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<ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibn Malka al-Baghdadi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="ابن ملكا البغدادي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن ملكا البغدادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fb%C3%BClb%C9%99r%C9%99kat" title="Əbülbərəkat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əbülbərəkat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-l-Barakat" title="Abu-l-Barakat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abu-l-Barakat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ابوالبرکات بغدادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابوالبرکات بغدادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_Hibat_Allah_ibn_Malk%C4%81" title="Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Barakat_al-Baghdadi" title="Abul Barakat al-Baghdadi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abul Barakat al-Baghdadi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%91%D7%92%D7%93%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99" title="אבו אל-ברכאת אל-בגדאדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבו אל-ברכאת אל-בגדאדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Әбул-Баракат әл-Бағдади – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әбул-Баракат әл-Бағдади" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ابن ملكا البغدادى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن ملكا البغدادى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ابن ملکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن ملکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%E2%80%99l-Barakat" title="Abu’l-Barakat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abu’l-Barakat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Albaracate_Albagdadi" title="Abu Albaracate Albagdadi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abu Albaracate Albagdadi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83-%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Абу-ль-Баракат аль-Багдади – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абу-ль-Баракат аль-Багдади" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%95%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ئیبن مەلکا بەغدادی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن مەلکا بەغدادی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Абулбаракоти Бағдодӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абулбаракоти Бағдодӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eb%C3%BC%27l-Berek%C3%A2t_Ba%C4%9Fd%C3%A2d%C3%AE" title="Ebü'l-Berekât Bağdâdî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ebü'l-Berekât Bağdâdî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ابن ملکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن ملکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">12th century Iraqi Islamic philosopher, physicist and physician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Awḥad al-Zamān</i><br />(Unique One of his Time)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1080 CE<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Balad (near <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, present-day Iraq)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1164 or 1165 CE<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, present-day Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic civilization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creed</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Alarsttalih</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interest(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable idea(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">Physics of motion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">concept of time</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced by</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a><br />Abu’l Hasan Sa’id ibn Hibat Allah (teacher)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samau%CA%BCal_Al-Maghrib%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samauʼal Al-Maghribī">Samauʼal Al-Maghribī</a><br />Isaac son of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ibn_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Ibn Ezra">Abraham Ibn Ezra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو البركات هبة الله بن ملكا البغدادي</span>; c. 1080 – 1164 or 1165 CE) was an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">physician</a> and physicist of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> descent from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad, Iraq">Baghdad, Iraq</a>. Abu'l-Barakāt, an older contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, was originally known by his Hebrew birth name <b>Baruch ben Malka</b> and was given the name of <b>Nathanel</b> by his pupil <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Ezra" title="Isaac ben Ezra">Isaac ben Ezra</a> before his conversion from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> later in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His writings include the anti-Aristotelian philosophical work <i>Kitāb al-Muʿtabar</i> ("The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"); a philosophical commentary on the Kohelet; and the treatise "On the Reason Why the Stars Are Visible at Night and Hidden in Daytime". Abu'l-Barakāt was an <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> philosopher who in many respects followed <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a>, but also developed his own ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Stroumsa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stroumsa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed an explanation of the acceleration of falling bodies by the accumulation of successive increments of power with successive increments of velocity. </p><p>His thought influenced the <a href="/wiki/Illuminationist_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminationist philosophy">Illuminationist school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">classical Islamic philosophy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800_-_1400)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800 - 1400)">medieval Jewish philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Langermann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langermann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy#Medieval_Christian_philosophers" title="Christian philosophy">medieval Christian philosophers</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abu'l-Barakāt, famed as <i>Awḥad al-Zamān</i> (Unique One of his Time), was born in Balad, a town on the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> above <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> in modern-day Iraq. As a renowned physician, he served at the courts of the caliphs of Baghdad and the Seljuk sultans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirat1996131_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirat1996131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He converted to Islam later in his life. Abu'l Barakat does not refer to his conversion in his writings, and the historical sources give contradictory episodes of his conversion. According to the various reports, he converted either out of "wounded pride", fear of the personal consequences of the death of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II_of_Great_Seljuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud II of Great Seljuq">Mahmud</a>'s wife while under his care as a physician or fear of execution when he was taken prisoner in a battle between the armies of the caliph and that of the sultan. Ayala Eliyahu argues that the conversion was "probably motivated by convenience reasons".<sup id="cite_ref-Kraemer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraemer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirat1996132_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirat1996132-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isaac, the son of the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ibn_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Ibn Ezra">Abraham Ibn Ezra</a> and the son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of his pupils,<sup id="cite_ref-Kraemer_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraemer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to whom Abu'l-Barakāt, Jewish at the time, dictated a long philosophical commentary on <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, written in Arabic using the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. Isaac wrote a poem in his honour as introduction to this work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirat1996131_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirat1996131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_method">Experimental method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Experimental method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Baghdadi described an early <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> emphasizing repeated <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimentation</a>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a>, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Because of the frequency of the experience, these judgements may be regarded as certain, even without our knowing the reason [for the phenomenon]. For there is certain knowledge that the effect in question is not due to chance. It must accordingly be supposed that it is due to nature or to some modality thereof. Thus the cause qua cause, though not its species or mode of operation, is known. For experimental science is also constituted by a knowledge of the cause and by an induction based on all the data of sensation; whereby a general science is reached. ... But in the cases in which an experiment has not been completed, because of its not having been repeated in such a way that the persons, the time and the circumstances varied in everything that did not cause the determining cause, whereas this cause [remained invariable], the experiment does not prove certain knowledge, but only probably opinion."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion">Motion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Baghdadi was a follower of the scientific and philosophical teachings of <a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Ibn Sina</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Cameron_Crombie" title="Alistair Cameron Crombie">Alistair Cameron Crombie</a>, al-Baghdadi </p> <blockquote><p>proposed an explanation of the acceleration of falling bodies by the accumulation of successive increments of <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> with successive increments of velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" title="Shlomo Pines">Shlomo Pines</a>, al-Baghdadi's theory of <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a> was thus </p> <blockquote><p>the oldest negation of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion], [and is thus an] anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a> [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration].<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Al-Baghdadi's theory of motion distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> and showed that <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> is proportional to acceleration rather than velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu'l-Barakat also developed Philoponus' theory of impetus, stating that the mover imparts a violent inclination (<i>mayl qasri</i>) on the moved and that this diminishes as the moving object distances itself from the mover.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutman_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Baghdadi also suggested that motion is relative, writing that "there is motion only if the relative positions of the bodies in question change." He also stated that "each type of body has a characteristic velocity that reaches its maximum when its motion encounters no <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">resistance</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Langermann_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langermann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_and_time">Space and time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Space and time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Baghdadi criticized Aristotle's concept of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> as "the measure of motion" and instead redefines the concept with his own definition of time as "the measure of being", thus distinguishing between <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and time, and reclassifying time as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> concept rather than a physical one. The scholar Y. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzvi_Langermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzvi Langermann (page does not exist)">Tzvi Langermann</a> writes:<sup id="cite_ref-Langermann_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langermann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dissatisfied with the regnant approach, which treated time as an accident of the cosmos, al-Baghdadi drew the conclusion that time is an entity whose conception (<i>ma'qul al-zaman</i>) is a priori and almost as general as that of being, encompassing the sensible and the non-sensible, that which moves and that which is at rest. Our idea of time results not from abstraction, stripping accidents from perceived objects, but from a mental representation based on an innate idea. Al-Baghdadi stops short of offering a precise definition of time, stating only that 'were it to be said that time is the measure of being (<i>miqdar al-wujud</i>), that would be better than saying [as Aristotle does] that it is the measure of motion'. His reclassification of time as a subject for metaphysics rather than for physics represents a major conceptual shift, not a mere formalistic correction. It also breaks the traditional linkage between time and space. Concerning space, al-Baghdadi held unconventional views as well, but he did not remove its investigation from the domain of physics.</p></blockquote> <p>In his view, there is just one time which is similar for all beings, including God. Abu'l-Barakāt also regarded space as three-dimensional and infinite.<sup id="cite_ref-Marenbon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marenbon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He upheld the unity of the soul, denying that there is a distinction between it and the intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-Marenbon_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marenbon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him, the soul's awareness of itself is the definitive proof that the soul is independent of the body and will not perish with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Stroumsa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stroumsa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic psychology">Islamic psychology</a>, Langermann writes:<sup id="cite_ref-Langermann_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langermann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Al-Baghdadi's most significant departure in psychology concerns human self-awareness. Ibn Sina had raised the issue of our consciousness of our own psychic activities, but he had not fully pursued the implications for Aristotelian psychology of his approach. Al-Baghdadi took the matter much further, dispensing with the traditional psychological faculties and pressing his investigations in the direction of what we would call the unconscious.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He wrote a critique of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian physics</a> entitled <i>Kitab al-Mu'tabar</i> (the title may be translated as "The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"). According to Abu'l-Barakāt, Kitāb al-Muʿtabar consists in the main of critical remarks jotted down by him over the years while reading philosophical text, and published at the insistence of his friends, in the form of a philosophical work. The work "presented a serious philosophical alternative to, and criticism of, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-shihadeh_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shihadeh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also developed concepts which resemble several modern theories in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Langermann_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langermann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abu'l-Barakāt also wrote a short treatise on the <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a>, <i>Kitāb Ṣaḥiḥ adillat al-naql fī māhiyyat al-ʻaql</i> (<i>صحيح أدلة النقل في ماهية العقل</i>), which has been edited by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_El-Tayeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad El-Tayeb">Ahmad El-Tayeb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All that we possess in the way of medical writing by Abu'l-Barakāt are a few prescriptions for remedies. These remain in manuscript and are as yet unstudied.<sup id="cite_ref-Selin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abu'l-Barakāt's thought had a deep influence on Islamic philosophy but none on Jewish thought. His works were not translated into Hebrew,<sup id="cite_ref-Marenbon_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marenbon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he is seldom cited in Jewish philosophy, probably because of his conversion to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirat1996132_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirat1996132-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The famous theologian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> was one of Abu'l-Barakāt's eminent disciples. The influence of Al-Baghdadi's views appears especially in Al-Razi's chief work <i>Al-Mabāḥith al-Mashriqiyyah</i> (<i>Oriental Discourses</i>). Abu'l-Barakāt influenced certain conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics in medieval Islam">Physics in medieval Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman A. Stillman; Shlomo Pines. "Abū ʾl-Barakāt al-Baghdādī." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stroumsa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stroumsa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stroumsa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStroumsaA._Baumgarten1998" class="citation book cs1">Stroumsa, Sarah; A. Baumgarten; et al. (1998). "Twelfth Century Concepts of Soul and Body: The Maimonidean Controversy in Baghdad". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~stroums/files/Self_Soul_body.pdf"><i>Self, Soul and Body in Religious Experience</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brill. p. 318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twelfth+Century+Concepts+of+Soul+and+Body%3A+The+Maimonidean+Controversy+in+Baghdad&rft.btitle=Self%2C+Soul+and+Body+in+Religious+Experience&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Stroumsa&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=A.+Baumgarten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpluto.huji.ac.il%2F~stroums%2Ffiles%2FSelf_Soul_body.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langermann-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langermann_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langermann_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langermann_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langermann_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langermann_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangermann1998" class="citation cs2">Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1998), "al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/J008.htm"><i>Islamic Philosophy</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228095111/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/J008.htm">archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Baghdadi%2C+Abu+%27l-Barakat+%28fl.+c.1200-50%29&rft.btitle=Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Langermann&rft.aufirst=Y.+Tzvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fip%2Frep%2FJ008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gutman_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutman_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutman_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman2003" class="citation cs2">Gutman, Oliver (2003), <i>Pseudo-Avicenna, Liber Celi Et Mundi: A Critical Edition</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 193, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13228-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13228-7"><bdi>90-04-13228-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudo-Avicenna%2C+Liber+Celi+Et+Mundi%3A+A+Critical+Edition&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-13228-7&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESirat1996131-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirat1996131_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirat1996131_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSirat1996">Sirat 1996</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraemer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraemer_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraemer_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer2010" class="citation book cs1">Kraemer, Joel L. (2010). <i>Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds</i>. Random House of Canada. p. 485. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51200-8"><bdi>978-0-385-51200-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonides%3A+The+Life+and+World+of+One+of+Civilization%27s+Greatest+Minds&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=Random+House+of+Canada&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51200-8&rft.aulast=Kraemer&rft.aufirst=Joel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESirat1996132-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirat1996132_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirat1996132_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSirat1996">Sirat 1996</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliyahu" class="citation web cs1">Eliyahu, Ayala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/cajs/fellows11/cajs2011.html">"Taking Turns: New Perspectives on Jews & Conversion"</a>. Penn Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taking+Turns%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Jews+%26+Conversion&rft.pub=Penn+Libraries&rft.aulast=Eliyahu&rft.aufirst=Ayala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fcajs%2Ffellows11%2Fcajs2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (2002). <i>Jews of Islam</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4008-1023-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4008-1023-X"><bdi>1-4008-1023-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+of+Islam&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-4008-1023-X&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" title="Shlomo Pines">Pines, Shlomo</a> (1986), <i>Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science</i>, vol. 2, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 339, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-223-626-8" title="Special:BookSources/965-223-626-8"><bdi>965-223-626-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Arabic+versions+of+Greek+texts+and+in+mediaeval+science&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=965-223-626-8&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Cameron_Crombie" title="Alistair Cameron Crombie">Crombie, Alistair Cameron</a>, <i>Augustine to Galileo 2</i>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, Hibat Allah". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9"><bdi>0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB%2C+Hibat+Allah&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> <b>64</b> (4), p. 521-546 [528].)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" title="Shlomo Pines">Pines, Shlomo</a> (1986), <i>Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science</i>, vol. 2, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 203, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-223-626-8" title="Special:BookSources/965-223-626-8"><bdi>965-223-626-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Arabic+versions+of+Greek+texts+and+in+mediaeval+science&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=965-223-626-8&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marenbon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marenbon_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marenbon_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marenbon_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon2003" class="citation book cs1">Marenbon, John (2003). <i>Medieval philosophy</i> (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30875-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30875-5"><bdi>0-415-30875-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=76&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-30875-5&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shihadeh-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shihadeh_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShihadeh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shihadeh, Ayman (1 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0957423905000159">"From al-Ghazali to al-Razi: 6th/12th Century Developments in Muslim Philosophical Theology"</a>. <i>Arabic Sciences and Philosophy</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 141–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0957423905000159">10.1017/S0957423905000159</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabic+Sciences+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=From+al-Ghazali+to+al-Razi%3A+6th%2F12th+Century+Developments+in+Muslim+Philosophical+Theology&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-179&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0957423905000159&rft.aulast=Shihadeh&rft.aufirst=Ayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0957423905000159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Tayyib1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Tayyib, Aḥmad (1980). "Un traité d'Abū l-Barakāt al-Baġdādī sur l'intellect". <i>Annales Islamologiques</i> (in French) (16): 127–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fanisl.1980.1021">10.3406/anisl.1980.1021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Islamologiques&rft.atitle=Un+trait%C3%A9+d%27Ab%C5%AB+l-Barak%C4%81t+al-Ba%C4%A1d%C4%81d%C4%AB+sur+l%27intellect&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=127-147&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fanisl.1980.1021&rft.aulast=Al-Tayyib&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selin_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelin1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helaine_Selin" title="Helaine Selin">Selin, Helaine</a>, ed. (1997). <i>Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures</i>. Springer. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-4066-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-4066-3"><bdi>0-7923-4066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+history+of+science%2C+technology%2C+and+medicine+in+non-western+cultures&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7923-4066-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankLeaman,_Oliver1997" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Daniel H.; Leaman, Oliver (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyjewishphi00fran"><i>History of Jewish philosophy</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyjewishphi00fran/page/n89">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08064-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08064-9"><bdi>0-415-08064-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Jewish+philosophy&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-08064-9&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryjewishphi00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Marcotte, Roxanne D. (2004) La conversion tardive d'un philosophe: Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdidi (mort vers 545/1150) sur "L'Intellect et sa quiddite" (al-'Aql wa mahiyyatu-hu). Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 15 1: 201–226.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlov2003" class="citation book cs1">Pavlov, Moshe (2003). <i>Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdadi : an introduction to his metaphysics in the conception of existent being and its nexus to the notion of God</i>. Jerusalem. pp. (see F. Griffel's review <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://yale.academia.edu/FrankGriffel/Book-Reviews">https://yale.academia.edu/FrankGriffel/Book-Reviews</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abu%27l-Barakat+al-Baghdadi+%3A+an+introduction+to+his+metaphysics+in+the+conception+of+existent+being+and+its+nexus+to+the+notion+of+God&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%28see+F.+Griffel%27s+review+https%3A%2F%2Fyale.academia.edu%2FFrankGriffel%2FBook-Reviews%29&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pavlov&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" title="Shlomo Pines">Pines, Shlomo</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinabulbar00pine"><i>Studies in Abu'l-Barakāt Al-Baghdādī : physics and metaphysics</i></a></span>. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-223-332-3" title="Special:BookSources/965-223-332-3"><bdi>965-223-332-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t+Al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB+%3A+physics+and+metaphysics&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Magnes+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=965-223-332-3&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiesinabulbar00pine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pines, Shlomo (1955). <i>Nouvelles études sur Awḥad al-Zamân Abu-l-Barakât al-Baghdâdî</i> (in French). Paris: Durlacher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelles+%C3%A9tudes+sur+Aw%E1%B8%A5ad+al-Zam%C3%A2n+Abu-l-Barak%C3%A2t+al-Baghd%C3%A2d%C3%AE&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Durlacher&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirat1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colette_Sirat" title="Colette Sirat">Sirat, Colette</a> (1996). "Judah Halevi and Abu-l-Barakāt". <i>A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages</i> (Reprinted ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39727-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39727-8"><bdi>0-521-39727-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judah+Halevi+and+Abu-l-Barak%C4%81t&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Jewish+Philosophy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-39727-8&rft.aulast=Sirat&rft.aufirst=Colette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbū_Rayyān1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abū Rayyān, Muḥammad ʻAlī (1973). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī". <i>Tārīkh al-fikr al-falsafī fī al-Islām (تاريخ الفكر الفلسفي في الاسلام)</i> (in Arabic). Alexandria: Dār al-Jāmiʻāt al-Miṣrīyah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft.btitle=T%C4%81r%C4%ABkh+al-fikr+al-falsaf%C4%AB+f%C4%AB+al-Isl%C4%81m+%28%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%29&rft.place=Alexandria&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-J%C4%81mi%CA%BB%C4%81t+al-Mi%E1%B9%A3r%C4%AByah&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Ab%C5%AB+Rayy%C4%81n&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbū_Saʻdah1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abū Saʻdah, Muḥammad (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/97_alwujud.w.alkhulud.fi.falsafah"><i>Al-Wujūd wa-al-khulūd fī falsafat Abī al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī (الوجود والخلود في فلسفة أبي البركات البغدادي)</i></a> (in Arabic). Cairo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-00-5604-9" title="Special:BookSources/977-00-5604-9"><bdi>977-00-5604-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Wuj%C5%ABd+wa-al-khul%C5%ABd+f%C4%AB+falsafat+Ab%C4%AB+al-Barak%C4%81t+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%29&rft.place=Cairo&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=977-00-5604-9&rft.aulast=Ab%C5%AB+Sa%CA%BBdah&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F97_alwujud.w.alkhulud.fi.falsafah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Baghdadi1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Baghdadi, Abu al-Barakat (1939). S. Yaltkaya (ed.). <i>Al-Mu'tabar fi al-Hikmah (3 vols)</i> (in Arabic). Haydarabad: Jam‘iyyat Da’irat al-Ma‘arif al-‘Uthmaniyya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Mu%27tabar+fi+al-Hikmah+%283+vols%29&rft.place=Haydarabad&rft.pub=Jam%E2%80%98iyyat+Da%E2%80%99irat+al-Ma%E2%80%98arif+al-%E2%80%98Uthmaniyya&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Al-Baghdadi&rft.aufirst=Abu+al-Barakat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hasan, Sabri 'Uthman Muhammad (1982). <bdi lang="ar">الفلسفة الطبيعية والالهية عند ابى البركات البغدادى</bdi> (in Arabic). Cairo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89&rft.place=Cairo&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Sabri+%27Uthman+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuwaydī" class="citation book cs1">Huwaydī, Yaḥyá. <i>نقد أبي البركات البغدادي لنظرية (ابن سينا في النفس والعقل)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%28%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%29&rft.aulast=Huwayd%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ya%E1%B8%A5y%C3%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuṭf1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luṭf, Sāmī Naṣr (1977). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī". <i>Namādhij min falsafat al-Islāmīyīn (نماذج من فلسفة الإسلاميين)</i> (in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Saʻīd Raʼfat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Nam%C4%81dhij+min+falsafat+al-Isl%C4%81m%C4%ABy%C4%ABn+%28%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%AC+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86%29&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Maktabat+Sa%CA%BB%C4%ABd+Ra%CA%BCfat&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lu%E1%B9%ADf&rft.aufirst=S%C4%81m%C4%AB+Na%E1%B9%A3r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalim2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Salim, Ahmad ibn Ahmad (2005). <bdi lang="ar">مشكلة قدم العالم وحدوثة عند ابى البركات البغدادى وفخر الدين الرازى</bdi> (in Arabic). Asyut, Egypt: Assiut University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A9+%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89+%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%89&rft.place=Asyut%2C+Egypt&rft.pub=Assiut+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Salim&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+ibn+Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharaf1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sharaf, Muḥammad Jalāl Abū al-Futūḥ (1972). <i>al-Madhhab al-ishrāqī bayna al-falsafah wa-al-dīn fī al-fikr al-Islāmī (المذهب الاشراقي بين الفلسفة والدين في الفكر الاسلامي)</i> (in Arabic). Egypt: Dār al-Maʻārif.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Madhhab+al-ishr%C4%81q%C4%AB+bayna+al-falsafah+wa-al-d%C4%ABn+f%C4%AB+al-fikr+al-Isl%C4%81m%C4%AB+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%29&rft.place=Egypt&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-Ma%CA%BB%C4%81rif&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sharaf&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Jal%C4%81l+Ab%C5%AB+al-Fut%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSīdbī1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sīdbī, Jamāl Rajab (1996). <i>Abū al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī wa-falsafatuhu al-Ilāhīyah : dirāsah li-mawqifihi al-naqdī min falsafat Ibn Sīnā (أبو البركات البغدادي وفلسفته الإلهية : دراسة لموقفه النقدي من فلسفة ابن سينا)</i> (in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ab%C5%AB+al-Barak%C4%81t+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB+wa-falsafatuhu+al-Il%C4%81h%C4%AByah+%3A+dir%C4%81sah+li-mawqifihi+al-naqd%C4%AB+min+falsafat+Ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81+%28%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%29&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Maktabat+Wahbah&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=S%C4%ABdb%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Jam%C4%81l+Rajab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬayyib2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_El-Tayeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad El-Tayeb">Ṭayyib, Aḥmad</a> (2004). <i>Al-Jānib al-naqdī fī falsafat Abī al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī (الجانب النقدي في فلسفة أبي البركات البغدادي)</i> (in Arabic). Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-J%C4%81nib+al-naqd%C4%AB+f%C4%AB+falsafat+Ab%C4%AB+al-Barak%C4%81t+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%29&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-Shur%C5%ABq&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACayyib&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Malka+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-barakat-al-bagdadi-awhad-al-zaman-hebatallah-b">ABU’L-BARAKĀT BAḠDĀDĪ</a> entry in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118032532/http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=948">Abu ‘l-Barakat al-Baghdadi: Outline of a Non-Aristotelian Natural Philosophy</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900026.html">"Abu’l-Barakāt Al-Baghdādī, Hibat Allah."</a> Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2011 from <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QYQ/is_2_5/ai_n21119040">Ibn Sina and Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi on the origination of the soul and the invalidation of its transmigration</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Islamic_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(theology)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'<i>Aql</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(intellect)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">medieval astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam"><i>Kalam</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dialectic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Natural philosophy <span style="font-size:85%;">(physics)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa"><i>Madrasah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(education)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism <span style="font-size:85%;">(mysticism)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">ʻAṣabīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Ḥāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">Iʻjaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ʼIjtihād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʻIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">ʻIrfān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shūrā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophers_by_century_(CE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Philosophers</a> by century (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th–10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Apharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Ibn Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmany%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanyār">Bahmanyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_Evren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi Evren">Ahi Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja_Akhmet_Yassawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoja Akhmet Yassawi">Ahmad Yasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hajji Bektash Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī">al-Abharī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th–16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Hajji Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaladdin_Davani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaladdin Davani">Jalaladdin Davani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_ad-Din_Dashtaki" title="Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki">Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hudayi">Aziz Mahmud Hudayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Mir_Husayn_al-Maybudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi">Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shabestari" title="Mahmoud Shabestari">Mahmud Shabistari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daw%C5%ABd_al-Qay%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%AB" title="Dawūd al-Qayṣarī">Dawūd al-Qayṣarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th–19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Fendereski" title="Mir Fendereski">Mir Fendereski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fayz_Kashani" title="Mohsen Fayz Kashani">Mohsen Fayz Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Lahiji" title="Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji">Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Rajab Ali Tabrizi">Rajab Ali Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Sa%E2%80%99id_Qumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Sa’id Qumi">Qazi Sa’id Qumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Sabzavari" title="Hadi Sabzavari">Hādī Sabzavārī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi" title="Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi">Gohar Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas">Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Ebrahimi_Dinani" title="Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani">Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdurrahman" title="Taha Abdurrahman">Taha Abdurrahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri" title="Mohammed Abed al-Jabri">Mohammed Abed al-Jabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Zakariyya" title="Fouad Zakariyya">Fouad Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari_Ardakani" title="Reza Davari Ardakani">Reza Davari Ardakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Malekian" title="Mostafa Malekian">Mostafa Malekian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hassanzadeh_Amoli" title="Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli">Hasanzadeh Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Javadi-Amoli">Javadi Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Partawi Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_philosophers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template talk:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_philosophers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_medicine" title="Template:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_medicine" title="Template talk:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Islamic medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Physicians_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Physicians of the medieval Islamic world">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafsa_Yazid" title="Abu Hafsa Yazid">Abu Hafsa Yazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Kalada" title="Al-Harith ibn Kalada">Al-Harith ibn Kalada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Ramtha_al-Tamimi" title="Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi">Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Uthal" title="Ibn Uthal">Ibn Uthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masarjawaih" title="Masarjawaih">Masarjawaih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Harith" title="Nafi ibn al-Harith">Nafi ibn al-Harith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufaida_Al-Aslamia" title="Rufaida Al-Aslamia">Rufaida Al-Aslamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_al-Awadiya" title="Zaynab al-Awadiya">Zaynab al-Awadiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'ar al-Sadiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhawi" title="Al-Ruhawi">Al-Ruhawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albubather" title="Albubather">Albubather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Hunayn" title="Ishaq ibn Hunayn">Ishaq ibn Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabril_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Jabril ibn Bukhtishu">Jabril ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masawaiyh" title="Masawaiyh">Masawaiyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmawaih_ibn_Bunan" title="Salmawaih ibn Bunan">Salmawaih ibn Bunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_ibn_Sahl" title="Shapur ibn Sahl">Shapur ibn Sahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sarafyun" title="Yahya ibn Sarafyun">Yahya ibn Sarafyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhanna_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu">Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Khuri" title="Yusuf al-Khuri">Yusuf al-Khuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi" title="'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi">'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aayon_Ibn_Aayon" title="Aayon Ibn Aayon">Aayon Ibn Aayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Rabee_Ibn_Ahmad_Al-Akhawyni_Bokhari" title="Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari">Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sahl_%27Isa_ibn_Yahya_al-Masihi" title="Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi">Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Tabari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari">Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_Muqane%27i" title="Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i">Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_ul-Ala_Shirazi" title="Abu ul-Ala Shirazi">Abu ul-Ala Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kashkari" title="Al-Kashkari">Al-Kaŝkarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Natili" title="Al-Natili">Al-Natili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamimi,_the_physician" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tamimi, the physician">Al-Tamimi, the physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Ash%CA%BFath" title="Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath">Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juljul" title="Ibn Juljul">Ibn Juljul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazzar" title="Ibn al-Jazzar">Ibn al-Jazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Baks" title="Ibrahim ibn Baks">Ibrahim ibn Baks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Abdun_al-Jabali" title="Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali">Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Muvaffak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumri" title="Qumri">Qumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusta_ibn_Luqa" title="Qusta ibn Luqa">Qusta ibn Luqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_ibn_Bukhtishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu">Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hakam_al-Kirmani" title="Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani">Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Kahhal" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal">Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ridwan" title="Ali ibn Ridwan">Ali ibn Ridwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf_al-Ilaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi">Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Mawsili" title="Ammar al-Mawsili">Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badi%27_al-Asturlabi" title="Al-Badi' al-Asturlabi">Badi' al-Asturlabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Sadiq" title="Ibn Abi Sadiq">Ibn Abi Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Thahabi" title="Ibn Al-Thahabi">Ibn Al-Thahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Butlan" title="Ibn Butlan">Ibn Butlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hindu" title="Ibn Hindu">Ibn Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jazla" title="Ibn Jazla">Ibn Jazla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kattani" title="Ibn al-Kattani">Ibn al-Kattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wafid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masawaih_al-Mardini" title="Masawaih al-Mardini">Masawaih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jafar_ibn_Harun_al-Turjali" title="Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali">Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Bayan_ibn_al-Mudawwar" title="Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar">Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Majd_ibn_Abi_al-Hakam" title="Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam">Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Farrokh" title="Ahmad ibn Farrokh">Ahmad ibn Farrokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Habal" title="Ibn Habal">Ibn Habal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jumay%CA%BF" title="Ibn Jumayʿ">Ibn Jumay‘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Ibn Zuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Tilmidh" title="Ibn al-Tilmidh">Ibn al-Tilmīdh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Moshe ben Maimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Aslam_Al-Ghafiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi">Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapion_the_Younger" title="Serapion the Younger">Serapion the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Ishaq_al-Israili" title="Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili">Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Din_Gorgani" title="Zayn al-Din Gorgani">Zayn al-Din Gorgani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maimonides" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dakhwar" title="Al-Dakhwar">Al-Dakhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrazuri" title="Al-Shahrazuri">Al-Shahrazuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Din_Rashid_al-Din_Vatvat" title="Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat">Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwaydi_(physician)" title="As-Suwaydi (physician)">As-Suwaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27ud_Abu_al-Fadl" title="Da'ud Abu al-Fadl">Da'ud Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussam_al-Din_al-Jarrahi" title="Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi">Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Ibn Abi Usaibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumlus" title="Ibn Tumlus">Ibn Tumlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Baitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Quff" title="Ibn al-Quff">Ibn al-Quff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Raqqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Raqqam">Ibn al‐Raqqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Din_Samarqandi" title="Najib ad-Din Samarqandi">Najib ad-Din Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_al-Suri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun al-Suri">Rashidun al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_al-Dawla" title="Sa'ad al-Dawla">Sa'ad al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nagawri" title="Al-Nagawri">Al-Nagawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqsara%27i" title="Aqsara'i">Aqsara'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shuayb" title="Ibn Shuayb">Ibn Shuayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Akfani" title="Ibn al-Akfani">Ibn al-Akfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaghmini" title="Jaghmini">Jaghmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Ilyas" title="Mansur ibn Ilyas">Mansur ibn Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%CA%BDud_ibn_Muhammad_Sijzi" title="Masʽud ibn Muhammad Sijzi">Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Mahmud_Amuli" title="Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli">Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Mahmud_ibn_Ilyas_al-Shirazi" title="Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi">Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhshabi" title="Nakhshabi">Nakhshabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadid_al-Din_al-Kazaruni" title="Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni">Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Ismail_al-Kutubi" title="Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi">Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn-e-Attar" title="Zayn-e-Attar">Zayn-e-Attar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Afif" title="Abu Sa'id al-Afif">Abu Sa'id al-Afif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan-ud-din_Kermani" title="Burhan-ud-din Kermani">Burhan-ud-din Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayni_Isfahani" title="Husayni Isfahani">Husayni Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Astarabadi" title="Muhammad Ali Astarabadi">Muhammad Ali Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_al-Harawi" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi">Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurbakhshi" title="Nurbakhshi">Nurbakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Muhammad_ibn_Thaleb" title="Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb">Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncuo%C4%9Flu_%C5%9Eerafeddin" title="Sabuncuoğlu Şerafeddin">Şerafeddin Kadir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Gorgani" title="Rostam Gorgani">Rostam Gorgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BDImad_Shirazi" title="ʽImad Shirazi">ʽImad Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Qasim_ibn_Mohammed_al-Ghassani" title="Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani">Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Antaki" title="Dawud al-Antaki">Dawud al-Antaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim-e-Gilani" title="Hakim-e-Gilani">Hakim-e-Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ali_Khorasani" title="Sultan Ali Khorasani">Sultan Ali Khorasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiwam_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Hasani" title="Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani">Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_El_Razzaq_Al-Jaza%C3%AFri" title="Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri">Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurayshi_al-Shirazi" title="Qurayshi al-Shirazi">Qurayshi al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunakabuni" title="Tunakabuni">Tunakabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsud-Ali_Tabrizi" title="Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi">Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khurasani_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi">Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Medical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah" title="Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah">Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_Charts_of_the_Arabs" title="Anatomy Charts of the Arabs">Anatomy Charts of the Arabs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Ten_Treatises_of_the_Eye" title="Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye">Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Gradibus" title="De Gradibus">De Gradibus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Tasrif" title="Al-Tasrif">Al-Tasrif</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakhireye_Khwarazmshahi" title="Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi">Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_al-Tabib" title="Adab al-Tabib">Adab al-Tabib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamel_al-Sanaat_al-Tibbyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya">Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawi" title="Al-Hawi">Al-Hawi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Anatomy_in_Avicenna%27s_Canon" title="Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon">Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Lives of the Physicians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Adudi_Hospital" title="Al-'Adudi Hospital">Al-'Adudi Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimarestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan" title="Nur al-Din Bimaristan">Nur al-Din Bimaristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient Iranian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences" title="Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences">Ibn Sina Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_medicine" title="Learned medicine">Learned medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medical Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2637918#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2637918#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2637918#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107732309">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57018301">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1803198/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/103110240">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87928938">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p126240744">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpjzpt3hgq1fl">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302043005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15393472?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:abu-al-barakat.">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd103110240.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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