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class="mw-page-title-main">Catacomb Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katakombe" title="Gereja Katakombe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E7%B3%BB%E8%AB%B8%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="カタコンベ系諸正教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタコンベ系諸正教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_das_Catacumbas" title="Igreja das Catacumbas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja das Catacumbas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Катакомбная церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катакомбная церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Катакомбна црква – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катакомбна црква" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombkyrkan" title="Katakombkyrkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katakombkyrkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Катакомбна церква – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катакомбна церква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3585938#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Illegal Russian Orthodox communities after the 1920s</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the broader True Orthodox movement, see <a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a>. For Christians worshipping or hiding in the catacombs of Rome during persecutions, see <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome § Christian catacombs</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Catacomb Church</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Катакомбная церковь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Katakombnaya tserkov'</i></span>) as a collective name labels those representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodox</a> clergy, <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>, communities, <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">brotherhoods</a>, etc., who for various reasons, moved to an illegal position from the 1920s onwards. In a narrow sense, the term "catacomb church" means not just illegal communities, but communities that rejected subordination to the acting patriarchal <i><a href="/wiki/Locum_tenens" class="mw-redirect" title="Locum tenens">locum tenens</a></i> Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Sergius_(Stragorodsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergius (Stragorodsky)">Sergius (Stragorodsky)</a> after 1927, and that adopted <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet">anti-Soviet</a> positions. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> of 1947-1991 the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a> (the ROCOR) popularized the term in the latter sense, first within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a>, and then in the USSR (by sending illegal literature there).<sup id="cite_ref-Beglov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beglov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression "<a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox church</a>" (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">истинно-православная церковь</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">istinno-pravoslavnaya tserkov</i></span>) is synonymous with this latter, narrower sense of "catacomb church".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Shkarovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Shkarovsky (page does not exist)">Mikhail Shkarovsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шкаровский, Михаил Витальевич">ru</a>]</span> argues that "the catacombness of the Church does not necessarily mean its intransigence. This term covers all unofficial and therefore not state-controlled church activities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEШкаровский1999247_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEШкаровский1999247-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organizationally, the Catacomb Church communities were usually not interconnected.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unofficial Muslim, Catholic, Protestant, Judaic and Uniate groups in the Soviet Union also engaged in similar Catacomb-like activity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1990s some (though not all) Catacomb Church groups began emerge from the "underground" and to affiliate with various more-mainstream Orthodox bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacomb_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The death of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Tikhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Tikhon">Patriarch Tikhon</a>, the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church in April 1925 led to unrest among the followers of the church. Tikhon's designated successors were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_authority" title="Civil authority">civil authorities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sergius_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Sergius of Moscow">Metropolitan Sergius</a> became the Acting patriarchal <i><a href="/wiki/Locum_tenens" class="mw-redirect" title="Locum tenens">locum tenens</a></i> of the Moscow Patriarchate. Sergius issued <a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Metropolitan_Sergius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of Metropolitan Sergius (page does not exist)">a declaration in 1927</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Декларация митрополита Сергия">ru</a>]</span> calling all members of the Russian Orthodox Church to profess loyalty towards the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet government">Soviet government</a>. The declaration sparked division among the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>, which led to the formation of the Russian True Orthodox Church, or Catacomb Church, a group of which was the <a href="/wiki/Josephite_movement" title="Josephite movement">Josephite movement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Opposition to Sergius' declaration was based not only on his <a href="/wiki/Concession_(politics)" title="Concession (politics)">political concessions</a>, but also on <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">canonical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">theological</a> disagreements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacomb_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest documented use of the word "catacombs" to describe the Russian realities of the 20th century is found in the letters of abbess Athanasia (Gromeko) to Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Eulogius_(Georgievsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogius (Georgievsky)">Eulogius (Georgievsky)</a>, written in 1923 from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a>. After the nuns were expelled from their church building by the <a href="/wiki/Renovationists" class="mw-redirect" title="Renovationists">Renovationists</a>, the community did not disband, but continued its existence as a convent in a private home. In two of the four surviving letters, abbess Athanasia uses the expressions "my catacombs" and "my secret catacomb church" several times. It can be seen from the context that this is how she designates her <a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house church</a>, contrasting her "catacombs" with the officially functioning church of the Renovationists.<sup id="cite_ref-Beglov_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beglov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the expressions "<a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a>" and "catacomb church" in relation to the 1920s–1930s realities showed a certain educational and cultural level of those who used these concepts. This is because people who called their existence "catacomb" compared it with the life of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs" title="Catacombs of Rome">allegedly secretly gathered</a> during the persecution to hold religious ceremonies in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">catacombs of Rome</a>. So, the persecutions that befell the Church under Soviet rule were likened to the persecutions of the first centuries of Christianity. According to historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Beglov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexey Beglov (page does not exist)">Alexey Beglov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Беглов, Алексей Львович">ru</a>]</span>, the term "catacombs" and its derivatives were a local <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd/Leningrad</a> neologism, where there were many active church intellectuals who could appreciate the diversity of meanings associated with this word.<sup id="cite_ref-Beglov_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beglov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in the 1920s and 1930s, the term "catacomb church" was not widely used; other expressions were used more often. In letters sent during 1923 to the Commission for Religious Cults under the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Asia">Middle Asia</a>, and later from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_Region" title="Central Black Earth Region">Central Black Earth Region</a>, there were references to "Old Orthodox" and "True Orthodox Christians" who opposed themselves to the Renovationists. In these documents, it is not the legal position of the parish that comes to the fore, but its attitude to the <a href="/wiki/Renovationism" title="Renovationism">Renovationist</a> Higher Church Administration and attitude to the "<a href="/wiki/Living_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Church">Living Church</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Beglov_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beglov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, opponents of the Renovationists used the self-designation "<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Tikhon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow">Tikhonites</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Catacomb Church" began to be actively used in the works of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Andreyev_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Andreyev (writer) (page does not exist)">Ivan Andreyev</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Андреевский, Иван Михайлович">ru</a>]</span>, a figure of the <a href="/wiki/Josephite_movement" title="Josephite movement">Josephite movement</a> who fled to Western Europe in 1944, under the influence of whose works this term became widespread in emigrant periodicals. Other emigrants of the second wave of Russian emigration noted the purely foreign nature of the expression "catacomb church".<sup id="cite_ref-Beglov_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beglov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its resumption in 1947, the magazine <i>Orthodox Russia</i> had been running the column "And the Light Shines in Darkness" with the subtitle "Soviet Catacombs of the Spirit", in which everything related to the everyday side of the underground Soviet church life was published. The catacomb church was described as the only force opposing the godless regime.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the works of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a> (ROCOR) authors, the typical image of the catacomb church was formed: ecclesiastical and political opposition to the leadership of the Moscow Patriarchate, illegality from the point of view of Soviet legislation, and consistent anti-Soviet sentiments of its members. Such "catacombists" were perceived as a staunch fighter against the regime. In this form, the expression "catacomb church" became an instrument of ideological polemics used by the ROCOR. According to the ideologists of the ROCOR, the powerful underground church in the USSR which was in opposition to the Moscow Patriarchate proved the illegitimacy of the official hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Beglov_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beglov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In journalism, this term has passed into the official documents of the ROCOR. The ROCOR <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">Bishops</a>' Council of 1956 declared that only "the Catacomb Church has preserved purity and fidelity to the spirit of the ancient Apostolic Church" and enjoys "respect among the people."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 14, 1971, the ROCOR Bishops' Council officially adopted a resolution, which implied that the ROCOR was in communion with the "Catacomb Church", but not with the Moscow Patriarchate.<sup id="cite_ref-Psarev2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psarev2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was criticized by people who directly knew church life in the USSR. Archpriest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Vinogradov_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasily Vinogradov (priest) (page does not exist)">Vasily Vinogradov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)" class="extiw" title="ru:Виноградов, Василий Петрович (священнослужитель)">ru</a>]</span>, who fled the USSR and served 6 years in Soviet camps, noted that Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_(Gribanovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius (Gribanovsky)">Anastasius (Gribanovsky)</a>, who headed the ROCOR, and the hierarchs subordinated to him, wanted to live in a myth about the supposedly numerous catacomb Church that existed in Russia, and considered them as doing <a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a>. Another refugee from the USSR, Natalia Kiter, a spiritual writer and an active participant in the church life and the underground <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox brotherhoods">Orthodox brotherhoods</a> in Leningrad until 1941, complained to Metropolitan Anastasius that <i>Orthodox Russia</i> was distorting her articles about ascetics and martyrs among the clergy of the Moscow Patriarchate. She said that <i>Orthodox Russia</i> changed her articles to state that those member of the Moscow Patriarchate were catacombists rejecting the Moscow Patriarchate. In response to her protests, the editorial board of <i>Orthodox Russia</i> replied: "The truth is extremely harmful for the cause of the church in America."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Solzhenitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Solzhenitsyn">Alexander Solzhenitsyn</a>, who was exiled from the USSR, addressed an open letter to the participants of the 3rd All-Diaspora Council of the Russian Orthodox Church organised by the ROCOR, where, among other things, he criticized the "pious dream" of the existence of the "sinless – but also bodiless – catacomb" (о «сколь безгрешной, столь и бестелесной катакомбе»). He also stated that the Catacomb Church should not replace the "real Russian Orthodox people" in the eyes of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a>. Solzhenitsyn wrote that the Catacomb Church as a whole is more a myth than a reality, that secret communities took place only because of the lack of functioning churches. He claims that after the weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> dictatorship and the opening of churches, the problem of underground parishes has practically disappeared, and that most Eastern Orthodox Christians, including former Catacomb Church members, were using the official churches of the Moscow Patriarchate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020122_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appeal of Alexander Solzhenitsyn caused a heated debate, revealing the opposing positions of the disputants. Some completely denied the existence of the Catacomb Church, while others sought to prove the opposite and thereby justify their own position which was irreconcilable with the respect due to the official Church in the USSR (the Moscow Patriarchate).<sup id="cite_ref-Beglov_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beglov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solzhenitsyn's opinion was not met with sympathy by the leadership of the ROCOR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020125_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020125-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, First Hierarch of ROCOR Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Philaret_(Voznesensky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philaret (Voznesensky)">Philaret (Voznesensky)</a> wrote to Solzhenitsyn that not only priests, but also bishops were part of the Catacomb Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020126-127_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020126-127-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, through illegal literature published abroad, and then through <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a>, the concepts of "catacombs" and "catacomb church" returned to the USSR. After that, some authors in the USSR used the word "catacomb" to designate ecclesiastical opposition to the Moscow Patriarchate, while others used it as a technical term as a synonym for the epithet "illegal" from the point of view of Soviet legislation. Since the second half of the 1980s, in connection with the policy of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>, the concept of "catacombs" has returned to journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Beglov_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beglov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacomb_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Beglov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beglov_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beglov_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beglov_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beglov_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beglov_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beglov_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beglov_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beglov_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Беглов А. Л.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sergievhram.ru/men-readings/men-readings-2006/beglov/">Понятие «катакомбная церковь»: мифы и реальность</a> // Меневские чтения. 2006. Научная конференция «Церковная жизнь XX века: протоиерей Александр Мень и его духовные наставники». — Сергиев Посад, 2007. — С. 51-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (2017-09-01) [1999]. "True Orthodox church". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584"><i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 498–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405166584">10.1002/9781405166584</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=True+Orthodox+church&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=498-9&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEШкаровский1999247-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEШкаровский1999247_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFШкаровский1999">Шкаровский 1999</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>В. Г. Пидгайко</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravenc.ru/text/675029.html">ИСТИННО ПРАВОСЛАВНЫЕ ХРИСТИАНЕ</a> // Православная энциклопедия. — М. : Церковно-научный центр «Православная энциклопедия», 2011. — Т. XXVII. — С. 704-716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБеглов2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Беглов, А. Л. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravenc.ru/text/1681351.html">"КАТАКОМБНОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ"</a> [Catacomb movement]. <i>Православная энциклопедия</i> (in Russian). Vol. 31. Moscow: Церковно-научный центр «Православная Энциклопедия». pp. 643–650<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>В регионах традиц. распространения ислама действовало значительное количество незарегистрированных мусульм. общин, евр. население имело подпольные иудейские центры. Своя история существования в подполье была у католич. Церкви, баптистов и др. протестант. деноминаций, различных религ. объединений, не признаваемых властями. Однако термин «катакомбное движение» получил распространение в публицистической, в мемуарной и отчасти в исторической лит-ре только применительно к РПЦ (включая близкие к ней по традиции религ. группы).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95+%D0%94%D0%92%D0%98%D0%96%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=643-650&rft.pub=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%C2%AB%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%C2%BB&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.+%D0%9B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravenc.ru%2Ftext%2F1681351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidorov2001" class="citation book cs1">Sidorov, Dmitri (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6037DwAAQBAJ"><i>Orthodoxy and Difference: Essays on the Geography of Russian Orthodox Church(es) in the 20th Century</i></a>. Princeton Theological Monograph Series, volume 46. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 145, 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781725242272" title="Special:BookSources/9781725242272"><bdi>9781725242272</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...] the Foreign Church lost some of its Catacomb communities in Russia. In 1993 the Catacomb Church broke this affiliation in protest against the Foreign Church's acceptance of former priests of the ROCh [...]. [...] There are several Catacomb communities in Moscow. After being denied access to property, many again returned to a semi-underground status, functioning out of the homes of believers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+Difference%3A+Essays+on+the+Geography+of+Russian+Orthodox+Church%28es%29+in+the+20th+Century&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.series=Princeton+Theological+Monograph+Series%2C+volume+46&rft.pages=145%2C+183&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=9781725242272&rft.aulast=Sidorov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6037DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМазырин2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Мазырин, Александр (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/svyatoy-patriarh-tihon-i-obnovlencheskiy-raskol-sovmestimost-nesovmestimogo"><bdi lang="ru">Святой Патриарх Тихон и обновленческий раскол: совместимость несовместимого</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="ru">Христианское Чтение</bdi> (in Russian) (3). Христианское чтение: 275–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24411%2F1814-5574-2018-10073">10.24411/1814-5574-2018-10073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85+%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%3A+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=275-283&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24411%2F1814-5574-2018-10073&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fsvyatoy-patriarh-tihon-i-obnovlencheskiy-raskol-sovmestimost-nesovmestimogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЕфимова-Залекер2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Ефимова-Залекер, Екатерина (2017). <bdi lang="ru">Устная и письменная словесность Русской православной церкви заграницей</bdi>. Флинта. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9765-3504-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9765-3504-6"><bdi>978-5-9765-3504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-9765-3504-6&rft.aulast=%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80&rft.aufirst=%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКострюков_А._А.2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Кострюков А. А. (2015). <bdi lang="ru">Русская Зарубежная Церковь в 1939—1964 гг. Административное устройство и отношения с Церковью в Отечестве</bdi>. М.: ПСТГУ. pp. 291–292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7429-0931-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7429-0931-6"><bdi>978-5-7429-0931-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%B2+1939%E2%80%941964+%D0%B3%D0%B3.+%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D0%B2+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=291-292&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%93%D0%A3&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-5-7429-0931-6&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90.+%D0%90.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psarev2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Psarev2018_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">диакон Андрей Псарев <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.bogoslov.ru/text/5682965.html">Стремясь к единству: экклезиология РПЦЗ в отношении Московского Патриархата (1927—2007 гг.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904220306/http://archive.bogoslov.ru/text/5682965.html">Archived</a> 2019-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogoslov.ru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogoslov.ru (page does not exist)">bogoslov.ru</a>, 24 января 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Кашеваров А. Н.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bogoslov.ru/article/4847071">«Православная Русь» — «церковно-общественный орган» Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей</a> // <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogoslov.ru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogoslov.ru (page does not exist)">bogoslov.ru</a>, 10 февраля 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020122-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020122_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКострюков2020">Кострюков 2020</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rocorstudies.org/2012/12/12/letter-to-the-third-council-of-the-russian-orthodox-church-abroad/">"Letter to the Third Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad - ROCOR Studies"</a>. rocorstudies.org. 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+Third+Council+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Abroad+-+ROCOR+Studies&rft.pub=rocorstudies.org&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocorstudies.org%2F2012%2F12%2F12%2Fletter-to-the-third-council-of-the-russian-orthodox-church-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020125-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020125_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКострюков2020">Кострюков 2020</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020126-127-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКострюков2020126-127_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКострюков2020">Кострюков 2020</a>, p. 126-127.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacomb_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/cat_intro.aspx">"Introduction to <i>Russia's Catacomb Saints</i>"</a>. <i>Orthodox Christian Information Center</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christian+Information+Center&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Russia%27s+Catacomb+Saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxinfo.com%2Fecumenism%2Fcat_intro.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШкаровский1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Шкаровский, Михаил (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/books/original/18928-Русская-Православная-Церковь-при-Сталине-и-Хрущеве-(Государственно-церковные-отношения-в-СССР-в-1939-1964-годах).pdf"><bdi lang="ru">Русская Православная Церковь при Сталине и Хрущеве</bdi></a> [<i>The Russian Orthodox Church under Stalin and Khrushchev</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Moscow: Крутицкое Патриаршее Подворье, Общество любителей церковной истории.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%2C+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazbyka.ru%2Fotechnik%2Fbooks%2Foriginal%2F18928-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B8-%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5-%28%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0-%D0%B2-1939-1964-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБеглов2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Беглов, Алексей (2008). <bdi lang="ru">В поисках «безгрешных катакомб». Церковное подполье в СССР</bdi> [<i>In search of "sinless catacombs". The Church underground in the USSR</i>]. Moscow: Издательский Совет Русской Православной Церкви, «Арефа». <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-94625-303-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-94625-303-1"><bdi>978-5-94625-303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85+%C2%AB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%C2%BB.+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%2C+%C2%AB%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-5-94625-303-1&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamKantor2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Loren_Graham" title="Loren Graham">Graham, Loren</a>; Kantor, Jean-Michel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QX5Fj6DWEqIC&q=catacomb+church&pg=PA133"><i>Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 133–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05391-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05391-5"><bdi>978-0-674-05391-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+Infinity%3A+A+True+Story+of+Religious+Mysticism+and+Mathematical+Creativity&rft.pages=133-34&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05391-5&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft.au=Kantor%2C+Jean-Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQX5Fj6DWEqIC%26q%3Dcatacomb%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>В. Г. Пидгайко. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravenc.ru/text/675029.html">ИСТИННО ПРАВОСЛАВНЫЕ ХРИСТИАНЕ</a> // Православная энциклопедия. — М. : Церковно-научный центр «Православная энциклопедия», 2011. — Т. XXVII. — С. 704-716.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkady_Makovetsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkady Makovetsky (page does not exist)">Маковецкий А. В.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Маковецкий, Аркадий Валентинович">ru</a>]</span>, "Роль участников катакомбного движения в организационном оформлении епархий Русской Православной Церкви заграницей на канонической территории Московского Патриархата (1982—1994 гг.)" // <i>Церковно-исторический вестник</i>. 2013—2014. — № 20/21. — С. 218—225</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКострюков2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Кострюков, Андрей (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://church-and-time.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1_90_2020.pdf#page=118"><bdi lang="ru">К истории взаимоотношений между Русской Зарубежной Церковью и катакомбным движением на родине в 1970—1980-х гг.</bdi></a> [On the History of the Relationship between the Russian Church Abroad and the Catacomb Movement at Home in the 1970s and 1980s] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Церковь и время</i>. <b>1</b> (90): 118–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%9A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+1970%E2%80%941980-%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=90&rft.pages=118-136&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurch-and-time.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F04%2F1_90_2020.pdf%23page%3D118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss1991" class="citation journal cs1">Moss, Vladimir (1991-12-01). "The true orthodox church of Russia". <i>Religion in Communist Lands</i>. <b>19</b> (3–4): 239–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09637499108431518">10.1080/09637499108431518</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-5974">0307-5974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+in+Communist+Lands&rft.atitle=The+true+orthodox+church+of+Russia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=239-250&rft.date=1991-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09637499108431518&rft.issn=0307-5974&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacomb+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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