CINXE.COM
Video Browse Homepage | Britannica
<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="videoportal-desktop ui-ie7 ui-ie"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js" /> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.png" /> <meta name="description" content="Dive into Britannica鈥檚 video collection, where you鈥檒l find content covering a wide range of topics, whether it be the nutritional benefits of chocolate or the flight of the world鈥檚 first military airplane. The lineup also includes original content from the Britannica series #WTFact, Demystified, Britannica Explores, and This Week in History." /> <meta name="keywords" content="Britannica video browse, Science, Technology, Health, Medicine, Sports, Geography, Travel, History, Philosophy, Religion, Politics, Entertainment, Literature" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.britannica.com/videos" /> <title>Video Browse Homepage | Britannica</title> <!-- **** cafemedia top **** --> <script> !function(){"use strict";function e(e){const t=e.match(/((?=([a-z0-9._!#$%+^&*()[\]<>-]+))\2@[a-z0-9._-]+\.[a-z0-9._-]+)/gi);return t?t[0]:""}function t(t){return e(a(t.toLowerCase()))}function a(e){return e.replace(/\s/g,"")}async function n(e){const t={sha256Hash:"",sha1Hash:""};if(!("msCrypto"in window)&&"https:"===location.protocol&&"crypto"in window&&"TextEncoder"in window){const a=(new TextEncoder).encode(e),[n,c]=await Promise.all([s("SHA-256",a),s("SHA-1",a)]);t.sha256Hash=n,t.sha1Hash=c}return t}async function s(e,t){const a=await crypto.subtle.digest(e,t);return Array.from(new Uint8Array(a)).map(e=>("00"+e.toString(16)).slice(-2)).join("")}function c(e){let t=!0;return Object.keys(e).forEach(a=>{0===e[a].length&&(t=!1)}),t}function i(e,t,a){e.splice(t,1);const n="?"+e.join("&")+a.hash;history.replaceState(null,"",n)}var o={checkEmail:e,validateEmail:t,trimInput:a,hashEmail:n,hasHashes:c,removeEmailAndReplaceHistory:i,detectEmails:async function(){const e=new URL(window.location.href),a=Array.from(e.searchParams.entries()).map(e=>`=`);let s,o;const r=["adt_eih","sh_kit"];if(a.forEach((e,t)=>{const a=decodeURIComponent(e),[n,c]=a.split("=");if("adt_ei"===n&&(s={value:c,index:t,emsrc:"url"}),r.includes(n)){o={value:c,index:t,emsrc:"sh_kit"===n?"urlhck":"urlh"}}}),s)t(s.value)&&n(s.value).then(e=>{if(c(e)){const t={value:e,created:Date.now()};localStorage.setItem("adt_ei",JSON.stringify(t)),localStorage.setItem("adt_emsrc",s.emsrc)}});else if(o){const e={value:{sha256Hash:o.value,sha1Hash:""},created:Date.now()};localStorage.setItem("adt_ei",JSON.stringify(e)),localStorage.setItem("adt_emsrc",o.emsrc)}s&&i(a,s.index,e),o&&i(a,o.index,e)},cb:"adthrive"};const{detectEmails:r,cb:l}=o;r()}(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel"> window.$UI = {}; window.Constants = {"LICENSE_URL": "/bps/license","DEFAULT_TEST_VERSION": "A","DEFAULT_STATE": "XX","QUIZ_URL": "/quiz","SPOTLIGHT_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/spotlight","CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT": "text/plain;charset=UTF-8","TOPIC_FACTS_DATA_URL": "/facts","QUIZ_BROWSE_IMAGE_QUIZZES": "images","TOPIC_MEDIA_PATH": "/images-videos","USER_PROFILE_URL": "/user","DEBUG_URL": "/debug","ONE_GOOD_FACT_URL": "/one-good-fact","ERROR_404_URL": "/error404","PROCON_CITED_IN_THE_NEWS_URL": "/procon/ProCon-in-the-News","PROCON_URL": "/procon","TOPIC_PAGE_CONTENT_AJAX_URL": "/topic-content/page","INFINITE_SCROLL_PREFIX_URL": "/scroll","TOPIC_TOP_QUESTION_BROWSE_URL": "/questions","CC_USD": "USD","domain": "britannica.com","PROCON_EDITOR_ID": "12941390","SURVEY_URL": "/survey","CATEGORY_BROWSE_URL": "/browse","STORY_BROWSE_URL": "/stories","COUNTRY_US": "US","OPEN_MEDIA_OVERLAY_PARAMETER": "/media","NEWSLETTER_SUBSCRIPTION_URL": "/newsletter-subscription","MAINTENANCE_ERROR_URL": "https://maintenance.eb.com","IMARS_EDITOR_ID": "12365882","PROFILE_EB_EDITOR_URL": "/editor","WEB_INF_RESOURCES_PATH": "WEB-INF/resources","AI_ABOUT_PAGE_URL": "/about-britannica-ai","TOPIC_ADDITIONAL_INFO_PATH": "/additional-info","SUDOKU_GAME_URL": "/games/sudoku","CC_INR": "INR","ARTICLE_PRINT_URL": "/print/article","FIRST_EDITION_URL": "/subscriber/firstedition","WW1_PORTAL_URL": "/discover/World-War-I","MENDEL_COOKIE": "__mendel","topicUrlClasses": "[topic, animal, art, biography, event, place, plant, science, sports, technology, procon, money]","DEMYSTIFIED_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/demystified","LIST_BROWSE_URL": "/list/browse","PROFILE_EXPERT_URL": "/contributor","ASSEMBLY_IMAGE_URL": "/image/assembly","DAY_IN_HISTORY_URL": "/on-this-day","DEFAULT_CURRENCY": "USD","CONTENT_TYPE_XML": "text/xml;charset=UTF-8","PORTAL_FINANCE_BROWSE_URL_PREFIX": "/money/browse","ERROR_400_URL": "/error400","MONEY_IMARS_CATEGORY": "13000","AJAX_PREFIX_URL": "/ajax","TOPIC_BROWSE_URL": "/topic-browse","MARKETING_CONTENT": "/marketing-content","ENV_RUNTIME": "runtime","GALLERY_URL": "/gallery","topicUrlClassesList": "topic|animal|art|biography|event|place|plant|science|sports|technology|procon","CONTENT_TYPE_HTML": "text/html;charset=UTF-8","ENV_LOCAL": "override","MEDIA_OVERLAY_URL": "/media-overlay","CHATBOT_PAGE_URL": "/chatbot","NEWSLETTER_PAGE_URL": "/newsletters","EXPLORE_URL": "/explore","ENV_DEV": "development","MEDIA_URL": "/media","TOPIC_TOP_QUESTION_URL": "/question","PORTAL_FINANCE_URL_PREFIX": "/money","PODCASTS_URL": "/podcasts","STAND_ALONE_VIDEO_URL": "/video","MORE_ON_THIS_DAY_URL": "/more-on-this-day","TOPIC_QUOTES_URL": "/quotes","SEARCH_PAGE_URL": "/search","PROCON_CLASS": "PROCON","KUSTOM_MENDEL_APPLICATION_ID": "1","TOPIC_CONTENT_AJAX_URL": "/topic-content/topic","ENV_BRANCH": "branch","ERROR_URL": "/error","MAIN_VERSION": "mainVersion","TOPIC_COLLECTION_URL": "/summary","LOGINBOX_URL": "/auth/loginbox","PROCON_DEBATE_TOPICS_URL": "/procon/Debate-Topics","ONE_GOOD_FACT_BROWSE_URL": "/one-good-fact/all-good-facts","QUIZ_BROWSE_URL": "/quiz/browse","BIO_BROWSE_URL": "/browse/biographies","LIST_URL": "/list","TIGHTROPE_QUIZ_URL": "/quiz/tightrope","ALPHA_BROWSE_URL": "/sitemap","CONTENT_TYPE_JSON": "application/json","DICTIONARY_URL": "/dictionary","COBRAND_IMAGE_URL": "/image/cobrand","PROCON_IN_THE_NEWS_URL": "/procon/pro-and-con-issues-in-the-news","PROCON_BROWSE_URL": "/procon","QUIZ_BROWSE_VOCAB_QUIZZES": "vocabulary-quizzes","SUBMISSION_URL": "/submission","EB_LOG_OUT": "/auth2/logout","ENV_PRODUCTION": "production","TOPIC_AJAX_URL": "/ajax/topic","TOPIC_SUMMARY_BROWSE_URL": "/summaries","WTFACT_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/wtfact","EXPLORE_OLD_PORTAL_URL": "/explore-old","VIDEO_CHANNEL_URL": "/videos","GALLERY_BROWSE_URL": "/gallery/browse","CACHE_URL": "/cache","PROCON_ABOUT_URL": "/procon/About-ProCon","COMPANION_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/companion","MEDIA_FOLDER": "/eb-media","SHOW_ALL_CONTRIBUTORS": "/additional-info#contributors","BRITANNICA_EDITORS_ID": "4419","ENV_CACHE_DISABLED": "mendelCache","CALCULATORS_BROWSE_URL": "/calculators","STORY_URL": "/story","DEFAULT_COUNTRY": "US","NAVBAR_URL": "/ajax/navbar","EB_LOGIN_URL": "/auth/eb-login","NEW_ARTICLES_URL": "/new-articles",}; window.CDN = "https://cdn.britannica.com"; window.CAM_SETTINGS_URL = "https://cam.britannica.com/settings"; window.CAM_LOGIN_URL = "https://cam.britannica.com/login"; window.CAM_SIGN_UP_URL = "https://cam.britannica.com/registration" window.Mendel = { "config" : { "domain": "britannica.com", "page": "VideoPortal", "videoPlayerId": "UyMCoK2v", "sharedUrl": "https://www.britannica.com/videos", "amuselabsUrl": "https://cdn3.amuselabs.com", "resourcesPrefixUrl": "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/[url]?v=3.134.19", "date": 20250321, "userInfo": { "type": "ANONYMOUS" ,"currency": "AUUS" ,"country": "SG" ,"state": "XX" ,"timezone": "Asia/Singapore" ,"bcomId": "-2266540279398103149" ,"hasAds": true ,"testVersion": "B" ,"adsTestVersion": "B" ,"consumerId": "" ,"instId": "" ,"consumerUserName": "" ,"instUserName": "" ,"cognito": null }, "tvs":{ "r":[25,25,25,25], "a": [25,25,45,5]}, "isLoggedInAsUser": false, "isPhone": false, "isDesktop": true, "logoutUrl": "/auth2/logout", "selfServiceUrl": "https://myaccount.britannica.com", "cdnUrl": "https://cdn.britannica.com", "chatbotApi": "https://www.britannica.com/chat-api", "fetchOffset": 800, "mendelCookieName": "__mendel", "mendelCookie": {"surveyShown":false,"visitedTopicId":0,"currentDate":20250321}, "autocompleteToSearchPage": false,"jwSetup": {"image":"https://cdn.britannica.com/89/238489-138-A4A16A9E/learn-about-Ramadan-customs-significance.jpg","sources":[{"file":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/2pNOoXvi.m3u8"}],"assetId":238489,"adfile":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/s8Nx0myf.m3u8","title":"Why Ramadan is one of the holiest months for Muslims","tracks":[{"file":"//assets-jpcust.jwpsrv.com/tracks/nIFUYby7","label":"English"}],"transcriptUrl":"/video/learn-about-Ramadan-customs-significance/-275625#transcript"} }, "GA": {"leg":"B","adLeg":"B","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"VideoPortal","gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false,"hasAiTopQuestions":false,"hasSimplifyButton":false} }; </script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1887621861548296"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@britannica" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg?v=3.134.19" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Dive into Britannica鈥檚 video collection, where you鈥檒l find content covering a wide range of topics, whether it be the nutritional benefits of chocolate or the flight of the world鈥檚 first military airplane. The lineup also includes original content from the Britannica series #WTFact, Demystified, Britannica Explores, and This Week in History."/> <meta property="og:type" content="WEBSITE"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Video Browse Homepage | Britannica"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Dive into Britannica鈥檚 video collection, where you鈥檒l find content covering a wide range of topics, whether it be the nutritional benefits of chocolate or the flight of the world鈥檚 first military airplane. The lineup also includes original content from the Britannica series #WTFact, Demystified, Britannica Explores, and This Week in History."/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopedia Britannica" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.britannica.com/videos"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg?v=3.134.19" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="" /> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init opengraph"> Mendel.openGraph = {"type":"WEBSITE","title":"Video Browse Homepage","description":"Dive into Britannica鈥檚 video collection, where you鈥檒l find content covering a wide range of topics, whether it be the nutritional benefits of chocolate or the flight of the world鈥檚 first military airplane. The lineup also includes original content from the Britannica series #WTFact, Demystified, Britannica Explores, and This Week in History.","imageUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg?v=3.134.19","pageUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/videos"}</script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/" > <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/dist/vendor-bundle.css?v=3.134.19" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/dist/mendel-css.css?v=3.134.19" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/dist/video-portal-page.css?v=3.134.19" rel="stylesheet" /> <script type="text/javascript"> if (self !== top) { top.location = self.location; } </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/js/at.js?v=3.134.19" async ></script> <script> dataLayer = []; </script> <script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5W6NC8'); </script> </head> <body data-leg="B" class="video-portal-page user-ANONYMOUS user-ads md-desktop leg-b b-ie"> <!-- **** cafemedia **** --> <script>Mendel.config.adProvider='cafemedia';</script> <script data-no-optimize="1" data-cfasync="false"> (function(w, d) { w.adthrive = w.adthrive || {}; w.adthrive.cmd = w. adthrive.cmd || []; w.adthrive.plugin = 'adthrive-ads-manual'; w.adthrive.host = 'ads.adthrive.com';var s = d.createElement('script'); s.async = true; s.referrerpolicy='no-referrer-when-downgrade'; s.src = 'https://' + w.adthrive.host + '/sites/61575e5c934c481d714b3ca9/ads.min.js?referrer=' + w.encodeURIComponent(w.location.href) + '&cb=' + (Math.floor(Math.random() * 100) + 1); var n = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; n.parentNode.insertBefore(s, n); })(window, document); </script> <div class="ie-warning d-flex align-items-center align-self-center justify-content-center site-alert bg-orange"> <div> You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please <a class="text-white text-underscore" href="https://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience and security. </div> </div> <script id="json-navbar-info" type="application/json"> {"topSectionLinks":[{"title":"Ask the Chatbot","url":"/chatbot","navbarId":"CHATBOT"},{"title":"Games & Quizzes","url":"/quiz/browse","navbarId":"QUIZZES"},{"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society","navbarId":"HISTORY"},{"title":"Science & Tech","url":"/Science-Tech","navbarId":"SCIENCE"},{"title":"Biographies","url":"/Biographies","navbarId":"BIOS"},{"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature","navbarId":"ANIMALS"},{"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/Geography-Travel","navbarId":"GEOGRAPHY"},{"title":"Arts & Culture","url":"/Arts-Culture","navbarId":"ART"},{"title":"ProCon","url":"/procon","navbarId":"PROCON"},{"title":"Money","url":"/money","navbarId":"MONEY"},{"title":"Videos","url":"/videos","selected":true,"navbarId":"VIDEOS"}],"selectedNavbarLink":{"title":"Videos","url":"/videos","selected":true,"navbarId":"VIDEOS"}} </script> <script id="json-hamburger-menu" type="application/json"> {"britannicaMenu1":[{"title":"Home","url":"/"},{"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society"},{"title":"Science & Tech","url":"/Science-Tech"},{"title":"Biographies","url":"/Biographies"},{"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature"},{"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/Geography-Travel"},{"title":"Arts & Culture","url":"/Arts-Culture"},{"title":"ProCon","url":"/procon"},{"title":"Money","url":"/money"}],"britannicaMenu2":[{"title":"Games & Quizzes","url":"/quiz/browse"},{"title":"Videos","url":"/videos"},{"title":"On This Day","url":"/on-this-day"},{"title":"One Good Fact","url":"/one-good-fact"},{"title":"Dictionary","url":"/dictionary"},{"title":"New Articles","url":"/new-articles"}],"browseByCategory":[{"title":{"id":5,"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society"},"links":[{"title":"Lifestyles & Social Issues","url":"/browse/Lifestyles-Social-Issues"},{"title":"Philosophy & Religion","url":"/browse/Philosophy-Religion"},{"title":"Politics, Law & Government","url":"/browse/Politics-Law-Government"},{"title":"World History","url":"/browse/World-History"}]},{"title":{"id":6,"title":"Science & Tech","url":"/Science-Tech"},"links":[{"title":"Health & Medicine","url":"/browse/Health-Medicine"},{"title":"Science","url":"/browse/Science"},{"title":"Technology","url":"/browse/Technology"}]},{"title":{"id":3,"title":"Biographies","url":"/Biographies"},"links":[{"title":"Browse Biographies","url":"/browse/biographies"}]},{"title":{"id":1,"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature"},"links":[{"title":"Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates","url":"/browse/Birds-Reptiles-Vertebrates"},{"title":"Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates","url":"/browse/Bugs-Mollusks-Invertebrates"},{"title":"Environment","url":"/browse/Environment"},{"title":"Fossils & Geologic Time","url":"/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time"},{"title":"Mammals","url":"/browse/Mammals"},{"title":"Plants","url":"/browse/Plants"}]},{"title":{"id":4,"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/Geography-Travel"},"links":[{"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/browse/Geography-Travel"}]},{"title":{"id":2,"title":"Arts & Culture","url":"/Arts-Culture"},"links":[{"title":"Entertainment & Pop Culture","url":"/browse/Entertainment-Pop-Culture"},{"title":"Literature","url":"/browse/Literature"},{"title":"Sports & Recreation","url":"/browse/Sports-Recreation"},{"title":"Visual Arts","url":"/browse/Visual-Arts"}]}],"browseByFeature":[{"title":"Companions","url":"/stories/companion"},{"title":"Demystified","url":"/stories/demystified"},{"title":"Image Galleries","url":"/gallery/browse"},{"title":"Lists","url":"/list/browse"},{"title":"Podcasts","url":"/podcasts"},{"title":"Spotlight","url":"/stories/spotlight"},{"title":"Summaries","url":"/summary"},{"title":"Top Questions","url":"/question"},{"title":"#WTFact","url":"/stories/wtfact"}],"moreFromBritannica":[{"title":"Britannica Kids","url":"https://kids.britannica.com/","newTab":true}],"menuType":"DEFAULT"} </script> <header id="header" class="bg-navy-dark"> <div class="global-nav-top-bar"> <div class="grid gx-0 h-100 justify-content-between align-items-center container-lg mx-auto p-0 position-relative"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="d-flex align-items-center justify-self-start js-toggle js-toggle-hamburger btn btn-link link-white btn-sm rounded-0 p-10"> <div class="hamburger-tooltip"> <em class="material-icons d-inline-block font-24" id="nav-toggle" data-icon="menu"></em> </div> <em class="material-icons d-inline-block font-24 global-nav-search-icon" id="nav-search-icon" data-icon="search" ></em> </button> <a href="/" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center ml-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png" alt="Encyclopedia Britannica" class="global-nav-logo global-nav-logo-left" /> </a> <div class="global-nav-top-search-bar global-nav-top-search-container global-nav-search-container" id="global-nav-top-search-bar"> <form method="get" action="/search" id="global-nav-search" class="md-search-form m-0 global-nav-search-bar-small"> <div class="search-box position-relative col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="global-nav-search-query">Search Britannica</label> <input name="query" id="global-nav-search-query" placeholder="Search Britannica..." class="form-control form-control-lg rounded-lg font-16 search-query pl-20 pr-70 shadow-sm" maxlength="200" autocomplete="off" aria-label="Search Britannica" /> <button class="search-reset-btn btn btn-link px-10 position-absolute top-0 h-100 d-none" type="reset"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="close"></em> </button> <button class="search-submit btn btn-link text-blue px-10 position-absolute top-0 right-0 h-100" type="submit" disabled> <span class="sr-only">Click here to search</span> <em class="material-icons search-icon" data-icon="search"></em> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <a href="/" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png" alt="Encyclopedia Britannica" class="global-nav-center global-nav-logo non-homepage-logo" /> </a> <form method="get" action="/search" id="global-nav-search" class="md-search-form m-0 global-nav-search-bar-small global-nav-center search global-nav-center-search-container"> <div class="search-box position-relative col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="global-nav-search-query">Search Britannica</label> <input name="query" id="global-nav-search-query" placeholder="Search Britannica..." class="form-control form-control-lg rounded-lg font-16 search-query pl-20 pr-70 shadow-sm" maxlength="200" autocomplete="off" aria-label="Search Britannica" /> <button class="search-reset-btn btn btn-link px-10 position-absolute top-0 h-100 d-none" type="reset"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="close"></em> </button> <button class="search-submit btn btn-link text-blue px-10 position-absolute top-0 right-0 h-100" type="submit" disabled> <span class="sr-only">Click here to search</span> <em class="material-icons search-icon" data-icon="search"></em> </button> </div> </form> <div class="col-35 col-sm-auto text-right order-3 mr-lg-15 align-items-center d-flex justify-content-end"> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block"> <SPAN class="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP2 marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP2"><a href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=global-nav&utm_campaign=evergreen-cap" class="subscribe-link btn btn-sm btn-orange py-5 mr-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> SUBSCRIBE </a></SPAN></div> <div class="d-inline-block d-md-none mr-5 mr-sm-10"> <SPAN class="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_MOBILE marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_MOBILE"><a href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=global-nav-mobile&utm_campaign=evergreen" class="subscribe-link btn btn-xs btn-orange p-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> SUBSCRIBE </a></SPAN></div> <button class="js-toggle-user-dropdown js-toggle btn btn-sm btn-link link-white rounded-0 px-md-15 pl-5 pr-5"> <span class="d-none d-md-inline-block mr-5">Login</span> <em class="material-icons d-inline-block d-md-none font-16 font-sm-20" data-icon="account_circle"></em> <div class="d-none dropdown-menu-subscription-link">https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=nav-login-box&utm_campaign=evergreen</div> <em class="material-icons inactive-icon d-inline-block font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_down"></em> <em class="material-icons active-icon d-inline-block font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_up"></em> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-none hamburger-menu-subscription-link"><DIV class="marketing-HAMBURGER_MENU_CTA marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HAMBURGER_MENU_CTA"><a href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=hamburger-menu&utm_campaign=evergreen" class="subscribe-link btn btn-sm btn-orange py-5" target="_blank"> SUBSCRIBE </a></DIV></div> <div id="global-nav-react"> <div class="d-none"> <ul> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/History-Society">History & Society</a></li> <li><a href="/Science-Tech">Science & Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/Biographies">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/Animals-Nature">Animals & Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/Arts-Culture">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/procon">ProCon</a></li> <li><a href="/money">Money</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/quiz/browse">Games & Quizzes</a></li> <li><a href="/videos">Videos</a></li> <li><a href="/on-this-day">On This Day</a></li> <li><a href="/one-good-fact">One Good Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/new-articles">New Articles</a></li> </ul> <a href="/History-Society">History & Society</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Lifestyles-Social-Issues">Lifestyles & Social Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Philosophy-Religion">Philosophy & Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Politics-Law-Government">Politics, Law & Government</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/World-History">World History</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Science-Tech">Science & Tech</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Health-Medicine">Health & Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Technology">Technology</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Biographies">Biographies</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/biographies">Browse Biographies</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Animals-Nature">Animals & Nature</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Birds-Reptiles-Vertebrates">Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Bugs-Mollusks-Invertebrates">Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time">Fossils & Geologic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Mammals">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Plants">Plants</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Arts-Culture">Arts & Culture</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Entertainment-Pop-Culture">Entertainment & Pop Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Sports-Recreation">Sports & Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Visual-Arts">Visual Arts</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/stories/companion">Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/demystified">Demystified</a></li> <li><a href="/gallery/browse">Image Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/list/browse">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/spotlight">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/summary">Summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/question">Top Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/wtfact">#WTFact</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://kids.britannica.com/">Britannica Kids</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <div class="bg-navy-dark"> <div class="container-lg p-0 d-flex justify-content-center global-nav-categories-bar overflow-hidden"> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 global-nav-slider category-snap-slider"> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex font-14 overflow-hidden text-nowrap mx-5"> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-CHATBOT " href="/chatbot">Ask the Chatbot</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-QUIZZES " href="/quiz/browse">Games & Quizzes</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-HISTORY " href="/History-Society">History & Society</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-SCIENCE " href="/Science-Tech">Science & Tech</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-BIOS " href="/Biographies">Biographies</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-ANIMALS " href="/Animals-Nature">Animals & Nature</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-GEOGRAPHY " href="/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-ART " href="/Arts-Culture">Arts & Culture</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-PROCON " href="/procon">ProCon</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-MONEY " href="/money">Money</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-VIDEOS selected selected" href="/videos">Videos</a> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="md-page-wrapper"> <div id="content" class="md-content"> <div class="video-portal-page"> <div class="video-portal-hero"> <div class="container"> <div class="grid mb-80"> <div class="col-100 col-sm-40 video-portal-hero__content text-white gtm-video-hero-watch-more"> <div class="video-portal-hero__label font-13 mb-20">New Videos</div> <h1>Britannica Explains</h1> <p><span >Ramadan begins with the waxing crescent moon.</span></p> <p><span ><a title="Britannica Explains" href="../../../../../videos/explains">Watch more</a></span></p></div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-60 mb-20 mb-sm-0"> <div id="video" class="video-portal-hero__video"> <figure class="md-assembly print-false" data-assembly-id="275625"> <div class="md-assembly-wrapper" data-type="video"> <div class="image-wrapper "> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/89/238489-138-A4A16A9E/learn-about-Ramadan-customs-significance.jpg" > <script type="application/json"> { "sources": [ { "file" : "//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/2pNOoXvi.m3u8" } ], "image": "https://cdn.britannica.com/89/238489-138-A4A16A9E/learn-about-Ramadan-customs-significance.jpg", "tracks": [ { "file" : "//assets-jpcust.jwpsrv.com/tracks/nIFUYby7", "label": "English" } ] } </script> <div style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/89/238489-138-A4A16A9E/learn-about-Ramadan-customs-significance.jpg?w=900&h=508&c=crop" alt="Why Ramadan is one of the holiest months for Muslims" class="position-absolute" /> </div> </a> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="qa-videos-1"> <h2 class="h3 mb-10 mt-30 d-inline-block">You Asked, We Answered</h2> <div class="m-n10 "> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 card-snap-slider col-100"> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex col-100"> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/are-there-really-right-brained-and-left-brained-people/-325677" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/71/257771-138-3E69F714/are-there-really-right-brained-and-left-brained-people.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Two halves of the human brain are separated with arrows pointing to each half and a question mark in the center." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/are-there-really-right-brained-and-left-brained-people/-325677" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Can you really be left-brained or right-brained?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/How-does-the-Moon-affect-the-tides/-320503" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/30/256630-138-D71C88D8/How-does-the-Moon-affect-the-tides.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The video thumbnail image shows a graphic of the Earth with two tidal bulges. Blue arrows point to the bulges against a white background." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/How-does-the-Moon-affect-the-tides/-320503" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">How does the Moon affect the tides?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/how-to-pronounce-semiquincentennial-and-what-it-means/-326853" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/98/266898-138-08C45948/how-to-pronounce-semiquincentennial-and-what-it-means.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The word semiquincentennial appears in white text on a blue background." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/how-to-pronounce-semiquincentennial-and-what-it-means/-326853" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">What do you call the 250th anniversary of the United States?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/why-dont-humans-have-tails-evolution-tail-loss-genetic-mutation/-303055" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/88/255988-138-CCB29EBC/why-dont-humans-have-tails-evolution-tail-loss-genetic-mutation.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Why don't humans have tails?" class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/why-dont-humans-have-tails-evolution-tail-loss-genetic-mutation/-303055" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Why don't humans have tails?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/Archaeopteryx-Achiornis-bird-dinosaur-interview/-305072" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/66/257866-138-97E96E30/Archaeopteryx-Achiornis-bird-dinosaur-interview.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="How are birds and dinosaurs related?" class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/Archaeopteryx-Achiornis-bird-dinosaur-interview/-305072" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">How are birds and dinosaurs related?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/certificate-of-deposit-cd-personal-finance-saving/-300546" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/43/253043-138-591C71C7/certificate-of-deposit-cd-personal-finance-saving.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="What is a certificate of deposit?" class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/certificate-of-deposit-cd-personal-finance-saving/-300546" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">What is a certificate of deposit?</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="qa-videos-2"> <h2 class="h3 mb-10 mt-30 d-inline-block">Wet And Wild</h2> <div class="m-n10 "> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 card-snap-slider col-100"> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex col-100"> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/interview-with-josh-coles-chicago-river-museum-discusses-water-pollution-illinois/-322471" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/91/263091-138-F842478A/interview-with-josh-coles-chicago-river-museum-discusses-water-pollution-illinois.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The video thumbnail image shows a black and white bridge over blue water. Blue arrows show that the flow of the water was switched from one direction to the other." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/interview-with-josh-coles-chicago-river-museum-discusses-water-pollution-illinois/-322471" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Why the Chicago River was reversed</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/the-problem-with-invasive-species-in-the-great-lakes-and-lake-superior/-326485" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/68/265968-138-AC04E2A6/the-problem-with-invasive-species-in-the-great-lakes-and-lake-superior.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The video thumbnail image shows two hands holding zebra and quagga mussels, superimposed above a clear body of water. White question marks appear in the upper left corner." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/the-problem-with-invasive-species-in-the-great-lakes-and-lake-superior/-326485" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">How invasive mussels threaten the Great Lakes</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/spooky-lakes-with-geo-rutherford/-325079" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/26/263626-138-1E58DBC5/spooky-lakes-with-geo-rutherford.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Two illustrated divers are superimposed onto a photograph showing a lake underwater." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/spooky-lakes-with-geo-rutherford/-325079" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">The science behind spooky lakes</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/ocean-cleanup-plastic-pollution-interview/-313221" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/77/258777-138-A37B66AE/ocean-cleanup-plastic-pollution-interview.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Video thumbnail image shows a large amount of plastic trash collected from the ocean." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/ocean-cleanup-plastic-pollution-interview/-313221" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">How to clean up Earth's oceans</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/britannica-insights-Gitanjali-Rao-water-crisis/-256764" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/08/222608-138-3D24AA04/britannica-insights-Gitanjali-Rao-water-crisis.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Gitanjali Rao explains the fight for clean drinking water" class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/britannica-insights-Gitanjali-Rao-water-crisis/-256764" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Gitanjali Rao explains the fight for clean drinking water</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-sm-33 col-md-25 rw-slide"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/what-is-marine-debris-plastic-pollution/-325746" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/46/264746-138-DB29B3C9/what-is-marine-debris-plastic-pollution.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="A white woman in blurry focus holds up a small piece of plastic called a nurdle, highlighted with a blue circle." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/what-is-marine-debris-plastic-pollution/-325746" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Marine debris: How trash ends up in the ocean</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="h3 mb-10 mt-40">New on Britannica</h2> <div class="grid"> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/who-governs-greenland/-331275" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/56/267056-138-9E3E0909/who-governs-greenland.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Sepia-toned map of Greenland, with the label "Greenland" highlighted in blue." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/who-governs-greenland/-331275" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Who governs Greenland?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/why-are-bald-eagles-the-united-states-national-bird/-330798" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/15/267015-138-698051DE/why-are-bald-eagles-the-united-states-national-bird.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="A bald eagle on a white column with a blue ribbon labeled "national bird," against a faded U.S. map background." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/why-are-bald-eagles-the-united-states-national-bird/-330798" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Why is the bald eagle the U.S. national bird?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/what-is-greenwashing/-330799" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/02/267202-138-AD9D3FDD/what-is-greenwashing.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="A factory with smokestacks emitting green-patterned smoke. The text above reads, "What is greenwashing?" in bold black letters." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/what-is-greenwashing/-330799" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">What is greenwashing?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/scramble-for-africa/-328342" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/50/265150-138-C87DFBC0/scramble-for-africa.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="A collage featuring four colonial-era European figures in military and formal attire, a yellow map of Africa, and a vintage cartoon of imperialism in the background." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/scramble-for-africa/-328342" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">What was the Scramble for Africa?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/how-are-vaccines-developed/-327945" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/78/267078-138-2BE6AC8F/how-are-vaccines-developed.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Gloved hands draw liquid from a vial into a syringe, overlaid on a digitally colored microscopic image of a virus with round particles in clusters." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/how-are-vaccines-developed/-327945" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">How we develop new vaccines</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/buster-keaton-stunts/-327808" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/90/266690-138-76CA0FA6/buster-keaton-stunts.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Buster Keaton sitting on the floor with a film camera on top of him, as if the camera fell on Keaton." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/buster-keaton-stunts/-327808" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">The greatest stunts of Buster Keaton</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/why-is-the-great-gatsby-so-memorable/-327435" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/01/266301-138-6B1E5CD1/why-is-the-great-gatsby-so-memorable.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Leonardo DiCaprio as Jay Gatsby raises a champagne glass, with "The Great Gatsby" book cover superimposed and an arrow pointing to it." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/why-is-the-great-gatsby-so-memorable/-327435" class="title font-weight-bold font-16"><em>The Great Gatsby</em>: From flop to Great American Novel</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/Why-do-we-have-earwax/-327295" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/67/253567-138-A95001AA/Why-do-we-have-earwax.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Black-and-white photo of a man in a suit plugging his ears with his fingers. An orange polka dot pattern is behind his head." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/Why-do-we-have-earwax/-327295" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Why do we have earwax?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/interview-with-sioux-chef-sean-sherman/-327127" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/266632-138-4E234DD9/interview-with-sioux-chef-sean-sherman.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="A bronze bust of an Indigenous American figure sits in a kitchen, overlaid with sacks of rice marked with a green check and milk with sugar cubes crossed out." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/interview-with-sioux-chef-sean-sherman/-327127" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Bringing back Indigenous foods with Chef Sean Sherman</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/how-black-soldiers-participated-in-the-american-revolution-before-the-end-of-slavery/-326936" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/31/266131-138-68A2B9A4/how-black-soldiers-participated-in-the-american-revolution-before-the-end-of-slavery.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Two reenactors and an illustration of a Black soldier from the First Rhode Island Regiment stand against a background of historical handwritten text." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/how-black-soldiers-participated-in-the-american-revolution-before-the-end-of-slavery/-326936" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">The first Black battalion of the American Revolution</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/how-to-pronounce-semiquincentennial-and-what-it-means/-326853" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/98/266898-138-08C45948/how-to-pronounce-semiquincentennial-and-what-it-means.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The word semiquincentennial appears in white text on a blue background." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/how-to-pronounce-semiquincentennial-and-what-it-means/-326853" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">What do you call the 250th anniversary of the United States?</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 p-10 col-md-25"> <div class="card card-base col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/the-problem-with-invasive-species-in-the-great-lakes-and-lake-superior/-326485" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/68/265968-138-AC04E2A6/the-problem-with-invasive-species-in-the-great-lakes-and-lake-superior.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The video thumbnail image shows two hands holding zebra and quagga mussels, superimposed above a clear body of water. White question marks appear in the upper left corner." class="w-100" /> </div> <div class="btn border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/video/the-problem-with-invasive-species-in-the-great-lakes-and-lake-superior/-326485" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">How invasive mussels threaten the Great Lakes</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="h3 mb-10 mt-40">Original Series</h2> <div class="m-n10 "> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 video-portal-slider card-snap-slider col-100"> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex col-100"> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/videos/explains"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/62/249362-131-EB31340D/series-thumbnail-Britannica-Explains.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Series thumbnail for Britannica Explains video series." class="w-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/videos/explains" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Britannica Explains</a> <div class="font-serif mt-15 font-14"> Whatever your question, Britannica has the answer.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/videos/demystified"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/46/248646-131-D8931AAB/Demystified-video-logo.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Demystified series logo for video portal." class="w-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/videos/demystified" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Demystified</a> <div class="font-serif mt-15 font-14"> Science, art, history, and culture鈥攄emystified.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/videos/b-money-smart"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/25/248625-131-054B397D/Britannica-Money-video-portal-logo.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Britannica Money video portal logo." class="w-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/videos/b-money-smart" class="font-weight-bold font-16">B-Money Smart</a> <div class="font-serif mt-15 font-14"> Want to become a smarter investor, saver, and spender? Britannica Money breaks down the complex world of finance.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/videos/behind-the-zodiac"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/69/255169-050-62A221EC/zodiac-logo.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Britannica zodiac video series image logo, for use on video portal only." class="w-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/videos/behind-the-zodiac" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Behind the Zodiac</a> <div class="font-serif mt-15 font-14"> What鈥檚 really written in the stars? </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/videos/britannica-classics"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/61/249361-131-76A699F0/series-thumbnail-Britannica-Classics.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Series thumbnail for Britannica Classics videos." class="w-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/videos/britannica-classics" class="font-weight-bold font-16">Britannica Classics</a> <div class="font-serif mt-15 font-14"> Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica鈥檚 archives.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/videos/wtfact"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/09/213609-131-E4DA6406/Domestic-cat-surprised-shocked-expression.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="A lilac British cat looking up. The cat opened his mouth with a mad look. The concept of an animal that is surprised or amazed." class="w-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/videos/wtfact" class="font-weight-bold font-16">#WTFact Videos</a> <div class="font-serif mt-15 font-14"> In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/videos/this-week-in-history"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/08/213608-131-C03E5D56/Vintage-pocket-watch.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Time running, deadline, life time or business milestone concept, closed up vintage pocket watch or clock on book in vintage tone" class="w-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/videos/this-week-in-history" class="font-weight-bold font-16">This Time in History</a> <div class="font-serif mt-15 font-14"> In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> <h2 class="h3 mb-20 mt-50">Videos By Category</h2> <div class="grid mb-sm-30"> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Entertainment-Pop-Culture"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/04/167104-050-A0D0F726.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Entertainment & Pop Culture" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Entertainment & Pop Culture</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Geography-Travel"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/17/2317-050-758D0E55/World-map-descriptions-Herodotus-Black-Sea.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Geography & Travel" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Geography & Travel</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Health-Medicine"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/07/192107-050-CE043374/anatomy-charts-human-body-muscle-systems-skeletal.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Health & Medicine" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Health & Medicine</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Lifestyles-Social-Issues"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/11/195611-131-4DFC1336/Belgian-pride-parade-People-streets-flags-Brussels-2017.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Lifestyles & Social Issues" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Lifestyles & Social Issues</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Literature"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/172844-131-9695C31F/word-communication-stress-accent-letters-syllable.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Literature" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Literature</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Philosophy-Religion"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/95/180595-050-EDF2CA3A.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Philosophy & Religion" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Philosophy & Religion</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Politics-Law-Government"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/22/99622-050-E70BCD0A/Parthenon-Athens.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Politics, Law & Government" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Politics, Law & Government</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Science"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Science" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Science</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Sports-Recreation"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/13/170713-131-8D6B0AF7.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Sports & Recreation" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Sports & Recreation</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Technology"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/84/203584-131-357FBE7D/speed-internet-technology-background.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Technology" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Technology</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/Visual-Arts"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/24345-050-78FAA104.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="Visual Arts" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">Visual Arts</h4> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-50 col-sm-33 col-md-25 mb-30"> <div class="video-category-card"> <a href="/videos/World-History"> <div class="image-wrapper mb-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/05/84505-050-8BB58BE6/cave-art-Ennedi-Plateau-Chad.jpg?w=300&h=80&c=crop" alt="World History" /> </div> <h4 class="font-16">World History</h4> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <footer class="md-footer footer-wrapper hide-on-edit"> <div class="footer-bck"> <DIV class="marketing-FOOTER_NEWSLETTER marketing-content" data-marketing-id="FOOTER_NEWSLETTER"><div class="md-footer-newsletter-form pt-10 mb-30 mx-15 mx-sm-120"> <div class="font-18"> <strong>History at your fingertips –</strong> Sign up here to see what happened On This Day, every day in your inbox! </div> <div class="p-30"> <div class="newsletter-form-container"> <form class="newsletter-form" method="post" action="/newsletter-subscription/EB_ON_THIS_DAY"> <div class="form-group grid d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="col-sm-50 col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="enter-your-email">Enter your email</label> <input id="enter-your-email" type="email" name="email" class="form-control font-18 p-10" placeholder="Enter your email" pattern="[a-z0-9._%+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,4}$" required> </div> <div class="col-sm-auto col-100 mt-5 mt-sm-0"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-outline-white" style="width: 100%; height:100%;">Subscribe</button> </div> </div> <div class="text-white pt-30 text-opacity"> By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.<br> Click here to view our <a class="link-white text-decoration-underline" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Privacy Notice</a>. Easy unsubscribe links are provided in every email. </div> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="Footer" /><input type="hidden" name="campaign" value="Mendel" /><input type="hidden" name="medium" value="Box" /></form> <div class="md-subscribed hidden text-white"> <div class="my-10">Thank you for subscribing!</div> <div>Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div></DIV> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle d-flex justify-content-center colored" data-value="connect" > <div class="share-label text-uppercase hidden-xs">Stay Connected</div> <a class="social-icon facebook justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="social-icon x justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="x" href="https://x.com/britannica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>X</span></a> <a class="social-icon youtube justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/encyclopaediabritannica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>YouTube</span></a> <a class="social-icon instagram justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/britannica/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Instagram</span></a> <a class="social-icon pinterest justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="pinterest" href="https://www.pinterest.com/britannica/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg height="30" width="30" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="" role="img"><path d="M0 12c0 5.123 3.211 9.497 7.73 11.218-.11-.937-.227-2.482.025-3.566.217-.932 1.401-5.938 1.401-5.938s-.357-.715-.357-1.774c0-1.66.962-2.9 2.161-2.9 1.02 0 1.512.765 1.512 1.682 0 1.025-.653 2.557-.99 3.978-.281 1.189.597 2.159 1.769 2.159 2.123 0 3.756-2.239 3.756-5.471 0-2.861-2.056-4.86-4.991-4.86-3.398 0-5.393 2.549-5.393 5.184 0 1.027.395 2.127.889 2.726a.36.36 0 0 1 .083.343c-.091.378-.293 1.189-.332 1.355-.053.218-.173.265-.4.159-1.492-.694-2.424-2.875-2.424-4.627 0-3.769 2.737-7.229 7.892-7.229 4.144 0 7.365 2.953 7.365 6.899 0 4.117-2.595 7.431-6.199 7.431-1.211 0-2.348-.63-2.738-1.373 0 0-.599 2.282-.744 2.84-.282 1.084-1.064 2.456-1.549 3.235C9.584 23.815 10.77 24 12 24c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12S18.627 0 12 0 0 5.373 0 12"></path></svg> </a> </div> <br/> <div class="container"> <ul class="list-unstyled legal-links"> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">About Us & Legal Info</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/contact/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/equalemployment" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Equal Opportunity</a></li> </ul> <div class="mt-20">©2025 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</div> </div> </div> </footer> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- Ortto ebmwprod capture code --> <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"VideoPortal","templateName":null,"pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":1,"pageId":null,"pageLength":null,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":true} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.134.19"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-134/dist/video-portal-page.js?v=3.134.19' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"B","adLeg":"B","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"VideoPortal","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":null,"gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false,"hasAiTopQuestions":false,"hasSimplifyButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>