmer">David Whitmer</a>'s brothers, and Hiram Page was his brother-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noting the familiar relationship among the witnesses, satirist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> wrote, "I could not feel more satisfied and at rest if the entire Whitmer family had testified."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_with_Smith">Split with Smith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Witnesses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Split with Smith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1838, the living members of Whitmer family (Christian Whitmer and Peter Whitmer Jr. died in 1835 and 1836, respectively) became estranged from Smith during a leadership struggle in <a href="/wiki/Far_West,_Missouri" title="Far West, Missouri">Far West, Missouri</a>, and all were excommunicated along with other dissenters and fled Caldwell County after receiving an ultimatum from the <a href="/wiki/Danites" class="mw-redirect" title="Danites">Danites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of Smith, none of the Whitmers joined the group that was led by <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> and would become <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. </p><p>Yet despite the estrangement of the Whitmer family, there is little evidence that any of the Eight Witnesses denied his testimony to the authenticity of the Book of Mormon or the gold plates.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Witnesses&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/48px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/64px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whitmer" title="Mary Whitmer">Mary Whitmer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Witnesses&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the first edition of the Book of Mormon, "Author and Proprietor" appeared in place of "translator".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Terryl Givens, Joseph invited the Eight "to a family prayer spot in the woods" and "matter-of-factly displayed to them the golden plates," whereas the Three were shown the plates "by an angel of God [who] came down from heaven." <a href="/wiki/Terryl_Givens" title="Terryl Givens">Terryl Givens</a>, <i>By the Hand of Mormon</i> (Oxford University Press, 2002), 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Gale Yancey (Spring 2012), "Eleven Witnesses Behold the Plates", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>, <b>38</b> (2)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Eleven+Witnesses+Behold+the+Plates&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gale+Yancey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEight+Witnesses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyman_Bushman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lyman Bushman">Richard Lyman Bushman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith:_Rough_Stone_Rolling" title="Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling">Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling</a></i> (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005) p. 79: "Critics pointed out how many of the witnesses were members of the Smith and Whitmer families, implying that they signed out of loyalty or from a self-serving motive .... The witnesses were no substitute for making the plates accessible to anyone for examination, but the testimonies showed Joseph—and God—answering doubters with concrete evidence, a concession to the needs of post-Enlightenment Christians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Roughing It/Chapter XVI"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roughing_It/Chapter_XVI"><i>Roughing It/Chapter XVI</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roughing+It%2FChapter+XVI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEight+Witnesses" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y589pE4d9FcC&pg=PA113"><i>Roughing It</i></a>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roughing+It&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy589pE4d9FcC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEight+Witnesses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bushman, 337, 339, 350–51. On June 17, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a> "preached <a href="/wiki/Salt_sermon" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt sermon">a vitriolic sermon</a> based on the theme of salt losing its savor and being cast out and trodden underfoot .... Soon after the sermon, eighty-three prominent members in Far West, many of them probably Danites by then, signed an ultimatum demanding the departure of the offenders .... Fearing for their property and perhaps their lives, the dissenters fled." (355–51) In 1847, David, John, and Jacob Whitmer and Hiram Page were baptized into the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Whitmerite)" title="Church of Christ (Whitmerite)">Church of Christ</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/William_E._McLellin" title="William E. McLellin">William E. McLellin</a>. In 1831, Joseph Smith received a revelation from God that John Whitmer should "write and keep a regular history" of the church. Whitmer did eventually write such a history, but one which concluded with a detailed description of what Whitmer considered the mistreatment that he and his family had received in Caldwell County. See Bruce N. Westerngren, <i>From Historian to Dissident: The Book of John Whitmer</i> (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivens2009" class="citation cs2">Givens, Terryl (2009), <i>The Book of Mormon: A Very Short Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Mormon%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Givens&rft.aufirst=Terryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEight+Witnesses" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini2002" class="citation cs2">Remini, Robert (2002), <i>Joseph Smith</i>, Penguin Group, pp. 67–68</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEight+Witnesses" class="Z3988"></span>. One third-hand source, the former Mormon leader Stephen Burnett, said in 1838 that <a href="/wiki/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)">Martin Harris</a> had told him that "the eight witnesses never saw [the plates] & hesitated to sign that instrument for that reason, but were persuaded to do it." Stephen Burnett letter to <a href="/wiki/Lyman_E._Johnson" title="Lyman E. Johnson">Lyman E. Johnson</a> dated April 15, 1838. Typed transcript from Joseph Smith Papers, Letter book, April 20, 1837 – February 9, 1843, microfilm reel 2, pp. 64–66, LDS Church archives.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Mormon_witnesses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Mormon_Witnesses" 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Cowdery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)">Martin Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whitmer" title="David Whitmer">David Whitmer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon"><img alt="Front page of the Book of Mormon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mormon-book.jpg/50px-Mormon-book.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mormon-book.jpg/75px-Mormon-book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mormon-book.jpg/100px-Mormon-book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="863" /></a></span>   </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eight Witnesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Page" title="Hiram Page">Hiram Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Sr." title="Joseph Smith Sr.">Joseph Smith Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Samuel H. Smith (Latter Day Saints)">Samuel H. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Whitmer" title="Christian Whitmer">Christian Whitmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Whitmer" title="Jacob Whitmer">Jacob Whitmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitmer" title="John Whitmer">John Whitmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Whitmer_Jr." title="Peter Whitmer Jr.">Peter Whitmer Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additional Witnesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Mack_Smith" title="Lucy Mack Smith">Lucy Mack Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whitmer" title="Mary Whitmer">Mary Whitmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith" title="Emma Smith">Emma Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Harris" title="Lucy Harris">Lucy Harris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight_Witnesses&oldid=1219739287">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight_Witnesses&oldid=1219739287</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1829_in_Christianity" title="Category:1829 in Christianity">1829 in Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1829_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:1829 in New York (state)">1829 in New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830_in_Christianity" title="Category:1830 in Christianity">1830 in Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:1830 in New York (state)">1830 in New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Octets" title="Category:Octets">Octets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fayette,_New_York" title="Category:Fayette, New York">Fayette, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_of_Mormon_witnesses" title="Category:Book of Mormon witnesses">Book of Mormon witnesses</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 April 2024, at 15:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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