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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_health_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_health_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human health impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_health_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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farming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="التربية الكثيفة للحيوانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التربية الكثيفة للحيوانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaderia_intensiva" title="Ramaderia intensiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ramaderia intensiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velkochov" title="Velkochov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velkochov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_Tierhaltung" title="Intensive Tierhaltung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intensive Tierhaltung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADa_intensiva_de_animales" title="Cría intensiva de animales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cría intensiva de animales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeltzaintza_intentsibo" title="Abeltzaintza intentsibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abeltzaintza intentsibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2" title="دامداری متمرکز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دامداری متمرکز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89levage_intensif" title="Élevage intensif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élevage intensif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feirmeoireacht_mhonarchan" title="Feirmeoireacht mhonarchan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feirmeoireacht mhonarchan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EC%95%BD%EC%A0%81_%EC%B6%95%EC%82%B0" title="집약적 축산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집약적 축산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="सघन पशुपालन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सघन पशुपालन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovni_uzgoj_%C5%BEivotinja" title="Masovni uzgoj životinja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Masovni uzgoj životinja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peternakan_pabrik" title="Peternakan pabrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peternakan pabrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allevamento_intensivo" title="Allevamento intensivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allevamento intensivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABpniecisk%C4%81_lopkop%C4%ABba" title="Rūpnieciskā lopkopība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūpnieciskā lopkopība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensyvi_gyvulininkyst%C4%97" title="Intensyvi gyvulininkystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Intensyvi gyvulininkystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penternakan_intensif" title="Penternakan intensif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penternakan intensif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensieve_veehouderij" title="Intensieve veehouderij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intensieve veehouderij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E7%B4%84%E7%95%9C%E7%94%A3" title="集約畜産 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="集約畜産" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produksjonsdyr" title="Produksjonsdyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Produksjonsdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodowla_przemys%C5%82owa" title="Hodowla przemysłowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hodowla przemysłowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecu%C3%A1ria_intensiva" title="Pecuária intensiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pecuária intensiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Животноводческая ферма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Животноводческая ферма" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">sheep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free-range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_farming" title="Natural farming">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Madeira)" title="Colonia (Madeira)"><i>Colonia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholding</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" 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class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/16px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/24px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/32px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture" title="Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture" title="Template talk:Agriculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Intensive animal farming</b>, <b>industrial livestock production</b>, and <b>macro-farms</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-macro_farms-_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macro_farms--1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known (particularly by opponents) as <b>factory farming</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensive agriculture</a>, specifically an approach to <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> designed to maximize production while minimizing costs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve this, <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusinesses</a> keep <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> at high stocking densities, <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">at large scale</a>, and using modern machinery, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">global trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mc1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mc1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main products of this industry are <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a> for human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a continuing debate over the benefits, risks and ethics of intensive animal farming.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc-organic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-organic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issues include <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>, the efficiency of food production, health risks and the environmental impact (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pigIntensiveHealth_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigIntensiveHealth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epaUKPDF_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epaUKPDF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also concerns as to whether intensive animal farming is <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> in the long-run, given its costs in resources.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intensive animal farming is more controversial than <a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">local farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat consumption</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocates of factory farming claim that factory farming has led to the betterment of housing, nutrition, and disease control over the last twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been shown that factory farming harms wildlife, the environment,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creates health risks,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abuses animals,<sup id="cite_ref-CBC2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exploits workers (in particular undocumented workers),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raises very severe ethical issues.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></div> <p>Intensive animal farming is a relatively recent development in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">history of agriculture</a>, utilizing scientific discoveries and technological advances to enable changes in agricultural methods that increase production. Innovations from the late 19th century generally parallel developments in <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> in other industries in the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> and their role in animal <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, in the first two decades of the 20th century, led to vitamin supplements, which allowed chickens to be raised indoors.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Steele_Gordon_1996_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Steele_Gordon_1996-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> facilitated raising livestock in larger numbers by reducing disease. Chemicals developed for use in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> gave rise to synthetic <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. Developments in shipping networks and technology have made long-distance distribution of agricultural produce feasible. </p><p>Agricultural production across the world doubled four times between 1820 and 1975 (1820 to 1920; 1920 to 1950; 1950 to 1965; and 1965 to 1975) to feed a global population of one billion human beings in 1800 and 6.5 billion in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-dominion_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominion-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> During the same period, the number of people involved in farming dropped as the process became more automated. In the 1930s, 24 percent of the American population worked in agriculture compared to 1.5 percent in 2002; in 1940, each farm worker supplied 11 consumers, whereas in 2002, each worker supplied 90 consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-dominion_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominion-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p><p>The era of factory farming in Britain began in 1947 when a new <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_Act_1947" title="Agriculture Act 1947">Agriculture Act</a> granted subsidies to farmers to encourage greater output by introducing new technology, in order to reduce Britain's reliance on imported meat. The United Nations writes that "intensification of animal production was seen as a way of providing food security."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, the United States, United Kingdom and other industrialized nations, commenced factory farming of beef and dairy cattle and domestic pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, farming became concentrated on fewer larger farms. For example, in 1967, there were one million pig farms in America; as of 2002, there were 114,000.<sup id="cite_ref-dominion_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominion-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> In 1992, 28% of American pigs were raised on farms selling >5,000 pigs per year; as of 2022 this grew to 94.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its American and West European heartland, intensive animal farming became globalized in the later years of the 20th century and is still expanding and replacing traditional practices of stock rearing in an increasing number of countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 intensive animal farming accounted for 30% of world meat production and by 2005, this had risen to 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aim is to produce large quantities of meat, eggs, or milk at the lowest possible cost. Food is supplied in place. Methods employed to maintain health and improve production may include the use of disinfectants, antimicrobial agents, <a href="/wiki/Anthelmintics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthelmintics">anthelmintics</a>, hormones and vaccines; protein, mineral and vitamin supplements; frequent health inspections; <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">biosecurity</a>; and climate-controlled facilities. Physical restraints, for example, fences or creeps, are used to control movement or actions regarded as undesirable. Breeding programs are used to produce animals more suited to the confined conditions and able to provide a consistent food product.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrial production was estimated to account for 39 percent of the sum of global production of these meats and 50 percent of total egg production.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, according to its <a href="/wiki/National_Pork_Producers_Council" title="National Pork Producers Council">National Pork Producers Council</a>, 80 million of its 95 million pigs slaughtered each year are reared in industrial settings.<sup id="cite_ref-dominion_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominion-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p><p>The major concentration of the industry occurs at the slaughter and meat processing phase, with only four companies slaughtering and processing 81 percent of cows, 73 percent of sheep, 57 percent of pigs and 50 percent of chickens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This concentration at the slaughter phase may be in large part due to regulatory barriers that may make it financially difficult for small slaughter plants to be built, maintained or remain in business. Factory farming may be no more beneficial to livestock producers than traditional farming because it appears to contribute to <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> that drives down prices. Through "forward contracts" and "marketing agreements", meatpackers are able to set the price of livestock long before they are ready for production.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These strategies often cause farmers to lose money, as half of all U.S. family farming operations did in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the nation's livestock producers would like to market livestock directly to consumers but with limited USDA inspected slaughter facilities, livestock grown locally can not typically be slaughtered and processed locally.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small farmers are often absorbed into factory farm operations, acting as contract growers for the industrial facilities. In the case of poultry contract growers, farmers are required to make costly investments in construction of sheds to house the birds, buy required feed and drugs – often settling for slim profit margins, or even losses. </p><p>Research has shown that many immigrant workers in concentrated animal farming operations (CAFOs) in the United States receive little to no job-specific training or safety and health information regarding the hazards associated with these jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers with limited English proficiency are significantly less likely to receive any work-related training, since it is often only provided in English. As a result, many workers do not perceive their jobs as dangerous. This causes inconsistent <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> (PPE) use, and can lead to workplace accidents and injuries. Immigrant workers are also less likely to report any workplace hazards and injuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intensive farms hold large numbers of animals, typically cows, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_goose" title="Domestic goose">geese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or chickens, often indoors, typically at high densities. </p><p>Intensive production of livestock and poultry is widespread in <a href="/wiki/Developed_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed nation">developed nations</a>. For 2002–2003, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) estimates of industrial production as a percentage of global production were 7 percent for beef and veal, 0.8 percent for sheep and goat meat, 42 percent for pork, and 67 percent for poultry meat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chickens">Chickens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chickens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_hens_-Bastos,_Sao_Paulo,_Brazil-31March2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg/170px-Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg/255px-Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Hens in Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>The major milestone in 20th-century poultry production was the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which made it possible to keep chickens in confinement year-round. Before this, chickens did not thrive during the winter (due to lack of sunlight), and egg production, incubation, and meat production in the off-season were all very difficult, making poultry a seasonal and expensive proposition. Year-round production lowered costs, especially for broilers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, egg production was increased by scientific breeding. After a few false starts, (such as the Maine Experiment Station's failure at improving egg production) success was shown by Professor Dryden at the Oregon Experiment Station.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Improvements in production and quality were accompanied by lower labor requirements. In the 1930s through the early 1950s, 1,500 hens provided a full-time job for a farm family in America. In the late 1950s, egg prices had fallen so dramatically that farmers typically tripled the number of hens they kept, putting three hens into what had been a single-bird cage or converting their floor-confinement houses from a single deck of roosts to triple-decker roosts. Not long after this, prices fell still further and large numbers of egg farmers left the business. This fall in profitability was accompanied by a general fall in prices to the consumer, allowing poultry and eggs to lose their status as luxury foods. </p><p>Robert Plamondon<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports that the last family chicken farm in his part of Oregon, Rex Farms, had 30,000 layers and survived into the 1990s. However, the standard laying house of the current operators is around 125,000 hens. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertical integration</a> of the egg and poultry industries was a late development, occurring after all the major technological changes had been in place for years (including the development of modern broiler rearing techniques, the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish cross">Cornish Cross</a> broiler, the use of laying cages, etc.). </p><p>By the late 1950s, poultry production had changed dramatically. Large farms and packing plants could grow birds by the tens of thousands. Chickens could be sent to <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouses</a> for butchering and processing into prepackaged commercial products to be frozen or shipped fresh to markets or wholesalers. Meat-type chickens currently grow to market weight in six to seven weeks, whereas only fifty years ago it took three times as long.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to genetic selection and nutritional modifications (but not the use of growth hormones, which are illegal for use in poultry in the US<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many other countries, and have no effect). Once a meat consumed only occasionally, the common availability and lower cost has made chicken a common meat product within developed nations. Growing concerns over the <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> content of <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a> in the 1980s and 1990s further resulted in increased consumption of chicken. </p><p>Today, eggs are produced on large egg ranches on which environmental parameters are well controlled. Chickens are exposed to artificial light cycles to stimulate egg production year-round. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Forced_molting" title="Forced molting">forced molting</a> is commonly practiced in the US, in which manipulation of light and food access triggers molting, in order to increase egg size and production. Forced molting is controversial, and is prohibited in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigley_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigley-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On average, a chicken lays one egg a day, but not on every day of the year. This varies with the breed and time of year. In 1900, average egg production was 83 eggs per hen per year. In 2000, it was well over 300. In the United States, laying hens are butchered after their second egg laying season. In Europe, they are generally butchered after a single season. The laying period begins when the hen is about 18–20 weeks old (depending on breed and season). Males of the egg-type breeds have little commercial value at any age, and all those not used for breeding (roughly fifty percent of all egg-type chickens) are <a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">killed</a> soon after hatching. The old hens also have little commercial value. Thus, the main sources of poultry meat 100 years ago (spring chickens and stewing hens) have both been entirely supplanted by meat-type broiler chickens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigs">Pigs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/220px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/330px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/440px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Pigs confined to a barn in an intensive system, <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In America, intensive piggeries (or hog lots) are a type of <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">concentrated animal feeding operation</a> (CAFO), specialized for the raising of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pigs</a> up to slaughter weight. In this system, grower pigs are housed indoors in group-housing or straw-lined sheds, whilst pregnant sows are confined in sow stalls (<a href="/wiki/Gestation_crate" title="Gestation crate">gestation crates</a>) and give birth in <a href="/wiki/Farrowing_crate" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrowing crate">farrowing crates</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The use of sow stalls has resulted in lower production costs and concomitant <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> concerns. Many of the world's largest producers of pigs (such as <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>) use sow stalls, but some nations (such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) and <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>) have banned them.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intensive piggeries are generally large warehouse-like buildings. Indoor pig systems allow the pig's condition to be monitored, ensuring minimum fatalities and increased productivity. Buildings are ventilated and their temperature regulated. Most domestic pig varieties are susceptible to heat stress, and all pigs lack sweat glands and cannot cool themselves. Pigs have a limited tolerance to high temperatures and heat stress can lead to death. Maintaining a more specific temperature within the pig-tolerance range also maximizes growth and growth to feed ratio. In an intensive operation pigs will lack access to a wallow (mud), which is their natural cooling mechanism. Intensive piggeries control temperature through ventilation or drip water systems (dropping water to cool the system).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pigs are naturally omnivorous and are generally fed a combination of grains and protein sources (soybeans, or <a href="/wiki/Meat_and_bone_meal" title="Meat and bone meal">meat and bone meal</a>). Larger intensive pig farms may be surrounded by farmland where feed-grain crops are grown. Alternatively, piggeries are reliant on the grains industry. Pig feed may be bought packaged or mixed on-site. The intensive piggery system, where pigs are confined in individual stalls, allows each pig to be allotted a portion of feed. The individual feeding system also facilitates individual medication of pigs through feed. This has more significance to <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> methods, as the close proximity to other animals enables diseases to spread more rapidly. To prevent disease spreading and encourage growth, drug programs such as <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> and other supplements are pre-emptively administered.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indoor systems, especially stalls and pens (i.e. 'dry', not straw-lined systems) allow for the easy collection of waste. In an indoor intensive pig farm, manure can be managed through a lagoon system or other waste-management system. However, odor remains a problem which is difficult to manage.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way animals are housed in intensive systems varies. Breeding sows spend the bulk of their time in sow stalls during pregnancy or farrowing crates, with their litters, until to be sent for the market. </p><p>Piglets often receive range of treatments including castration, tail docking to reduce tail biting, teeth clipped (to reduce injuring their mother's nipples, gum disease and prevent later tusk growth) and their ears notched to assist identification. Treatments are usually made without pain killers. Weak <a href="/wiki/Runt" title="Runt">runts</a> may be slain shortly after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piglets also may be <a href="/wiki/Wean" class="mw-redirect" title="Wean">weaned</a> and removed from the sows at between two and five weeks old<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and placed in sheds. However, grower pigs – which comprise the bulk of the herd – are usually housed in alternative indoor housing, such as batch pens. During pregnancy, the use of a stall may be preferred as it facilitates feed-management and growth control. It also prevents pig aggression (e.g. tail biting, ear biting, vulva biting, food stealing). Group pens generally require higher stockmanship skills. Such pens will usually not contain straw or other material. Alternatively, a straw-lined shed may house a larger group (i.e. not batched) in age groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cattle">Cattle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cattle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feedlot-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Feedlot-1.jpg/220px-Feedlot-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Feedlot-1.jpg/330px-Feedlot-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Feedlot-1.jpg/440px-Feedlot-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Beef <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a>. Such confinement creates more work for the farmer but allows the animals to grow rapidly.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cattle are <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>, and descended from the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bos_primigenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos primigenius">Bos primigenius</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are raised as livestock for their flesh (called beef and <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> (milk), leather and as <a href="/wiki/Draught_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Draught animal">draught animals</a>. As of 2009–2010 it is estimated that there are 1.3–1.4 billion head of cattle in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg/300px-Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg/450px-Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg/600px-Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of feedlot system. This can be contrasted with more traditional <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> systems.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common interactions with cattle involve daily <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">feeding</a>, cleaning and <a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">milking</a>. Many routine husbandry practices involve <a href="/wiki/Ear_tag" title="Ear tag">ear tagging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">dehorning</a>, loading, <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_surgery" title="Veterinary surgery">medical operations</a>, vaccinations and <a href="/wiki/Cloven_hoof" title="Cloven hoof">hoof</a> care, as well as training and sorting for agricultural shows and sales.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once cattle obtain an entry-level weight, about 650 pounds (290 kg), they are transferred from the range to a <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlot</a> to be fed a specialized <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a> which consists of corn byproducts (derived from ethanol production), barley, and other grains as well as alfalfa and <a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_meal" title="Cottonseed meal">cottonseed meal</a>. The feed also contains premixes composed of microingredients such as vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">antibiotics</a>, fermentation products, and other essential ingredients that are purchased from premix companies, usually in sacked form, for blending into commercial rations. Because of the availability of these products, farmers using their own grain can formulate their own rations and be assured the animals are getting the recommended levels of minerals and vitamins. </p><p>There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system. There are concerns surrounding the antibiotics and growth hormones used, increased <i>E. coli</i> contamination, higher saturated fat contents in the meat because of the feed, and also environmental concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010, in the U.S. 766,350 producers participate in raising beef. The beef industry is segmented with the bulk of the producers participating in raising beef calves. Beef calves are generally raised in small herds, with over 90% of the herds having less than 100 head of cattle. Fewer producers participate in the finishing phase which often occurs in a <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlot</a>, but nonetheless there are 82,170 feedlots in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMTA_cultured_mussels_(Mytilus_edulis)_in_the_Bay_of_Fundy_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/IMTA_cultured_mussels_%28Mytilus_edulis%29_in_the_Bay_of_Fundy_Canada.jpg/220px-IMTA_cultured_mussels_%28Mytilus_edulis%29_in_the_Bay_of_Fundy_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/IMTA_cultured_mussels_%28Mytilus_edulis%29_in_the_Bay_of_Fundy_Canada.jpg/330px-IMTA_cultured_mussels_%28Mytilus_edulis%29_in_the_Bay_of_Fundy_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/IMTA_cultured_mussels_%28Mytilus_edulis%29_in_the_Bay_of_Fundy_Canada.jpg/440px-IMTA_cultured_mussels_%28Mytilus_edulis%29_in_the_Bay_of_Fundy_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mytilus_edulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mytilus edulis">Blue mussels</a> cultivated in proximity to <a href="/wiki/Salmo_salar" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmo salar">Atlantic salmon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), also called integrated aquaculture,<sup id="cite_ref-Neori_et_al._2004_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neori_et_al._2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a practice in which the by-products (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (<a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, food) for another, making <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> intensive. Fed aquaculture (e.g. fish and <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>) is combined with inorganic extractive (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>) and organic extractive (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>) aquaculture to create balanced systems for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> (biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices).<sup id="cite_ref-Chopin_et_al._2001_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chopin_et_al._2001-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system is multi-trophic as it makes use of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> from different <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nutritional" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional">nutritional</a> level, unlike traditional aquaculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Chopin_2006_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chopin_2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideally, the biological and chemical processes in such a system should balance. This is achieved through the appropriate selection and proportions of different species providing different ecosystem functions. The co-cultured species should not just be <a href="/wiki/Biofilters" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofilters">biofilters</a>, but harvestable crops of commercial value.<sup id="cite_ref-Chopin_2006_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chopin_2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A working IMTA system should result in greater production for the overall system, based on mutual benefits to the co-cultured species and improved <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_health" title="Ecosystem health">ecosystem health</a>, even if the individual production of some of the species is lower compared to what could be reached in <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> practices over a short-term period.<sup id="cite_ref-Neori_et_al._2004_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neori_et_al._2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></div> <p>In various jurisdictions, intensive animal production of some kinds is subject to regulation for environmental protection. In the United States, a <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation">Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation</a> (CAFO) that discharges or proposes to discharge waste requires a permit and implementation of a plan for management of manure nutrients, contaminants, wastewater, etc., as applicable, to meet requirements pursuant to the federal Clean Water Act.<sup id="cite_ref-CAFOCDCP_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAFOCDCP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some data on regulatory compliance and enforcement are available. In 2000, the US Environmental Protection Agency published 5-year and 1-year data on environmental performance of 32 industries, with data for the livestock industry being derived mostly from inspections of CAFOs. The data pertain to inspections and enforcement mostly under the Clean Water Act, but also under the Clean Air Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Of the 32 industries, livestock production was among the top seven for environmental performance over the 5-year period, and was one of the top two in the final year of that period, where good environmental performance is indicated by a low ratio of enforcement orders to inspections. The five-year and final-year ratios of enforcement/inspections for the livestock industry were 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. Also in the final year, the livestock industry was one of the two leaders among the 32 industries in terms of having the lowest percentage of facilities with violations.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, intensive livestock operations are subject to provincial regulation, with definitions of regulated entities varying among provinces. Examples include Intensive Livestock Operations (Saskatchewan), Confined Feeding Operations (Alberta), Feedlots (British Columbia), High-density Permanent Outdoor Confinement Areas (Ontario) and Feedlots or Parcs d'Engraissement (Manitoba). In Canada, intensive animal production, like other agricultural sectors, is also subject to various other federal and provincial requirements. </p><p>In the United States, farmed animals are excluded by half of all state <a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">animal cruelty</a> laws including the federal <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966" title="Animal Welfare Act of 1966">Animal Welfare Act</a>. The 28-hour law, enacted in 1873 and amended in 1994 states that when animals are being transported for slaughter, the vehicle must stop every 28 hours and the animals must be let out for exercise, food, and water. The United States Department of Agriculture claims that the law does not apply to birds. The <a href="/wiki/Humane_Slaughter_Act" title="Humane Slaughter Act">Humane Slaughter Act</a> is similarly limited. Originally passed in 1958, the Act requires that livestock be stunned into unconsciousness prior to slaughter. This Act also excludes birds, who make up more than 90 percent of the animals slaughtered for food, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and fish. Individual states all have their own animal cruelty statutes; however many states have <a href="/wiki/Right-to-farm_laws" title="Right-to-farm laws">right-to-farm laws</a> that serve as a provision to exempt standard agricultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States there is an attempt to regulate farms in the most realistic way possible. The easiest way to effectively regulate the most animals with a limited number of resources and time is to regulate the large farms. In New York State many Animal Feeding Operations are not considered CAFOs since they have less than 300 cows. These farms are not regulated to the level that CAFOs are. Which may lead to unchecked pollution and nutrient leaching. The EPA website illustrates the scale of this problem by saying in New York State's Bay watershed there are 247 animal feeding operations and only 68<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of them are State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permitted CAFOs. </p><p>In Ohio animal welfare organizations reached a negotiated settlement with farm organizations while in California, <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_2_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 2 (2008)">Proposition 2, Standards for Confining Farm Animals</a>, an initiated law was approved by voters in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations have been enacted in other states and plans are underway for referendum and lobbying campaigns in other states.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An action plan was proposed by the USDA in February 2009, called the Utilization of Manure and Other Agricultural and Industrial Byproducts. This program's goal is to protect the environment and human and animal health by using manure in a safe and effective manner. In order for this to happen, several actions need to be taken and these four components include:<sup id="cite_ref-UMOAIIB_2009_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMOAIIB_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Improving the Usability of Manure Nutrients through More Effective Animal Nutrition and Management<sup id="cite_ref-UMOAIIB_2009_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMOAIIB_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maximizing the Value of Manure through Improved Collection, Storage, and Treatment Options<sup id="cite_ref-UMOAIIB_2009_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMOAIIB_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Utilizing Manure in Integrated Farming Systems to Improve Profitability and Protect Soil, Water, and Air Quality<sup id="cite_ref-UMOAIIB_2009_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMOAIIB_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Using Manure and Other Agricultural Byproducts as a Renewable Energy Source<sup id="cite_ref-UMOAIIB_2009_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMOAIIB_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2012 Australia's largest supermarket chain, Coles, announced that as of January 1, 2013, they will stop selling company branded pork and eggs from animals kept in factory farms. The nation's other dominant supermarket chain, Woolworths, has already begun phasing out factory farmed animal products. All of Woolworth's house brand eggs are now cage-free, and by mid-2013 all of their pork will come from farmers who operate stall-free farms.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2021, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> announced the plan of a ban on cages for a number of animals, including egg-laying hens, female breeding pigs, calves raised for veal, rabbits, ducks, and geese, by 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_welfare">Animal welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Animal welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Welfare_Committee" title="Farm Animal Welfare Committee">Farm Animal Welfare Council</a> was set up by the government to act as an independent advisor on <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> in 1979 and expresses its policy as five freedoms: from hunger and thirst; from discomfort; from pain, injury or disease; to express normal behavior; from fear and distress.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are differences around the world as to which practices are accepted and there continue to be changes in regulations with animal welfare being a strong driver for increased regulation. For example, the EU is bringing in further regulation to set maximum stocking densities for meat chickens by 2010, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="It is past 2010 (July 2015)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> where the UK Animal Welfare Minister commented, "The welfare of meat chickens is a major concern to people throughout the European Union. This agreement sends a strong message to the rest of the world that we care about animal welfare."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factory farming is greatly debated throughout Australia, with many people disagreeing with the methods and ways in which the animals in factory farms are treated. Animals are often under stress from being kept in confined spaces and will attack each other. In an effort to prevent injury leading to infection, their beaks, tails and teeth are removed.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many piglets will die of shock after having their teeth and tails removed, because painkilling medicines are not used in these operations. Factory farms are a popular way to gain space, with animals such as chickens being kept in spaces smaller than an <a href="/wiki/A4_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="A4 paper">A4 page</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Debeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Debeaking">debeaking</a> of chickens is <a href="/wiki/Deprecated" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecated">deprecated</a>, but it is recognized that it is a method of last resort, seen as better than allowing vicious fighting and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_in_poultry" title="Cannibalism in poultry">cannibalism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Between 60 and 70 percent<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of six million breeding <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">sows</a> in the U.S. are confined during pregnancy, and for most of their adult lives, in 2 by 7 ft (0.61 by 2.13 m) <a href="/wiki/Gestation_crate" title="Gestation crate">gestation crates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to pork producers and many veterinarians, sows will fight if housed in pens. The largest pork producer in the U.S. said in January 2007 that it will phase out gestation crates by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are being phased out in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, with a ban effective in 2013 after the fourth week of pregnancy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag may have passed. (July 2015)">needs update?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the evolution of factory farming, there has been a growing awareness of the issues amongst the wider public, not least due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> and welfare campaigners.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, gestation crates, one of the more contentious practices, are the subject of laws in the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europe<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around the world to phase out their use as a result of pressure to adopt less confined practices. </p><p>Death rates for sows have been increasing in the US from <a href="/wiki/Prolapse" title="Prolapse">prolapse</a>, which has been attributed to intensive breeding practices. Sows produce on average 23 piglets a year.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States alone, over 20 million chickens, 330,000 pigs and 166,000 cattle die during transport to slaughterhouses annually, and some 800,000 pigs are incapable of walking upon arrival. This is often due to being exposed to extreme temperatures and trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstrations">Demonstrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demonstrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2011 to 2014 each year between 15,000 and 30,000 people gathered under the theme <i><a href="/wiki/We_are_fed_up" title="We are fed up">We are fed up</a>!</i> in Berlin to protest against industrial livestock production.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_health_impact">Human health impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human health impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC), farms on which animals are intensively reared can cause adverse health reactions in farm workers. Workers may develop acute and chronic lung disease, musculoskeletal injuries, and may catch <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">infections that transmit from animals to human beings</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a> are used to control organisms which are considered harmful<sup id="cite_ref-purdue_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdue-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they save farmers money by preventing product losses to pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelloggrl_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelloggrl-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, about a quarter of pesticides used are used in houses, yards, parks, golf courses, and swimming pools<sup id="cite_ref-sustaining_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustaining-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 70% are used in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelloggrl_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelloggrl-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, pesticides can make their way into consumers' bodies which can cause health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One source of this is <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a> in animals raised on factory farms.<sup id="cite_ref-sustaining_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustaining-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmep_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmep-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Studies have discovered an increase in respiratory, neurobehavioral, and mental illnesses among the residents of communities next to factory farms."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CDC writes that chemical, bacterial, and viral compounds from animal waste may travel in the soil and water. Residents near such farms report problems such as unpleasant smell, flies and adverse health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-CAFOCDCP_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAFOCDCP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CDC has identified a number of pollutants associated with the discharge of animal waste into rivers and lakes, and into the air. <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a> may create <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antibiotic-resistant</a> pathogens; parasites, bacteria, and viruses may be spread; <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> can reduce oxygen in surface waters and contaminate drinking water; pesticides and hormones may cause hormone-related changes in fish; animal feed and feathers may stunt the growth of desirable plants in surface waters and provide nutrients to disease-causing micro-organisms; trace elements such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, which are harmful to human health, may contaminate surface waters.<sup id="cite_ref-CAFOCDCP_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAFOCDCP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonotic diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">coronavirus disease 2019</a> (COVID-19), which caused the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, are increasingly linked to environmental changes associated with intensive animal farming.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disruption of pristine forests driven by logging, mining, road building through remote places, rapid urbanisation and population growth is bringing people into closer contact with animal species they may never have been near before. According to <a href="/wiki/Kate_Jones_(scientist)" title="Kate Jones (scientist)">Kate Jones</a>, chair of ecology and biodiversity at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, the resulting transmission of disease from wildlife to humans is now "a hidden cost of human economic development".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intensive farming may make the evolution and spread of harmful diseases easier. Many communicable animal diseases spread rapidly through densely spaced populations of animals and crowding makes genetic reassortment more likely. However, small family farms are more likely to introduce bird diseases and more frequent association with people into the mix, as happened in the <a href="/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 flu pandemic">2009 flu pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, growth hormones are banned on the basis that there is no way of determining a safe level. The UK has stated that in the event of the EU raising the ban at some future date, to comply with a precautionary approach, it would only consider the introduction of specific hormones, proven on a case-by-case basis.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, the EU banned feeding animals antibiotics that were found to be valuable for human health. Furthermore, in 2006 the EU banned all drugs for livestock that were used for growth promotion purposes. As a result of these bans, the levels of antibiotic resistance in animal products and within the human population showed a decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The international trade in animal products increases the risk of global transmission of virulent diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Classical_swine_fever" title="Classical swine fever">swine fever</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">BSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth crisis">foot and mouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/2007_Bernard_Matthews_H5N1_outbreak" title="2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak">bird flu</a>. </p><p>In the United States, the use of antibiotics in livestock is still prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDA reports that 80 percent of all antibiotics sold in 2009 were administered to livestock animals, and that many of these antibiotics are identical or closely related to drugs used for treating illnesses in humans. Consequently, many of these drugs are losing their effectiveness on humans, and the total healthcare costs associated with drug-resistant bacterial infections in the United States are between $16.6 billion and $26 billion annually.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></a> (MRSA) has been identified in pigs and humans raising concerns about the role of pigs as reservoirs of MRSA for human infection. One study found that 20% of pig farmers in the United States and Canada in 2007 harbored MRSA.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second study revealed that 81% of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> pig farms had pigs with MRSA and 39% of animals at slaughter carried the bug were all of the infections were resistant to <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a> and many were resistant to other antimicrobials.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent study found that MRSA ST398 isolates were less susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Tiamulin" title="Tiamulin">tiamulin</a>, an antimicrobial used in agriculture, than other MRSA or methicillin susceptible <i>S. aureus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases of MRSA have increased in livestock animals. CC398 is a new clone of MRSA that has emerged in animals and is found in intensively reared production animals (primarily pigs, but also cattle and poultry), where it can be transmitted to humans. Although dangerous to humans, CC398 is often asymptomatic in food-producing animals.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 nationwide study reported nearly half of the meat and poultry sold in U.S. grocery stores – 47 percent – was contaminated with <i>S. aureus</i>, and more than half of those bacteria – 52 percent – were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Staph should be killed with proper cooking, it may still pose a risk to consumers through improper food handling and cross-contamination in the kitchen. The senior author of the study said, "The fact that drug-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> was so prevalent, and likely came from the food animals themselves, is troubling, and demands attention to how antibiotics are used in food-animal production today."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2009, lawmakers in the Mexican state of Veracruz accused large-scale hog and poultry operations of being breeding grounds of a pandemic swine flu, although they did not present scientific evidence to support their claim. A swine flu which have quickly killed more than 100 infected persons in that area, appears to have begun in the vicinity of a <a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Foods" title="Smithfield Foods">Smithfield</a> subsidiary pig <a href="/wiki/CAFO" class="mw-redirect" title="CAFO">CAFO</a> (concentrated animal feeding operation).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle#Environmental_impact" title="Cattle">Cattle § Environmental_impact</a></div> <p>Intensive factory farming has grown to become the biggest threat to the global environment through the loss of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> and global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a major driver to global <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process in which feed needs to be grown for animal use only is often grown using intensive methods which involve a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. This sometimes results in the <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> of water, soil and air by <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemicals</a> and manure waste, and use of limited resources such as water and energy at unsustainable rates.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">Entomophagy</a> is evaluated by many experts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as a sustainable solution to traditional <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, and, if intensively farmed on a large-scale, would cause a far-lesser amount of environmental damage. </p><p>Industrial production of pigs and poultry is an important source of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions and is predicted to become more so. On intensive pig farms, the animals are generally kept on concrete with slats or grates for the manure to drain through. The manure is usually stored in slurry form (slurry is a liquid mixture of urine and feces). During storage on farm, slurry emits <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and when manure is spread on fields it emits <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> and causes <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen pollution">nitrogen pollution</a> of land and water. Poultry manure from factory farms emits high levels of nitrous oxide and ammonia.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large quantities and concentrations of waste are produced.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air quality and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> are at risk when animal waste is improperly recycled.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental impacts of factory farming include:<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> for animal feed production</li> <li>Unsustainable pressure on land for production of high-protein/high-energy animal feed</li> <li>Pesticide, herbicide and fertilizer manufacture and use for feed production</li> <li>Unsustainable use of water for feed-crops, including groundwater extraction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> of soil, water and air by nitrogen and phosphorus from fertiliser used for feed-crops and from manure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a> (reduced fertility, soil compaction, increased salinity, desertification)</li> <li>Loss of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_acidification" title="Freshwater acidification">acidification</a>, pesticides and herbicides</li> <li>Worldwide reduction of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> of livestock and loss of traditional breeds</li> <li>Species <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinctions</a> due to livestock-related <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> (especially feed-cropping)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_Health_Initiative" title="Cattle Health Initiative">Cattle Health Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranching">Cattle ranching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobb_500" title="Cobb 500">Cobb 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-atmosphere_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled-atmosphere killing">Controlled-atmosphere killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)"><i>Dominion</i> (2018 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean#Environmental_issues" title="Soybean">Environmental issues with soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Sanctuary" title="Farm Sanctuary">Farm Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_farming_divestment" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming divestment">Factory farming divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Food systems">Food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestation_crate" title="Gestation crate">Gestation crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Meat-packing" title="Golden Triangle of Meat-packing">Golden Triangle of Meat-packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Slaughter_Act" title="Humane Slaughter Act">Humane Slaughter Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">List of foodborne illness outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States foodborne illness outbreaks">List of United States foodborne illness outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-scale_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-scale agriculture">Small-scale agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_animal_farming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-macro_farms--1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macro_farms-_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspain.news/the-limits-in-sight-for-spanish-macro-farms/">"The limits in sight for Spanish macro farms"</a>. In Spain News. December 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+limits+in+sight+for+Spanish+macro+farms&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finspain.news%2Fthe-limits-in-sight-for-spanish-macro-farms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusk2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jayson_Lusk" title="Jayson Lusk">Lusk, Jayson</a> (September 23, 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/25/opinion/sunday/why-industrial-farms-are-good-for-the-environment.html">"Why Industrial Farms Are Good for the Environment"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923181249/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/25/opinion/sunday/why-industrial-farms-are-good-for-the-environment.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2016. <q>Before 'factory farming' became a pejorative, agricultural scholars of the mid-20th century were calling for farmers to do just that — become more factorylike and businesslike. From that time, farm sizes have risen significantly. It is precisely this large size that is often criticized today in the belief that large farms put profit ahead of soil and animal health.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Industrial+Farms+Are+Good+for+the+Environment&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft.aulast=Lusk&rft.aufirst=Jayson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fwhy-industrial-farms-are-good-for-the-environment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/phillempert/2015/06/15/why-factory-farming-isnt-what-you-think/">"Why Factory Farming Isn't What You Think"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Why+Factory+Farming+Isn%27t+What+You+Think&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fphillempert%2F2015%2F06%2F15%2Fwhy-factory-farming-isnt-what-you-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources discussing no "intensive farming", "intensive agriculture" or "factory farming": <ul><li>Fraser, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0158e/a0158e00.HTM"><i>Animal welfare and the intensification of animal production: An alternative interpretation</i></a>, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005. *Turner, Jacky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unsystem.org/SCN/archives/scnnews21/ch04.htm#TopOfPage">"History of factory farming"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116060714/http://www.unsystem.org/SCN/archives/scnnews21/ch04.htm">Archived</a> November 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Nations: "Fifty years ago in Europe, intensification of animal production was seen as the road to national food security and a better diet ... The <b>intensive systems</b> – called '<b>factory farms'</b> – were characterised by confinement of the animals at high stocking density, often in barren and unnatural conditions."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrys" title="John Humphrys">Humphrys, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,475210,00.html">Why the organic revolution had to happen</a>, <i>The Observer</i>, April 21, 2001: "Nor is a return to 'primitive' farming practices the only alternative to <b>factory farming</b> and highly <b>intensive agriculture</b>."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1205545.stm">"Head to head: Intensive farming"</a>, BBC News, March 6, 2001: "Here, Green MEP Caroline Lucas takes issue with the <b>intensive farming</b> methods of recent decades ... In the wake of the spread of BSE from the UK to the continent of Europe, the German Government has appointed an Agriculture Minister from the Green Party. She intends to end <b>factory farming</b> in her country. This must be the way forward and we should end <b>industrial agriculture</b> in this country as well."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources discussing "industrial farming", "industrial agriculture" and "factory farming": <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y2772E/y2772e0c.htm">"Annex 2. Permitted substances for the production of organic foods"</a>, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: "'<b>Factory' farming</b> refers to <b>industrial management systems</b> that are heavily reliant on veterinary and feed inputs not permitted in organic agriculture.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1205545.stm">"Head to head: Intensive farming"</a>, BBC News, March 6, 2001: "Here, Green MEP Caroline Lucas takes issue with the <b>intensive farming</b> methods of recent decades ... In the wake of the spread of BSE from the UK to the continent of Africa, the German Government has appointed an Agriculture Minister from the Green Party. She intends to end <b>factory farming</b> in her country. This must be the way forward and we should end <b>industrial agriculture</b> in this country as well."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufmann, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/25/AR2007012501785.html">"Largest Pork Processor to Phase Out Crates"</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, January 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mc1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mc1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1046184.stm">"EU tackles BSE crisis"</a>, BBC News, November 29, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Is factory farming really cheaper?" in <i>New Scientist</i>, Institution of Electrical Engineers, New Science Publications, University of Michigan, 1971, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danielle_Nierenberg_2005_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNierenberg2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Nierenberg" title="Danielle Nierenberg">Nierenberg, Danielle</a> (2005). Mastny, Lisa (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/happiermealsreth00nier"><i>Happier Meals: Rethinking the Global Meat Industry</i></a></span>. Vol. 171. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878071-77-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878071-77-4"><bdi>978-1-878071-77-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005932799">2005932799</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62104329">62104329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152935538">152935538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happier+Meals%3A+Rethinking+the+Global+Meat+Industry&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Worldwatch+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62104329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152935538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005932799&rft.isbn=978-1-878071-77-4&rft.aulast=Nierenberg&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhappiermealsreth00nier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-organic-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyc-organic_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuram2010" class="citation book cs1">Duram, Leslie A. (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35963-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35963-7"><bdi>978-0-313-35963-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Organic%2C+Sustainable%2C+and+Local+Food&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35963-7&rft.aulast=Duram&rft.aufirst=Leslie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pigIntensiveHealth-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pigIntensiveHealth_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522231342/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/oldcomm4/out17_en.html">"Health and Consumer Protection – Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare – Previous outcome of discussions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/oldcomm4/out17_en.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+and+Consumer+Protection+%E2%80%93+Scientific+Committee+on+Animal+Health+and+Animal+Welfare+%E2%80%93+Previous+outcome+of+discussions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ffood%2Ffs%2Fsc%2Foldcomm4%2Fout17_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/commissioner-points-to-factory-farming-as-source-of-contamination-1.239571">"Commissioner points to factory farming as source of contamination"</a>. July 28, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708125445/http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2000/07/28/000727farming.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commissioner+points+to+factory+farming+as+source+of+contamination&rft.date=2000-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcommissioner-points-to-factory-farming-as-source-of-contamination-1.239571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epaUKPDF-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epaUKPDF_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153810/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/105385/rebuildag_908097.pdf">"Rebuilding Agriculture – EPA of UK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/105385/rebuildag_908097.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+EPA+of+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment-agency.gov.uk%2Fcommondata%2F105385%2Frebuildag_908097.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudent" class="citation web cs1">Student, Pace Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraryguides.law.pace.edu/c.php?g=452979&p=3107602">"Research Guides: Student Project: Factory Farming: Environmental Impacts"</a>. <i>libraryguides.law.pace.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hachette Book Group US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316127165" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316127165"><bdi>978-0316127165</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669754727">669754727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+Animals&rft.pub=Hachette+Book+Group+US&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F669754727&rft.isbn=978-0316127165&rft.aulast=Foer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Safran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FAO. 2007. The state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. 511 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026033754/http://www.csindy.com/coloradosprings/this-cattlemans-got-a-beef/Content?oid=1121453">"This Cattleman's Got a Beef"</a>. <i>Colorado Springs Independent</i>. November 20, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csindy.com/coloradosprings/this-cattlemans-got-a-beef/Content?oid=1121453">the original</a> on October 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Springs+Independent&rft.atitle=This+Cattleman%27s+Got+a+Beef&rft.date=2003-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csindy.com%2Fcoloradosprings%2Fthis-cattlemans-got-a-beef%2FContent%3Foid%3D1121453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522140235/http://foodandwater.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/FactoryFarmNation-web.pdf">"<i>Factory Farm Nation: How America Turned its Livestock Farms into Factories</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foodandwater.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/FactoryFarmNation-web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Factory+Farm+Nation%3A+How+America+Turned+its+Livestock+Farms+into+Factories&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoodandwater.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F11%2FFactoryFarmNation-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Testimony by Leland Swenson, president of the U.S. National Farmers' Union, before the House Judiciary Committee, September 12, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamosFuentesTrinidad2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ramos, Athena K.; Fuentes, Axel; Trinidad, Natalia (November 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5875190">"Perception of Job-Related Risk, Training, and Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) among Latino Immigrant Hog CAFO Workers in Missouri: A Pilot Study"</a>. <i>Safety</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsafety2040025">10.3390/safety2040025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5875190">5875190</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29607309">29607309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Safety&rft.atitle=Perception+of+Job-Related+Risk%2C+Training%2C+and+Use+of+Personal+Protective+Equipment+%28PPE%29+among+Latino+Immigrant+Hog+CAFO+Workers+in+Missouri%3A+A+Pilot+Study&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5875190%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29607309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsafety2040025&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Athena+K.&rft.au=Fuentes%2C+Axel&rft.au=Trinidad%2C+Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5875190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: "<a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> with <a href="/wiki/Domestic_goose" title="Domestic goose">Goose</a>" – <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Szpak" title="Włodzimierz Szpak">Włodzimierz Szpak</a> (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLuca2014" class="citation journal cs1">DeLuca, Hector F (January 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899558">"History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites"</a>. <i>BoneKEy Reports</i>. <b>3</b>: 479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbonekey.2013.213">10.1038/bonekey.2013.213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2047-6396">2047-6396</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899558">3899558</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24466410">24466410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BoneKEy+Reports&rft.atitle=History+of+the+discovery+of+vitamin+D+and+its+active+metabolites&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=479&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3899558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2047-6396&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24466410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbonekey.2013.213&rft.aulast=DeLuca&rft.aufirst=Hector+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3899558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Poultry Nutrition</i>, Ray Ewing, Ray Ewing Press, Third Edition, 1947, page 754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dryden, James. <i>Poultry Breeding and Management</i>. Orange Judd Press, 1916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plamondon.com">"Plamondon.com: the home of Robert Plamondon and all his works!"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Companions%3A+How+Microbes+Shaped+our+History&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntensive+animal+farming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animal-ethics.org/animals-used-food-introduction">Animals Used for Food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalaglawcenter.org/research-by-topic/afo/">National Agriculture Law Center – Animal Feeding Operations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li>animals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights" title="Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights" title="Template talk:Animal rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics<br />and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> <small style="">( 139 )</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_welfare" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_welfare" title="Template:Animal welfare"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_welfare" title="Template talk:Animal welfare"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_welfare" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal welfare"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_welfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_culling" title="Cormorant culling">Cormorant culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_dehorning" title="Livestock dehorning">Livestock dehorning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_animals" title="Eating live animals">Eating live animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_discretionary_invasive_procedures_on_animals" title="Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals">Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_mill" title="Puppy mill">Puppy mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_fire" title="Barn fire">Barn fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abnormal_behaviours_in_animals" title="List of abnormal behaviours in animals">Abnormal behaviours in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_psychopathology" title="Animal psychopathology">Animal psychopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_shelter" title="Animal shelter">Animal shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">Animal welfare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservation" title="Compassionate conservation">Compassionate conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_welfare" title="Conservation welfare">Conservation welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_omnivorism" title="Ethical omnivorism">Ethical omnivorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_freedoms" title="Five freedoms">Five freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_law_enforcement" title="Humane law enforcement">Humane law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_in_animal_ethics" title="Intrinsic value in animal ethics">Intrinsic value in animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue group">Rescue group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSPCA_Assured" title="RSPCA Assured">RSPCA Assured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rs_(animal_research)" title="Three Rs (animal research)">Three Rs principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_biology" title="Welfare biology">Welfare biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pain in<br />nonhuman animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_scale" title="Grimace scale">Grimace scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">ASPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Defence_and_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society">Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Defenders_International" title="Animal Defenders International">Animal Defenders International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Party" title="Animal Welfare Party">Animal Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Friend_Society" title="Animals' Friend Society">Animals' Friend Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humane" title="American Humane">American Humane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid_Unlimited" title="Animal Aid Unlimited">Animal Aid Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India" title="Animal Welfare Board of India">Animal Welfare Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Institute" title="Animal Welfare Institute">Animal Welfare Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_Trust" title="Badger Trust">Badger Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_of_Mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Band of Mercy">Band of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Dogs_%26_Cats_Home" title="Battersea Dogs & Cats Home">Battersea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Friends_Animal_Society" title="Best Friends Animal Society">Best Friends Animal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_(animal_charity)" title="Blue Cross (animal charity)">Blue Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_of_India" title="Blue Cross of India">Blue Cross of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_for_the_Wild_International" title="Care for the Wild International">Care for the Wild International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_Protection" title="Cats Protection">Cats Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_in_World_Farming" title="Compassion in World Farming">Compassion in World Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">CAWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_Trust" title="Cinnamon Trust">Cinnamon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_Trust" title="Dogs Trust">Dogs Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Animals" title="Dutch Society for the Protection of Animals">DSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSPCA" title="DSPCA">DSPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup_for_Animals" title="Eurogroup for Animals">Eurogroup for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Welfare_Committee" title="Farm Animal Welfare Committee">Farm Animal Welfare Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paws" title="Four Paws">Four Paws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fund_for_the_Replacement_of_Animals_in_Medical_Experiments" title="Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments">FRAME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_Care" title="Hedgehog Care">Hedgehog Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Canada" title="Humane Canada">Humane Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Farm_Animal_Care" title="Humane Farm Animal Care">Humane Farm Animal Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">HSUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_International" title="Humane Society International">Humane Society International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Slaughter_Association" title="Humane Slaughter Association">Humane Slaughter Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animal_Rescue" title="International Animal Rescue">International Animal Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare" title="International Fund for Animal Welfare">IFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology" title="International Society for Applied Ethology">International Society for Applied Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Society_for_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="Irish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">ISPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_welfare_organizations" title="List of animal welfare organizations">List of animal welfare organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Connection" title="Marine Connection">Marine Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Abolition_of_Cruel_Sports" title="National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports">National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_Animals" title="Network for Animals">Network for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dowding_Fund_for_Humane_Research" title="Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research">Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSPCA-Angell" title="MSPCA-Angell">MSPCA-Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Animal_Welfare_Trust" title="National Animal Welfare Trust">National Animal Welfare Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="National Anti-Vivisection Society">National Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Animals%27_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council for Animals' Welfare">National Council for Animals' Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneKind" title="OneKind">OneKind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Animal_Welfare" title="Party for Animal Welfare">Party for Animal Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_Animals" title="People for Animals">People for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Dispensary_for_Sick_Animals" title="People's Dispensary for Sick Animals">People's Dispensary for Sick Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">RNZSPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSPCA" title="RSPCA">RSPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSPCA_Australia" title="RSPCA Australia">RSPCA Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Me_(animal_welfare)" title="Save Me (animal welfare)">Save Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Society_for_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="Scottish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">SSPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiggywinkles" title="Tiggywinkles">Tiggywinkles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Humane_Society" title="Toronto Humane Society">Toronto Humane Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Federation_for_Animal_Welfare" title="Universities Federation for Animal Welfare">UFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Aid_Foundation" title="Wildlife Aid Foundation">Wildlife Aid Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Horse_Welfare" title="World Horse Welfare">World Horse Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Humane_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Humane Magazine">American Humane Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Protection (magazine)">Animal Protection</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(journal)" title="Animal Welfare (journal)">Animal Welfare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AWI_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="AWI Quarterly">AWI Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruel_Sports_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel Sports (magazine)">Cruel Sports</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Advocate_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Advocate (magazine)">Human Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Animal_Welfare_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science">Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Dumb_Animals" title="Our Dumb Animals">Our Dumb Animals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Guardian">The Animals' Guardian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cat_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cat (magazine)">The Cat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Zoophilist_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Zoophilist (magazine)">The Zoophilist</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists<br />and workers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Appleby" title="Michael C. Appleby">Michael C. Appleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Bathurst" title="Cynthia Bathurst">Cynthia Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_E._Bershadker" title="Matthew E. Bershadker">Matthew E. Bershadker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Blanke" title="Christa Blanke">Christa Blanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moira_Brown" title="Moira Brown">Moira Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Cameron" title="Jan Cameron">Jan Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_MacArthur_Clark" title="Judy MacArthur Clark">Judy MacArthur Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendra_Coulter" title="Kendra Coulter">Kendra Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ronald_Davies" title="Peter Ronald Davies">Peter Ronald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra_Deimer" title="Petra Deimer">Petra Deimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanna_Devine" title="Alanna Devine">Alanna Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Ganzert" title="Robin Ganzert">Robin Ganzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Hammond" title="Celia Hammond">Celia Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Hanlon" title="Alison Hanlon">Alison Hanlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hare" title="Brian Hare">Brian Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrin_Glock" title="Kathrin Glock">Kathrin Glock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Patterson-Kane" title="Emily Patterson-Kane">Emily Patterson-Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lymbery" title="Philip Lymbery">Philip Lymbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Mander" title="Damien Mander">Damien Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Nicol" title="Christine Nicol">Christine Nicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Pacelle" title="Wayne Pacelle">Wayne Pacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Pincott" title="Sharon Pincott">Sharon Pincott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilka_Reinhardt" title="Ilka Reinhardt">Ilka Reinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Robinson" title="Jill Robinson">Jill Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Sagara" title="Naomi Sagara">Naomi Sagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepehr_Salimi" title="Sepehr Salimi">Sepehr Salimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Sansolini" title="Adolfo Sansolini">Adolfo Sansolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Shukla_(animal_welfare_activist)" title="Rakesh Shukla (animal welfare activist)">Rakesh Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Stockin" title="Karen Stockin">Karen Stockin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Strand" title="Patti Strand">Patti Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Varma" title="Sally Varma">Sally Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_M._Widowski" title="Tina M. Widowski">Tina M. Widowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ansell" title="Gertrude Ansell">Gertrude Ansell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Appleton" title="Emily Appleton">Emily Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Baillie-Weaver" title="H. Baillie-Weaver">H. Baillie-Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Bemelmans" title="Madeleine Bemelmans">Madeleine Bemelmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bergh" title="Henry Bergh">Henry Bergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Brancker" title="Mary Brancker">Mary Brancker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Braithwaite" title="Victoria Braithwaite">Victoria Braithwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_A._Caras" title="Roger A. Caras">Roger A. Caras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cronin_(zookeeper)" title="Jim Cronin (zookeeper)">Jim Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Davies_(activist)" title="Brian Davies (activist)">Brian Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lysley_Derriman" title="Gerard Lysley Derriman">Gerard Lysley Derriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Dickin" title="Maria Dickin">Maria Dickin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Doggett" title="Marjorie Doggett">Marjorie Doggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Drakoules" title="Alice Drakoules">Alice Drakoules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_J._Eddy" title="Sarah J. Eddy">Sarah J. Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Estcourt-Oswald" title="Agnes Estcourt-Oswald">Agnes Estcourt-Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Fairholme" title="Edward G. Fairholme">Edward G. Fairholme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aida_McAnn_Flemming" title="Aida McAnn Flemming">Aida McAnn Flemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Furman" title="Lucy Furman">Lucy Furman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Goldstone" title="Basil Goldstone">Basil Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Goddard" title="Julia Goddard">Julia Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gower" title="Robert Gower">Robert Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colesworthey_Grant" title="Colesworthey Grant">Colesworthey Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Greenwood" title="George Greenwood">George Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gurney" title="Peter Gurney">Peter Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Victoria_Hall" title="Catherine Victoria Hall">Catherine Victoria Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hemingway" title="Edward Hemingway">Edward Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Hirschfeld" title="Rachel Hirschfeld">Rachel Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjoerd_Hofstra" title="Sjoerd Hofstra">Sjoerd Hofstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Hollands" title="Clive Hollands">Clive Hollands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton,_Baron_Houghton_of_Sowerby" title="Douglas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Sowerby">Douglas Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Hoyt" title="John A. Hoyt">John A. Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velma_Bronn_Johnston" title="Velma Bronn Johnston">Velma Bronn Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Knapp" title="Albert Knapp">Albert Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Lander" title="Titus Lander">Titus Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Lane" title="Carla Lane">Carla Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Lemon" title="Etta Lemon">Etta Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Lidiard" title="Victoria Lidiard">Victoria Lidiard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Alpin_MacGregor" title="Alasdair Alpin MacGregor">Alasdair Alpin MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Maple" title="Terry Maple">Terry Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Messer" title="Frederick Messer">Frederick Messer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_(Irish_politician)" title="Richard Martin (Irish politician)">Richard Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_McGreal" title="Shirley McGreal">Shirley McGreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Cowper-Temple,_Lady_Mount_Temple" title="Georgina Cowper-Temple, Lady Mount Temple">Lady Mount Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Nevins" title="Harriet Nevins">Harriet Nevins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ortt" title="Felix Ortt">Felix Ortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Louisa_Pirkis" title="Catherine Louisa Pirkis">Catherine Louisa Pirkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Phillips" title="Eliza Phillips">Eliza Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Gillette_Phillips" title="Maude Gillette Phillips">Maude Gillette Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Pratt" title="Samuel Jackson Pratt">Samuel Jackson Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Risdon" title="Wilfred Risdon">Wilfred Risdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Roberts_(activist)" title="Peter Roberts (activist)">Peter Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Salter" title="Jan Salter">Jan Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Smithies" title="Catherine Smithies">Catherine Smithies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bywater_Smithies" title="Thomas Bywater Smithies">Thomas Bywater Smithies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Snow" title="Herbert Snow">Herbert Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellin_Prince_Speyer" title="Ellin Prince Speyer">Ellin Prince Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stevens_(animal_welfare_activist)" title="Christine Stevens (animal welfare activist)">Christine Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_S._S._Steuart" title="Douglas S. S. Steuart">Douglas S. S. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Svendsen" title="Elisabeth Svendsen">Elisabeth Svendsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tealby" title="Mary Tealby">Mary Tealby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Trine" title="Ralph Waldo Trine">Ralph Waldo Trine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Trist" title="Sidney Trist">Sidney Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Venton" title="Ethel Venton">Ethel Venton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Dudley_Ward" title="M. Dudley Ward">M. Dudley Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessey_Wade" title="Jessey Wade">Jessey Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wathes" title="Christopher Wathes">Christopher Wathes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Weber_(activist)" title="Franz Weber (activist)">Franz Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Earle_White" title="Caroline Earle White">Caroline Earle White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Williamson" title="Emily Williamson">Emily Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fergie_Woods" title="H. Fergie Woods">H. Fergie Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Morgan_Wright" title="Alice Morgan Wright">Alice Morgan Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br />and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Arluke" title="Arnold Arluke">Arnold Arluke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Balcombe" title="Jonathan Balcombe">Jonathan Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Balls" title="Michael Balls">Michael Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barstow" title="Geoffrey Barstow">Geoffrey Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Broom" title="Donald Broom">Donald Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Fogle" title="Bruce Fogle">Bruce Fogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Haddon" title="Celia Haddon">Celia Haddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Hurst" title="Jane Hurst">Jane Hurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Hoyt" title="Erich Hoyt">Erich Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._King" title="Barbara J. King">Barbara J. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Lawrence" title="Alistair Lawrence">Alistair Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Macdonald_(biologist)" title="David Macdonald (biologist)">David Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Marchant" title="Jeremy Marchant">Jeremy Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_McMahan_(philosopher)" title="Jeff McMahan (philosopher)">Jeff McMahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mills_(biologist)" title="Daniel Mills (biologist)">Daniel Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy_Montgomery" title="Sy Montgomery">Sy Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Morell" title="Virginia Morell">Virginia Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitlin_O%27Connell-Rodwell" title="Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell">Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_J._Pearson" title="Susan J. Pearson">Susan J. Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Peterson" title="Dale Peterson">Dale Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Reiss" title="Diana Reiss">Diana Reiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Safina" title="Carl Safina">Carl Safina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Scully" title="Matthew Scully">Matthew Scully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Shapiro_(author)" title="Paul Shapiro (author)">Paul Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Skiff" title="Jennifer Skiff">Jennifer Skiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wohlleben" title="Peter Wohlleben">Peter Wohlleben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thorndike_Angell" title="George Thorndike Angell">George T. Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Beddow_Bayly" title="Maurice Beddow Bayly">Beddow Bayly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(activist)" title="Ernest Bell (activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Berdoe" title="Edward Berdoe">Edward Berdoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Broome" title="Arthur Broome">Arthur Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Burden" title="Jean Burden">Jean Burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Carson_(writer)" title="Gerald Carson (writer)">Gerald Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Coleridge" title="Stephen Coleridge">Stephen Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Adam_Dann" title="Christian Adam Dann">Christian Adam Dann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Morewood_Dowsett" title="J. Morewood Dowsett">J. Morewood Dowsett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Eyton" title="Audrey Eyton">Audrey Eyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fleming_(veterinary_surgeon)" title="George Fleming (veterinary surgeon)">George Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fletcher_(surgeon)" title="Ralph Fletcher (surgeon)">Ralph Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harrison" title="Ruth Harrison">Ruth Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._W._Hume" title="C. W. Hume">C. W. Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Douglas_Hume" title="E. Douglas Hume">E. Douglas Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Macaulay_(editor)" title="James Macaulay (editor)">James Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basheer_Ahmad_Masri" title="Basheer Ahmad Masri">Basheer Ahmad Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Orpen_Morris" title="Francis Orpen Morris">Francis Orpen Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nicholson_(printer)" title="George Nicholson (printer)">George Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Reinhardt" title="Charles Reinhardt">Charles Reinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Rowley" title="Francis H. Rowley">Francis H. Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._S._Russell" title="W. M. S. Russell">W. M. S. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Sherwin" title="Chris Sherwin">Chris Sherwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Spedding" title="Colin Spedding">Colin Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Stillman" title="William O. Stillman">William O. Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Taylor" title="Bell Taylor">Bell Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weber" title="Ernst von Weber">Ernst von Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._G._M._Wood-Gush" title="D. G. M. Wood-Gush">D. G. M. Wood-Gush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_de_Waal" title="Frans de Waal">Frans de Waal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Wirth" title="Hugh Wirth">Hugh Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Youatt" title="William Youatt">William Youatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(animal_welfare_writer)" title="Thomas Young (animal welfare writer)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_advocacy_parties" title="Category:Animal advocacy parties">Animal advocacy parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_killing" title="Category:Animal killing">Animal killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_welfare_and_rights_legislation" title="Category:Animal welfare and rights legislation">Animal welfare and rights legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_sacrifice" title="Category:Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_sanctuaries" title="Category:Animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_testing" title="Category:Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_welfare_and_rights_by_country" title="Category:Animal welfare and rights by country">Animal welfare and rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cruelty_to_animals" title="Category:Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dishes_involving_the_consumption_of_live_animals" title="Category:Dishes involving the consumption of live animals">Dishes involving the consumption of live animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fur_trade" title="Category:Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Category:People associated with animal welfare and rights">People associated with animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Whaling" title="Category:Whaling">Whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />considerations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutha_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutha meat">Kutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">Shechita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim" title="Tza'ar ba'alei chayim">Tza'ar ba'alei chayim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals and<br />festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_animals" title="Blessing of animals">Blessing of animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bous_al_carrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bous al carrer">Bous al carrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_throwing" title="Cock throwing">Cock throwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_de_Reines" title="Combat de Reines">Combat de Reines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_throwing" title="Goat throwing">Goat throwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_pulling" title="Goose pulling">Goose pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Primate_Day" title="International Primate Day">International Primate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapparot" title="Kapparot">Kapparot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Meat_Festival" title="Dog Meat Festival">Dog Meat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Buffet_Festival" title="Monkey Buffet Festival">Monkey Buffet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Horse" title="October Horse">October Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkar_Camel_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushkar Camel Fair">Pushkar Camel Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_das_Bestas_of_Sabucedo" title="Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo">Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_of_the_bulls" title="Running of the bulls">Running of the bulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surin_Elephant_Round-up" title="Surin Elephant Round-up">Surin Elephant Round-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_embolado" title="Toro embolado">Toro embolado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_(Scientific_Procedures)_Act_1986" title="Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986">Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_1999" title="Animal Welfare Act 1999">Animal Welfare Act 1999</a> (NZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_2006" title="Animal Welfare Act 2006">Animal Welfare Act 2006</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966" title="Animal Welfare Act of 1966">Animal Welfare Act of 1966</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(Sentience)_Act_2022" title="Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022">Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_Animals_Act_1876" title="Cruelty to Animals Act 1876">Cruelty to Animals Act 1876</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Directive_2010/63/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Directive 2010/63/EU">EU Directive 2010/63/EU</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Council_Directive_1999/74/EC" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC">EU Directive 1999/74/EC</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Protection_Act_of_1970" title="Horse Protection Act of 1970">Horse Protection Act of 1970</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Animal_Welfare_Society#RA_8485_.E2.80.93_The_Animal_Welfare_Act_of_the_Philippines" title="Philippine Animal Welfare Society">Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998</a> (Philippines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">List of animal rights advocates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_welfare" title="Category:Animal welfare">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Effective_altruism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Effective_altruism" title="Template:Effective altruism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Effective_altruism" title="Template talk:Effective altruism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Effective_altruism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Effective altruism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Effective_altruism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_effectiveness" title="Aid effectiveness">Aid effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_assessment" title="Charity assessment">Charity assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demandingness_objection" title="Demandingness objection">Demandingness objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">Disease burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributional_cost-effectiveness_analysis" title="Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis">Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earning_to_give" title="Earning to give">Earning to give</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">Marginal utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_circle_expansion" title="Moral circle expansion">Moral circle expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_barriers_to_effective_altruism" title="Psychological barriers to effective altruism">Psychological barriers to effective altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality-adjusted_life_year" title="Quality-adjusted life year">Quality-adjusted life year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Bankman-Fried" title="Sam Bankman-Fried">Sam Bankman-Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Boeree" title="Liv Boeree">Liv Boeree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Greaves" title="Hilary Greaves">Hilary Greaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Karnofsky" title="Holden Karnofsky">Holden Karnofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_MacAskill" title="William MacAskill">William MacAskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yew-Kwang_Ng" title="Yew-Kwang Ng">Yew-Kwang Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Ord" title="Toby Ord">Toby Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cari_Tuna" title="Cari Tuna">Cari Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/80,000_Hours" title="80,000 Hours">80,000 Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_Malaria_Foundation" title="Against Malaria Foundation">Against Malaria Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Charity_Evaluators" title="Animal Charity Evaluators">Animal Charity Evaluators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Effective_Altruism" title="Centre for Effective Altruism">Centre for Effective Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Enabling_EA_Learning_%26_Research" title="Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research">Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_High_Impact_Philanthropy" title="Center for High Impact Philanthropy">Center for High Impact Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_Media_International" title="Development Media International">Development Media International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_Action" title="Evidence Action">Evidence Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistula_Foundation" title="Fistula Foundation">Fistula Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Pledge" title="Founders Pledge">Founders Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GiveDirectly" title="GiveDirectly">GiveDirectly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GiveWell" title="GiveWell">GiveWell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Multiplier" title="Giving Multiplier">Giving Multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_What_We_Can" title="Giving What We Can">Giving What We Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Food_Fund" title="Good Food Fund">Good Food Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Food_Institute" title="The Good Food Institute">The Good Food Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Ventures" title="Good Ventures">Good Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Humane_League" title="The Humane League">The Humane League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_Consortium" title="Malaria Consortium">Malaria Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Philanthropy_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Philanthropy (organization)">Open Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_for_Effective_Giving" title="Raising for Effective Giving">Raising for Effective Giving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Institute" title="Sentience Institute">Sentience Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimit_Health" title="Unlimit Health">Unlimit Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Initiative" title="Wild Animal Initiative">Wild Animal Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Focus areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">Economic stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Global poverty">Global poverty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaria prevention">Malaria prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deworming" title="Mass deworming">Mass deworming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">Neglected tropical diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_astronomical_suffering" title="Risk of astronomical suffering">Risk of astronomical suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doing_Good_Better" title="Doing Good Better">Doing Good Better</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Famine,_Affluence,_and_Morality" title="Famine, Affluence, and Morality">Famine, Affluence, and Morality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_You_Can_Save" title="The Life You Can Save">The Life You Can Save</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_High_and_Letting_Die" title="Living High and Letting Die">Living High and Letting Die</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Good_You_Can_Do" title="The Most Good You Can Do">The Most Good You Can Do</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_We_Owe_the_Future" title="What We Owe the Future">What We Owe the Future</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_Altruism_Global" title="Effective Altruism Global">Effective Altruism Global</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912362#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td 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