CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Khagan - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c20a71c8-2e52-41a0-a907-5a88425b579e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Khagan","wgTitle":"Khagan","wgCurRevisionId":1271015928,"wgRevisionId":1271015928,"wgArticleId":533383,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Articles containing Uyghur-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles containing Bulgarian-language text","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles containing Old Turkic-language text", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2025","Articles containing Mongolian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022","Titles","Ottoman titles","Heads of state","Khazar titles","Imperial titles","Royal titles","Noble titles","Lists of khans","Titles of national or ethnic leadership","Mongolian nobility","Chinese royal titles","Titles of the Göktürks"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Khagan","wgRelevantArticleId":533383,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode": "en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q187878","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles": "ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Khagan - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Khagan rootpage-Khagan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Khagan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Khagan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Khagan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Khagan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_khagans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_khagans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mongol khagans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_khagans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Among_Turkic_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Among_Turkic_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Among Turkic peoples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Among_Turkic_peoples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Among Turkic peoples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Among_Turkic_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_khagans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_khagans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chinese khagans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_khagans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Among_the_Slavs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Among_the_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Among the Slavs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Among_the_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khagan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fkhan" title="Großkhan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Großkhan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A3_guasu" title="Kã guasu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kã guasu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaqan" title="Xaqan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xaqan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3-h%C4%81n" title="Khó-hān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khó-hān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡаған – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаған" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Каган (тытул) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каган (тытул)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каган – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каган" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χαγάνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαγάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Kan" title="Gran Kan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Kan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Khan" title="Gran Khan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Khan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EA%B0%84" title="카간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ख़ागान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ख़ागान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagano" title="Kagano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kagano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaghan" title="Khaghan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khaghan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%92%D7%9F" title="כגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ხაკანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხაკანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Қаған – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қаған" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каган – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каган" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagans" title="Kagans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kagans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaganas" title="Kaganas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaganas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kag%C3%A1n" title="Kagán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kagán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Каганць – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Каганць" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grootkan" title="Grootkan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grootkan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3" title="カガン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カガン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoqon" title="Xoqon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xoqon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਖ਼ਾਗ਼ਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਾਗ਼ਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-c%C3%A3" title="Grão-cã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão-cã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagan" title="Hagan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hagan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каган – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каган" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хаҕан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хаҕан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakani" title="Hakani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hakani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاگان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خاگان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каган – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каган" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan" title="Kagan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kagan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurkaani" title="Suurkaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suurkaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khagan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ககான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ககான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каһан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каһан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хоқон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хоқон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%9Fan" title="Kağan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kağan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Каган (титул) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каган (титул)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاقان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خاقان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3_h%C3%A3n" title="Khả hãn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khả hãn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%97" title="可汗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="可汗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%97" title="可汗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="可汗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%97" title="可汗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可汗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187878#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Khagan" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khagan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khagan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Khagan" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Khagan" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&oldid=1271015928" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Khagan&id=1271015928&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKhagan"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKhagan"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Khagan&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187878" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Imperial title of Mongol and Turkic societies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mongol emperor" redirects here. For emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperors</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For people bearing the title, see <a href="/wiki/Qaghan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Qaghan (disambiguation)">Qaghan</a>. For personal names, see <a href="/wiki/Hakan" title="Hakan">Hakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaqan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ibn Khaqan (disambiguation)">Ibn Khaqan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div style="float: right; padding-left: 1em;"> <table class="wikitable wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #0011B0; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFD0FB; min-width:18.5em" colspan="2" align="center"><span style="color:white;"><big><i><b>Khagan</b></i></big></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi Script">Brahmi Script</a>:</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226570325">.mw-parser-output .script-brahmi{font-family:"Noto Sans Brahmi","Segoe UI Historic"}</style><span class="script-brahmi">𑀓𑀕𑀦𑁆</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Transliteration:</small></td> <td>Kagan </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Transcription (Vovin):</small></td> <td>qaɣan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Script">Mongolian Script</a>:</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a>:</td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡢꡖꡋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Transliteration:</small></td> <td>Qagan, Xagan </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>:</small></td> <td>Хаан / Хаган </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Transliteration:</small></td> <td>Khaan / Khagan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Qaγan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>:</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</small> </td> <td>ख़ागान् </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Transliteration</a>:</small> </td> <td>K͟Hāgān </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nasta'liq</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>)</small> </td> <td>خاقان </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Transliteration</a>:</small> </td> <td>K͟Hāqān </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Bengali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali script">Bengali</a>:</small> </td> <td>খাকান / খাগান </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">Transliteration</a>:</small> </td> <td>khākān / khāgān </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurumukhi</a>:</small> </td> <td>ਖ਼ਾਗਾਨ੍ </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">Transliteration</a>:</small> </td> <td>K͟Hāgān </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a>:</small> </td> <td>خاقان </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Transliteration</a>:</small> </td> <td>K͟Hāqān </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Qağan / Kaɣan </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic alphabet">Old Turkic</a>:</small></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1019548987">.mw-parser-output .script-orkh{font-family:"Orkun","Old Turkic","Orkun Brush","Türik Bitig","BabelStone Irk Bitig Colour","Babelstone Irk Bitig","Noto Sans Old Turkic","Segoe UI Symbol","Quivira",sans-serif}</style><span class="script-orkh" dir="rtl" style=";">𐰴𐰍𐰣</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Turkish language">Anatolian Turkish language</a>:</small></td> <td>Kağan </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish language</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>:</small></td> <td>خاقان / Ḫākan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Xaqan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>:</small></td> <td>Қаған </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Qağan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>:</small></td> <td>Каган </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Pronunciation:</small></td> <td>[qɑˈʁɑn] </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>:</small></td> <td>Каган </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Kagan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Kagán </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a>:</small></td> <td><big>可汗</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a>:</small></td> <td><big>可汗</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>:</small></td> <td>Kèhán </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>خاقان </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</small></td> <td>Khāghān </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>:</small></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">가한</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>:</small></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">可汗</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Revised_romanization_of_Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a>:</small></td> <td>Gahan </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" class="mw-redirect" title="McCune-Reischauer">McCune-Reischauer</a>:</small></td> <td>Kahan </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> </td> <td>قاغان </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur latin</a> </td> <td>Qaghan </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>Khagan</b> or <b>Qaghan</b> (Mongolian:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; middle">ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ</span>; <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Khaan</i></span> or <i>Khagan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <span lang="otk" dir="rtl">𐰴𐰍𐰣</span> <span title="Old Turkic-language romanization"><i lang="otk-Latn">Kaɣan</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a title of <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">imperial</a> rank in <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a>, and some other languages, equal to the status of <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> and someone who rules a <a href="/wiki/Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaganate">khaganate</a> (empire).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female equivalent is <a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a>. </p><p>It may also be translated as "<a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of Khans",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equivalent to <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>. In Bulgarian, the title became known as <i>Khan</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Khan is a title in its own right (January 2025)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while in modern Turkic, the title became <i>Khaan</i> with the <i>g</i> sound becoming almost silent<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or non-existent; the <i>ğ</i> in modern <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <i>Kağan</i> is also silent. After the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">division of the Mongol Empire</a>, monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a> held the title of <i>Khagan</i>. <i>Kağan, Hakan</i> and <i>Kaan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> equivalents of the title are common <a href="/wiki/Turkish_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish names">Turkish names</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p>The common western rendering as <b>Great Khan</b> (or <i>Grand Khan</i>), notably in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, is a translation of <i>Yekhe Khagan</i> (<i>Great Emperor</i> or <i><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Их Хаан</span></span></i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term is of unknown origin and possibly a loanword from the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian sinologist <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Edwin G. Pulleyblank</a> (1962) first suggested that a <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> title, transcribed as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">護于</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>: *<i>hʷaʔ-hʷaʰ</i>) might have been the original behind <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <i>qaɣan</i> ~ <i>xaɣan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovin_2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovin_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Vovin</a> (2007, 2010) the term comes from <i>qaγan</i> (meaning "<a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a>" or "supreme ruler") and was later borrowed and used in several languages, especially in Turkic and Mongolic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Mongolic">Para-Mongolic</a>) origin has been suggested by a number of scholars including <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_John_Ramstedt" title="Gustaf John Ramstedt">Ramstedt</a>, Shiratori, Pulleyblank, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Doerfer" title="Gerhard Doerfer">Doerfer</a>, and was reportedly first used by the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, as recorded in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-songshu96_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-songshu96-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Sinor believes <i>qaγan</i> or <i>qapγan</i> is an intensification of <i>qan</i> just as <i>qap-qara</i> is an intensification of <i>qara</i> "black", in Turkic (with the eventual loss of the <i>p</i>), Shiratori rejects a Turkic etymology, instead supporting a Mongolic origin for both <i>qan</i> and the female form <i>qatun</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Vovin, the word <i>*qa-qan</i> "great-qan" (<i>*qa-</i> for "great" or "supreme") is of non-Altaic origin, but instead linked to <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a> <i>*qεʔ ~ qaʔ</i> "big, great". The origin of <i>qan</i> itself is harder according to Vovin. He says that the origin for the word <i>qan</i> is not found in any reconstructed proto-language and was used widely by Turkic, Mongolic, Chinese and Korean people with variations from <i>kan, qan, han and hwan.</i> A relation exists possibly to the Yeniseian words <i>*qʌ:j</i> or <i>*χʌ:j</i> meaning "ruler". </p><p>It may be impossible to prove the ultimate origin of the title, but Vovin says: "Thus, it seems to be quite likely that the ultimate source of both <i>qaγan</i> and <i>qan</i> can be traced back to Xiong-nu and Yeniseian".<sup id="cite_ref-Vovin_2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovin_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dybo (2007) suggests that the ultimate etymological root of Khagan comes from the Middle <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> *<i>hva-kama-</i> ‘self-ruler, emperor’, following the view of Benveniste 1966. Savelyev and Jeong 2020 note that both the etymological root for Khagan and its female equivalent <a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a> may be derived from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>, specifically from "Early <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a> *<i>hvatuñ</i>, cf. the attested Soghdian words <i>xwt'w</i> ‘ruler’ (< *<i>hva-tāvya-</i>) and <i>xwt'yn</i> ‘wife of the ruler’ (< *<i>hva-tāvyani</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title was first seen in a speech between 283 and 289, when the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> tried to escape from his younger stepbrother <a href="/wiki/Murong_Hui" title="Murong Hui">Murong Hui</a>, and began his route from the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> to the areas of <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</a>. In the speech one of Murong's generals, Yinalou, addressed him as <i>kehan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">可寒</span>, later <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">可汗</span>); some sources suggests that Tuyuhun might also have used the title after settling at <a href="/wiki/Qinghai_Lake" title="Qinghai Lake">Qinghai Lake</a> in the 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-songshu96_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-songshu96-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> (330–555) was the first people to use the titles Khagan and Khan for their emperors, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, whom Grousset and others assume to be <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rourans were stated to be descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who in turn are assumed to be <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">proto-Mongols</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic-speaking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vovin_2019_162–197_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovin_2019_162–197-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a "non-Altaic" group.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a> (567–804), who may have included Rouran elements after the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> crushed the Rouran ruling Mongolia, also used this title. The <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and for over a century ruled the Carpathian region. Westerners Latinized the title "Khagan" into "Gaganus" (in <a href="/wiki/Historia_Francorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Francorum">Historia Francorum</a>), "Cagan" (in the <a href="/wiki/Annales_Fuldenses" title="Annales Fuldenses">Annales Fuldenses</a>), or "Cacano" (in the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Langobardorum">Historia Langobardorum</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mongol_khagans">Mongol khagans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mongol khagans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">List of Mongol rulers</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg/260px-Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg/390px-Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg/520px-Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>8 of 15 khagans of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (Yuan-era pictures)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy" title="Category:Monarchy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_(heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/120px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/180px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/240px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbishn" title="Banbishn">Banbishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Chakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor#Indian_subcontinent" title="Emperor">Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khagan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana" title="Maharana">Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultana_(title)" title="Sultana (title)">Sultana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatun">Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_(title)" title="Nizam (title)">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khagan_Bek" title="Khagan Bek">Khagan Bek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> or <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_(title)" title="Rana (title)">Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandal_(surname)" title="Mandal (surname)">Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patil_(title)" title="Patil (title)">Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja (title)">Rajkumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada">Sahibzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabzada">Nawabzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuvaraja" title="Yuvaraja">Yuvraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" title="Şehzade">Şehzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_(name)" title="Mirza (name)">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morza" title="Morza">Morza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murzin" title="Murzin">Murzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkhan_(title)" title="Ishkhan (title)">Ishkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahzada (title)">Shahzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vali_Ahd" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali Ahd">Vali Ahd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Sa%27id" title="Prince of the Sa'id">Prince of the Sa'id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(title)" title="Mir (title)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_(prince)" title="Shad (prince)">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahadur" title="Dewan Bahadur">Dewan Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">Sancak bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rao Bahadur">Rao Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_Bahadur" title="Rai Bahadur">Rai Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Bahadur" title="Khan Bahadur">Khan Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">Atabeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boila" title="Boila">Boila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparapet" title="Sparapet">Sparapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azat" title="Azat">Azat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Sahib" title="Khan Sahib">Khan Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Kadi (Ottoman Empire)">Kadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">Baig</a> or <a href="/wiki/Begum" title="Begum">Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begzada" title="Begzada">Begzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%A7_bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Uç bey">Uç bey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazinedar" title="Hazinedar">Hazinedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rais" title="Rais">Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">Jagirdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saranjamdar" title="Saranjamdar">Saranjamdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taluqdar" title="Taluqdar">Taluqdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarafdar" title="Tarafdar">Tarafdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikdar" title="Sikdar">Sikdar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Royal house: <a href="/wiki/Damat" title="Damat">Damat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Gurkani</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">Nobleman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jenmi" title="Jenmi">Jenmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_(title)" title="Mian (title)">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_(name)" title="Mirza (name)">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">Baig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begzada" title="Begzada">Begzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_(title)" title="Bibi (title)">Bibi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Governmental: <a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldar" title="Haldar">Haldar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlader" class="mw-redirect" title="Howlader">Hawladar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazinedar" title="Hazinedar">Hazinedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faujdar" title="Faujdar">Faujdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambardar" title="Lambardar">Lambardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridha" title="Mridha">Mridha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">Nayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhury" title="Chowdhury">Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek_(title)" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (title)">Mostowfi ol-Mamalek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Template:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret History of the Mongols">The Secret History of the Mongols</a></i>, written for that very dynasty, clearly distinguishes <i>Khagan</i> and <i>Khan</i>: only <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and his ruling descendants are called <i>Khagan</i>, while other rulers are referred to as <i>Khan</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The title "Khagan" or "Khaan" most literally translates to "great/supreme ruler" in the Mongol language, and by extension "sovereign", "monarch", "high king", or "emperor". The title can also be expanded with the addition of "Yekhe" (meaning "great" or "grand") to produce "Yekhe Khagan", meaning "Great Emperor".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Mongol Empire began to <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">split politically</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a> during 1260–1264 and the death of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> in 1294, but the term <i>Ikh Khagan</i> (Great Khan, or Emperor) was still used by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">emperors of the Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), who also took on the title of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty, the title continued to be used by monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, the Yuan is sometimes referred to as the <i>Empire of the Great Khan</i>, coexisting with the other independent Mongol-ruled khanates in the west, including the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. Only the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> truly recognized the Yuan's overlordship as allies (although it was effectively autonomous). Because Kublai founded the Yuan, the members of the other branches of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> could take part in the election of a new Khagan as the supporters of one or other of the contestants, but they could not enter the contest as candidates themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yuan emperors made peace with the three western khanates of the Mongol Empire and were considered as their nominal suzerain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nominal supremacy, while based on nothing like the same foundations as that of the earlier khagans (such as the continued border clashes among them), did last for a few decades, until the Yuan dynasty collapsed in 1368.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the breakdown of Mongol Empire and the fall of the Yuan dynasty in the mid-14th century, the Mongols turned into a political turmoil. <a href="/wiki/Dayan_Khan" title="Dayan Khan">Dayan Khan</a> (1464–1517/1543) once revived the Emperor's authority and recovered its reputation on the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>, but with the distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as fiefs it again caused decentralized rule. The last Khagan of the <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligdan_Khan" title="Ligdan Khan">Ligdan Khan</a>, died in 1634 while fighting the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin dynasty</a>. In contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a> the words "Khaan" and "Khan" have different meanings, while <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> usually does not differentiate between them. The title is also used as a generic term for a king or emperor (as <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn-Cyrl">эзэн хаан</span></span>, <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">ezen khaan</i></span>), as in "<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn-Cyrl">Испанийн хаан Хуан Карлос</span></span>" (<span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Ispaniin khaan Khuan Karlos</i></span>, "king/khaan of Spain Juan Carlos").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The early khagans of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> were: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> (1206–1227; 21 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a> (1229–1241; 12 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a> (1246–1248; 2 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> (1251–1259; 8 years)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Among_Turkic_peoples">Among Turkic peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Among Turkic peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_family_tree" title="Göktürk family tree">Göktürk family tree</a></div> <p>The title became associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina</a> ruling clan of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> and their dynastic successors among such peoples as the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> (cf. the compound military title <a href="/wiki/Khagan_Bek" title="Khagan Bek">Khagan Bek</a>). Minor rulers were rather relegated to the lower title of khan. </p><p>Both Khagan as such and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> form Hakan, with the specification in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i>al-Barrayn wa al-Bahrayn</i> (meaning literally "of both lands and both seas"), or rather fully in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> <i>Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn</i>, were among the titles in the official full style of the Great Sultan (and later Caliph) of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, reflecting the historical legitimation of the dynasty's rule as political successor to various conquered (often Islamised) states. (The title began: Sultan Hân N.N., <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a>, <i>Hünkar</i>, Sovereign of the House of Osman, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a>, Khan of Khans, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe; next followed a series of specifically "regional" titles, starting with Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem.) </p><p>"Khagan" is the second title of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> shahs (kings) of Iran. For example, Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar, Fath Ali Shah and other Qajar shahs used this title. The nickname of Shah Ismail and other Safavid shahs is <i>Kagan-i Suleyman shan</i> (Khagan with the glory of Solomon). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kut_(mythology)#Usage_by_Ottomans" title="Kut (mythology)">Kut (mythology) § Usage by Ottomans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Ottoman titles and appellations">List of Ottoman titles and appellations</a></div> <p>Ottoman rulers, after the 14th century, used only two titles "shah" and "khan" until end of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultans like <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> used the title "Khagan of the two seas".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yazıcıoğlu Ali, in early 15th century, traced <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman</a>'s genealogy to <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Khagan" title="Oghuz Khagan">Oghuz Khagan</a>, the mythical ancestors of Western Turks, through his senior grandson of his senior son, so giving the Ottoman sultans primacy among <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Beyliks" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Beyliks">Turkish monarchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it was not entirely an imitation of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khanid</a> doctrine, the Oghuz claim to sovereignty followed the same pattern. <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> advanced this claim against <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, who denigrated the Ottoman lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_khagans">Chinese khagans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chinese khagans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Khan_of_Heaven" title="Khan of Heaven">Khan of Heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogda_Khan" title="Bogda Khan">Bogda Khan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Tang dynasty">List of emperors of the Tang dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List of emperors of the Qing dynasty</a>.</div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a></i>, a Chinese history book, records that the title Khagan (可汗) and the title <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Huángdì</a> (皇帝) are the same.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a> was crowned <a href="/wiki/Tian_Kehan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tian Kehan">Tian Kehan</a>, or "heavenly Khagan" after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a> (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later letter sent by the Tang court to the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a> Qaghan explained that "the peoples of the northwest" had requested Tang Taizong to become the "Heavenly Qaghan".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> Chinese emperors were recognized as khagans of the Turks at least from 665 to 705; moreover, two appeal letters from the Turkic hybrid rulers, Ashina Qutluγ Ton Tardu in 727, the Yabgu of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, and Yina Tudun Qule in 741, the king of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, addressing <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a> as <b>Tian Kehan</b> during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Chinese khagan" (<i>Khāqān-i Chīn</i>, "Khagan of China") referring to the ruler of China (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>) as a symbol of power<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appeared in medieval <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> literature works like the great 11th-century epic poem <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were circulated widely in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. During the Manchu-led <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> which <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">extended into Inner Asia</a> by the 18th century, their Turkic Muslim subjects (and surrounding Muslim khanates like the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a>) associated the Qing rulers with this name and commonly referred to the Qing emperors as the "Chinese khagan" (<i>Khāqān-i Chīn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Among_the_Slavs">Among the Slavs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Among the Slavs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></div> <p>In the early 10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a> employed the title of <i>kagan</i> (or <i>qaghan</i>), reported by the Persian geographer <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a>, who wrote between 903 and 913. </p><p>It is believed that the tradition endured in the eleventh century, as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilarion_of_Kiev" title="Hilarion of Kiev">Hilarion of Kiev</a>, calls both <a href="/wiki/Grand_prince" title="Grand prince">grand prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir I of Kiev">Vladimir I of Kiev</a> (978–1015) and grand prince <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> (1019–1054) by the title of <i>kagan</i>, while a <a href="/wiki/Graffito_(archaeology)" title="Graffito (archaeology)">graffito</a> on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia%27s_Cathedral,_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev">Saint Sophia's Cathedral</a> gives the same title to the son of Iaroslav, grand prince <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_II_of_Kiev" title="Sviatoslav II of Kiev">Sviatoslav II of Kiev</a> (1073–1076). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan (title)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beg_Khan" title="Beg Khan">Beg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavkhan" title="Kavkhan">Kavkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaganate">Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">خواقين</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ottoman Turkish-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Ḫākan</i></span>, or <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">خان</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Ḫān</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kağan</i> or <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Hakan</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>: <span lang="ug" dir="rtl">قاغان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Uyghur" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Uyghur">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">Qaghan</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Script">Mongolian Script</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">可汗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kèhán</span></i> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">大汗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàhán</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خاقان</span> <i>Khāqān</i>, alternatively spelled <b>Kağan</b>, <b>Kagan</b>, <b>Khaghan</b>, <b>Kaghan</b>, <b>Khakan</b>, <b>Khakhan</b>, <b>Khaqan</b>, <b>Xagahn</b>, <b>Qaghan</b>, <b>Chagan</b>, <b>Қан</b>, or <b>Kha'an</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_Khans" title="Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans">Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans</a></i>, <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Именник на българските ханове</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">i.e. a very light <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beginning in the last years (1304) of <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a>, grandson of Kublai; most medieval historians such as Rashid al-Din and Alugh Beg Mirza described him as Grand khaan. See: Universal history and The Shajrat ul Atrak</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During this period the Mongol emperors of the Yuan held the (nominal) title of Great Khan of all Mongol Khanates (of the Mongol Empire), of which the three western Mongol khanates still showed their respect in several cases. For example, the Ilkhans' coins carried the Khagan's name up until the early 14th century. It was also once said that Khagan is "the blessing of the creator" at the court of the Golden Horde during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ozbek_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozbek Khan">Ozbek Khan</a> (1313–41).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbank 1978, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&dq=khan+turkic+title&pg=PA367">p. 367</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQhDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA203"><i>Alden's Manifold Cyclopedia of Knowledge and Language</i></a>. Vol. 21. J. B. Alden. 1890. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alden%27s+Manifold+Cyclopedia+of+Knowledge+and+Language&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=J.+B.+Alden&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQhDAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vovin, Alexander (2010). "Once Again on the Ruan-ruan language." <i>Ötüken'den İstanbul'a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010) Sempozyumu / From Ötüken to Istanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010).</i> 3–5 Aralık 2010, İstanbul / 3–5 December 2010, İstanbul, pp. 1–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vovin_2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vovin_2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovin_2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vovin, Alexander (2007). "Once again on the etymology of the title <i>qaγan</i>". <i>Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia</i>, vol. 12 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournals.eu/sj/index.php/SEC/article/viewFile/1100/1096">online ressource</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-songshu96-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-songshu96_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-songshu96_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Songshu</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B796">vol. 96</a> quote: "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">樓喜拜曰：「處可寒。」虜言「處可寒」，宋言爾官家也。</span></span>" translation: "Lou [the envoy of the younger brother to <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">T'u-yü-hun</a>] was glad. He bowed and said: "<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chu k'o han</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">處可寒</span></span>". The barbarian words ch'u k'o han mean in the language of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Song</a>, 'Be it so, sire (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爾官家</span></span>)'." by Pulleyblank, E. G. (1962) "The consonantal system of Old Chinese. Part II" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1114AUnNESH.pdf">pdf</a>, <i>Asia Major</i> 9; p. 261 of 206‒65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiratori1926" class="citation journal cs1">Shiratori, Kurakichi (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2183%2Fpjab1912.2.241">"On the Titles KHAN and KAGHAN"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Imperial Academy</i>. <b>2</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2183%2Fpjab1912.2.241">10.2183/pjab1912.2.241</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0369-9846">0369-9846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Imperial+Academy&rft.atitle=On+the+Titles+KHAN+and+KAGHAN&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2183%2Fpjab1912.2.241&rft.issn=0369-9846&rft.aulast=Shiratori&rft.aufirst=Kurakichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2183%252Fpjab1912.2.241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKRADER1955" class="citation journal cs1">KRADER, LAWRENCE (1955). "QAN-QAγAN AND THE BEGINNINGS OF MONGOL KINGSHIP". <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9192">0008-9192</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926298">41926298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=QAN-QA%CE%B3AN+AND+THE+BEGINNINGS+OF+MONGOL+KINGSHIP&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41926298%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-9192&rft.aulast=KRADER&rft.aufirst=LAWRENCE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavelyevJeong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612788">"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. <b>2</b>: e20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18">10.1017/ehs.2020.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0007-772B-4">21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X">2513-843X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612788">7612788</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35663512">35663512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218935871">218935871</a>. <q>but their ultimate origins may lie outside the Turkic family, as is most likely the case for the title of khagan (χαγάνος, chaganus) < ? Middle Iranian *hva-kama- 'self-ruler, emperor' (Dybo, Reference Dybo2007: 119–120). Following Benveniste (Reference Benveniste1966), Dybo (Reference Dybo2007: 106–107) considers Turkic *χatun 'king's wife' a word of ultimate Eastern Iranian origin, borrowed presumably from Early Saka *hvatuñ, cf. the attested Soghdian words xwt'w 'ruler' (< *hva-tāvya-) and xwt'yn 'wife of the ruler' (< *hva-tāvyani).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Early+nomads+of+the+Eastern+Steppe+and+their+tentative+connections+in+the+West&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e20&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0007-772B-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218935871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35663512&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612788%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=Savelyev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhou 1985, pp. 3–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset (1970), pp. 61, 585, n. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wei_Shou" title="Wei Shou">Wei Shou</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7103#%E8%A0%95%E8%A0%95">vol. 103</a> "蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118181857/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~earlychina/docs/2008/ec25_pulleyblank.pdf">"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"</a>, <i>Early China</i>. p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vovin_2019_162–197-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vovin_2019_162–197_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Vovin, Alexander</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39716045">"A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions"</a>. <i>International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">162–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F25898833-12340008">10.1163/25898833-12340008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-8825">2589-8825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198833565">198833565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Eurasian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Sketch+of+the+Earliest+Mongolic+Language%3A+the+Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB+Bugut+and+Kh%C3%BCis+Tolgoi+Inscriptions&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198833565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2589-8825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F25898833-12340008&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39716045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art, Iranian-Bulletin of the Asia Institute, volume 17, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nihon Gakushiin-Proceedings of the Japan Academy, volume 2, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teikoku Gakushiin (Japan) – Proceedings of the Imperial Academy, volume 2, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Howorth. <i>History of The Mongols</i>, Volume 1; <a href="/wiki/Rene_Grousset" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Grousset">Rene Grousset</a>. <i>The Empire of Steppes</i>; D. Pokotilov. <i>History of the Eastern Mongols during the Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1631</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank. <i>The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368</i>, p. 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy</i>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hüseyin Yılmaz, (2018), <i>Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought</i>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cihan Yüksel Muslu, (2014), The Ottomans and the Mamluks: Imperial Diplomacy and Warfare in the Islamic World, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, <i>Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century</i>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Imber, (2002), <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650</i>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Streusand, (2010), <i>Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals</i>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7103" class="extiw" title="s:zh:魏書/卷103">Book of Wei, vol. 103</a>; "「丘豆伐」猶魏言駕馭開張也，「可汗」猶魏言皇帝也。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu, pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Latourette1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Scott Latourette, Kenneth (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBwAAAAMAAJ&q=heavenly+khan+ruler"><i>The Chinese, their history and culture</i></a>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2 (4th, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 144<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-08</span></span>. <q>territories within his empire. He took the title "Heavenly Khan," thus designating himself as their ruler. A little later the Western Turks, although then at the height of their power, were badly defeated, and the Uighurs, a Turkish tribe, were detached from them and became sturdy supporters of the T'ang in the Gobi. The Khitan, Mongols in Eastern Mongolia and Southern Manchuria, made their submission (630). In the Tarim basin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese%2C+their+history+and+culture&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=4th%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Scott+Latourette&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkBwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dheavenly%2Bkhan%2Bruler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTm6Yka5GigC&pg=PA120">Skaff 2012</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrompp2005" class="citation book cs1">Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NB6DEdAxLOsC&q=li+ling+kirghiz&pg=PA126"><i>Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history</i></a>. illustrated. Vol. 13. Brill. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14129-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14129-2"><bdi>978-90-04-14129-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-08</span></span> – via Brill's Inner Asian library. <q>the successes of Tang Taizong and to his taking the title of "Heavenly Qaghan" at the request of "the peoples of the northwest" in 630/631. The letter goes on to describe how Taizong's envoy was sent to pacify the Kirghiz in 632/633 and how in 647/648 a Kirghiz chieftain came to the Tang court where he was granted titles, including commander-in-chief of the Kirghiz (Jian-kun). All of this implied Kirghiz subordination to Tang authority, at least in Chinese eyes. According to the letter, Kirghiz tribute had come to the Tang court "uninterruptedly" until the end of the Tianbao reign period (742–756) when Kirghiz contact with the Tang state was cut off by the rise of Uighur power in Mongolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+and+the+collapse+of+the+Uighur+Empire%3A+a+documentary+history&rft.series=illustrated&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14129-2&rft.aulast=Drompp&rft.aufirst=Michael+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNB6DEdAxLOsC%26q%3Dli%2Bling%2Bkirghiz%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bai, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xue, pp. 674–675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pathofscience.org/index.php/ps/article/download/1229/1031">"Tendencies of Change of Socio-Political Lexicon in Persian and Azerbaijani Languages"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tendencies+of+Change+of+Socio-Political+Lexicon+in+Persian+and+Azerbaijani+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpathofscience.org%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1229%2F1031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2017" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C (2017). <i>The Turks in the Early Islamic World</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351880879" title="Special:BookSources/9781351880879"><bdi>9781351880879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turks+in+the+Early+Islamic+World&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351880879&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnuma2014" class="citation journal cs1">Onuma, Takahiro (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/saksaha/13401746.0012.004/--qing-dynasty-and-its-central-asian-neighbors?rgn=main;view=fulltext">"The Qing Dynasty and Its Central Asian Neighbors"</a>. <i>Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (20220303). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fsaksaha.13401746.0012.004">10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0012.004</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saksaha%3A+A+Journal+of+Manchu+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Qing+Dynasty+and+Its+Central+Asian+Neighbors&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=20220303&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fsaksaha.13401746.0012.004&rft.aulast=Onuma&rft.aufirst=Takahiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fs%2Fsaksaha%2F13401746.0012.004%2F--qing-dynasty-and-its-central-asian-neighbors%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchluessel2016" class="citation book cs1">Schluessel, Eric (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493602/SCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf"><i>The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Harvard University. p. 320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Emperor+of+China%3A+Everyday+Politics+in+Colonial+Xinjiang%2C+1877-1933&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schluessel&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F33493602%2FSCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Fairbank, John King. <i>The Cambridge History of China </i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA367"><i>web page</i></a></li> <li>Grousset, René. (1970). <i>The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia</i>. Translated by Naomi Walford. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey. 3rd Paperback printing, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-0627-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-0627-1">0-8135-0627-1</a> (casebound); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9">0-8135-1304-9</a> (pbk).</li> <li>Whittow, Mark. <i>The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025</i>, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1996.</li> <li>Xue, Zongzheng (1992). <i>A History of Turks</i>. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5004-0432-8" title="Special:BookSources/7-5004-0432-8">7-5004-0432-8</a>.</li> <li>Zhou, Weizhou [1985] (2006). <i>A History of Tuyuhun</i>. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5633-6044-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-5633-6044-1">7-5633-6044-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_la_Vaissi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne de la Vaissière">de la Vaissière, Étienne</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khagan">"Khagan"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khagan&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=de+la+Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkhagan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhagan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khagan&oldid=1271015928">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khagan&oldid=1271015928</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles" title="Category:Titles">Titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_titles" title="Category:Ottoman titles">Ottoman titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state" title="Category:Heads of state">Heads of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Khazar_titles" title="Category:Khazar titles">Khazar titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperial_titles" title="Category:Imperial titles">Imperial titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_titles" title="Category:Royal titles">Royal titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Noble_titles" title="Category:Noble titles">Noble titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_khans" title="Category:Lists of khans">Lists of khans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_of_national_or_ethnic_leadership" title="Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership">Titles of national or ethnic leadership</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mongolian_nobility" title="Category:Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_royal_titles" title="Category:Chinese royal titles">Chinese royal titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Category:Titles of the Göktürks">Titles of the Göktürks</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text">Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Uyghur-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Uyghur-language text">Articles containing Uyghur-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bulgarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bulgarian-language text">Articles containing Bulgarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Turkic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Turkic-language text">Articles containing Old Turkic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2025" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2025">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mongolian-language text">Articles containing Mongolian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 January 2025, at 07:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khagan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khagan</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>64 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84749c7844-5bqmg","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.593","walltime":"0.744","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3939,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":70036,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7425,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":87247,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 639.708 1 -total"," 21.70% 138.829 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.84% 114.126 12 Template:Lang"," 12.54% 80.232 5 Template:Cite_book"," 12.49% 79.895 1 Template:Royal_and_noble_ranks_in_Iran,_Turkey,_Caucasus,_the_Indian_subcontinent,_Afghanistan"," 11.58% 74.075 1 Template:Sidebar"," 10.02% 64.101 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.06% 38.774 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.61% 35.915 1 Template:Elaborate"," 4.44% 28.416 1 Template:Fix-span"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.346","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14674241,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84749c7844-zdkcg","timestamp":"20250207190207","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Khagan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khagan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q187878","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q187878","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-17T21:29:24Z","dateModified":"2025-01-22T07:42:29Z","headline":"imperial title of Turco-Mongol societies"}</script> </body> </html>