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hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">IBM Displaywriter System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Displaywriter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/IBM_Displaywriter.jpg/220px-IBM_Displaywriter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/IBM_Displaywriter.jpg/330px-IBM_Displaywriter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/IBM_Displaywriter.jpg/440px-IBM_Displaywriter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="297" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">IBM Displaywriter with keyboard, monitor and dual 8-inch floppy disk drive</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Microcomputer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980-06</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introductory price</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$7,895</span> (equivalent to $29,200 in 2023)<br />Leased for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$275</span> (equivalent to $1,020 in 2023) a month</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Textpack</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> @ 5 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">128 KB – 448 KB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Display</th><td class="infobox-data">25-line (640x400)<br />66-line (800x1056)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">IBM System/23 Datamaster</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>IBM 6580 Displaywriter System</b> is a 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> that was marketed and sold by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s Office Products Division primarily as a <a href="/wiki/Word_processor_(electronic_device)" title="Word processor (electronic device)">word processor</a>. Announced on June 17, 1980<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dickinson19840918_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dickinson19840918-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and effectively withdrawn from marketing on July 2, 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the system was sold with a 5 MHz <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>, 128 KB to 448 KB of RAM, a swivel-mounted monochrome <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">CRT</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">monitor</a>, a detached <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a>, a detached <a href="/wiki/Disk_storage" title="Disk storage">8" floppy disk drive</a> enclosure with one or two drives, and a detached <a href="/wiki/Daisy_wheel_printing" title="Daisy wheel printing">daisy wheel printer</a>, or Selectric typewriter printer. The primary operating system for the Displaywriter is IBM's internally developed word processing software titled "Textpack", but <a href="/wiki/UCSD_p-System" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSD p-System">UCSD p-System</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dickinson19840918_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dickinson19840918-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-libes198112_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libes198112-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and MS-DOS were also offered by IBM, Digital Research, and CompuSystems, respectively. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textpack">Textpack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Textpack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Overview</li></ul> <p>Textpack is a proprietary word processing suite developed specifically for the Displaywriter, that was aimed at automating document creation and finalization. Though capable of multi-tasking, Textpack is not a general purpose operating system like DOS or CP/M. Instead, it bootstraps directly to a menu of text editing and pagination functions, with additional options to manage Textpack data disks or load one of several IBM supplemental programs, called "Feature Programs". Textpack was offered in six versions, titled: "E", "1", "2", "3", "4", & "6". These versions of Textpack were tiered in functionality, with only basic text editing being offered with the lowest Textpack versions, E and 1. More advanced features, such as customizing keyboard macros and menu shortcuts, automatically generating custom headers and footers, automatically processing math equations, or emulating a 3101 or 3270 terminal, were reserved for Textpack 4 or Textpack 6. If the Displaywriter system possesses enough RAM, and is running Textpack 4 or 6, it can also load a Feature Program concurrently with a document, and tab between editing the document and the Feature Program in real time. </p> <ul><li>Sales Theory</li></ul> <p>According to IBM, the approach of offering stripped down versions of the full Textpack product was an attempt to make the Displaywriter more economical for smaller businesses, who IBM envisioned would choose a cheaper software package and then upgrade as their needs required. However, in practice this was undercut by both the Displaywriter hardware being significantly more expensive than competition in the word processing and general microcomputer spaces and the fact that limitations coded into Textpack prevented a fluid upgrade path for customers in many instances. For example, if a customer were using Textpack 1 and wanted to use their Displaywriter to create graphs and charts, they would need to pay approximately $1,500 ($4,500 in 2023) for Textpack 4, the Chartpack software disk, and the RAM upgrade to support the new software. </p> <ul><li>Reception</li></ul> <p>During the production lifespan of the Displaywriter, Textpack was praised for its functionality and ease of use compared to other word processing options, though the high price tag was criticized, especially in comparison to the IBM 5150 PC and other compatibles. As a result of this, Displaywriter Textpack found strong adoption with clients that had deep pockets, such as in government, higher education, and legal sectors, and poor adoption with smaller businesses and at-home users. Despite selling UCSD p-System for Displaywriter directly and initially working with Digital Research to create a CP/M-86 port for Displaywriter, the Displaywriter was not ever strongly marketed as a true microcomputer, and was almost always sold with Textpack. Additionally, the Displaywriter never received any significant display updates to bring its graphical capabilities up to par with the IBM PC or compatibles. As a result, by 1983, the Displaywriter had lost any true market niche, and in 1984, IBM announced "DisplayWrite", an almost exact replica of the Displaywriter Textpack for the IBM Personal Computer line, making the Displaywriter truly obsolete. The established large contracts with government entities, including the Reagan administration and military buoyed the sales slightly until the Displaywriter was soft </p><p><br /> </p><p>Textpacks 4 and 6 also offered the ability to combine all program disks into a single DS DD floppy, which could then also be used for document storage if space remained on the disk. </p><p>According to IBM, this tiered approach of incorporating multiple levels of operating systems and associated feature programs, was an attempt to make the Displaywriter more economical for smaller businesses, who could choose a cheaper software package and then upgrade as their needs required. The Textpack version could be increased without having to repurchase feature programs, and new feature programs could usually be integrated without having to increase the Textpack version. That said, revisions of feature programs are keyed to Textpack maintenance levels. For example, a revision of Textpack 4 from 1984 could not use a revision of a feature program from 1982, it would require a newer revision of that feature program from 1984. IBM used the six character disk labels of the program disks to determine whether one disk was compatible with another. If a disk label of a noncompatible program diskette is changed to a label associated with a compatible diskette, the Displaywriter will attempt to execute the disk as if it contained the correct software, but certain features will either not function properly, or Textpack will abend. </p><p>Diskettes used within Textpack are always formatted as either 284 kB capacity if the disk is 1D, or 985 kB capacity if the disk is 2D, regardless of a disk's actual advertized capacity. This is a software limitation of Textpack, and not a hardware limitation of the Displaywriter. Because there is no user accessible setting to designate disk sector size within Textpack, the operating system arbitrarily assumes that all 1D disks are rated as SS SD with 256B sectors and that all 2D disks are rated as DS DD with 256B sectors, which results in the aforementioned capacities. The format that Textpack diskettes utilized, though similar to the IBM 3740 Data Entry System, was uniquely proprietary and not interchangeable with any other IBM system, including the Displaywriter's predecessor, the Office System 6. Text created in Textpack is stored in a file structure unique to the Displaywriter and is encoded with 8-bit EBCDIC. The Displaywriter also supports ASCII,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but 8-bit EBCDIC is used in this context in order to take advantage of the 256 characters available per EBCDIC font set, compared to the maximum of 128 characters available per ASCII font set. The Displaywriter uses two of these EBCDIC 256 character font sets, which are stored in ROM on the display adapter card in either two or four PROM chips depending on the card revision, in order to achieve a total of 512 possible available characters. When instructed, the Displaywriter draws from these font sets to generate a working character table in RAM for the operating system to use. Only 256 of the available 512 characters can be used concurrently by the user, but characters from either character set can be mixed and matched to total up to 256 and characters can be hot swapped to in software. Changing characters can be done in Textpack by using the "keyboard change" button on the keyboard. The ASCII code set is accessible within Textpack while using the Asynchronous or Bisynchronous communication features, where the Displaywriter converts the stored EBCDIC characters into ASCII before transmitting and after receiving text. Additionally, if the user wishes to type in ASCII directly during a communication session, they can change the keyboard to keyboard #103 which is the standard ASCII keyboard. While in ASCII mode the Displaywriter can generate all printable ASCII characters.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASCII control characters can be accessed at any time, even in EBCDIC mode, by depressing the control key (the blank key above <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">REQST</kbd> on the keyboard), and then pressing a corresponding key in the alphanumeric block. This is because they don't add to the 256 displayable character total. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UCSD_p-System">UCSD p-System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: UCSD p-System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UCSD p-System was the official "data processing" operating system for the Displaywriter, offered by IBM through contract with Softech Microsystems. Announced in September 1982 and made available in December 1982, as part of the contract, p-System was extensively supported by Softech Microsystems, and had multiple feature upgrades offered from IBM as time went on. </p><p>When purchasing UCSD p-System for Displaywriter, the purchaser could choose between p-System Runtime, or p-System "Development System", which was the same as Runtime, but was bundled with a BASIC compiler or an additional Fortran-77, 8086 Assembly code, or PASCAL compiler. </p><p>IBM also sold a software upgrade that would provide p-System with the appropriate I/O calls for the RS232 port(s) on the Displaywriter's communications card, as well as a conversion utility, titled "B&H Exchange Utility", to convert UCSD format files to "B&H" format files, which is the file structure used on the System/23 Datamaster, System/36 and System/38. p-System did not pick up much steam on the Displaywriter, but was notably used by the USDA Rural Development as the operating system for the "Farmer Program Servicing Action System",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a custom software suite written by the Rural Development agency. </p><p>Additional programs offered by IBM for Displaywriter p-System included: "Financial Planning and Report Generating System",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was an advanced version of Reportpack that included financial modeling and easier report generation, "QUICKSTART Utility", which decreased load time of large programs,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Money-Track"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> financial tracking by <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Data_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Data Systems">Pacific Data Systems</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CP/M-86"><span id="CP.2FM-86"></span>CP/M-86</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CP/M-86"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital Research announced CP/M-86 v1.1 with BDOS 2.2 for the Displaywriter in November 1981, with orders starting to ship in Q1 1982. The release contains custom I/O calls and printer configuration menus for the Displaywriter's proprietary hardware. It is functionally equivalent to CP/M-86 for the IBM PC, but with the caveat that the limitations of the Displaywriter disk subsystem and graphics card prevent HDD support or raster/vector graphics support from being possible. That said, most CP/M-86 software is compatible. Due to the wide variety of hardware architectures that ran CP/M, most CP/M-86 software has a keyboard and CRT control code configuration menu, where the appropriate information can be entered for the Displaywriter. CP/M-86 was originally meant to be released under contract, similar to UCSD p-System, but this ultimately fell through, and the operating system was instead offered independently by Digital Research.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflective of the failed agreement, the independent product revisions were classified as "Maintenance Levels" which is an IBM internal term denoting software revisions, and is not a term used in other Digital Research products. While the internal data stream of the Displaywriter is EBCDIC, the Displaywriter was already fully capable of translating the data stream into displayable ASCII outputs as part of the features of the Textpack software. This functionality was used to run CP/M-86 in ASCII mode. The prerelease version of CP/M-86 had a manually mapped keyboard, but the production release utilized the keyboard IDs produced by the Displaywriter keyboard controller and was capable of switching between keyboard layouts within the setup menu. CCP/M-86 with BDOS 3.1 for Displaywriter also began development in Q4 1981 but was never offered as an official product. Only a prerelease build is available today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: MS-DOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MS-DOS version 1.25 was offered independently by CompuSystems out of South Carolina. Due to the limitations of MS-DOS version 1.25 and the Displaywriter hardware, the scope of applications that can be run is limited. The release is otherwise similar to MS-DOS 1.25 OEMs done for other systems of the era. The "MS-DOS Loader" written by CompuSystems ignores the Displaywriter's ROM BAT results and does its own hardware assessment when loading the operating system. Limited printer support is included through <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl-P</kbd> but DOS assumes that the printer is a tractor-fed 5218. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Complete List Of IBM Software Offerings </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>5608-AX1 </td> <td>Displaywriter Administrative Support </td> <td>Premade templates for Textpack that would aid in administrative reporting. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-AX2 </td> <td>Displaywriter Applicant Processing </td> <td>Premade templates for Textpack that would aid in applicant processing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-AX3 </td> <td>Displaywriter Personnel Reporting </td> <td>Premade templates for Textpack that would aid in administrative personnel reporting. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SR1 </td> <td>Displaywriter Asynchronous Communications </td> <td>Asynchronous communications program application for Textpack. Able to send and receive ASCII data. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SR2 </td> <td>Displaywriter Binary Synchronous Communications </td> <td>Binary synchronous communications program application for Textpack. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SR3 </td> <td>Displaywriter Magnetic Card Conversion </td> <td>Converts documents written on IBM MagCards into Displaywriter EBCDIC format and saves them to a floppy disk. Uses the 6361 card reader. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SR4 </td> <td>Displaywriter Languagepack </td> <td>Intended for use with Textpack 2 and 3. Provides spell checking in 11 languages: US English, UK English, National French, French-Canadian, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, German, Swedish, Danish, & Norwegian; and allowed creation of supplemental dictionaries for each language. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SR5 </td> <td>Displaywriter Reportpack </td> <td>Creates and manages lists of data using user-designed database entry templates. Templates which were also sold by IBM are included on this list. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SR6 </td> <td>Displaywriter Data Stream Compatibility </td> <td>3270 data stream enhancement. Emulates a 3274 control unit. Requires the 3270 adapter card PRPQ. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SR7 </td> <td>Displaywriter Languagepack 2 </td> <td>Intended for use with Textpack 4 and 6. Provides spell checking in 11 languages: US English, UK English, National French, French-Canadian, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, German, Swedish, Danish, & Norwegian; and allowed creation of supplemental dictionaries for each language. Includes support for the enhanced spell check features in Textpack 4 and 6. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SR8 </td> <td>Electronic Document Distribution - 6580 Displaywriter </td> <td>Shares Displaywriter documents with a S/370 mainframe running the DISOSS/370 application: Distributed Office Support Version 3. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SR9 </td> <td>3270 Attached Workstation - 6580 Displaywriter </td> <td>Allows the Displaywriter to emulate a 3278 terminal. Requires the 3270 adapter card PRPQ. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SRA </td> <td>Chartpack - 6580 Displaywriter </td> <td>Creates character-based charts that could be inserted into typed documents. Came with a unique print wheel to support the new characters. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-SRB </td> <td>Extended Spelling Dictionary - Legal - 6580 </td> <td>Provides spell checking for United States legal terminology. Premade supplemental dictionary. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-TR1 </td> <td>Displaywriter Textpack 1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-TR2 </td> <td>Displaywriter Textpack 2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-TR3 </td> <td>Displaywriter Textpack 3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-TR4 </td> <td>Displaywriter Textpack 4 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-TR6 </td> <td>Displaywriter Textpack 6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-TRE </td> <td>Displaywriter Textpack E </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5792-ZFB </td> <td>6580 Money-Track Demonstration </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5796-PXC </td> <td>6580 Hotel/lodging Application </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5796-PXD </td> <td>6580 Medical Fund Raising </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5796-PXE </td> <td>Displaywriter Medical Record </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5796-ZDA </td> <td>LogiCalc for Displaywriter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5796-ZDB </td> <td>LogiQuest III for Displaywriter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5796-ZFB </td> <td>6580 Money-Track </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5796-ZHR </td> <td>Displaywriter Information System for Attorneys </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5798-RNG </td> <td>Displaywriter Legal Billing </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5798-RNW </td> <td>General Donor Fund Raising - Displaywriter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5798-RNX </td> <td>Displaywriter Association Management </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5798-RNY </td> <td>Educational Fund Raising - 6580 Displaywriter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5798-RNZ </td> <td>Title Insurance - 6580 Displaywriter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5798-RPA </td> <td>6580 Data Processing Administrative Manager </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5798-RRE </td> <td>Displaywriter 3101 Device Emulation/Document Transfer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5798-RRK </td> <td>Wholesale Drug (Reportpack) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5799-BHT </td> <td>Displaywriter-3277 Device Emulation </td> <td>3277 terminal emulation that requires the 3277 emulation adapter PRPQ. Superseded by 5799-BKG in November 1983. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5799-BKG </td> <td>Displaywriter-3277 Device Emulation Document Transfer </td> <td>3277 terminal emulation which includes the capacity to transfer documents. Requires the 3277 emulation adapter PRPQ. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5799-BQW </td> <td>Displaywriter Overstrike/Underscore </td> <td>Enhancement to 5799-BKG to allow overstrike and underscore functionality during emulation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5799-MP1 </td> <td>Displaywriter Textpack 6 Multipass Equation Print </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5799-WWK </td> <td>Displaywriter Textpack 6 Multipass Print </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-MA1 </td> <td>Displaywriter UCSD p-System: UCSD Pascal Compiler </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-MA2 </td> <td>Displaywriter UCSD p-System: Fortran-77 Compiler </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-MA3 </td> <td>Displaywriter UCSD p-System: 8086 Native Code Generator </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-MS1 </td> <td>Displaywriter UCSD p-System: Runtime System </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5608-MS2 </td> <td>Displaywriter UCSD p-System: Development System </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6403-731 </td> <td>Personal Computer Attach Program </td> <td>Sold as part of the "IBM Displaywriter/Personal Computer Attach Convenience Kit" (6403-728) PRPQ for the 5150 PC. This feature program allowed document exchange between Displaywriter and personal computer and allowed the Displaywriter to create a privately accessible volume on the personal computer C: or D: drive, effectively giving the Displaywriter a fixed disk. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_&_ROS_Embedded_Programs"><span id="Hardware_.26_ROS_Embedded_Programs"></span>Hardware & ROS Embedded Programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hardware & ROS Embedded Programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Displaywriter hardware, though in some ways comparable to the <a href="/wiki/IBM_5150" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 5150">IBM 5150</a>, did not use off the shelf components, an open architecture, or third party peripherals. The electronic components bear a physical resemblance to IBM's enterprise level hardware of the era, and in fact many components have been recycled from other systems, such as certain IBM-branded chips, the monitor (which is a recolored <a href="/wiki/IBM_3101" title="IBM 3101">3101 terminal</a> CRT), or the disk drives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics_Unit">Electronics Unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electronics Unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physical layout of the system electronics unit, which is the box that the CRT mounts to, consists of a power supply on one half, and cards containing different functions slotted into a backplane with six slots, labeled A-F, that IBM referred to as the system distribution board, on the other half. The system distribution board is passive and has no logic or components of its own. Instead, each of the cards that are inserted utilize the distribution board as an extension of the system bus. The "system card", which is inserted into slot B of the distribution board, contains most of the functions that would be expected on a PC mainboard, including: clock, central processor, ROS ("Read Only Storage", aka ROM), keyboard adapter, interrupt controller and direct memory access controller. However, RAM is not part of the system card and is instead attached as a discrete card in slot E and in some cases also slot F. The disk controller is not located within the electronics unit at all and is instead located within the unit containing the floppy disk drives. Additionally, with some communications configurations, the communications adapter is also located inside the floppy drive unit. These two things necessitated the extension of the system bus outside of the electronics unit through a cable to the drive unit. There is a blue berg connector on the reverse side of the system card that facilitates this. Slot A on the distribution card will contain the communications card when it is not located in the disk unit. Slot C will contain a feature card and slot D always contains the display adapter card. </p><p>The Displaywriter contained, at the time, extensive self test features that were stored in ROS (ROM) chips on the "system card". </p><p>While proprietary, the Displaywriter hardware was meant to be configurable to tailor suit the needs of the organization ordering the machine and offered multiple configuration options and additional feature cards. Feature cards included: a 3277 emulation card, a 3274/3276 attachment card, a printer sharing card, a single external EIA modem card, a dual external EIA modem card, an X.21 communications card, a local device communications card, an enhanced Chartpack display card and a memory expansion card. Additional configuration options included a 25- or (vertically-oriented) 66-line display, one or two disk drives, 1 sided or 2 sided disk drives, a beamspring (Type A) or <a href="/wiki/Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">Model F</a> (Type B) keyboard, and RAM configurations between 128 and 448 KB. </p><p>"A basic system — consisting of a display with a typewriter-like keyboard and a logic unit, a printer and a device to record and read diskettes capable of storing more than 100 pages of average text — cost <span style="white-space: nowrap">$7,895</span> and leased for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$275</span> a month."<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic word-processing software was Textpack E, with simple <a href="/wiki/Mail_merge" title="Mail merge">mail merge</a>; Textpack 2 added support for double-sided disks, networking, spellchecking, and <a href="/wiki/Spooling" title="Spooling">print spooling</a>; Textpack 4 added automatic <a href="/wiki/Hyphenation_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphenation algorithm">hyphenation</a>, columns, and more sophisticated merging; and Textpack 6 added automatic footnoting and outlining. Other options included multilingual dictionaries, graphics, and reports.<sup id="cite_ref-dickinson19840918_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dickinson19840918-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_Sales">Reception and Sales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reception and Sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike some of IBM's other distributed solutions of this era, such as the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">System/23</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_5520" title="IBM 5520">5520</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_5280" title="IBM 5280">5280</a>, which floundered and had limited sales, the Displaywriter was initially a modest success. Tom Willmott, director of User Programs at International Data Corporation in the early 1980s, estimated that roughly 200,000 units had shipped within the first two years of the Displaywriter going on sale to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial reception of the Displaywriter was also favorable. The Textpack software, especially Textpack 4 and 6 with multitasking and macro support, had word processing features that were considered advanced at the time, and the user interface was reported as being simple to navigate. The 8" disks at the time were cheaper, less prone to data corruption, and could hold more data than the contemporaneous 320k <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>" floppies. However, the IBM Personal Computer line, which went on the market in 1981, had even better sales numbers in the same timeframe and as the PC and clone market exploded, Displaywriter sales quickly fell off to near zero in the United States by the end of 1983. According to Computerworld Magazine, one anonymous technician had installed more than 200 Displaywriter workstations between 1982 and 1983, but only a total of 11 in 1984. At that point, DisplayWrite software had been announced and introduced for the PC line, and critically, a PC cost around <span style="white-space: nowrap">$5,000</span> at the time, whereas a fully equipped Displaywriter could cost as much as <span style="white-space: nowrap">$14,000</span>. For most businesses, an IBM PC or a PC compatible was the obvious choice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DisplayWrite">DisplayWrite</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: DisplayWrite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Displaywriter's initial success, in conjunction with IBM's 1984 push to unify its office automation products, prompted IBM to develop a parallel to the Displaywriter's Textpack software for the PC line, System/36 line and S/370 line.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This software, dubbed <a href="/wiki/DisplayWrite" class="mw-redirect" title="DisplayWrite">DisplayWrite</a> (with a capital w), had improved features over the Displaywriter's Textpacks, such as ASCII file integration, ASCII file editing, and increased printer support, but retained similar menus to the Textpack software.<sup id="cite_ref-ibm.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were initially three tiers of DisplayWrite, which IBM stated were comparable to Textpack 4<sup id="cite_ref-ibm.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 6,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with the Displaywriter's withdrawal from marketing, DisplayWrite's features ultimately superseded Textpack as support for DisplayWrite continued until 2015. </p><p>There were also additional parallels of Displaywriter software released as companion software to DisplayWrite, with the "Extended Spelling Dictionary" getting a parallel release as "DisplayWrite Legal Support" and the Displaywriter Bisynchcronous Communications software getting a parallel release as "DisplayComm Binary Synchronous Communications".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DisplayComm software acted as a document unification platform between IBM PC, System/36, S/370, Displaywriter and 5520 systems and was capable of connecting a compatible system in those product lines to another compatible system in order to exchange documents either way between the two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Vol. 5, no. 49A. 5 December 1984. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Demise+of+Displaywriter%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=49A&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1984-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_computerworld_1984-12-05_18_49a%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+Displaywriter+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Dickinson, John (18 September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq3POofPsBEC&pg=PA238">"IBM Displaywriter Begets a Family of PC Software"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. Vol. 3, no. 18. Ziff Davis, Inc. pp. 238–258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=IBM+Displaywriter+Begets+a+Family+of+PC+Software&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=238-258&rft.date=1984-09-18&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq3POofPsBEC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+Displaywriter+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibm.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibm.com_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibm.com_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897/ENUS284-139&infotype=AN&subtype=CA&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&mhq=displaywriter%20textpack%203">"IBM DISPLAYWRITE SERIES FOR THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER"</a>. <i>www.ibm.com</i>. 1984-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&rft.atitle=IBM+DISPLAYWRITE+SERIES+FOR+THE+IBM+PERSONAL+COMPUTER&rft.date=1984-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Fcgi-bin%2Fssialias%3Fappname%3Dskmwww%26htmlfid%3D897%2FENUS284-139%26infotype%3DAN%26subtype%3DCA%26mhsrc%3Dibmsearch_a%26mhq%3Ddisplaywriter%2520textpack%25203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+Displaywriter+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897/ENUS284-402&infotype=AN&subtype=CA&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&mhq=displaywriter%20textpack%203">"OFFICE SYSTEMS OVERVIEW"</a>. <i>www.ibm.com</i>. 1984-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&rft.atitle=OFFICE+SYSTEMS+OVERVIEW&rft.date=1984-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Fcgi-bin%2Fssialias%3Fappname%3Dskmwww%26htmlfid%3D897%2FENUS284-402%26infotype%3DAN%26subtype%3DCA%26mhsrc%3Dibmsearch_a%26mhq%3Ddisplaywriter%2520textpack%25203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+Displaywriter+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Displaywriter_System&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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Condor">Condor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Blue_Gene" title="IBM Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(processor)" title="Cell (processor)">Cell microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">Personal Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">Selectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Design_System" title="Carbon Design System">Carbon Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloudant" title="Cloudant">Cloudant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">Cognos Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History" title="Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History">Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILOG" title="ILOG">ILOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software">Information Management Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">Mainframe operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Mashup_Center" title="IBM Mashup Center">Mashup Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Planning_Analytics" title="IBM Planning Analytics">Planning Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PureQuery" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PureQuery">PureQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Quantum_Platform" title="IBM Quantum Platform">Quantum Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Software" title="Tivoli Software">Tivoli Software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Service_Automation_Manager" title="Tivoli Service Automation Manager">Service Automation Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebSphere" title="IBM WebSphere">WebSphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apptio" title="Apptio">Apptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government" title="IBM Center for 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title="AdStar">AdStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognos" title="Cognos">Cognos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merative" title="Merative">Merative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Microelectronics" title="IBM Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Product_Center" title="IBM Product Center">Product Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Bureau_Corporation" title="Service Bureau Corporation">Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Towers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a>, Montreal, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Atlantic_Center" title="One Atlantic Center">One Atlantic Center</a>, Atlanta, GA</li></ul></li> <li>Software Labs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rome_Software_Lab" title="IBM Rome Software Lab">Rome Software Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Toronto_Software_Lab" title="IBM Toronto Software Lab">Toronto Software Lab</a></li></ul></li> <li>IBM Buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/330_North_Wabash" title="330 North Wabash">330 North Wabash</a>, Chicago, IL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Building,_Honolulu" title="IBM Building, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200_Fifth" title="1200 Fifth">Seattle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Facilities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hakozaki_Facility" title="IBM Hakozaki Facility">Hakozaki Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility" title="IBM Yamato Facility">Yamato Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hursley" title="IBM Hursley">IBM Hursley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Canada_Head_Office_Building" title="IBM Canada Head Office Building">Canada Head Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">IBM Rochester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Academy of Technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Thunder" title="IBM Deep Thunder">Deep Thunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Develothon" title="Develothon">Develothon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">Fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM%27s_The_Great_Mind_Challenge" title="IBM's The Great Mind Challenge">The Great Mind Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Technology_Center" title="Linux Technology Center">Linux Technology Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_SkillsBuild" title="IBM SkillsBuild">SkillsBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Virtual_Universe_Community" title="IBM Virtual Universe Community">Virtual Universe Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Think_conference" title="IBM Think conference">Think conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynefin_framework" title="Cynefin framework">Cynefin framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Electronic keypunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabre_(travel_reservation_system)" title="Sabre (travel reservation system)">Sabre airline reservation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Financial swaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Blue">Big Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Processing_Workload" title="Commercial Processing Workload">Commercial Processing Workload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_engineer" title="Customer engineer">Customer engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globally_integrated_enterprise" title="Globally integrated enterprise">Globally integrated enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">e-business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_(slogan)" title="Think (slogan)">Think slogan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_CEOs" title="List of IBM CEOs">CEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson</a> (1914–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (1956–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Vincent_Learson" title="T. Vincent Learson">T. Vincent Learson</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Cary" title="Frank T. Cary">Frank T. Cary</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Opel" title="John R. Opel">John R. Opel</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fellows_Akers" title="John Fellows Akers">John Fellows Akers</a> (1985–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Louis V. Gerstner Jr.</a> (1993–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Palmisano" title="Samuel J. Palmisano">Samuel J. Palmisano</a> (2002–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Rometty" title="Ginni Rometty">Ginni Rometty</a> (2012–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a> (since 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of<br />directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buberl" title="Thomas Buberl">Thomas Buberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farr_(businessman)" title="David Farr (businessman)">David Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Liveris" title="Andrew Liveris">Andrew Liveris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_E._Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha E. Pollack">Martha E. Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Swedish" title="Joseph R. Swedish">Joseph R. Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Voser" title="Peter Voser">Peter R. Voser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Atom" title="A Boy and His Atom">A Boy and His Atom</a></i></li> <li>Big Blue sports teams <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(X-League)" title="IBM Big Blue (X-League)">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(rugby_union)" title="IBM Big Blue (rugby union)">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Public_License" title="Common Public License">Common Public License</a>/<a href="/wiki/IBM_Public_License" title="IBM Public License">IBM Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_infrastructure" title="Dynamic infrastructure">Dynamic infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUIDE_International" title="GUIDE International">GUIDE International</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">International chess tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(cipher)" title="Lucifer (cipher)">Lucifer cipher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Plex" title="IBM Plex">IBM Plex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScicomP" title="ScicomP">ScicomP</a></li> <li><a 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