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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ranch occupations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranch_occupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_ranching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_ranching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins of ranching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_ranching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History in North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_in_North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History in North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_open_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_open_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The open range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_open_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_open_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_open_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>End of the open range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_open_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranching_in_Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranching_in_Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ranching in Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranching_in_Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranching_in_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranching_in_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ranching in South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranching_in_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranches_outside_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranches_outside_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ranches outside the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranches_outside_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ranch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="مربى مواشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مربى مواشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%A1ncho" title="Rráncho – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rráncho" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86" title="رانچ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رانچ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE" title="Ранчо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ранчо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranxo" title="Ranxo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ranxo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%C4%8D" title="Ranč – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ranč" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ranch" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranching" title="Ranching – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ranching" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rant%C5%A1o" title="Rantšo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rantšo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_(finca)" title="Rancho (finca) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rancho (finca)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%C4%89o" title="Ranĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ranĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrantxo" title="Arrantxo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrantxo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%87_(%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84)" title="مزرعه (محل) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مزرعه (محل)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ranch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ranch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainse" title="Rainse – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rainse" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A9%EC%9E%A5" title="목장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="목장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B8" title="Ռանչո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռանչո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladang_ternak" title="Ladang ternak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ladang ternak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ranch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חווה חקלאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חווה חקלאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ranchi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ranch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%A0%B4" title="牧場 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="牧場" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ranch" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ranch" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranczo" title="Ranczo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ranczo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho" title="Rancho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rancho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE" title="Ранчо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ранчо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ranch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%C4%8D" title="Ranč – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ranč" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%C4%8D" title="Ranč – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ranč" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ranch" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantso" title="Rantso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rantso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟาร์มสัตว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาร์มสัตว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%C3%A7" title="Ranç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ranç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE" title="Ранчо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ранчо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%A0%B4" title="牧場 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牧場" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%9C%BA" title="牧场 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="牧场" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q509028#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large area of land for raising livestock</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a type of land use and method of raising livestock. For information on people who handle cattle on ranches, see <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ranch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ranch (disambiguation)">Ranch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rancher" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rancher_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rancher (disambiguation)">Rancher (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant-Kohrs_Ranch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Grant-Kohrs_Ranch.jpg/350px-Grant-Kohrs_Ranch.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Grant-Kohrs_Ranch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Grant-Kohrs_Ranch_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site">Grant-Kohrs Ranch</a> near <a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer Lodge">Deer Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ranch</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">rancho</i>/<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>) is an area of <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">land</a>, including various structures, given primarily to <b>ranching</b>, the practice of raising <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>. It is a subtype of <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a>. These terms are most often applied to livestock-raising operations in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, though there are ranches in other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who own or operate a ranch are called <b>ranchers</b>, <b>cattlemen</b>, or <b>stockgrowers</b>. Ranching is also a method used to raise less common <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranches generally consist of large areas, but may be of nearly any size. In the western United States, many ranches are a combination of privately owned land supplemented by grazing leases on land under the control of the federal <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>. If the ranch includes <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigated land</a>, the ranch may also engage in a limited amount of <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farming</a>, raising crops for feeding the animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> and feed grains.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranches that cater exclusively to tourists are called <a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">guest ranches</a> or, colloquially, "<a href="/wiki/Dude" title="Dude">dude</a> ranches". Most working ranches do not cater to guests, though they may allow private <a href="/wiki/Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter">hunters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Outfitter" title="Outfitter">outfitters</a> onto their property to hunt native wildlife. However, in recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a few struggling smaller operations have added some dude ranch features such as horseback rides, cattle drives, and guided hunting to bring in additional income. Ranching is part of the <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of the "<a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a>" as seen in <a href="/wiki/Western_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Western movies">Western movies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeos</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The term ranch comes from the Spanish term <i>rancho</i>, itself from the term <i>rancharse</i>, which means “to get ready, to settle in a place, to pitch camp”, itself from the military French term <i>se ranger</i> (to arrange oneself, to tidy up), from the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language"> Frankish</a> <i>hring</i>, which means <i>ring</i> or <i>circle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was, originally, vulgarly applied in the 16th century to the provisional houses of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> peoples of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term evolved differently throughout the <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone"> Spanish speaking world</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mexico, it evolved to mean a cattle farm, station or estate, a pasturing land or agricultural settlement where cattle are raised.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally used to refer to a hamlet or village where cattle is raised and where the land is sowed;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a small independent cattle farm,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to a cattle station, an area of land for cattle raising, that is dependent of a <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">hacienda</a>, a large cattle estate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain it retained its military origin, being defined as: the group of people, typically soldiers, who eat together in a circle; a <a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">mess</a> hall. “Rancho” in Spain is also the: “food prepared for several people who eat in a circle and from the same pot.”<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also defined as a family reunion to talk any particular business.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While “ranchero” is defined as the: “steward of a mess”, the steward in charge of preparing the food for the “rancho” or mess-hall.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South America, specifically in Argentina,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uruguay, Chile, Brasil, Bolivia and Paraguay, the term is applied to a modest humble rural home or dwelling, a <a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">cottage</a>; while in Venezuela it’s an improvised, illegal dwelling, generally poorly built or not meeting basic habitability requirements; a shanty or slum house.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/250px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/375px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/500px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">On land</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrivoltaic">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">sheep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free-range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_farming" title="Natural farming">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ranching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Madeira)" title="Colonia (Madeira)"><i>Colonia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_steam_sterilization" title="Soil steam sterilization">Steam sterilization</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/16px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/24px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/32px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture" title="Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture" title="Template talk:Agriculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranch_occupations">Ranch occupations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_Ranch_(5451966167).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cattle_Ranch_%285451966167%29.jpg/220px-Cattle_Ranch_%285451966167%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cattle_Ranch_%285451966167%29.jpg/330px-Cattle_Ranch_%285451966167%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cattle_Ranch_%285451966167%29.jpg/440px-Cattle_Ranch_%285451966167%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Aike Ranch, El Calafate</figcaption></figure> <p>The person who owns and manages the operation of a ranch is usually called a <i>rancher</i>, but the terms <i>cattleman</i>, <i>stockgrower</i>, or <i>stockman</i> are also sometimes used. If this individual in charge of overall management is an employee of the actual owner, the term <i>foreman</i> or <i>ranch foreman</i> is used. A rancher who primarily raises young stock sometimes is called a <i>cow-calf operator</i> or a <i>cow-calf man</i>. This person is usually the owner, though in some cases, particularly where there is absentee ownership, it is the ranch manager or ranch foreman. </p><p>The people who are employees of the rancher and involved in handling livestock are called a number of terms, including <i>cowhand</i>, <i>ranch hand,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a></i>. People exclusively involved with handling horses are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(profession)" title="Wrangler (profession)">wranglers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_ranching">Origins of ranching</h2></div> <p>Ranching and the <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a> tradition originated in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, out of the necessity to handle large herds of grazing animals on dry land from horseback. During the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spanish nobility</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">military orders</a> received large land grants that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> had <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">conquered from the Moors</a>. These landowners were to defend the lands put into their control and could use them for earning revenue. In the process it was found that open-range breeding of sheep and cattle (under the <a href="/wiki/Mesta" title="Mesta">Mesta</a> system) was the most suitable use for vast tracts, particularly in the parts of Spain now known as <a href="/wiki/Castilla-La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilla-La Mancha">Castilla-La Mancha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_North_America">History in North America</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frijole_Ranch_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Frijole_Ranch_4.JPG/450px-Frijole_Ranch_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="450" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Frijole_Ranch_4.JPG/675px-Frijole_Ranch_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Frijole_Ranch_4.JPG/900px-Frijole_Ranch_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6257" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frijole_Ranch" title="Frijole Ranch">Frijole Ranch</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1876</span>) is part of <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains_National_Park" title="Guadalupe Mountains National Park">Guadalupe Mountains National Park</a> in west <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a> came to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> in the 16th century, followed by settlers, they brought their <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and cattle-raising techniques with them. Huge land grants by the Spanish (and later Mexican) government, part of the <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">hacienda</a> system, allowed large numbers of animals to roam freely over vast areas. A number of different traditions developed, often related to the original location in Spain from which a settlement originated. For example, many of the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Charro" title="Charro">charros</a></i> in central Mexico come from the <a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanca (province)">Salamanca</a> <i>charros</i> of Castile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">vaquero</a> tradition of Northern Mexico was more organic, developed to adapt to the characteristics of the region from Spanish sources by cultural interaction between the Spanish elites and the native and <i>mestizo</i> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cattle ranching <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching_in_Spanish_Florida" title="Cattle ranching in Spanish Florida">flourished in Spanish Florida</a> during the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rancho_Jalisco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rancho_Jalisco.jpg/200px-Rancho_Jalisco.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rancho_Jalisco.jpg/300px-Rancho_Jalisco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rancho_Jalisco.jpg/400px-Rancho_Jalisco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>A rancho in <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The word "Rancho" in Mexico developed different definitions from what it originally meant in Spain. In the book "Descripción de la Diócesis de Guadalajara de Indias" (1770), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mateo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Arteaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mateo José de Arteaga (page does not exist)">Mateo José de Arteaga</a> defined "Ranchos" as "extensions of land where few people live with few assets and sheltering in huts."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1778, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Alejandro_Pati%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Alejandro Patiño (page does not exist)">José Alejandro Patiño</a>, in his text "Topografía del Curato de Tlaxomulco," defined Ranchos as "In these Indian kingdoms, Ranchos are country houses of little pomp and value, where men of average means and the poor live, cultivating the small plots of land that they own or rent, sowing to the extent that each one can afford and raising their domestic, country animals, according to their strength."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the nineteenth century, the words Rancho and Estancia as used in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> had been consolidated to define a unit of land that made up a <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">Hacienda</a> or any rural area or the countryside in general. Domingo Revilla in 1844, in his text "Los Rancheros", defined a Rancho or Estancia as "a unit of land which comprises a Hacienda, where cattle and horses are raised, and which is in the care of a Caporal who is the captain of the other cowboys."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Niceto_de_Zamacois" title="Niceto de Zamacois">Niceto de Zamacois</a>, in his book "Historia de Méjico" (1879), defined terms as follows: "...the men of the countryside who carry out their jobs on horseback are given the name of "Rancheros," derived from the word Rancho that is applied to a small hacienda, or to a part of a large one that is divided into racherias or ranchos. Those who carry out the same tasks in the haciedas of Veracruz are given the name of "Jarochos."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus the term Rancho in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> became a unit of land that makes up a hacienda where cattle is raised and where people live in farmhouses. The people that live and work in those Ranchos managing cattle and horses are called Rancheros.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RanchOklahoma.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/RanchOklahoma.ws.jpg/700px-RanchOklahoma.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/RanchOklahoma.ws.jpg/1050px-RanchOklahoma.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/RanchOklahoma.ws.jpg/1400px-RanchOklahoma.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The historic 101 Ranch in Oklahoma showing the ranchhouse, corrals, and out-buildings</figcaption></figure> <p>As settlers from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> moved west, they brought cattle breeds developed on the east coast and in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> along with them, and adapted their management to the drier lands of the west by borrowing key elements of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Vaquero" title="Vaquero">vaquero</a> culture. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado._Round_up_on_the_Cimarron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Colorado._Round_up_on_the_Cimarron.jpg/250px-Colorado._Round_up_on_the_Cimarron.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Colorado._Round_up_on_the_Cimarron.jpg/375px-Colorado._Round_up_on_the_Cimarron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Colorado._Round_up_on_the_Cimarron.jpg/500px-Colorado._Round_up_on_the_Cimarron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5384" /></a><figcaption>An 1898 <a href="/wiki/Photochrom" title="Photochrom">photochrom</a> of a round-up in or near the town of <a href="/wiki/Cimarron,_Colorado" title="Cimarron, Colorado">Cimarron, Colorado</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, there were cattle on the eastern seaboard. <a href="/wiki/Deep_Hollow_Ranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Hollow Ranch">Deep Hollow Ranch</a>, 110 miles (180 km) east of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montauk,_New_York" title="Montauk, New York">Montauk, New York</a>, claims to be the first ranch in the United States, having continuously operated since 1658.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ranch makes the somewhat debatable claim of having the oldest cattle operation in what today is the United States, though cattle had been run in the area since European settlers purchased land from the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian people</a> of the area in 1643.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsday_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsday-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were substantial numbers of cattle on Long Island, as well as the need to herd them to and from common grazing lands on a seasonal basis, the cattle handlers actually lived in houses built on the pasture grounds, and cattle were ear-marked for identification, rather than being branded.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsday_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsday-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only actual "cattle drives" held on Long Island consisted of one drive in 1776, when the island's cattle were moved in a failed attempt to prevent them from being captured during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, and three or four drives in the late 1930s, when area cattle were herded down Montauk Highway to pasture ground near Deep Hollow Ranch.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsday_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsday-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_open_range">The open range</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-06-28_15_48_26_Cattle_along_Deeth-Charleston_Road_(Elko_County_Route_747)_at_the_Bruneau_River,_about_38.6_miles_north_of_Deeth_in_Elko_County,_Nevada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/2013-06-28_15_48_26_Cattle_along_Deeth-Charleston_Road_%28Elko_County_Route_747%29_at_the_Bruneau_River%2C_about_38.6_miles_north_of_Deeth_in_Elko_County%2C_Nevada.jpg/220px-2013-06-28_15_48_26_Cattle_along_Deeth-Charleston_Road_%28Elko_County_Route_747%29_at_the_Bruneau_River%2C_about_38.6_miles_north_of_Deeth_in_Elko_County%2C_Nevada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/2013-06-28_15_48_26_Cattle_along_Deeth-Charleston_Road_%28Elko_County_Route_747%29_at_the_Bruneau_River%2C_about_38.6_miles_north_of_Deeth_in_Elko_County%2C_Nevada.jpg/330px-2013-06-28_15_48_26_Cattle_along_Deeth-Charleston_Road_%28Elko_County_Route_747%29_at_the_Bruneau_River%2C_about_38.6_miles_north_of_Deeth_in_Elko_County%2C_Nevada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/2013-06-28_15_48_26_Cattle_along_Deeth-Charleston_Road_%28Elko_County_Route_747%29_at_the_Bruneau_River%2C_about_38.6_miles_north_of_Deeth_in_Elko_County%2C_Nevada.jpg/440px-2013-06-28_15_48_26_Cattle_along_Deeth-Charleston_Road_%28Elko_County_Route_747%29_at_the_Bruneau_River%2C_about_38.6_miles_north_of_Deeth_in_Elko_County%2C_Nevada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Bruneau_River" title="Bruneau River">Bruneau River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elko_County,_Nevada" title="Elko County, Nevada">Elko County, Nevada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> lands of what today is <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the western <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> were well-suited to "<a href="/wiki/Open_range" title="Open range">open range</a>" grazing. For example, <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> had been a mainstay of the diet for the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> in the Great Plains for centuries. Likewise, cattle and other livestock were simply turned loose in the spring after their young were born and allowed to roam with little supervision and no fences, then rounded up in the fall, with the mature animals driven to market and the breeding stock brought close to the ranch headquarters for greater protection in the winter. The use of <a href="/wiki/Livestock_branding" title="Livestock branding">livestock branding</a> allowed the cattle owned by different ranchers to be identified and sorted. Beginning with the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in the 1840s, and expansion both north and west from that time, through the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and into the 1880s, ranching dominated western economic activity. </p><p>Along with ranchers came the need for agricultural crops to feed both humans and livestock, and hence many <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farmers</a> also came west along with ranchers. Many operations were "diversified", with both ranching and farming activities taking place. With the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act">Homestead Act</a> of 1862, more settlers came west to set up <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farms</a>. This created some conflict, as increasing numbers of farmers needed to fence off fields to prevent cattle and sheep from eating their crops. <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a>, invented in 1874, gradually made inroads in fencing off privately owned land, especially for homesteads. There was some reduction of land on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> open to grazing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_open_range">End of the open range</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinook2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chinook2.gif/200px-Chinook2.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chinook2.gif/300px-Chinook2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chinook2.gif/400px-Chinook2.gif 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>The severe winter of 1886–87 brought an end to the open range. <i>Waiting for a Chinook</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell" title="Charles Marion Russell">C.M. Russell</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The end of the open range was not brought about by a reduction in land due to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">crop farming</a>, but by <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>. Cattle stocked on the open range created a <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a> as each rancher sought increased economic benefit by grazing too many animals on <a href="/wiki/Public_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Public lands">public lands</a> that "nobody" owned. However, being a non-native species, the grazing patterns of ever-increasing numbers of cattle slowly reduced the quality of the rangeland, in spite of the simultaneous massive slaughter of <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> that occurred. The <a href="/wiki/Winter_of_1886%E2%80%9387" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter of 1886–87">winter of 1886–87</a> was one of the most severe on record, and livestock that were already stressed by reduced grazing died by the thousands. Many large cattle operations went bankrupt, and others suffered severe financial losses. Thus, after this time, ranchers also began to fence off their land and negotiated individual grazing leases with the American government so that they could keep better control of the pasture land available to their own animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranching_in_Hawaii">Ranching in Hawaii</h3></div> <p>Ranching in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> developed independently of that in the continental United States. In colonial times, Capt. <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a> gave several head of cattle to the Hawaiian king, <a href="/wiki/Pai%60ea_Kamehameha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pai`ea Kamehameha">Pai`ea Kamehameha</a>, monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and by the early 19th century, they had multiplied considerably, to the point that they were wreaking havoc throughout the countryside. About 1812, John Parker, a sailor who had jumped ship and settled in the islands, received permission from Kamehameha to capture the wild cattle and develop a beef industry. </p><p>The Hawaiian style of ranching originally included capturing wild cattle by driving them into pits dug in the forest floor. Once tamed somewhat by hunger and thirst, they were hauled out up a steep ramp, and tied by their horns to the horns of a tame, older steer (or <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">ox</a>) and taken to fenced-in areas. The industry grew slowly under the reign of Kamehameha's son Liholiho (<a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_II" title="Kamehameha II">Kamehameha II</a>). When Liholiho's brother, Kauikeaouli (<a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_III" title="Kamehameha III">Kamehameha III</a>), visited <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, then still a part of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, he was impressed with the skill of the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">vaqueros</a>. In 1832, he invited several to Hawaii to teach the Hawaiian people how to work cattle. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a> cowboy came to be called the <i>paniolo</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Hawaiianize" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiianize">Hawaiianized</a> pronunciation of <i>español.</i> Even today, the traditional Hawaiian saddle and many other tools of the ranching trade have a distinctly Mexican look, and many Hawaiian ranching families still carry the surnames of vaqueros who made Hawaii their home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranching_in_South_America">Ranching in South America</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, ranches are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Estancias" class="mw-redirect" title="Estancias">estancias</a></i> and in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, they are called <i><a href="/wiki/Fazendas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazendas">fazendas</a></i>. In much of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">hacienda</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Finca" title="Finca">finca</a></i> may be used. <i>Ranchero</i> or <i>Rancho</i> are also generic terms used throughout tropical <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. </p><p>In the colonial period, from the <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">pampas</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> state in Brazil, including the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_Pampas" title="Semi-arid Pampas">semi-arid pampas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and the south of Brazil, were often well-suited to ranching, and a tradition developed that largely paralleled that of Mexico and the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gaucho</a> culture of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> are among the cattle ranching traditions born during the period. However, in the 20th century, cattle raising expanded into less-suitable areas of the <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a>. Particularly in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the 20th century marked the rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain forest">rain forest</a> lands were cleared by <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> methods that allowed grass to grow for livestock, but also led to the depletion of the land within only a few years. Many of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> of the rain forest opposed this form of cattle ranching and protested the forest being burnt down to set up grazing operations and farms. This conflict is still a concern in the region today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranches_outside_the_Americas">Ranches outside the Americas</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dehesa_Boyal._Bollullos_Par_del_Condado_(Huelva).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dehesa_Boyal._Bollullos_Par_del_Condado_%28Huelva%29.jpg/200px-Dehesa_Boyal._Bollullos_Par_del_Condado_%28Huelva%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dehesa_Boyal._Bollullos_Par_del_Condado_%28Huelva%29.jpg/300px-Dehesa_Boyal._Bollullos_Par_del_Condado_%28Huelva%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dehesa_Boyal._Bollullos_Par_del_Condado_%28Huelva%29.jpg/400px-Dehesa_Boyal._Bollullos_Par_del_Condado_%28Huelva%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Cattle in a <i>dehesa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bollullos_Par_del_Condado" title="Bollullos Par del Condado">Bollullos Par del Condado</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>In Spain, where the origins of ranching can be traced, there are <i><b>ganaderías</b></i> operating on <i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa_(pastoral_management)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehesa (pastoral management)">dehesa</a></i>-type land, where <a href="/wiki/Spanish_fighting_bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish fighting bull">fighting bulls</a> are raised. However, ranch-type properties are not seen to any significant degree in the rest of western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, where there is far less land area and sufficient rainfall allows the raising of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> on much smaller farms. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, a rangeland property is a <b><a href="/wiki/Station_(Australian_agriculture)" title="Station (Australian agriculture)">station</a></b> (originally in the sense of a place where stock were temporarily stationed). In almost all cases, these are either <a href="/wiki/Cattle_station" title="Cattle station">cattle stations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sheep_station" title="Sheep station">sheep stations</a>. The largest cattle stations in the world are located in Australia's dry <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">outback</a> rangelands. Owners of these stations are usually known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grazier" class="extiw" title="wikt:grazier">graziers</a> or pastoralists, especially if they reside on the property. Employees are generally known as <a href="/wiki/Stockman_(Australia)" title="Stockman (Australia)">stockmen/stockwomen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackaroo_(trainee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackaroo (trainee)">jackaroos/jillaroos</a>, and ringers (rather than cowboys). Some Australian cattle stations are larger than 10,000 km<sup>2</sup>, with the greatest being <a href="/wiki/Anna_Creek_Station" title="Anna Creek Station">Anna Creek Station</a> which measures 23,677 km<sup>2</sup> in area (approximately eight times the largest US Ranch). Anna Creek is owned by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Kidman" title="Sidney Kidman">S Kidman & Co</a>. </p><p>The equivalent terms in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> are <b>run</b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Station_(New_Zealand_agriculture)" title="Station (New Zealand agriculture)">station</a></b>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, similar extensive holdings are usually known as a farm (occasionally also ranch) in <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a> and <b>plaas</b> in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_station" title="Cattle station">Cattle station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden tools">Garden tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estancia" title="Estancia">Estancia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic management">Holistic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_(buildings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead (buildings)">Homestead (buildings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming#Cattle" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming § Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ranches_and_Stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ranches and Stations">List of Ranches and Stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_ranch" title="Movie ranch">Movie ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch-style_house" title="Ranch-style house">Ranch-style house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_station" title="Sheep station">Sheep station</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiegal, S., Huntsinger, L., Starrs, P.F., Hruska, T., Schellenberg, M.P., McIntosh, M.M., 2019. Rangeland livestock production in North America, in: Squires, V.R., Bryden, W.L. (Eds.), Livestock: Production, Management Strategies, and Challenges. NOVA Science Publishers, New York, New York, USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holechek, J.L., Geli, H.M., Cibils, A.F. and Sawalhah, M.N., 2020. Climate Change, Rangelands, and Sustainability of Ranching in the Western United States. <i>Sustainability</i>, <i>12</i>(12), p.4942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rancho#Noun_8">"rancho"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. Wikimedia Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=rancho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Francho%23Noun_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etimologias.dechile.net/?rancho">"rancho"</a>. <i>Etimologías</i>. De Chile<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Mexican+Revolution%3A+Including+a+Narrative+of+the+Expedition+of+General+Xavier+Mina&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Lydia+R.+Bailey&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Davis+Robinson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FMemoirs_of_the_Mexican_Revolution%2FUAUOAAAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26bsq%3DRancho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon1828" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, George Francis (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_a_Residence_and_Tour_in_the_R/JCtmCdi4y3sC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=rancho+journal+of+a+residence&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover"><i>Journal of a Residence and Tour in the Republic of Mexico in the Year 1826</i></a>. 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Sevilla, Spain: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400036959" title="Special:BookSources/9788400036959"><bdi>9788400036959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalajara+ganadera+estudio+regional+novohispano%2C+1760-1805&rft.place=Sevilla%2C+Spain&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Escuela+de+Estudios+Hispano-Americanos&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9788400036959&rft.aulast=Serrera+Contreras&rft.aufirst=Ramon+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRTLanaWVvcC%26dq%3Dranchos%2Bviven%2Bpocas%2Bgentes%2Bcon%2Bpocos%2Bbienes%2By%2Balbergados%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez_Serrano2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gomez Serrano, Jesús (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ioe3_sZLDvwC&dq=ranchos+son+en+estos+reinos+unas+casas+campestres&pg=PP65"><i>Haciendas y ranchos de Aguascalientes estudio regional sobre la tenencia de la tierra y el desarrollo agrícola en el siglo XIX</i></a> (in Spanish). Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789685073059" title="Special:BookSources/9789685073059"><bdi>9789685073059</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haciendas+y+ranchos+de+Aguascalientes+estudio+regional+sobre+la+tenencia+de+la+tierra+y+el+desarrollo+agr%C3%ADcola+en+el+siglo+XIX&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Aguascalientes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789685073059&rft.aulast=Gomez+Serrano&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dioe3_sZLDvwC%26dq%3Dranchos%2Bson%2Ben%2Bestos%2Breinos%2Bunas%2Bcasas%2Bcampestres%26pg%3DPP65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerrera_Contreras1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Serrera Contreras, Ramon María (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRTLanaWVvcC&dq=ranchos+viven+pocas+gentes+con+pocos+bienes+y+albergados&pg=PA33"><i>Guadalajara ganadera estudio regional novohispano, 1760-1805</i></a> (in Spanish). Sevilla, Spain: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400036959" title="Special:BookSources/9788400036959"><bdi>9788400036959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalajara+ganadera+estudio+regional+novohispano%2C+1760-1805&rft.place=Sevilla%2C+Spain&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Escuela+de+Estudios+Hispano-Americanos&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9788400036959&rft.aulast=Serrera+Contreras&rft.aufirst=Ramon+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRTLanaWVvcC%26dq%3Dranchos%2Bviven%2Bpocas%2Bgentes%2Bcon%2Bpocos%2Bbienes%2By%2Balbergados%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevilla1844" class="citation book cs1">Revilla, Domingo (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7vX10wQ9A8C&q=(17)%20una%20parte%20está%20dividida%20una%20hacienda"><i>El museo mexicano o miscelánea de amenidades curiosas e instructivas Volume 3</i></a> (Volume 3 ed.). Mexico City: Ignacio Cumplido. p. 557<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+museo+mexicano+o+miscel%C3%A1nea+de+amenidades+curiosas+e+instructivas+Volume+3&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pages=557&rft.edition=Volume+3&rft.pub=Ignacio+Cumplido&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Revilla&rft.aufirst=Domingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7vX10wQ9A8C%26q%3D%2817%29%2520una%2520parte%2520est%C3%A1%2520dividida%2520una%2520hacienda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Zamacois1879" class="citation book cs1">de Zamacois, Niceto (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tF1KAAAAYAAJ&q=derivado%20de%20la%20voz%20rancho"><i>Historia de Méjico desde sus tiempos mas remotos hasta nuestros dias Volume 10</i></a> (Volume 10 ed.). Barcelona and Mexico: J.F. Párres y compañia. p. 61<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+M%C3%A9jico+desde+sus+tiempos+mas+remotos+hasta+nuestros+dias+Volume+10&rft.place=Barcelona+and+Mexico&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=Volume+10&rft.pub=J.F.+P%C3%A1rres+y+compa%C3%B1ia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=de+Zamacois&rft.aufirst=Niceto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtF1KAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dderivado%2520de%2520la%2520voz%2520rancho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez1856" class="citation book cs1">Domínguez, Ramon Joaquin (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BstKAAAAcAAJ&q=Rancho%20Méjico%20cortijo%20"><i>Diccionario nacional ó gran diccionario clásico de la lengua Española</i></a>. Vol. 2. Madrid, Paris: Mellado. p. 268<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+nacional+%C3%B3+gran+diccionario+cl%C3%A1sico+de+la+lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Paris&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Mellado&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Ramon+Joaquin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBstKAAAAcAAJ%26q%3DRancho%2520M%C3%A9jico%2520cortijo%2520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deephollowranch.com/history1.htm">Deep Hollow Ranch History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071122032723/http://deephollowranch.com/history1.htm">Archived</a> 2007-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsday-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newsday_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newsday_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newsday_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-hs328a,0,6827509.story">Ochs, Ridgeley. "Ride 'em, Island Cowboy," <i>Newsday,</i>. Accessed May 5, 2008</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For terminologies in Australia and New Zealand, see <a href="/wiki/Station_(Australian_agriculture)" title="Station (Australian agriculture)">Station (Australian agriculture)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Station_(New_Zealand_agriculture)" title="Station (New Zealand agriculture)">Station (New Zealand agriculture)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunt2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Blunt" title="Judy Blunt">Blunt, Judy</a> (2002). <i>Breaking Clean</i>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40131-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40131-8"><bdi>0-375-40131-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+Clean&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-375-40131-8&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellHill2002" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ida Foster; Hill, Alice Foster (2002). <i>Triumph and Tragedy: A History of Thomas Lyons and the LCs</i>. Silver City, New Mexico: High-Lonesome Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944383-61-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-944383-61-0"><bdi>0-944383-61-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+and+Tragedy%3A+A+History+of+Thomas+Lyons+and+the+LCs&rft.place=Silver+City%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=High-Lonesome+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-944383-61-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ida+Foster&rft.au=Hill%2C+Alice+Foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Ellis" title="George F. Ellis">Ellis, George F.</a> (1973). <i>The Bell Ranch as I Knew It</i>. Lowell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913504-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-913504-15-7"><bdi>0-913504-15-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bell+Ranch+as+I+Knew+It&rft.pub=Lowell+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-913504-15-7&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood1989" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Kathy L. (1989). <i>Heart-Diamond</i>. University of North Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929398-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-929398-08-4"><bdi>0-929398-08-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart-Diamond&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-929398-08-4&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Kathy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1973" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Virginia (1973). <i>This Was Cattle Ranching: Yesterday and Today</i>. Seattle, Washington: Superior.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Was+Cattle+Ranching%3A+Yesterday+and+Today&rft.place=Seattle%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Superior&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1993" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Delbert R. (1993). <i>Great Ranches of the United States</i>. San Antonio, Texas: Ganada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-88051-025-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-88051-025-1"><bdi>1-88051-025-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Ranches+of+the+United+States&rft.place=San+Antonio%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Ganada+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-88051-025-1&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Delbert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARanch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ranching" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ranching">Ranching</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/rodeo/rodeo01e.shtml">The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Native Ranching and Rodeo Life on the Plains and Plateau </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/azr02"><i>The Handbook of Texas Online:</i> Ranching</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2412">Cattle Ranges of the Southwest</a>, published 1898, hosted by the Portal to Texas History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/Reference/Collections/Bibliographies/ranching.htm">Guide to ranch archives in Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/exhibits/grko/overview.html">Cowboys to Cattlemen Virtual Museum Exhibit and Lesson Plans at Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS</a> from <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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