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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Political_divisions_of_the_early_Mongol_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_divisions_of_the_early_Mongol_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Political divisions of the early Mongol Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_divisions_of_the_early_Mongol_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yuan_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuan_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Yuan dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuan_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Horde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Horde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Golden Horde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Horde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vassals_and_tributary_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vassals_and_tributary_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vassals and tributary states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vassals_and_tributary_states-sublist" class="cdx-button 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the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_dominions1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mongol_dominions1.jpg/250px-Mongol_dominions1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mongol_dominions1.jpg/375px-Mongol_dominions1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mongol_dominions1.jpg/500px-Mongol_dominions1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>The Mongol world, ca. 1300. The gray area is the later <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>This article discusses the political divisions and vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">invasions and conquests</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> established a vast empire that included many political divisions, vassals and tributary states. It was the largest contiguous land empire in history. However, after the death of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a> and subsequent wars had led to the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">fragmentation of the Mongol Empire</a>. By 1294, the empire had fractured into four autonomous khanates, including the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> in the northwest, the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> in the middle, the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> in the southwest, and the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-GreatYuan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the east based in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> of the empire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_divisions_of_the_early_Mongol_Empire">Political divisions of the early Mongol Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political divisions of the early Mongol Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political divisions of the early Mongol Empire consisted of five main parts<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to appanage khanates - there were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, Southern Siberia and Manchuria under <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a> under <a href="/wiki/Yanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanjing">Yanjing</a> Department;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorazm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorazm">Khorazm</a>, Mawarannahr and the <a href="/wiki/Hami_Oases" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami Oases">Hami Oases</a> under <a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a> Department</li> <li>Persia, Georgia, Armenia, Cilicia and Turkey (former Seljuk ruled parts) under <a href="/wiki/Amu_Dar%27ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amu Dar'ya">Amu Dar'ya</a> Department</li> <li>Golden Horde. According to notable Russian scholars A.P.Grigorev and O.B.Frolova, the Ulus of Jochids had 10 provinces: 1. <a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a> or Khorazm, 2. Desht-i-Kipchak, 3. <a href="/wiki/Khazaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazaria">Khazaria</a>, 4. Crimea, 5. the Banks of Azov, 6. the country of <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, 7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgar_(province)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgar (province) (page does not exist)">Bulgar</a>, 8. <a href="/wiki/Walachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Walachia">Walachia</a>, 9. <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a>, 10. Russian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>When Genghis Khan was campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, his entrusted general <a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a> (1170–1223) attempted to set up provinces and established branch departments of state affairs. But Ögedei abolished them and divided the areas of North China into 10 routes (lu, 路) according to the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai">Yelü Chucai</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> statesman of <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> ethnicity. He also divided the empire into Beshbalik administration, Yanjing administration while the headquarters in Karakorum directly dealt with Manchuria, Mongolia and Southern Siberia. Late in his reign, Amu Darya administration was established. Under <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a>, these administrations were renamed Branch Departments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yuan_dynasty">Yuan dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yuan dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a> (Emperor Shizu), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, made significant reforms to the existing institutions. He established the Yuan dynasty in 1271 and claimed orthodox political succession from the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1271Edict_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1271Edict-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yuan forces seized southern China by defeating the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> and the Yuan dynasty unified all of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> under its rule. On the other hand, Kublai had effectively lost control over the western khanates. The territory of the Yuan dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">divided into</a> the Central Region (腹裏) governed by the <a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Central Secretariat</a> (Zhongshu Sheng) and places under the control of various <a href="/wiki/Branch_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch Secretariat">Branch Secretariats</a> (行中書省) or the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a> (Xuanzheng Yuan). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golden_Horde">Golden Horde</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Golden Horde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings of the Golden Horde</a></div> <p>The two main divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> (<i>Jochid Ulus</i>) are known as the White horde and the Blue horde, also Batu's Ulus (district) and Orda's Ulus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vassals_and_tributary_states">Vassals and tributary states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vassals and tributary states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mongol Empire at its greatest extent included all of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, much or all of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. In the meantime, many countries became vassals or tributary states of the Mongol Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_vassals">European vassals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European vassals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></b>, the nominal vassal. However, Mongols under <a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundai" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundai">Burundai</a> successfully invaded southern regions of Lithuania in 1241 and in 1259 (Later <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">Jogaila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagiellon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagiellon dynasty">the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the King of Poland</a>, officially acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a> as overlord in 1382 after the fall of the Yuan in 1368. Mongols of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> always counted the Lithuanians among their subjects, and Tokhtamysh demanded Lithuanian king to collect taxes from <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> (then under Jogaila and his successors) for his campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A number of Russian states, including the <b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Novgorod">Republic of Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batu khan could not reach northern part of Russia due to the marshlands surrounding city-states such as Novgorod and Pskov in 1239. But combined effects of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a>'s diplomacy, Mongol threats and <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic order">Teutonic order</a> invasion, forced Novgorod and later Pskov accepted the term of vassalage. In 1274, the last of Russian principalities became subject to the Horde of <a href="/wiki/Mengu-Timur" title="Mengu-Timur">Möngke-Temür</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the end of Mongol invasion of Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen II</a> tried to destroy Mongol tumen. But <a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a>'s raids through Bulgaria on his retreat from Central Europe induced the young <a href="/wiki/Kaliman_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaliman I of Bulgaria">Kaliman I of Bulgaria</a> to pay tribute and accept Mongol suzerainty. According to a letter of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV</a> to the pope written in 1254 indicates that at that time the Bulgarians were still paying tribute to the Mongols.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1288 <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_II_Milutin_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia">Milutin</a> launched an invasion to pacify two Bulgarian nobles in today's north-east Serbia, in the Branicevo region, but those nobles were vassals of the Bulgarian prince of Vidin <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shishman_of_Bulgaria" title="Michael Shishman of Bulgaria">Shishman</a>. Shishman attacked Milutin but was defeated and Milutin in return sacked his capital Vidin. But Shishman was a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a>, de facto ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. Nogai Khan threatened to punish Milutin for his insolence, but changed his mind when the Serbian king sent him gifts and hostages. Among the hostages was his son <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_III_De%C4%8Danski_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia">Stefan Dečanski</a> who managed to escape back to <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> after Nogai Khan's death in 1299.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asian_vassals">Southeast Asian vassals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southeast Asian vassals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> (Vietnam)</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Vietnamese captured Mongol envoys sent to ask a route to attack Southern China, the Mongol forces invaded the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> in 1257. The Mongols routed city defenders and massacred inhabitants of capital Thăng Long (<a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>). King Than Tong agreed to pay tributes to Möngke Khan to spare his country. At the same time, the Mongols were unable to withstand the tropical heat, mosquitoes and malaria. So they retreated after securing a promise of tribute from the king. When Kublai Khan demanded full submission of the dynasty where Mongol darughachis were well received before,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the relationship between two states deteriorated in 1264. The Mongols then launched two large-scale invasions in 1285 and 1288, both were repulsed. But the king of Đại Việt or Trần dynasty eventually accepted Mongol <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> to avoid further conflicts.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although king Ve Indrawarman of Champa expressed his desire to accept the Yuan rule in 1278, his son and subjects ignored the submission. The Mongol forces lost in the country and their general was killed, however, they defeated all forces of Champa in open battles in 1283. But Champa force managed to wear down the invading force by waging a guerrilla warfare against them. The Mongols finally retreated. After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Mongol invasion in 1288 failed</a>, the king of Champa also started sending tributes to avoid further bloodshed.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1278, a Mongol envoy was executed by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> king. An envoy was sent again to demand submission when the Yuan army was besieging the fortress in Champa. 100 Mongol cavalries sent to Khmer after the imprisonment of the second envoy. They were ambushed and destroyed by the Khmers. However, the King of Khmer Empire asked a pardon and sent tribute in 1285 due to his war-like neighbours and Kublai Khan's rage.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></b> and <b>Chiangmai</b> or <b>Taiyo</b>. When Kublai sent Mongol forces to protect his vassals in Burma, <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> states including Sukhothai and Taiyo accepted Mongol supremacy. King <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng the Great">Ramkhamhaeng</a> and other Thai and Khmer leaders visited the Yuan court to show their loyalty several times.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_and_Central_Asian_vassals">East and Central Asian vassals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: East and Central Asian vassals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <b>Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></b>. The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Mongol invasions of Korea</a> consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Goryeo, from 1231 to 1270. There were six major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean peninsula, ultimately resulting in Korea becoming a <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Yuan_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea under Yuan rule">semi-autonomous vassal state</a> of the Mongol Yuan dynasty for approximately 80 years.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Goryeo tied with marriages as Mongol princesses were married to Korean Kings, while Mongol Emperors took many Korean women as concubines. A Korean woman called the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Gi" title="Empress Gi">Empress Gi</a> became an empress through her marriage with <a href="/wiki/Ukhaantu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukhaantu Khan">Ukhaantu Khan</a>, and her son, <a href="/wiki/Biligt%C3%BC_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biligtü Khan">Biligtü Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a>, became a Mongol Khan. King <a href="/wiki/Chungnyeol_of_Goryeo" title="Chungnyeol of Goryeo">Chungnyeol of Goryeo</a> married a daughter of Kubilai Khan, and marriages between Mongol and Korea continued for eighty years. The Goryeo dynasty survived under Mongolian influence until King Gongmin began to push Mongolian garrisons of the Yuan back starting in the 1350s. Goryeo was the lowest rank vassal of the Mongols, below the Karluks and Uighurs, because the Koreans surrendered last.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></b>, a Buddhist Uighur Kingdom. When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a> over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean King, saying that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Uighur King of Qocho</a> was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uighurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></b>.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Maharajah of Yunnan</a></b>. King Duan Xingzhi of Dali was then enfeoffed as <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> (摩诃罗嵯) by the Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan, and the Dali Kingdom Duan royal family continued to hold the title of Maharaja in Yunnan as vassals to the Mongols. After the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> conquered Yunnan from the Yuan, the Duan royals were shipped off to the Ming capital of Nanjing by the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_vassals">Middle East vassals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle East vassals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></div> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - The small crusader state paid annual tributes for many years. The closest thing to actual Frankish cooperation with Mongol military actions was the overlord-subject relationship between the Mongols and the Franks of Antioch and others. Mongols lost their vassal and ally <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> as the fall of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in 1268 and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> in 1289 to the Mamluks.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></b>- The <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> and the military forces of Trebizond were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6se_Da%C4%9F" title="Battle of Köse Dağ">defeated by the Mongols in 1243</a>. After that, <a href="/wiki/Kaykhusraw_II" title="Kaykhusraw II">Kaykhusraw II</a>, the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconium">Iconium</a> was compelled to pay tribute and supply annually horses, hunting dogs, and jewels. The emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel I of Trebizond">Manuel I of Trebizond</a>, realizing the impossibility of fighting the Mongols, made a speedy peace with them and, on condition of paying an annual tribute, became a Mongol vassal. The empire reached its greatest prosperity and had opportunity to export the produce of its own rich hinterland during the era of <a href="/wiki/Ilkhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhan">Ilkhans</a>. But with the decline of Mongol power in 1335, Trebizond suffered increasingly from Turkish attacks, civil wars, and domestic intrigues.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tributary_states">Tributary states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tributary states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <b>indigenous people of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></b>. The Mongol forces made <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">several attacks on Sakhalin</a>, beginning in 1264 and continuing until 1308.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economically, the conquest of new peoples provided further wealth for the tribute-based Yuan dynasty. The <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok people">Oroks</a> were subjugated by the Mongols. However, the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a> raided Mongol posts every year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ainus finally accepted Mongol supremacy in 1308.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an Egyptian diplomat was arrested by emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> insisted his ally <a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a> Khan to attack the Greek Empire. In the winter of 1265 <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a> led a Mongol raid on Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> with his vassal Bulgaria. In the spring of 1265 he defeated the armies of Michael and freed the diplomat and former Seljuk sultan <a href="/wiki/Kaykaus_II" title="Kaykaus II">Kaykaus II</a>. Instead of fighting, most of the Byzantines fled. Michael managed to escape with the assistance of Italian merchants. After this Thrace was plundered by Nogai's army, and the Byzantine emperor signed a treaty with Berke of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, giving his daughter <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Palaiologina_(daughter_of_Michael_VIII)" title="Euphrosyne Palaiologina (daughter of Michael VIII)">Euphrosyne</a> in marriage to Nogai. Michael also sent much valuable fabric to the Golden Horde as a tribute thereafter. But after that event, the imperial court of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> developed and retained a policy of good relations with both the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate, which became allies against intrusion of the Mamluks of Egypt and the Ghazi emirs of Anatolia.</li> <li><b>Small states of <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a></b>. Kublai sent surrounding nations his envoys to demand their submission in 1270-1280. Most of states in <a href="/wiki/Indo-China" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-China">Indo-China</a> and Malay accepted the demand. According to Marco Polo, those subjects sent tribute on to the Mongol court, including <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>, jewels and a tooth of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>. One notable scholar identified that these acts of submission were more ceremonial in some regard. During the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a> in 1293, small states of Malay and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> submitted and sent envoys or hostages to them. <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Native people</a> of modern <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> helped the Mongol armada but they were never conquered.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Sultanate">Ayyubid Sultanate</a> </b>. The <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Sultanate">Ayyubid Sultanate</a> was under nominal Mongol suzerainty from 1244 when the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> annexed the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> territory, until the dynasty collapsed in 1260.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As per modern historiographical norm, the "<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). However, the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大元</span></span>) as proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a>, as well as the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant to be applied to the entire <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1271Edict_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1271Edict-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreatYuan1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreatYuan2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreatYuan3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">disintegrated nature</a> of the Mongol Empire.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. P. Atwood <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i>, p.403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank <i>The Cambridge History of China</i>: Volume 6, "Alien Regimes and Border States", p.473</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Mackerras <i>China's minorities</i>, p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Alexander Ballard-<i>The influence of the sea on the political history of Japan</i>, p.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrad Schirokauer <i>A brief history of Chinese and Japanese civilizations</i>, p.211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1271Edict-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1271Edict_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1271Edict_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kublai (18 December 1271), 《建國號詔》 [Edict to Establish the Name of the State], 《元典章》[Statutes of Yuan] (in Classical Chinese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itKyDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA50"><i>In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia</i></a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108482448" title="Special:BookSources/9781108482448"><bdi>9781108482448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Mongol+Empire%3A+Ming+China+and+Eurasia&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781108482448&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitKyDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreat%2Byuan%2Bentire%2Bmongol%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+divisions+and+vassals+of+the+Mongol+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA293"><i>Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols</i></a>. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036086" title="Special:BookSources/9780674036086"><bdi>9780674036086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Twilight%3A+Northeast+Asia+Under+the+Mongols&rft.pages=293&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674036086&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDjWpqU55eMC%26q%3Dgreat%2Byuan%2Brefer%2Bto%2Bentire%2Bmongol%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+divisions+and+vassals+of+the+Mongol+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookWalt_van_PraagBoltjes2018" class="citation book cs1">Brook, Timothy; Walt van Praag, Michael van; Boltjes, Miek (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6p1WDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA45"><i>Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan</i></a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226562933" title="Special:BookSources/9780226562933"><bdi>9780226562933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Mandates%3A+Asian+International+Relations+since+Chinggis+Khan&rft.pages=45&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780226562933&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Walt+van+Praag%2C+Michael+van&rft.au=Boltjes%2C+Miek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6p1WDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreat%2Byuan%2Brefer%2Bto%2Bentire%2Bmongol%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+divisions+and+vassals+of+the+Mongol+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A COMPENDIUM OF CHRONICLES: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World</i> (The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, VOL XXVII) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-727627-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-727627-X">0-19-727627-X</a>, the reign of Möngke</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. P. Grigorev and O. B. Frolova "Geographicheskoy opisaniye Zolotoy Ordi" in <i>Encyclopedia al-Kashkandi-Tyurkologicheskyh sbornik</i>, 2001-p. 262-302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Grousset <i>The Empire of the Steppes</i>, Ж.Бор Еварзийн дипломат шашстир II боть</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Л.Н.Гумилев - Древняя Русь и великая степь</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ринчен Хара Даван - Чингис хан гений</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">René Grousset - <i>The Empire of the Steppes</i>, Ж.Бор Евразийн дипломат шашстир II боть</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The History of Yuan Dynasty", J.Bor, p.313, <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire</i>, p.581</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i> by René Grousset, trans. N. Walford, p.291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317023041/http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C06/E0602.htm">"Expanding the Realm"</a>. Koreanhistoryproject.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C06/E0602.htm">the original</a> on 2015-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expanding+the+Realm&rft.pub=Koreanhistoryproject.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreanhistoryproject.org%2FKet%2FC06%2FE0602.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+divisions+and+vassals+of+the+Mongol+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&pg=PA247">ed. Rossabi 1983</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7542628/The_Semu_ren_in_the_Yuan_Empire_-_who_were_they">Haw 2014</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuven Amitei Press Mamluk Ilkhanid war 1260-1280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of the Byzantine Empire</i> by Al. Vasilief, © 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Hudson <i>Ruins of Identity</i>, p.226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brett L. Walker <i>The Conquest of Ainu Lands</i>, p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ринчен Хара-Даван: Чингис хан гений, Ж.Бор: Евразийн дипломат шашстир II боть</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1207-1308)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–1308)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai <span style="font-size:85%;">(1216–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1221)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1256)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia"><span class="wrap">Western Xia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1211–34)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea <span style="font-size:85%;">(1231–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–79)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet"><span class="wrap">Tibet <span style="font-size:85%;">(1236 / 1240 / 1252)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–56)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1274 / 1281)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma"><span class="wrap">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1277 / 1283 / 1287)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java <span style="font-size:85%;">(1293)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(1257 / 1284–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1300–02)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India <span style="font-size:85%;">(1221–1327)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia"><span class="wrap">Georgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–36)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Alania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongol invasion of Alania (page does not exist)">Alania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1239)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' <span style="font-size:85%;">(1223 / 1236–40)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1240–41)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258–59)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1259–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–65)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1285–86)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1287–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1291)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–43)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–1256)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–1323)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260 / 1301)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–64)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1262)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1268–1301)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1314–1318)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&oldid=1244600012">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire&oldid=1244600012</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Category:Subdivisions of the Mongol Empire">Subdivisions of the Mongol 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