Benazir Bhutto | Biography, Assassination, Husband, & Son

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border-left-sm open"> <div class="drawer d-flex flex-column open"> <div class="left-rail-section-content"> <div class="topic-left-rail-header text-truncate bg-gray-50 position-relative text-right d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="tlr-title px-20 py-15 text-left"> <em class="material-icons text-gray-400 d-lg-none" data-icon="toc"></em> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold text-black link-blue" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benazir-Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> </div> <button aria-label="Close" class="js-sections-close-button btn-link btn-sm btn d-lg-none position-absolute top-0 p-10 right-0" > <em class="material-icons font-26" data-icon="close"></em> </button> </div> <div class="section-content pl-10 pr-20 pl-sm-50 pr-sm-60 pl-lg-5 pr-lg-10 pt-10 pt-lg-0 bg-gray-50 clear-catfish-ad"> <div class="toc mb-20"> <div class="font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-15 mb-15 mt-20"> Table of Contents </div> <ul class="list-unstyled my-0" data-level="h1"><li data-target="#ref1"><div class="pl-25"><a class="link-gray-900 w-100" href="/biography/Benazir-Bhutto">Introduction & Top Questions</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref350083"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Benazir-Bhutto#ref350083">Political beginnings</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref350084"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Benazir-Bhutto#ref350084">First and second terms as Pakistan’s first female prime minister</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref350085"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Benazir-Bhutto#ref350085">Corruption charges and exile</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref350086"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Benazir-Bhutto#ref350086">Return to Pakistan, assassination, and legacy</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li></ul> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benazir-Bhutto/additional-info">References & Edit History</a> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="/facts/Benazir-Bhutto">Quick Facts & Related Topics</a> </div> <div class="tlr-media-slider pb-10 mb-30"> <a class="section-header link-gray-900 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mb-10 mx-10" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benazir-Bhutto/images-videos">Images</a> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 "> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex overflow-hidden text-nowrap ml-15"> <a 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height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/195144-050-FB7906F0/Benazir-Bhutto-1994.jpg" data-href="/media/1/64260/228407" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/195144-004-90610D76/Benazir-Bhutto-1994.jpg" alt="Benazir Bhutto" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/123645-050-FB01E4BA/Benazir-Bhutto-ceremony-World-Tolerance-Award-Womens-November-2005.jpg" data-href="/media/1/64260/156924" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/123645-004-BB683776/Benazir-Bhutto-ceremony-World-Tolerance-Award-Womens-November-2005.jpg" alt="World Tolerance Award" height="50" /> </a> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button 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She served two terms as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/prime-minister\">prime minister<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Pakistan\">Pakistan<\/a>, in 1988\u201390 and in 1993\u201396." } } , { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>Who were Benazir Bhutto\u2019s parents?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Benazir Bhutto\u2019s father was the politician <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto\">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto<\/a>, who was the leader of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Pakistan\">Pakistan<\/a> from 1971 until 1977, when he was overthrown by the military. Her mother, Nusrat Bhutto, was elected to parliament in the 1980s and was a leader of the democratic opposition." } } , { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>How did Benazir Bhutto become famous?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Benazir Bhutto was appointed head of her father\u2019s party, the Pakistan People\u2019s Party (PPP), after his execution in 1979. She endured frequent house arrest and went into exile from 1984 to 1986. She returned to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Pakistan\">Pakistan<\/a> after martial law was lifted and soon became a leader in the political opposition to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Mohammad-Zia-ul-Haq\">military dictator<\/a>." } } , { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>What were Benazir Bhutto\u2019s children\u2019s names?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Benazir Bhutto had three children: Bilawal, Bakhtawar, and Aseefa Bhutto Zardari. In 1990, when Bakhtawar was born, she became the first elected leader of a country to give birth while in office." } } ] } </script> <div class="top-questions qa-accordion d-flex flex-column module-spacing"><div class="font-weight-bold font-14 mb-5"> Top Questions </div><div id="intent-accordion" class="md-intent-accordion"><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="1"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>Why was Benazir Bhutto important?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>Benazir Bhutto was the first woman leader of a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Muslim</a> nation in modern history. She served two terms as <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/prime-minister" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">prime minister</a> of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pakistan</a>, in 1988–90 and in 1993–96.</p></div></div></div><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="2"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>Who were Benazir Bhutto’s parents?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>Benazir Bhutto’s father was the politician <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, who was the leader of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pakistan</a> from 1971 until 1977, when he was overthrown by the military. Her mother, Nusrat Bhutto, was elected to parliament in the 1980s and was a leader of the democratic opposition.</p></div></div></div><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="3"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>How did Benazir Bhutto become famous?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>Benazir Bhutto was appointed head of her father’s party, the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), after his execution in 1979. She endured frequent house arrest and went into exile from 1984 to 1986. She returned to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pakistan</a> after martial law was lifted and soon became a leader in the political opposition to the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Zia-ul-Haq" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">military dictator</a>.</p></div></div></div><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="4"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>What were Benazir Bhutto’s children’s names?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>Benazir Bhutto had three children: Bilawal, Bakhtawar, and Aseefa Bhutto Zardari. In 1990, when Bakhtawar was born, she became the first elected leader of a country to give birth while in office.</p></div></div></div><button class="show-more-button js-toggle-top-questions btn btn-unstyled font-14 d-flex pr-10 rounded-sm"><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></button></div></div><span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref1"><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref146779"></span>Benazir Bhutto</strong> (born June 21, 1953, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Karachi" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Karachi</a>, Pakistan—died December 27, 2007, Rawalpindi) was a Pakistani politician who became the first woman leader of a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Muslim</a> nation in modern history. She served two terms as <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/prime-minister" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">prime minister</a> of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pakistan</a>, in 1988–90 and 1993–96. In December 2007 Bhutto was assassinated while campaigning for parliamentary elections.</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span></section> <span class="marker h2"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref350083"> <h2 class="h1">Political beginnings</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Bhutto was the daughter of the politician <span id="ref146780"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, who was the leader of Pakistan from 1971 until 1977. She was educated at <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harvard-University" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Harvard University</a> (B.A., 1973) and subsequently studied philosophy, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-science" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">political science</a>, and economics at the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-Oxford" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">University of Oxford</a> (B.A., 1976) before completing a <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="postgraduate" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/postgraduate" data-type="EB">postgraduate</a> degree in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/international-law" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">international law</a> there (M.A., 1977).</p><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Shortly after Bhutto completed her studies in 1977 and returned to Pakistan, her father was deposed by Gen. <span id="ref146781"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Zia-ul-Haq" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>, who then made himself the chief martial-law administrator. After her father’s execution in 1979, Bhutto became the titular head of her father’s party, the <span id="ref146782"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Political-process#ref23706" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pakistan People’s Party</a> (PPP), and endured frequent <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/house-arrest" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">house arrest</a> from 1979 to 1984. In exile from 1984 to 1986, she returned to Pakistan after the lifting of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/martial-law" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">martial law</a> and soon became the foremost figure in the political opposition to Zia. President Zia died in August 1988 in a mysterious plane crash, leaving a power vacuum at the centre of Pakistani politics. In the ensuing elections, Bhutto’s PPP won the single largest bloc of seats in the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Assembly-historical-French-parliament" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">National Assembly</a>.</p><a class="link-module shadow-sm d-block qa-read-more-module" href="/place/Pakistan/Political-and-social-fragmentation#ref990505" data-link-module-iframe-link=""> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/46/3346-050-DE92F66A/flag-symbolism-Pakistan-design-Islamic.jpg" alt="Pakistan" class="rounded-sm mr-15" width="70" /> <div class="line-clamp clamp-5"> <div class="module-title bg-navy-dark">More From Britannica</div> <div class="font-weight-semi-bold mt-5">Pakistan: The first administration of Benazir Bhutto</div> </div> </a><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span> <div class="mb-20"><div class="w-100"><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="317980" data-asm-type="infogram"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="infogram"><script id="infogram_0__/RSnXEIkp2JOd3lysr6im" src="https://e.infogram.com/js/dist/embed.js?Itp" type="text/javascript" title="The history of women in politics"></script></div></figure></div></div> </section> <span class="marker h3"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref350084"> <h2 class="h1">First and second terms as Pakistan’s first female prime minister</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD5 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">On December 1, 1988, Bhutto became the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/nation-state" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">country’s</a> first female prime minister and the head of its first civilian government since the dissolution of her father’s government in 1977. She formed a fragile coalition with independent parliamentarians from her home province of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sindh-province-Pakistan" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Sindh</a>, but they left the coalition the following year as ethnic tensions in that province escalated. Without their support Bhutto was unable to pass legislation to address Pakistan’s critical issues, including widespread poverty, governmental corruption, and increasing <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/crime-law" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">crime</a>. Meanwhile, she bore the brunt of a discordant relationship with the military leadership. In August 1990 the president of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, dismissed her government on charges of corruption and other <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="malfeasance" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malfeasance" data-type="MW">malfeasance</a> and called for new elections. Bhutto’s PPP suffered a defeat in the national elections of October 1990, and thereafter she led the parliamentary opposition against her successor, <span id="ref946370"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nawaz-Sharif" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Nawaz Sharif</a>.</p><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD6 mod-inline"></span><div class="assemblies multiple medialist slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100" data-type="other"><div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex"><div class="rw-track d-flex align-items-center"><div class="position-relative rw-slide col-100 px-20 "><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="285704" data-asm-type="image"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/84/247584-050-0457A2B0/Hillary-Clinton-daughter-Chelesea-Benazir-Bhutto-children-Bilawal-and-Bakhtawar.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/64260/285704"><picture><source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/84/247584-050-0457A2B0/Hillary-Clinton-daughter-Chelesea-Benazir-Bhutto-children-Bilawal-and-Bakhtawar.jpg?w=300"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/84/247584-050-0457A2B0/Hillary-Clinton-daughter-Chelesea-Benazir-Bhutto-children-Bilawal-and-Bakhtawar.jpg?w=300" alt="Benazir Bhutto and Hillary Clinton" data-width="1600" data-height="1195" loading="eager"></picture><div class="position-absolute top-10 left-10 assembly-slide-tag rounded-lg">1 of 2</div><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class="card-body"><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/84/247584-050-0457A2B0/Hillary-Clinton-daughter-Chelesea-Benazir-Bhutto-children-Bilawal-and-Bakhtawar.jpg" data-href="/media/1/64260/285704">Benazir Bhutto and Hillary Clinton</a><span>Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto (right) and U.S. first lady Hillary Clinton (left) with their children Bilawal Zardari (second from right) and Chelsea Clinton, Islamabad, Pakistan, March 26, 1995. </span><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span></div></figcaption></figure></div><div class="position-relative rw-slide col-100 px-20 "><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="228407" data-asm-type="image"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/195144-050-FB7906F0/Benazir-Bhutto-1994.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/64260/228407"><picture><source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/195144-050-FB7906F0/Benazir-Bhutto-1994.jpg?w=300"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/195144-050-FB7906F0/Benazir-Bhutto-1994.jpg?w=300" alt="Benazir Bhutto" data-width="1164" data-height="1600" loading="eager"></picture><div class="position-absolute top-10 left-10 assembly-slide-tag rounded-lg">2 of 2</div><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class="card-body"><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/195144-050-FB7906F0/Benazir-Bhutto-1994.jpg" data-href="/media/1/64260/228407">Benazir Bhutto</a><span>Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, 1994.</span><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><button disabled="true" class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue-dark m-20"><span class="material-icons" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span></button><button disabled="true" class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue-dark m-20"><span class="material-icons" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span></button></div><p class="topic-paragraph">In elections held in October 1993 the PPP won a plurality of votes, and it succeeded in beating out Sharif’s Pakistan <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-League" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Muslim League</a> (PML-N) party in every province—including Sharif’s home province of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-province-Pakistan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Punjab</a>—except <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Balochistan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Balochistan</a>. In her second term, Bhutto made headway in Pakistan’s relations abroad, attracted foreign investment in the country, and <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="implemented" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/implemented" data-type="MW">implemented</a> social programs. Moreover, she had an important ally in the president, Farooq Leghari, who was a member of the PPP. But Pakistan continued to experience an unstable economy and a decline in law and order. Meanwhile, a dynastic spat embroiled her in scandal as her brother, Murtaza, accused her husband, <span id="ref946372"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Asif-Ali-Zardari" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Asif Ali Zardari</a>, of corruption. With Bhutto losing public confidence amid her mounting troubles, Leghari dismissed her government in November 1996.</p><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span class="marker h4"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref350085"> <h2 class="h1">Corruption charges and exile</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD7 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Voter turnout was low in the 1997 elections, in which Bhutto’s PPP suffered a decisive loss to Sharif’s PML-N. With British and Swiss cooperation, Sharif’s administration continued to pursue the corruption charges against Bhutto. In 1999 Bhutto and her husband—a controversial businessman and senator jailed since 1996 on a variety of charges—were both convicted of corruption by a Lahore court, a decision overturned by the Supreme Court in 2001 because of evidence of governmental interference. Bhutto did not achieve political <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="accommodation" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/accommodation" data-type="EB">accommodation</a> with Gen. <span id="ref946371"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pervez-Musharraf" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pervez Musharraf</a>’s seizure of power in a 1999 <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/coup-detat" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">coup d’état</a>. Her demands that the charges against her and her husband be dropped were denied, undercutting negotiations with the Musharraf government regarding a return to the country from her self-imposed exile. Facing standing arrest warrants should she return to Pakistan, Bhutto remained in exile in London and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Dubai-emirate-United-Arab-Emirates" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Dubai</a> from the late 1990s.</p><div class="module-spacing"> <DIV class="marketing-INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content" data-marketing-id="INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION"><style> .student-promo-banner-wrapper { container-type: inline-size; margin-bottom: 15px; } @container (min-width: 475px) { .student-promo-banner { flex-direction: row; } .student-promo-banner-img-wrapper { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 10px; justify-content: flex-start; } .student-promo-banner-text-wrapper { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; } .student-promo-banner-button-wrapper { margin-right: 0; } }</style> <div class="student-promo-banner-wrapper"> <div class="student-promo-banner d-flex flex-column align-items-center bg-blue rounded p-20"> <div class="student-promo-banner-img-wrapper mb-20 mr-0 d-flex justify-content-center"> <img class="rounded" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/BlueThistle.webp" /> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-text-wrapper ml-0 mb-10 text-center text-white"> <div class="h2 mb-10">Get Unlimited Access</div> <div class="h4 font-weight-semi-bold">Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more.</div> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-button-wrapper d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center ml-auto mr-auto"> <a class="btn btn-m btn-orange" href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=black-friday-2024">Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> </DIV></div><span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD8 mod-inline"></span><div class="assemblies"><div class="w-100"><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="156924" data-asm-type="image"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/123645-050-FB01E4BA/Benazir-Bhutto-ceremony-World-Tolerance-Award-Womens-November-2005.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/64260/156924"><picture><source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/123645-050-FB01E4BA/Benazir-Bhutto-ceremony-World-Tolerance-Award-Womens-November-2005.jpg?w=300"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/123645-050-FB01E4BA/Benazir-Bhutto-ceremony-World-Tolerance-Award-Womens-November-2005.jpg?w=300" alt="World Tolerance Award" data-width="974" data-height="1600" loading="eager"></picture><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class="card-body"><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/123645-050-FB01E4BA/Benazir-Bhutto-ceremony-World-Tolerance-Award-Womens-November-2005.jpg" data-href="/media/1/64260/156924">World Tolerance Award</a><span>Benazir Bhutto after receiving the World Tolerance Award at the Women's World Awards ceremony, Leipzig, Germany, November 2005.</span><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><p class="topic-paragraph">Because of Musharraf’s 2002 decree banning prime ministers from serving a third term, Bhutto was not permitted to stand for elections that same year. In addition, legislation in 2000 that prohibited a court-convicted individual from holding party office <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="hindered" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/hindered" data-type="EB">hindered</a> her party, as Bhutto’s unanimously elected leadership would have excluded the PPP from participating in elections. In response to these obstacles, the PPP split, registering a new, legally distinct branch called the <span id="ref946373"></span>Pakistan People’s Party Parliamentarians (PPPP). Legally separate and free from the restrictions brought upon the PPP by Bhutto’s leadership, the PPPP participated in the 2002 elections, in which it proceeded to earn a strong vote. However, Bhutto’s terms for cooperation with the military government—that all charges against her and against her husband be withdrawn—continued to be denied. In 2004 Bhutto’s husband was released from prison on bail and joined Bhutto in exile. Just before the 2007 elections, talk began to circulate of Bhutto’s return to Pakistan.</p><span class="marker MOD8 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span class="marker h5"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref350086"> <h2 class="h1">Return to Pakistan, assassination, and legacy</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD9 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Shortly before Musharraf’s reelection to the presidency, amid unresolved discussions of a power-sharing deal between Bhutto and Musharraf’s <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/military-rule" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">military regime</a>, he finally granted Bhutto a long-sought <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/amnesty" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">amnesty</a> for the corruption charges brought against her by the Sharif administration. The Supreme Court challenged Musharraf’s right to grant the <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="amnesty" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/amnesty" data-type="EB">amnesty</a>, however, criticizing it as unconstitutional. Nevertheless, in October 2007 Bhutto returned to Karachi from Dubai after eight years of self-imposed exile. Celebrations marking her return were marred by a suicide attack on her motorcade, in which numerous supporters were killed. Bhutto was assassinated in December in a similar attack while campaigning for upcoming parliamentary elections. Following her death, party leadership fell to her husband, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Asif-Ali-Zardari" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Asif Ali Zardari</a>, and later to their son, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bilawal-Bhutto-Zardari" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Bilawal Bhutto Zardari</a>.</p><div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><span class="marker MOD9 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD10 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Bhutto’s autobiography, <em>Daughter of the East</em>, was published in 1988 (also published as <em>Daughter of Destiny</em>, 1989); she also wrote <em>Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy, and the West</em>, which was published posthumously in 2008.</p><span class="marker MOD10 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span class="md-signature"><a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></span><span class="md-signature">This article was most recently revised and updated by <a href="/editor/Amy-Tikkanen/6393">Amy Tikkanen</a>.</span><span class="marker end-of-content"></span><span class="marker after-article"></span></div> <div id="chatbot-root"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ai-dialog-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article></div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script>  <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"Topic","templateName":"DESKTOP","pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":1,"pageId":64260,"pageLength":942,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.130.14"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/topic-page.js?v=3.130.14' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"C","adLeg":"C","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"Topic","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":"BIO_MEDIUM","gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>

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Benazir Bhutto | Biography, Assassination, Husband, & Son | Britannica