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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Given_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Given_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Given names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Given_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_names_with_the_same_spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_names_with_the_same_spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Different names with the same spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_names_with_the_same_spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alternative names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternative names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milk_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Milk name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nickname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_alias_in_mainland_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_alias_in_mainland_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>English alias in mainland China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_alias_in_mainland_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_alias_in_Chinese_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_alias_in_Chinese_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>English alias in Chinese diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_alias_in_Chinese_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>School name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courtesy_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courtesy_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Courtesy name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courtesy_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudonym" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudonym"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Pseudonym</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudonym-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Posthumous name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Temple name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Era name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Forms of address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unusual_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unusual_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Unusual names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unusual_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rendered_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rendered_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rendered in English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rendered_in_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rendered in English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rendered_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyphen_or_Spacing_between_given_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyphen_or_Spacing_between_given_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Hyphen or Spacing between given names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyphen_or_Spacing_between_given_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Comparison chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese name</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onom%C3%A1stica_china" title="Onomástica china – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Onomástica china" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-mi%C3%A2" title="Hàn-miâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-miâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кітайскія імёны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайскія імёны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onom%C3%A0stica_xinesa" title="Onomàstica xinesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Onomàstica xinesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_jm%C3%A9no" title="Čínské jméno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínské jméno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesischer_Name" title="Chinesischer Name – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesischer Name" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onom%C3%A1stica_china" title="Onomástica china – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Onomástica china" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88inaj_personaj_nomoj" title="Ĉinaj personaj nomoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinaj personaj nomoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نام چینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noms_chinois" title="Noms chinois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noms chinois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineeske_namme" title="Sineeske namme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sineeske namme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmneacha_S%C3%ADneacha" title="Ainmneacha Síneacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainmneacha Síneacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%84%B1%EB%AA%85" title="중국인의 성명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국인의 성명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Tionghoa" title="Nama Tionghoa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nama Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomastica_cinese" title="Onomastica cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onomastica cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeneng_Tionghoa" title="Jeneng Tionghoa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jeneng Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჩინური სახელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური სახელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuetudo_nominationum_Sinarum" title="Consuetudo nominationum Sinarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consuetudo nominationum Sinarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_n%C3%A9vad%C3%A1s" title="Kínai névadás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai névadás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA)" title="နာမည်ပေးခြင်း (တရုတ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာမည်ပေးခြင်း (တရုတ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_namen" title="Chinese namen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese namen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiona_chi%C5%84skie" title="Imiona chińskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imiona chińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Китайское имя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайское имя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinese name" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinalainen_nimi" title="Kiinalainen nimi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinalainen nimi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska_namn" title="Kinesiska namn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesiska namn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ชื่อบุคคลจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชื่อบุคคลจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ince_isimler" title="Çince isimler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çince isimler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%96%D0%BC%27%D1%8F" title="Китайське ім'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайське ім'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese name</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xingming.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Xingming.svg/70px-Xingming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Xingming.svg/105px-Xingming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Xingming.svg/140px-Xingming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="611" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Xingming" in Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">姓名</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">xìngmíng</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">surname–given name</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">xìngmíng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄒㄧㄥˋ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄇㄧㄥˊ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">shinqming</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>hsing<sup>4</sup>-ming<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕîŋmǐŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">sing-mìhng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">sing3-ming4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>sènn-miâ</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinese names</b> are <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal names</a> used by individuals from <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a> and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Sinophone" title="Sinophone">Sinophone</a> world. Sometimes the same set of Chinese characters could be chosen as a Chinese name, a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hong Kong name</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese name</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names#Chinese_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian Chinese name</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese name</a>, but they would be spelled differently due to their varying historical pronunciation of Chinese characters. </p><p>Modern Chinese names generally have a one-character surname (<span lang="zh">姓氏</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xìngshì</span></i>) that comes first, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> (<span lang="zh">名</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">míng</span></i>) which may be either one or two characters in length. In recent decades, two-character given names are much more commonly chosen; studies during the 2000s and 2010s estimated that over three-quarters of China's population at the time had two-character given names,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the remainder almost exclusively having one character. </p><p>Prior to the 21st century, most educated Chinese men also used a <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> (or "style name"; <span lang="zh">字</span>) by which they were known among those outside their family and closest friends. Respected artists or poets will sometimes also use a professional <a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">art name</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">号</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">號</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">hào</span></i>) among their social peers. </p><p>From at least the time of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, the Chinese observed a number of <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">naming taboos</a> regulating who may or may not use a person's given name (without being disrespectful). In general, using the given name connoted the speaker's authority and superior position to the addressee. Peers and younger relatives were barred from speaking it. Owing to this, many historical Chinese figures—particularly emperors—used a half-dozen or more different names in different contexts and for different speakers. Those possessing names (sometimes even mere homophones) identical to the emperor's were frequently forced to change them. The normalization of personal names after the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> has generally eradicated aliases such as the school name and courtesy name but traces of the old taboos remain, particularly within families. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some terms from the ancient Chinese naming system, such as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xìng</i></span> (<span lang="zh">姓</span>) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">míng</i></span> (<span lang="zh">名</span>), are still used today, it used to be much more complex. </p><p>In the first half of the 1st millennium BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, members of the Chinese nobility could possess up to four different names—personal names (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">míng</i></span> <span lang="zh">名</span>), clan names (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xìng</i></span> <span lang="zh">姓</span>), lineage names (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shì</i></span> <span lang="zh">氏</span>), and "style" or "courtesy" names (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">zì</i></span> <span lang="zh">字</span>)— as well as up to two titles: standard titles (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jué</i></span> <span lang="zh">爵</span>), and posthumous titles (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shì</i></span> <span lang="zh-Hant">諡</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">谥</span> or <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shìhào</i></span> <span lang="zh-Hant">諡號</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">谥号</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commoners possessed only a personal name (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">ming</i></span>), and the modern concept of a "surname" or "family name" did not yet exist at any level of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old lineage (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shi</i></span>) and clan names (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xing</i></span>) began to become "family names" in the modern sense and trickle down to commoners around 500 BC, during the late <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>, but the process took several centuries to complete, and it was not until the late <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (1st and 2nd centuries AD) that all Chinese commoners had surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113–115_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113–115-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_names">Family names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Chinese surname</a></div> <p>Although there are currently over 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Chinese surnames</a> including non-Han Chinese surnames (<span lang="zh">姓</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xìng</span></i>) in use in China,<sup id="cite_ref-gbtimes_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbtimes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the colloquial expression for the "Chinese people" is Bǎixìng (<span lang="zh">百姓</span>) "<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Family_Surnames" title="Hundred Family Surnames">Hundred Surnames</a>", and a mere hundred surnames still make up over 85% of China's 1.3 billion citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-PD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, just the top three—<a href="/wiki/Wang_(surname)" title="Wang (surname)">Wang</a> (<span lang="zh">王</span>), <a href="/wiki/Li_(surname_%E6%9D%8E)" title="Li (surname 李)">Li</a> (<span lang="zh">李</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_(surname)" title="Zhang (surname)">Zhang</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">張</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">张</span>)—cover more than 20% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-PD_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This homogeneity results from the great majority of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> family names having only one character, while the small number of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_compound_surname" title="Chinese compound surname">compound surnames</a> is mostly restricted to minority groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common compound surname still in use in ethnic Han families is <a href="/wiki/Ouyang" title="Ouyang">Ouyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese surnames arose from two separate <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric China">prehistoric</a> traditions: the <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xìng</span></i> (<span lang="zh">姓</span>) and the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname#Shi" title="Chinese surname">shì</a></i></span> (<span lang="zh">氏</span>). The original <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xìng</i></span> were clans of royalty at the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> court and always included the <span lang="und-Hani">⼥</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'WOMAN'</span> <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese character)">radical</a>. The <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shì</i></span> did not originate from families, but denoted fiefs, states, and titles granted or recognized by the Shang court. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(surname)" title="Jiang (surname)">Jiang</a> (<span lang="zh">姜</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Yao_(surname)" title="Yao (surname)">Yao</a> (<span lang="zh">姚</span>) families, the original <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xìng</i></span> have nearly disappeared but the terms ironically reversed their meaning. <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xìng</i></span> is now used to describe the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shì</i></span> surnames which replaced them, while <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">shì</i></span> is used to refer to maiden names. </p><p>The enormous modern clans sometimes share <a href="/wiki/Tanghao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanghao">ancestral halls</a> with one another, but actually consist of many different lineages gathered under a single name. As an example, the surname <a href="/wiki/Ma_(surname)" title="Ma (surname)">Ma</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">馬</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">马</span>) includes descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a>–era bureaucrat <a href="/wiki/Zhao_She" title="Zhao She">Zhao She</a>, descendants of his subjects in his fief of Mafu, Koreans from an <a href="/wiki/Mahan_confederacy" title="Mahan confederacy">unrelated confederation</a>, and Muslims from all over western China who chose it to honor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, a married woman keeps her name unchanged, without adopting her husband's surname.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A child would inherit his or her father's surname. This is still the norm in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, though the marriage law explicitly states that a child may use either parent's surname. It is also possible, though far less common, for a child to combine both parents' surnames. Due to Western influence, the tradition of a woman changing her last name, or prepending her husband's to her own, is reflected in some <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hong Kong names</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macao_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macao name (page does not exist)">Macao names</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Given_names">Given names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Given names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_given_name" title="Chinese given name">Chinese given name</a></div> <p>Given names show much greater diversity than the surnames, while still being restricted almost universally to one or two syllables. Including <a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_characters" title="Variant Chinese characters">variant forms</a>, there are at least 106,000 individual Chinese characters,<sup id="cite_ref-TME_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TME-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of 2006, in the People's Republic of China Public Security Bureau only approximately 32,000 are supported for computer input<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even fewer are in common use. Given names are chosen based on a range of factors, including possession of pleasing sound and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tones" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese tones">tonal qualities</a>, as well as bearing positive associations or a beautiful shape. Two-character <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">ming</i></span></i> may be chosen for each character's separate meaning and qualities, but the name remains a single unit which is almost always said together even when the combination no longer 'means' anything. </p><p>Today, two-character names are more common and make up more than 80% of Chinese names.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this custom has been consistent only since the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. About 70% of all names were only one character long during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">early Han</a> and that rose beyond 98% after the usurping <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a> banned all two-character names outright. Although his <a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a> was short-lived, the law was not repealed until 400 years later, when northern invasions and interest in establishing lineages revived interest in such longer names.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> saw populations with a majority of two-character names for the first time, but the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Liao</a> between them and the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> afterward both preferred single character names. The restoration of <a href="/wiki/Han_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Han people">Han</a> dominance under the Ming, promotion of <a href="/wiki/Han_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Han culture">Han culture</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a>, and development of <a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">generation names</a> established the current traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given names resonant of qualities which are perceived to be either masculine or feminine are frequently given, with males being linked with strength and firmness and females with beauty and flowers. It is also more common for female names to employ diminutives like <i>Xiǎo</i> or doubled characters in their formal names, although there are famous male examples such as <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a>. People from the countryside previously often bore names that reflect rural life—for example, Daniu (<span lang="zh">大牛</span>, <small>lit.</small> "Big Bull") and Dazhu (<span lang="zh">大柱</span>, <small>lit.</small> "Big Pole")—but such names are becoming less common. </p><p>It is also considered bad form to name a child after a famous person, although tens of thousands might happen to share a common name such as "<a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(hurdler)" title="Liu Xiang (hurdler)">Liu Xiang</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, owing to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">naming taboos</a>, it is very uncommon in China to name a child directly after a relative, since such children would permit junior family members to inappropriately use the personal names of senior ones. Ancestors can leave a different kind of mark: Chinese naming schemes often employ a <a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">generation name</a>. Every child recorded into the family records in each generation would share an identical character in their names. Sixteen, thirty-two, or more generations would be worked out in advance to form a <a href="/wiki/Generation_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation poem">generation poem</a>. For example, the one selected in 1737 for the family of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> read:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">立顯榮朝士</span></span> <i>Stand tall & display unstintingly before gentlemen,</i></dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">文方運濟祥</span></span> <i>And study & method will expand the borders of our fortune</i>.</dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">祖恩貽澤遠</span></span> <i>Ancestral favors bequeath kindness through the ages,</i></dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">世代永承昌</span></span> <i>Descendants forever obliged for their prosperity</i>.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>This scheme was in its fourteenth generation when Mao rejected it for the naming of his own children, preferring to give his sons the generational name An (<span lang="zh">岸</span>, <small>lit.</small> "Lofty", "Proud") instead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A similar practice was observed regarding the stage names of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> performers: all the students entering a training academy in the same year would adopt the same first character in their new "given name". For example, as part of the class entering the National Drama School in 1933, <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuru" title="Li Yuru">Li Yuru</a> adopted a name with the central character "jade" (<span lang="zh">玉</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the region and particular family, daughters were not entered into the family records and thus did not share the boys' generation name, although they may have borne a separate one among themselves. Even where generation names are not used, sibling names are frequently related. For example, a boy named Song (<span lang="zh">松</span>; 'pine tree') might have a sister named Mei (<span lang="zh">梅</span>; '<a href="/wiki/Plum_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum tree">plum</a>'). In some families, the siblings' names have the same <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese characters)">radical</a>. For example, in the Jia (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">賈</span></span>) clan in <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a></i>, a novel mirroring the rise and decline of the Qing dynasty, there is Zheng (<span lang="zh">政</span>), She (<span lang="zh">赦</span>), and Min (<span lang="zh">敏</span>) in the first generation, Lian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">璉</span></span>), Zhen (<span lang="zh">珍</span>), and Huan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">環</span></span>) in the second, and Yun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">芸</span></span>), Qin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">芹</span></span>), and Lan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">蘭</span></span>) in the third. </p><p>More recently, although generation names have become less common, many personal names reflect periods of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a>. For example, following the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Civil War</a>, many Chinese bore "revolutionary names" such as Qiangguo (<span lang="zh-Hant">強國</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">强国</span>; 'strong nation', 'strengthening the nation') or Dongfeng (<span lang="zh-Hant">東風</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">东风</span>; 'eastern wind'). Similarly, on <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, it used to be common to incorporate one of the four characters of the name "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>" (<span lang="zh-Hant">中華民國</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">中华民国</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá Mínguó</span></i>) into masculine names. Periodic fad names like Aoyun (<span lang="zh-Hans">奥运</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">奧運</span>; "Olympics") also appear. Owing to both effects, there has also been a recent trend in China to hire fortune tellers to change people's names to new ones more in accordance with traditional Taoist and <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">five element</a> practices. In creating a new Chinese name, it is sometimes the practice to analyze the number of strokes in the characters used in the potential name and attempt to use characters that produce specific totals of strokes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization of Chinese</a></div> <p>The process of converting Chinese names into a phonetic alphabet is called <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanization</a>. </p><p>In mainland China, Chinese names have been romanized using the <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> system since 1958. Although experiments with the complete conversion of Chinese to the Pinyin alphabet failed,<sup id="cite_ref-F&F_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F&F-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remains in common use and has become the transcription system of the United Nations and the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiwan officially adopted Hanyu Pinyin as one of their romanisation schemes in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-pinyin_tt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinyin_tt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pinyin_cp_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinyin_cp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it continues to allow its citizens to use other romanisations on official documents such as passports, of which Hanyu Pinyin remains unpopular. The system is easily identified by its frequent use of letters uncommon in English, such as "q", "x", and "z"; when tones are included, they are noted via <a href="/wiki/Pinyin#Tones" title="Pinyin">tone marks</a>. In Pinyin, <span lang="zh">毛泽东</span> is written as Máo Zédōng. </p><p>Proper use of <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> means treating the surname and given name as precisely two separate words with no spaces between the letters of multiple Chinese characters. For example, "<span lang="zh">王秀英</span>" is properly rendered either with its <a href="/wiki/Pinyin#Tones" title="Pinyin">tone marks</a> as "Wáng Xiùyīng" or without as "Wang Xiuying", but should not be written as "Wang Xiu Ying", "Wang XiuYing", "Wangxiuying", and so on. In the rare cases where a surname consists of more than one character, it too should be written as a unit: "<a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>", not "Si Ma Qian" or "Si Maqian". However, as the Chinese language makes almost no use of spaces, native speakers often do not know these rules and simply put a space between each Chinese character of their name, causing those used to alphabetical languages to think of the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xing</i></span> and <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">ming</i></span></i> as three words instead of two. Tone marks are also commonly omitted in practice. </p><p>Many overseas Chinese, Taiwanese and historic names still employ the older <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system. This English-based system can be identified by its use of the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> "hs" (pinyin <i>x</i>) and "ts" (pinyin <i>z</i> and <i>c</i>) and by its use of hyphens to connect the syllables of words containing more than one character. Correct reading depends on the inclusion of superscript numbers and the use of apostrophes to distinguish between different consonants, but in practice both of these are commonly omitted. In Wade–Giles, <span lang="zh">毛泽东</span> is written as <a href="/wiki/Mao_Tse-tung" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Tse-tung">Mao Tse-tung</a>, as the system hyphenates names between the characters. For example, Wang Xiuying and Sima Qian are written in Wade as "Wang<sup>2</sup> Hsiu<sup>4</sup>-ying<sup>1</sup>" and "Ssu<sup>1</sup>Ma<sup>3</sup> Ch'ien<sup>1</sup>". </p><p>Pinyin and Wade–Giles both represent the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a>. In Hong Kong, Macau, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese diaspora">diaspora</a> communities in southeast Asia and abroad, people often romanize their names according to their own native language, for example, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka language">Hakka</a>. This occurs amid a plethora of competing romanization systems. During <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial rule</a>, some adopted English spelling conventions for their <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hong Kong names</a>: "Lee" for <span lang="zh">李</span>, "Shaw" for <span lang="zh">邵</span>, and so forth. In Macau, Chinese names are similarly sometimes still transliterated based on <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>. It is common practice for the Chinese diaspora communities to use spaces in between each character of their name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_names_with_the_same_spelling">Different names with the same spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Different names with the same spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although they come from different Chinese characters, it is common for many different Chinese names to have the same transliteration whether tone is marked or not. </p><p>For example, English spelling of the Chinese given name Ming has many different associated Chinese characters, all of which have different meanings. Therefore, when the name is written in Chinese, a person called Ming can have a completely different name from another person who is also called Ming. </p><p>Most <i>mings</i> share the same form between simplified and traditional Chinese. </p> <ul><li>明 (meaning: bright, intelligent)</li> <li>名 (meaning: reputation)</li> <li>銘（铭）(meaning: poetic motto, inscribe)</li> <li>茗 (meaning: tea)</li> <li>命 (meaning: life, destiny)</li> <li>鳴（鸣）(meaning: sing)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_names">Alternative names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alternative names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taboo_on_rulers" title="Taboo on rulers">Taboo on rulers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Chinese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Chinese monarchs">Table of Chinese monarchs</a></div> <p>From their earliest recorded history, the Chinese observed a number of <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">naming taboos</a>, avoiding the names of their elders, <a href="/wiki/Taboo_against_naming_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo against naming the dead">ancestors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taboo_on_rulers" title="Taboo on rulers">rulers</a> out of respect and fear. As a result, the upper classes of traditional Chinese culture typically employed a variety of names over the course of their lives, and the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Chinese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Chinese monarchs">emperors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">sanctified deceased</a> had still others. </p><p>Current naming practices are more straightforward and consistent, but a few pseudonyms or alternate names remain common. </p><p>When discussing Chinese writers, Chinese and Japanese scholars do not consistently use particular names, whether they are private names or alternative names.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="float:right; border:1px solid #ccd2d9; margin:5px" bgcolor="#f7f8ff" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccf; border-bottom:1px solid #ccd2d9" colspan="2"><b>Chinese names for prominent people</b> <br />Example: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Sun_Yat-sen" title="Names of Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Official name</td> <td>Sūn Démíng (<span lang="zh">孫德明</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Milk name</td> <td>Sūn Dìxiàng (<span lang="zh">孫帝象</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>School name:</td> <td>Sūn Wén (<span lang="zh">孫文</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caricatural name:</td> <td valign="top">unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Courtesy names:</td> <td>Sūn Zàizhī (<span lang="zh">孫載之</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christian (baptised) name:</td> <td>Sūn Rìxīn (<span lang="zh">孫日新</span>, 1883, Hong Kong) <br /> = Syūn Yahtsān (<a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pseudonym(s):</td> <td>Sūn Yìxiān (<span lang="zh">孫逸仙</span>, 1883, Hong Kong) <br /> = Syūn Yahtsīn (<a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>) <br /> Sun Yat-sen (English, 1883, Hong Kong and the West) <br />Nakayama Shō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">中山樵</span></span>, 1897, Japanese) <br /> Sūn Zhōngshān (<span lang="zh">孫中山</span>, 1912, China) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Posthumous name:</td> <td>Guófù (<span lang="zh">國父</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple name:</td> <td>none<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Era name:</td> <td>none<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used only for royalty and Emperors</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used only to distinguish years of royalty or Emperor's reigns</span> </li> </ol></div></div></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milk_name">Milk name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Milk name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, babies were named a hundred days after their birth; modern <a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming laws in the People's Republic of China">naming laws in the People's Republic of China</a> grant the parents a month before requiring the baby to be registered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Upon birth, the parents often use a "milk name" (<span lang="zh">乳名</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">rǔmíng</span></i>, <span lang="zh">小名</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiǎomíng</span></i>)—typically employing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_diminutives" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese diminutives">diminutives</a> like <span lang="zh">小</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiǎo</span></i>, <small>lit.</small> "little") or doubled characters—before a formal name is settled upon, often in consultation with the grandparents. The milk name may be abandoned but is often continued as a form of familial nickname. A tradition sometimes attached to the milk name is to select an unpleasant name, to ward off demons who might wish to harm the child.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nickname">Nickname</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nickname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicknames (<span lang="zh">綽號</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">chuòhào</span></i>, <span lang="zh">外號</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">wàihào</span></i>) are acquired in much the same way they are in other countries. Not everyone has one. Most that do received theirs in childhood or adolescence from family or friends. Common Chinese nicknames are those based on a person's physical attributes, speaking style, or behavior. Names involving animals are common, although those animals may be associated with different attributes than they are in English: for example, Chinese cows are strong, not stupid; foxes are devious, not clever; pigs are lazy, but not dirty. Similarly, nicknames that might seem especially insulting in English—such as "Little Fatty" (<span lang="zh">小胖</span>)—are more acceptable in Chinese. One especially common method of creating nicknames is prefixing <i>Ā-</i> (<span lang="zh">阿</span>) or <i>Xiǎo</i> (<span lang="zh">小</span>) to the surname or the second character of the given name. <i>Ā-</i> is more common in the south and abroad, while <i>Xiǎo</i> is common throughout China. Both <i>Ā-</i> and <i>Xiǎo</i> are distinguished from <i>Lǎo</i> (<span lang="zh">老</span>, "old" but <a href="#Forms_of_address">see below</a> for usage). Nicknames are rarely used in formal or semi-formal settings, although a famous exception is <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">A-bian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_alias_in_mainland_China">English alias in mainland China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: English alias in mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English is taught throughout China's secondary schools and the English language section is a required component of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaokao" title="Gaokao">Gaokao</a></i>, China's college entrance examination. Many Chinese teenagers thus acquire Western names, commonly of English origin, which they may keep and use as nicknames even in Chinese-language contexts. Chinese may adopt English names for a variety of reasons, including foreigners' difficulty with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tones" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese tones">Chinese tones</a> and better integration of people working in foreign enterprises. Established English names chosen by Chinese may also be those rarely used by native English speakers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_alias_in_Chinese_diaspora">English alias in Chinese diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: English alias in Chinese diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hong Kong names</a> often feature an English alias. 25.8% of <a href="/wiki/Hongkonger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongkonger">Hongkongers</a> have English given names as part of their legal names; a further 38.3% of Hongkongers go by English given names even though those are not part of their legal names; the two figures add up to a total of 64.1% of Hongkongers having English names, according to a survey of 2049 respondents in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More unusual names made and adopted by <a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hongkongers</a> are created by modifying normal English names – either by deleting, inserting or substituting specific letters (e.g. Kith, Sonija, Garbie), or by emulating the phonetic sounds of the Chinese name (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hacken_Lee" title="Hacken Lee">Hacken Lee</a> from Lee Hak-kan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English aliases are widely used at schools, at work, and in social circles. This is probably due to the influence from the prolonged British rule of Hong Kong from 1841 to 1997. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Singaporean">Singapore</a>, it is equally acceptable for Western names to appear before or after the Chinese given name, in Latin characters. Thus, the Singaporean President <a href="/wiki/Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Tan Keng Yam">Tony Tan</a> might see his name written as "Tony Tan Keng Yam" or "Tan Keng Yam Tony".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Individuals are free to register their <a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">legal names</a> in either format on their identity cards. In general use, the English name first version is typically preferred as it keeps the correct order for both systems; however, for administrative purposes, the <a href="/wiki/Organisations_of_the_Singapore_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisations of the Singapore Government">government agencies</a> tend to place the English name last to organize lists of names and databases more easily, similar to the Western practice of organizing names with the last name first followed by a comma ("Smith, John"). In Singapore, there is an option to include the Chinese characters on one's <a href="/wiki/National_Registration_Identity_Card" title="National Registration Identity Card">National Registration Identity Card</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, one of the countries with the largest <a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese diaspora">Chinese diaspora</a> population, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Chinese">Indonesian Chinese</a> in Indonesia and in diaspora has mostly adopted <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Indonesian-sounding variations of Chinese names</a> due to decades of regulation and acculturation. Conversely, the usage of these Indonesian-sounding Chinese names are not restricted for surnames, and many are used liberally between other surnames since many Indonesian Chinese did not keep track their Chinese (sur)names anymore, and even used by non-Chinese people (with some names being borrowing from regional languages and names). </p><p>Among Chinese diaspora residing in Western countries, it is becoming common practice for parents to give their children a Western name as their official first name, with the Chinese given name being officially recorded as a middle name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_name">School name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: School name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The school name (<span lang="zh">學名</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xuémíng</span></i>) was a separate formal name used by the child while they were at school. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> is also called <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xuémíng</i></span> in Chinese, the school name is also sometimes now referenced as the <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xùnmíng</span></i> (<span lang="zh">訓名</span>) to avoid confusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courtesy_name">Courtesy name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Courtesy name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a></div> <p>Upon maturity, it was common for educated males to acquire a courtesy name (<span lang="zh">字</span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">zì</i></span> or <span lang="zh">表字</span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">biǎozì</i></span>) either from one's parents, a teacher, or self-selection. The name commonly mirrored the meaning of one's given name or displayed his birth order within his family. </p><p>The practice was a consequence of admonitions in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i> that among adults it is disrespectful to be addressed by one's given name by others within the same generation. The true given name was reserved for the use of one's elders, while the courtesy name was employed by peers on formal occasions and in writing. The practice was decried by the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> and has been largely abandoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudonym">Pseudonym</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pseudonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></div> <p>Pseudonyms or aliases (<span lang="zh">号</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">hào</span></i>) or pen names (<span lang="zh-Hant">笔名</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">bǐmíng</span></i>) were self-selected alternative courtesy names, most commonly three or four characters long. They may have originated from too many people having the same courtesy name. </p><p>Some—but by no means most—authors do continue to employ stylized pen names. One example is the poet <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhenkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Zhenkai">Zhao Zhenkai</a>, whose pen name is "Bei Dao" (<span lang="zh">北岛</span>; 'North Island'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_name">Posthumous name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Posthumous name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></div> <p>Posthumous names (<span lang="zh">諡號</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shìhào</span></i>) were honorary names selected after a person's death, used extensively for royalty. The common "names" of most Chinese emperors before the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>—with the pointed exception of <a href="/wiki/Shi_Huangdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Huangdi">Shi Huangdi</a>—are their posthumous ones. In addition to emperors, successful courtiers and politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> also occasionally received posthumous titles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_name">Temple name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Temple name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration in China</a></div> <p>The temple name (<span lang="zh-Hant">廟號</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">miàohào</span></i>) of the emperor inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_tablet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual tablet">spiritual tablets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_ancestral_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial ancestral temple">imperial ancestral temple</a> often differed from his posthumous name. The structure eventually became highly restricted, consisting of a single adjective and either <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zǔ</span></i> (<span lang="zh">祖</span>) or <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zōng</span></i> (<span lang="zh">宗</span>). These common "names" of the emperors between the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> are their temple ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_name">Era name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Era name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese era name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Chinese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Chinese monarchs">Table of Chinese monarchs</a></div> <p>The era name (<span lang="zh">年號</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">niánhào</span></i>) arose from the custom of dating years by the reigns of the ruling emperors. Under the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, the practice began of changing <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal names</a> as means of dispensing with bad luck and attracting better. Almost all era names were literary and employed exactly two characters. By the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, emperors had largely dispensed with the practice and kept a single era name during their reign, such that it is customary to refer to Ming and Qing emperors by their era names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_address">Forms of address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Forms of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within families, it is often considered inappropriate or even offensive to use the given names of relatives who are senior to the speaker. Instead, it is more customary to identify each family member by abstract hierarchical connections: among siblings, gender and birth order (big sister, second sister, and so on); for the extended family, the manner of relationship (by birth or marriage; from the maternal or paternal side). </p><p>The hierarchical titles of junior relatives are seldom used except in formal situations, or as indirect reference when speaking to family members who are even younger than the person in question. Children can be called by their given names, or their parents may use their nicknames. </p><p>When speaking of non-family social acquaintances, people are generally referred to by a title, for example Mother Li (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">李妈妈</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lǐ māma</span></i>) or Mrs. Zhu (<span lang="zh">朱太太</span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhū tàitai</span></i>). Personal names can be used when referring to adult friends or to children, although, unlike in the West, referring to somebody by their full name (including surname) is common even among friends, especially if the person's full name is only composed of two or three syllables. It is common to refer to a person as <i>lǎo</i> (<span lang="zh">老</span>, old) or <i>xiǎo</i> (<span lang="zh">小</span>, young) followed by their family name, thus Lǎo Wáng (<span lang="zh">老王</span>) or Xiǎo Zhān (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">小战</span></span>). Xiǎo is also frequently used as a diminutive, when it is typically paired with the second or only character in a person's name, rather than the surname. Because old people are well respected in Chinese society, <i>lǎo</i> (old) does not carry disrespect, offense or any negative implications even if it is used to refer to an older woman. Despite this, it is advisable for non-Chinese to avoid calling a person xiǎo-something or lǎo-something unless they are so-called by other Chinese people and it is clear that the appellation is acceptable and widely used. Otherwise, the use of the person's full name, or alternatively, their surname followed by <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiānsheng</span></i> (<span lang="zh">先生</span>; 'mister') or <i><span lang="zh-Latn">nǚshì</span></i> (<span lang="zh">女士</span>; 'madam') is relatively neutral and unlikely to cause offense. </p><p>Within school settings and when addressing former classmates, it is common to refer to them as older siblings, e.g. elder brother Zhao (<span lang="zh">赵哥</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhào Gē</span></i>) or e.g. elder sister Zhang (<span lang="zh-Hant">张姐</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhāng Jǐe</span></i>) if they were of senior classes, or simply to show respect or closeness. The opposite (e.g. younger brother Zhao) is rarely used. This custom spawns from traditional forms of respectful address, where it was considered rude to directly address your seniors. </p><p>Whereas titles in many cultures are commonly solely determined by gender and, in some cases, marital status, the occupation or even work title of a person can be used as a title as a sign of respect in common address in Chinese culture. Because of the prestigious position of a teacher in traditional culture, a teacher is invariably addressed as such by his or her students (e.g. <span lang="zh">李老师</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Lǎoshī</span></i>; 'Teacher Li'), and commonly by others as a mark of respect. Where applicable, "Teacher Surname" is considered more respectful than "Mr/Mrs/Miss Surname" in Chinese. A professor is also commonly addressed as "teacher", though "professor" is also accepted as a respectful title. By extension, a junior or less experienced member of a work place or profession would address a more senior member as "Teacher". </p><p>Similarly, engineers are often addressed as such, though often shortened to simply the first character of the word "engineer" – <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">工</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">gōng</span></i>. Should the person being addressed be the head of a company (or simply the middle manager of another company to whom you would like to show respect), one might equally address them by the title "zǒng" (<span lang="zh-Hant">总</span>), which means "general" or "overall", and is the first character of titles such as "Director General" or "general manager" (e.g. <span lang="zh-Hant">李总</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ zǒng</span></i>), or, if they are slightly lower down on the corporate hierarchy but nonetheless a manager, by affixing Jīnglǐ (<span lang="zh-Hant">经理</span>, manager). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unusual_names">Unusual names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Unusual names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws in China</a></div> <p>Because the small number of Chinese surnames leads to confusion in social environments, and because some Chinese parents have a desire to give individuality, some Chinese have received unusual given names. As of April 2009, about 60 million Chinese people have unusual characters in their names. A 2006 report by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_public_security_bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese public security bureau">Chinese public security bureau</a> stated that of about 55,000 Chinese characters used in the People's Republic of China, only 32,232 of those are supported by the ministry's computers. The PRC government has asked individuals with unusual names to change them so they can get new computer-readable public identity cards, and the diversity prevents them from receiving new identity cards if they do not change their names.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in at least 2003, the PRC government has been writing a list of standardized characters for everyday usage in life, which would be the pool of characters to select from when a child is given his or her name. Originally the limits were to go in place in 2005. In April 2009, the list had been revised 70 times, and it still has not been put into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wang Daliang, a <a href="/wiki/China_Youth_University_for_Political_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="China Youth University for Political Sciences">China Youth University for Political Sciences</a> linguistics scholar, said that "Using obscure names to avoid duplication of names or to be unique is not good. Now a lot of people are perplexed by their names. The computer cannot even recognize them and people cannot read them. This has become an obstacle in communication."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhou Youyong, the dean of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_University" title="Southeast University">Southeast University</a> law school, argued that the ability to choose the name of one's children is a fundamental right, so the PRC government should be careful when making new naming laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the vast majority of Han Chinese names consist of two or three characters, there are some Han Chinese with longer names, up to 15 characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">transliteration of ethnic languages into Chinese characters</a> often results in long names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Taiwanese name" redirects here. For indigenous Taiwanese names, see <a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> family names in Taiwan are similar to those in southeast China, as most families trace their origins to places such as <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Taiwanese">Indigenous Taiwanese</a> have also been forced <a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">to adopt Chinese names</a> as part of enforced <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a>. The popularity distribution of family names in Taiwan as a whole differs somewhat from the distribution of names among all Han Chinese, with the family name <a href="/wiki/Chen_(surname)" title="Chen (surname)">Chen</a> (<span lang="zh">陳</span>) being particularly more common (about 11% in Taiwan, compared to about 3% in China). Local variations also exist. </p><p>Given names that consist of one character are much less common in Taiwan than on the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A traditional practice, now largely supplanted, was choosing deliberately unpleasant given names to ward off bad omens and evil spirits. For example, a boy facing a serious illness might be renamed Ti-sái (<span lang="zh">豬屎</span>, <small>lit.</small> "Pig Shit") to indicate to the evil spirits that he was not worth their trouble. Similarly, a girl from a poor family might have the name Bóng-chī (<span lang="zh">罔市</span>, <small>lit.</small> "No Takers"). </p><p>Nicknames (<span lang="zh">囝仔名</span>, <i>gín-á-miâ</i>, "child names") are common and generally adopt the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Southern Chinese</a> practice of affixing the prefix "A-" (<span lang="zh">阿</span>) to the last syllable of a person's name. Although these names are rarely used in formal contexts, there are a few public figures who are well known by their nicknames, including former president <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">A-bian</a> and the singer <a href="/wiki/A-Mei" title="A-Mei">A-mei</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rendered_in_English">Rendered in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rendered in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Yat_Sen_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Sun_Yat_Sen_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="41" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="41" /></a><figcaption>The English signature of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> abided the Chinese word order</figcaption></figure> <p>For mainland Chinese, Western publications usually preserve the Chinese naming order, with the family name first, followed by the given name. This presentation of Chinese-character names is similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Korean_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean names">Korean names</a>; it differs from the presentation of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese names">Japanese names</a>, which are usually reversed in English so they are family name last.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower2008C4-2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower2008C4-2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For people with just a single given name or with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_compound_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese compound surnames">compound surnames</a> and a single given name, the western name order may add to the complication of confusing the surname and the given name.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word order of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hong Kong names</a> gets complicated when one has a legal English given name. For example, a person who has Kuo as his surname, Chi Yung as his Cantonese given name, and Peter as his legal English given name would have his name rendered as "KUO, Chi Yung Peter" on his <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_identity_card" title="Hong Kong identity card">Hong Kong identity card</a>, however, the position and the use of a <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> might be varied as "KUO Chi Yung Peter" or "KUO Chi Yung, Peter" on court papers.<sup id="cite_ref-HKLR_383_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKLR_383-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name is much more likely to be printed as Peter Kuo Chi-yung (with a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>) or Peter Kuo on newspapers and academic journals.<sup id="cite_ref-HKLJ_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKLJ-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyphen_or_Spacing_between_given_names">Hyphen or Spacing between given names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hyphen or Spacing between given names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hong Kong names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian Chinese names</a> and Singaporean Chinese names usually expressed in three parts (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh Chok Tong</a>), with spacing between their given names.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike mainland Chinese, Taiwanese people usually place a dash between the two characters of the given name, similar to Korean names. This is also the case for the standard styling of Hong Kong Chinese names, where the given name is hyphenated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_chart">Comparison chart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Comparison chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Mandarin (Pinyin) </th> <th>Mandarin (Wade–Giles) </th> <th>Non-Mandarin </th> <th>Western ordering </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="left">Known by their Mainland pinyin names </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">汪精衛</span></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></b> </td> <td>Wang Ching-wei </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Jingwei Wang </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="left">Known by <small>(or by derivatives of)</small> their Wade–Giles names </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">胡適</span></span> </td> <td>Hu Shi </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></b> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Shih Hu </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="left">Known by native non-Mandarin romanised names </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">孫逸仙</span></span> </td> <td>Sun Yixian </td> <td>Sun Yi-hsien </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></b> </td> <td>Yatsen Sun </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">胡文虎</span></span> </td> <td>Hu Wenhu </td> <td>Hu Wen-hu </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Aw_Boon_Haw" title="Aw Boon Haw">Aw Boon Haw</a></b> </td> <td>Boonhaw Aw </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="left">Known by their Western ordering names </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">邵仁枚</span></span> </td> <td>Shao Renmei </td> <td>Shao Jen-mei </td> <td>n/a </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Runme_Shaw" title="Runme Shaw">Runme Shaw</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">趙元任</span></span> </td> <td>Zhao Yuanren </td> <td>Chao Yüan-jen </td> <td>n/a </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen Ren Chao</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="left">Known by their initialized Western ordering names and/or native non-Mandarin romanization </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">顧維鈞</span></span> </td> <td>Gu Weijun </td> <td>Ku Wei-chün </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Koo Vi Kyuin</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">V. K. Wellington Koo</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">宋子文</span></span> </td> <td>Song Ziwen </td> <td>Sung Tzu-wen </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">Soong Tse-vung</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉殿爵</span></span> </td> <td>Liu Dianjue </td> <td>Liu Tien-chüeh </td> <td>Lau Din Cheuk </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/D._C._Lau" title="D. C. Lau">D. C. Lau</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a></i>, Chinese names are <a href="/wiki/Subject_indexing" title="Subject indexing">indexed</a> by the family name with no inversion and no comma, unless it is of a Chinese person who has <a href="#Western_name">adopted a Western name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Japanese">In Japanese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Japanese language, Chinese names can be pronounced either approximating the original Chinese, the <b>Local reading</b> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">現地読み</span></span>) of the characters, or using a Sino-Japanese <b>On'yomi reading</b> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">音読み</span></span>) to pronounce the Chinese characters. Local readings are often written in katakana rather than kanji, but not always. For example, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">毛泽东</span></span> (Mao Zedong) is pronounced <i>Mō Takutō</i> using an On'yomi reading, whereas Beijing (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北京</span></span>) is spelled with kanji but pronounced <i>Pekin</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ペキン</span></span>), with a local reading (which may also be considered a post-Tōsō-on reading), rather than <i>Hokkyō</i> (which would be the Kan-on reading).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming laws in the People's Republic of China">Naming laws in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li></ul> <p><b>Kinds of Chinese group-names:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese clan">Chinese clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation name</a></li></ul> <p><b>Kinds of personal names:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_given_name" title="Chinese given name">Chinese given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Chinese surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a></li></ul> <p><b>Kinds of Chinese monarchical names:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese era name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other links and influences from Chinese names:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian-sounding_names_adopted_by_Chinese_Indonesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian-sounding names adopted by Chinese Indonesians">Indonesian-sounding names adopted by Chinese Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_Chinese_surnames" title="List of common Chinese surnames">List of common Chinese surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese name</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZhonghua2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zhonghua, Li (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/oc/article/view/17747">"Given names in China: one-character or two-character given names"</a>. <i>Onomastica Canadiana</i>. <b>87</b> (1): 19–32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2816-7015">2816-7015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Onomastica+Canadiana&rft.atitle=Given+names+in+China%3A+one-character+or+two-character+given+names&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-32&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=2816-7015&rft.aulast=Zhonghua&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.lib.uwo.ca%2Findex.php%2Foc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F17747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoChenWang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Guo, Jin-Zhong; Chen, Qing-Hua; Wang, You-Gui (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1056/20/11/118901">"Statistical distribution of Chinese names"</a>. <i>Chinese Physics B</i>. <b>20</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ChPhB..20k8901G">2011ChPhB..20k8901G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1056%2F20%2F11%2F118901">10.1088/1674-1056/20/11/118901</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1674-1056">1674-1056</a>. p. 3: <q>In our sample, the first names of 53779 (24.25%) persons contain only one character and the others (167960, 75.75%) have two characters</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+B&rft.atitle=Statistical+distribution+of+Chinese+names&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1674-1056&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1056%2F20%2F11%2F118901&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ChPhB..20k8901G&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Jin-Zhong&rft.au=Chen%2C+Qing-Hua&rft.au=Wang%2C+You-Gui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F1674-1056%2F20%2F11%2F118901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2012">Wilkinson (2012)</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113–115-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012113–115_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2012">Wilkinson (2012)</a>, pp. 113–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbtimes-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gbtimes_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2019" class="citation news cs1">Butcher, Asa (31 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gbtimes.com/wang-is-the-most-common-surname-in-china">"Wang is the most common surname in China"</a>. <i>GBTimes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808232306/https://gbtimes.com/wang-is-the-most-common-surname-in-china">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GBTimes&rft.atitle=Wang+is+the+most+common+surname+in+China&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Asa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgbtimes.com%2Fwang-is-the-most-common-surname-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PD-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PD_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PD_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200706/19/eng20070619_385661.html">"Chinese surname shortage sparks rethink"</a>. <i>People's Daily</i>. 19 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220065038/http://english.people.com.cn/200706/19/eng20070619_385661.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Chinese+surname+shortage+sparks+rethink&rft.date=2007-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F200706%2F19%2Feng20070619_385661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xinhua-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taiwan.cn/xwzx/jrbd/200712/t20071212_499876.htm"><bdi lang="zh">我国汉族公民最长姓名达15字公安部：起名不规范会有不便</bdi></a>. <i>taiwan.cn</i> (in Chinese). 12 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529193945/http://www.taiwan.cn/xwzx/jrbd/200712/t20071212_499876.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taiwan.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%9C%80%E9%95%BF%E5%A7%93%E5%90%8D%E8%BE%BE15%E5%AD%97+%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E9%83%A8%EF%BC%9A%E8%B5%B7%E5%90%8D%E4%B8%8D%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E4%BC%9A%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%BF&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwan.cn%2Fxwzx%2Fjrbd%2F200712%2Ft20071212_499876.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF武杨2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wu Jie (武洁); Yang Jianchun (杨建春) (23 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119143914/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZGTJ201406011.htm"><bdi lang="zh">张、王、李、赵谁最多——2010年人口普查姓氏结构和分布特点</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="zh">中国统计</bdi> (in Chinese). <b>2014</b> (6): 22–23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZGTJ201406011.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%BC%A0%E3%80%81%E7%8E%8B%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E3%80%81%E8%B5%B5%E8%B0%81%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%9A%E2%80%94%E2%80%942010%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%93%E6%B0%8F%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9&rft.volume=2014&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=22-23&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.aulast=%E6%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=%E6%B4%81&rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%2C+%E5%BB%BA%E6%98%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-ZGTJ201406011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDru_C._Gladney1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dru_C._Gladney" title="Dru C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Chinese+Women%2C+a+Surname+Is+Her+Name&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.aulast=Tatlow&rft.aufirst=Didi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F12%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-women-surnames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TME-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TME_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2004 Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Republic of China)">Ministry of Education</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Chinese_Variant_Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Chinese Variant Form">Dictionary of Chinese Variant Form</a></i> compiled 106,230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafraniere2009" class="citation news cs1">Lafraniere, Sharon (21 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/world/asia/21china.html">"Name Not on Our List? Change It, China Says"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815204501/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/world/asia/21china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Name+Not+on+Our+List%3F+Change+It%2C+China+Says&rft.date=2009-04-21&rft.aulast=Lafraniere&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F21%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F21china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woo Louie, Emma & al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGAClRACrsYC&pg=PA48">Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition</a></i>. McFarland, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-3877-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-3877-0">0-7864-3877-0</a>. Accessed 22 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegal_Evening_News2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Legal_Evening_News" title="Legal Evening News">Legal Evening News</a> (15 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114430/http://news.163.com/07/0815/15/3LUPHGL4000120GU.html">"中国1.8万多人姓名为刘翔叫刘德华的人逾1.6万"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.163.com/07/0815/15/3LUPHGL4000120GU.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD1.8%E4%B8%87%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E5%A7%93%E5%90%8D%E4%B8%BA%E5%88%98%E7%BF%94+%E5%8F%AB%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%BE1.6%E4%B8%87&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft.au=Legal+Evening+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.163.com%2F07%2F0815%2F15%2F3LUPHGL4000120GU.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maoshijiazuwang.com/NewsPage.aspx?id=15354">"中华毛氏网"</a>. <i>maoshijiazuwang.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201071240/http://maoshijiazuwang.com/NewsPage.aspx?id=15354">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maoshijiazuwang.com&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%AF%9B%E6%B0%8F%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaoshijiazuwang.com%2FNewsPage.aspx%3Fid%3D15354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2010b" class="citation cs2">Li Ruru (2010b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinoperl.osu.edu/sites/chinoperl.osu.edu/files/back-issues-no.29-liruru-caoyu-liyuru-report-color-photos.pdf">"2010 Commemorations of the Theatrical Careers of Cao Yu and Li Yuru"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/CHINOPERL_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="CHINOPERL Papers">CHINOPERL Papers</a></i>, Conference on Chinese Oral and Performing Literature, p. 225, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623154136/https://chinoperl.osu.edu/sites/chinoperl.osu.edu/files/back-issues-no.29-liruru-caoyu-liyuru-report-color-photos.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2010+Commemorations+of+the+Theatrical+Careers+of+Cao+Yu+and+Li+Yuru&rft.btitle=CHINOPERL+Papers&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Conference+on+Chinese+Oral+and+Performing+Literature&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Ruru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinoperl.osu.edu%2Fsites%2Fchinoperl.osu.edu%2Ffiles%2Fback-issues-no.29-liruru-caoyu-liyuru-report-color-photos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiu_Gui_Su2019" class="citation web cs1">Qiu Gui Su (8 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/number-of-stroke-chinese-names-2278472">"Choosing a Chinese Name by Number of Strokes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726074836/https://www.thoughtco.com/number-of-stroke-chinese-names-2278472">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>The total number of strokes of the zhōng gé should equal 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 39, 45, 47, 48, 52, 63, 65, 67, 68, 73, or 81.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choosing+a+Chinese+Name+by+Number+of+Strokes&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.au=Qiu+Gui+Su&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fnumber-of-stroke-chinese-names-2278472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F&F-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F&F_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeFrancis, John. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_Language:_Fact_and_Fantasy" title="The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy">The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=13682">"ISO 7098:1982 – Documentation – Romanization of Chinese"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180751/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=13682">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Hanyu+Pinyin+to+be+standard+system+in+2009&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2008%2F09%2F18%2F2003423528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinyin_cp-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pinyin_cp_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919054355/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/09/18/175155/Gov%27t%2Dto.htm">"Government to improve English-friendly environment"</a>. <i>The China Post</i>. 18 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/09/18/175155/Gov%27t-to.htm">the original</a> on 19 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Post&rft.atitle=Government+to+improve+English-friendly+environment&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinapost.com.tw%2Ftaiwan%2Fnational%2Fnational%2520news%2F2008%2F09%2F18%2F175155%2FGov%2527t-to.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan, Wing-tsit. <i>Sourcebook in Chinese Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, 1 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzmMaVTvUzAC&pg=PR12">xii</a>. Retrieved on 1 April 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4008-0964-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4008-0964-9">1-4008-0964-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-0964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-0964-6">978-1-4008-0964-6</a>. "Chinese and Japanese scholars are not consistent in using the various names of Chinese writers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2003" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Teresa (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofbabynames00norm_1"><i>A World of Baby Names</i></a>. The Berkeley Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-52894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-52894-1"><bdi>978-0-399-52894-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+of+Baby+Names&rft.pub=The+Berkeley+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-399-52894-1&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofbabynames00norm_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon-ShoneBoltonLuke2015" class="citation book cs1">Bacon-Shone, John; Bolton, Kingsley; Luke, Kang Kwong (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssrc.hku.hk/files/language_2/HK_lg_survey_Final.pdf"><i>Language use, proficiency and attitudes in Hong Kong</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hong Kong: Social Sciences Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085656/http://www.ssrc.hku.hk/files/language_2/HK_lg_survey_Final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+use%2C+proficiency+and+attitudes+in+Hong+Kong&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Social+Sciences+Research+Centre%2C+The+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bacon-Shone&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bolton%2C+Kingsley&rft.au=Luke%2C+Kang+Kwong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssrc.hku.hk%2Ffiles%2Flanguage_2%2FHK_lg_survey_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hksarblog.blogspot.com/">"NOTABLE NAMES (Brilliant Funny Weird Monikers)"</a>. <i>hksarblog.blogspot.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109163359/http://hksarblog.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hksarblog.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=NOTABLE+NAMES+%28Brilliant+Funny+Weird+Monikers%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhksarblog.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower2008C4-2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower2008C4-2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPower2008">Power (2008)</a>, p. C4-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouie2019" class="citation book cs1">Louie, Emma Woo (9 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGAClRACrsYC"><i>Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786438778" title="Special:BookSources/9780786438778"><bdi>9780786438778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+American+Names%3A+Tradition+and+Transition&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2019-03-09&rft.isbn=9780786438778&rft.aulast=Louie&rft.aufirst=Emma+Woo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGAClRACrsYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HKLR_383-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HKLR_383_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dataprep (HK) Ltd v. KUO Chi Yung Peter [1974], <i>Hong Kong Law Reports</i> 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HKLJ-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HKLJ_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Transfers from the Labour Tribunal and Procedural Problems in the Supreme Court - Dataprep (H.K.) Ltd. v. Peter Kuo Chi-yung". <i>Hong Kong Law Journal</i>. <b>5</b>. 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Transfers+from+the+Labour+Tribunal+and+Procedural+Problems+in+the+Supreme+Court+-+Dataprep+%28H.K.%29+Ltd.+v.+Peter+Kuo+Chi-yung&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-c">Guardian and Observer style guide: C</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122201954/https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-c">Archived</a> 22 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Retrieved on 1 November 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924044857/http://www.hkupress.org/Template/Shared/HKUP_style_guide14.pdf">"Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.hkupress.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. July 2014. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkupress.org/Template/Shared/HKUP_style_guide14.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2017. <q>For Hong Kong Chinese names, our preferred style is: Peter Tai-man Chan or Peter T. M. Chan. If personal preferences are known, they should be retained.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hkupress.org&rft.atitle=Style+Guide&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkupress.org%2FTemplate%2FShared%2FHKUP_style_guide14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Telegraph style book </i> "Chinese mainland given names are one word only, as in (Deng) Xiaoping. Hong Kong Chinese and Korean given names are hyphenated, as in (Roh) Tae-woo. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/about-us/style-book/1435296/Telegraph-style-book-names-and-titles.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924095231/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/about-us/style-book/1435296/Telegraph-style-book-names-and-titles.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/style-guide/chinese-names">"Chinese names"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013716/http://www.economist.com/style-guide/chinese-names">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Chinese+names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fstyle-guide%2Fchinese-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf">Indexes: A Chapter from The Chicago Manual of Style</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005234/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf">Archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a>. Retrieved on 23 December 2014. p. 25-26 (PDF document p. 27-28/56).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2008" class="citation journal cs1">Power, John (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130073413/http://theindexer.org/files/26-2/26-2-cp4_002.pdf">"Japanese names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Indexer</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 2–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Findexer.2008.29">10.3828/indexer.2008.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-4131">0019-4131</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theindexer.org/files/26-2/26-2-cp4_002.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indexer&rft.atitle=Japanese+names&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2-8&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Findexer.2008.29&rft.issn=0019-4131&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindexer.org%2Ffiles%2F26-2%2F26-2-cp4_002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion</a> (2012). <i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Yenching_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yenching Institute">Harvard-Yenching Institute</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Harvard University Asia Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8"><bdi>978-0-674-06715-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard-Yenching+Institute%3B+Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06715-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+name" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_name&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meanza.com/littlenotes1.html">What is the Chinese name</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog-en.namepedia.org/2021/03/can-names-bring-good-fortune/">Can Names Bring Good Fortune? - NamepediA Blog</a>, article on superstitions about names from China</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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