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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cognomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agnomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agnomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Agnomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agnomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognomina_ex_virtute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognomina_ex_virtute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span><i>Cognomina ex virtute</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognomina_ex_virtute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoptive_cognomina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoptive_cognomina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Adoptive cognomina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoptive_cognomina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Filiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Women's names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Foreign names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Imperial names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Later development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binary_nomenclature_and_polyonymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_nomenclature_and_polyonymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Binary nomenclature and polyonymy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_nomenclature_and_polyonymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognomen_replaces_praenomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognomen_replaces_praenomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Cognomen replaces praenomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognomen_replaces_praenomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edict_of_Caracalla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edict_of_Caracalla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Edict of Caracalla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edict_of_Caracalla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_nomen_replaced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_nomen_replaced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Traditional nomen replaced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_nomen_replaced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman naming conventions</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اصطلاحات التسمية الرومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اصطلاحات التسمية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Римски имена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римски имена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_rom%C3%A0" title="Nom romà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nom romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen" title="Nomen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nomen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk_navngivning" title="Romersk navngivning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romersk navngivning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mischer_Name" title="Römischer Name – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römischer Name" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_romano" title="Nombre romano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombre romano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_izen" title="Erromatar izen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar izen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_romain" title="Nom romain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom romain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_romana_de_nomes" title="Convención romana de nomes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Convención romana de nomes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%8B%9D_%EC%9E%91%EB%AA%85%EB%B2%95" title="로마식 작명법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마식 작명법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimska_osobna_imena_na_hrvatskom_jeziku" title="Rimska osobna imena na hrvatskom jeziku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimska osobna imena na hrvatskom jeziku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_penamaan_orang_Romawi" title="Konvensi penamaan orang Romawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi penamaan orang Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mverskar_nafnavenjur" title="Rómverskar nafnavenjur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómverskar nafnavenjur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomastica_romana" title="Onomastica romana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onomastica romana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99" title="שם רומאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם רומאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რომაული სახელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომაული სახელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuetudo_nominationum_Romanorum" title="Consuetudo nominationum Romanorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consuetudo nominationum Romanorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_n%C3%A9vad%C3%A1si_szok%C3%A1sok" title="Római névadási szokások – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római névadási szokások" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Римски имиња – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римски имиња" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_namen" title="Romeinse namen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romeinse namen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D" title="古代ローマの人名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ローマの人名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imi%C4%99_w_staro%C5%BCytnym_Rzymie" title="Imię w starożytnym Rzymie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imię w starożytnym Rzymie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropon%C3%ADmia_romana" title="Antroponímia romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antroponímia romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nume_roman" title="Nume roman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nume roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Римские имена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римские имена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Римска имена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римска имена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimska_imena" title="Rimska imena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimska imena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomalainen_nimi" title="Roomalainen nimi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roomalainen nimi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_namn" title="Romerska namn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska namn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Давньоримські імена – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньоримські імена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D" title="古羅馬人名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古羅馬人名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q272851#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. See thoroughgoing interpretive statements citing no or only primary sources, throughout the text and footnotes (e.g., the entire Imperial names section, FN [x] in the Filiation section, etc.)<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, consisting of a combination of <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">personal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family names</a>. Although conventionally referred to as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tria nomina</i></span>, the combination of <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">nomen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> that have come to be regarded as the basic elements of the Roman name in fact represent a continuous process of development, from at least the seventh century BC to the end of the seventh century AD. The names that developed as part of this system became a defining characteristic of Roman civilization, and although the system itself vanished during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the names themselves exerted a profound influence on the development of European naming practices, and many continue to survive in <a href="/wiki/Modern_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern languages">modern languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Louvre-Lens_-_Les_%C3%89trusques_et_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_-_002_-_Vatican%2C_mus%C3%A9e_gr%C3%A9gorien_%C3%A9trusque%2C_inv._13761_%28T%C3%AAte_de_statue_d%27enfant%29_%28B%29.JPG/135px-Louvre-Lens_-_Les_%C3%89trusques_et_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_-_002_-_Vatican%2C_mus%C3%A9e_gr%C3%A9gorien_%C3%A9trusque%2C_inv._13761_%28T%C3%AAte_de_statue_d%27enfant%29_%28B%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Louvre-Lens_-_Les_%C3%89trusques_et_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_-_002_-_Vatican%2C_mus%C3%A9e_gr%C3%A9gorien_%C3%A9trusque%2C_inv._13761_%28T%C3%AAte_de_statue_d%27enfant%29_%28B%29.JPG/203px-Louvre-Lens_-_Les_%C3%89trusques_et_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_-_002_-_Vatican%2C_mus%C3%A9e_gr%C3%A9gorien_%C3%A9trusque%2C_inv._13761_%28T%C3%AAte_de_statue_d%27enfant%29_%28B%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Louvre-Lens_-_Les_%C3%89trusques_et_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_-_002_-_Vatican%2C_mus%C3%A9e_gr%C3%A9gorien_%C3%A9trusque%2C_inv._13761_%28T%C3%AAte_de_statue_d%27enfant%29_%28B%29.JPG/270px-Louvre-Lens_-_Les_%C3%89trusques_et_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_-_002_-_Vatican%2C_mus%C3%A9e_gr%C3%A9gorien_%C3%A9trusque%2C_inv._13761_%28T%C3%AAte_de_statue_d%27enfant%29_%28B%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="3670" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Portrait busts of an Etruscan man, woman and child, 3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Museo_Gregoriano_Etrusco" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco</a></div></div></div></div> <p>The distinguishing feature of Roman nomenclature was the use of both <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">personal names</a> and regular <a href="/wiki/Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Surnames">surnames</a>. Throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, other ancient civilizations distinguished individuals using single personal names. These names usually combined two elements or themes which allowed for hundreds or even thousands of possible combinations - a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dithematic" class="extiw" title="wikt:dithematic">dithematic</a> naming system. But a markedly different system of nomenclature arose in Italy, where the personal name was joined by a hereditary surname. Over time, this <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binomial" class="extiw" title="wikt:binomial">binomial</a> system expanded to include additional names and designations.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important of these names was the <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium">nomen gentilicium</a></i>, or simply <i>nomen</i>, a hereditary surname that identified a person as a member of a distinct <a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a>. This was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a>, or "forename", a personal name that served to distinguish between the different members of a family. For example, a Roman named <i>Publius Lemonius</i> might have sons named <i>Publius Lemonius</i>, <i>Lucius Lemonius</i>, and <i>Gaius Lemonius</i>. Here, <i>Lemonius</i> is the <i>nomen</i>, identifying each person in the family as a member of the gens Lemonia; <i>Publius</i>, <i>Lucius</i>, and <i>Gaius</i> are praenomina used to distinguish between them.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of this binomial system is lost in prehistory, but it appears to have been established in <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> by at least 650 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In written form, the <i>nomen</i> was usually followed by a <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Filiation">filiation</a>, indicating the personal name of an individual's father, and sometimes the name of the mother or other antecedents. Toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, this was followed by the name of a citizen's <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe#The_Servian_tribes" title="Roman tribe">voting tribe</a>. Lastly, these elements could be followed by additional surnames, or <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomina</a>, which could be either personal or hereditary, or a combination of both.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman grammarians came to regard the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen as a defining characteristic of Roman citizenship, known as the <i>tria nomina</i>. However, although all three elements of the Roman name existed throughout most of Roman history, the concept of the <i>tria nomina</i> can be misleading, because not all of these names were required or used throughout the whole of Roman history. During the period of the Roman Republic, the praenomen and nomen represented the essential elements of the name; the cognomen first appeared among the <a href="/wiki/Roman_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman aristocracy">Roman aristocracy</a> at the inception of the Republic, but was not widely used among the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a>, who made up the majority of the Roman people, until the second century BC. Even then, not all Roman citizens bore cognomina, and until the end of the Republic the cognomen was regarded as somewhat less than an official name. By contrast, in imperial times the cognomen became the principal distinguishing element of the Roman name, and although praenomina never completely vanished, the essential elements of the Roman name from the second century onward were the nomen and cognomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_for_women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome">Naming conventions for women</a> also varied from the classical concept of the <i>tria nomina</i>. Originally Roman women shared the binomial nomenclature of men; but over time the praenomen became less useful as a distinguishing element, and women's praenomina were gradually discarded, or replaced by informal names. By the end of the Republic, the majority of Roman women either did not have or did not use praenomina. Most women were called by their nomen alone, or by a combination of nomen and cognomen. Praenomina could still be given when necessary, and as with men's praenomina the practice survived well into imperial times, but the proliferation of personal cognomina eventually rendered women's praenomina obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later empire, members of the Roman aristocracy used several different schemes of assuming and inheriting nomina and cognomina, both to signify their rank, and to indicate their family and social connections. Some Romans came to be known by alternative names, or <i>signa</i>, and due to the lack of surviving epigraphic evidence, the full nomenclature of most Romans, even among the aristocracy, is seldom recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, although the three types of names referred to as the <i>tria nomina</i> existed throughout Roman history, the period during which the majority of citizens possessed exactly three names was relatively brief. Nevertheless, because most of the important individuals during the best-recorded periods of Roman history possessed all three names, the <i>tria nomina</i> remains the most familiar conception of the Roman name.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a variety of reasons, the Roman nomenclature system broke down in the centuries following the collapse of imperial authority in the west. The praenomen had already become scarce in written sources during the fourth century, and by the fifth century it was retained only by the most conservative elements of the old Roman aristocracy, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aurelia_gens#Aurelii_Symmachi" title="Aurelia gens">Aurelii Symmachi</a>. Over the course of the sixth century, as Roman institutions and social structures gradually fell away, the need to distinguish between nomina and cognomina likewise vanished. By the end of the seventh century, the people of Italy and western Europe had reverted to single names. But many of the names that had originated as part of the <i>tria nomina</i> were adapted to this usage, and survived into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Roman_naming_conventions##" title="Talk:Roman naming conventions">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Roman+naming+conventions%22">"Roman naming conventions"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Roman+naming+conventions%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Roman+naming+conventions%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Roman+naming+conventions%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Roman+naming+conventions%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Roman+naming+conventions%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As in other cultures, the early peoples of Italy probably used a single name, which later developed into the praenomen.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> wrote that the earliest Italians used simple names.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Praenominibus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Praenominibus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Names of this type could be honorific or aspirational, or might refer to deities, physical peculiarities, or circumstances of birth.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this early period, the number of personal names must have been quite large; but with the development of additional names the number in widespread use dwindled.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early Republic, about three dozen Latin praenomina remained in use, some of which were already rare; about eighteen were used by the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barely a dozen praenomina remained in general use under the Empire, although aristocratic families sometimes revived older praenomina, or created new ones from cognomina.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the nomen as the second element of the Italic name cannot be attributed to a specific period or culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From the earliest period it was common to both the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> relates the adoption of <i>Silvius</i> as a nomen by the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">kings of Alba Longa</a> in honour of their ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Silvius_(mythology)" title="Silvius (mythology)">Silvius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livy:i.3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy:i.3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As part of Rome's foundation myth, this statement cannot be regarded as historical fact,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> but it does indicate the antiquity of the period to which the Romans themselves ascribed the adoption of hereditary surnames.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latin, most nomina were formed by adding an adjectival suffix, usually <i>-ius</i>, to the stem of an existing word or name. Frequently this required a joining element, such as <i>-e-, -id-, -il-</i>, or <i>-on-</i>. Many common nomina arose as <a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">patronymic surnames</a>; for instance, the nomen <i>Marcius</i> was derived from the praenomen <i>Marcus</i>, and originally signified <i>Marci filius</i>, "son of Marcus". In the same way, <i>Sextius</i>, <i>Publilius</i>, and <i>Lucilius</i> arose from the praenomina <i>Sextus</i>, <i>Publius</i>, and <i>Lucius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This demonstrates that, much like later European surnames, the earliest nomina were not necessarily hereditary, but might be adopted and discarded at will, and changed from one generation to the next. The practice from which these patronymics arose also gave rise to the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Filiation">filiation</a>, which in later times, once the nomen had become fixed, nearly always followed the nomen. Other nomina were derived from names that later came to be regarded as cognomina, such as <i>Plancius</i> from <i>Plancus</i> or <i>Flavius</i> from <i>Flavus</i>; or from place-names, such as <i>Norbanus</i> from <i><a href="/wiki/Norba" title="Norba">Norba</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The binomial name consisting of <i>praenomen</i> and <i>nomen</i> eventually spread throughout Italy. Nomina from different languages and regions often have distinctive characteristics; Latin nomina tended to end in <i>-ius, -us, -aius, -eius, -eus</i>, or <i>-aeus</i>, while Oscan names frequently ended in <i>-is</i> or <i>-iis</i>; Umbrian names in <i>-as, -anas, -enas</i>, or <i>-inas</i>, and Etruscan names in <i>-arna, -erna, -ena, -enna, -ina</i>, or <i>-inna</i>. Oscan and Umbrian forms tend to be found in inscriptions; in Roman literature these names are often Latinized.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many individuals added an additional surname, or <i>cognomen</i>, which helped to distinguish between members of larger families. Originally these were simply personal names, which might be derived from a person's physical features, personal qualities, occupation, place of origin, or even an object with which a person was associated. Some cognomina were derived from the circumstance of a person's adoption from one family into another, or were derived from foreign names, such as when a freedman received a Roman praenomen and nomen. Other cognomina commemorated important events associated with a person; a battle in which a man had fought (<a href="/wiki/Aulus_Postumius_Albus_Regillensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis">Regillensis</a>), a town captured (<a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a>); or a miraculous occurrence (<a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Corvus" title="Marcus Valerius Corvus">Corvus</a>). The late grammarians distinguished certain cognomina as <i><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">agnomina</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although originally a personal name, the cognomen frequently became hereditary, especially in large families, or <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gentes</a></i>, in which they served to identify distinct branches, known as <i>stirpes</i>. Some Romans had more than one cognomen, and in aristocratic families it was not unheard of for individuals to have as many as three, of which some might be hereditary and some personal. These surnames were initially characteristic of patrician families, but over time cognomina were also acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a>. However, a number of distinguished plebeian gentes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Antonia_gens" title="Antonia gens">Antonii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maria_gens" title="Maria gens">Marii</a>, were never divided into different branches, and in these families cognomina were the exception rather than the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cognomina are known from the beginning of the Republic, but were long regarded as informal names, and omitted from most official records before the second century BC. Later inscriptions commemorating the early centuries of the Republic supply these missing surnames, although the authenticity of some of them has been disputed. Under the Empire, however, the cognomen acquired great importance, and the number of cognomina assumed by the Roman aristocracy multiplied exponentially.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adding to the complexity of aristocratic names was the practice of combining the full nomenclature of both one's paternal and maternal ancestors, resulting in some individuals appearing to have two or more complete names. Duplicative or politically undesirable names might be omitted, while the order of names might be rearranged to emphasize those giving the bearer the greatest prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the promulgation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a></i> in AD 212, granting Roman citizenship to all free men living within the Roman Empire, the praenomen and nomen lost much of their distinguishing function, as all of the newly enfranchised citizens shared the name of <i>Marcus Aurelius</i>. The praenomen and sometimes the nomen gradually disappeared from view, crowded out by other names indicating the bearer's rank and social connections. Surviving inscriptions from the fifth century rarely provide a citizen's full nomenclature.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the final centuries of the Empire, the traditional nomenclature was sometimes replaced by alternate names, known as <i>signa</i>. In the course of the sixth century, as central authority collapsed and Roman institutions disappeared, the complex forms of Roman nomenclature were abandoned altogether, and the people of Italy and western Europe reverted to single names. Modern European nomenclature developed independently of the Roman model during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. However, many modern names are derived from Roman originals.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tria_nomina"><i>Tria nomina</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tria nomina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three types of names that have come to be regarded as quintessentially Roman were the <i>praenomen, nomen</i>, and <i>cognomen</i>. Together, these were referred to as the <i>tria nomina</i>. Although not all Romans possessed three names, the practice of using multiple names having different functions was a defining characteristic of Roman culture that distinguished citizens from foreigners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Praenomen">Praenomen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Praenomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></div> <p>The praenomen was a true <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">personal name</a>, chosen by a child's parents, and bestowed on the <i>dies lustricus</i>, or "day of <a href="/wiki/Lustratio" title="Lustratio">lustration</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a> performed on the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally all of the children in a family would have different praenomina.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there was no law restricting the use of specific praenomina,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the choice of the parents was usually governed by custom and family tradition. An eldest son was usually named after his father, and younger sons were named after their father's brothers or other male ancestors. In this way, the same praenomina were passed down in a family from one generation to the next. Not only did this serve to emphasize the continuity of a family across many generations, but the selection of praenomina also distinguished the customs of one gens from another. The patrician gentes in particular tended to limit the number of praenomina that they used far more than the plebeians, which was a way of reinforcing the exclusiveness of their social status.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of course, there were many exceptions to these general practices. A son might be named in honour of one of his maternal relatives, thus bringing a new name into the gens.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because some gentes made regular use of only three or four praenomina, new names might appear whenever a family had more than three or four sons. Furthermore, a number of the oldest and most influential patrician families made a habit of choosing unusual names; in particular the <a href="/wiki/Fabia_gens" title="Fabia gens">Fabii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_gens" title="Aemilia gens">Aemilii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furia_gens" title="Furia gens">Furii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_gens" title="Claudia gens">Claudii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_gens" title="Cornelia gens">Cornelii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valeria_gens" title="Valeria gens">Valerii</a> all used praenomina that were uncommon amongst the patricians, or which had fallen out of general use. In the last two centuries of the Republic, and under the early Empire, it was fashionable for aristocratic families to revive older praenomina.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About three dozen Latin praenomina were in use at the beginning of the Republic, although only about eighteen were common. This number fell gradually, until by the first century AD, about a dozen praenomina remained in widespread use, with a handful of others used by particular families.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin and use of praenomina was a matter of curiosity to the Romans themselves; in <i>De Praenominibus</i>, Probus discusses a number of older praenomina and their meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Praenominibus_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Praenominibus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most praenomina were regularly abbreviated, and rarely written in full.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other praenomina were used by the Oscan, Umbrian, and Etruscan-speaking peoples of Italy, and many of these also had regular abbreviations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Lists of praenomina used by the various people of Italy, together with their usual abbreviations, can be found at <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a>.) </p><p>Roman men were usually known by their praenomina to members of their family and household, <i><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">clientes</a></i> and close friends; but outside of this circle, they might be called by their nomen, cognomen, or any combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen that was sufficient to distinguish them from other men with similar names.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the literature of the Republic, and on all formal occasions, such as when a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> was called upon to speak, it was customary to address a citizen by praenomen and nomen; or, if this were insufficient to distinguish him from other members of the gens, by praenomen and cognomen.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In imperial times, the praenomen became increasingly confused by the practices of the aristocracy. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">emperors</a> usually prefixed <i>Imperator</i> to their names as a praenomen, while at the same time retaining their own praenomina; but because most of the early emperors were legally adopted by their predecessors, and formally assumed new names, even these were subject to change. Several members of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> exchanged their original praenomina for cognomina, or received cognomina in place of praenomina at birth. An emperor might emancipate or enfranchise large groups of people at once, all of whom would automatically receive the emperor's praenomen and nomen. Yet another common practice beginning in the first century AD was to give multiple sons the same praenomen, and distinguish them using different cognomina; by the second century this was becoming the rule, rather than the exception. Another confusing practice was the addition of the full nomenclature of maternal ancestors to the basic <i>tria nomina</i>, so that a man might appear to have two praenomina, one occurring in the middle of his name.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the weight of these practices and others, the utility of the praenomen to distinguish between men continued to decline, until only the force of tradition prevented its utter abandonment. Over the course of the third century, praenomina become increasingly scarce in written records, and from the fourth century onward their appearance becomes exceptional. The descendants of those who had been granted citizenship by the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a></i> seem to have dispensed with praenomina altogether, and by the end of the western empire, only the oldest Roman families continued to use them.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomen">Nomen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium">nomen gentilicium</a></i>, or "gentile name",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designated a Roman citizen as a member of a gens. A gens, which may be translated as "clan", constituted an extended Roman group of individuals, all of whom shared the same nomen and claimed descent from a common ancestor. Particularly in the early Republic, the gens functioned as a state within the state, observing its own sacred rites and establishing private laws, which were binding on its members, although not on the community as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognomen">Cognomen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cognomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N26FabiusCunctator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/N26FabiusCunctator.jpg/170px-N26FabiusCunctator.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/N26FabiusCunctator.jpg/255px-N26FabiusCunctator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/N26FabiusCunctator.jpg/340px-N26FabiusCunctator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus</a>, surnamed "Cunctator".<br /><i>Maximus</i> was the branch of the <a href="/wiki/Fabia_gens" title="Fabia gens">Fabia gens</a> to which he belonged; <i>Verrucosus</i> was a personal cognomen referring to a wart above his upper lip; <i>Cunctator</i> a <i>cognomen ex virtute</i> referring to his delaying strategy against <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>.<br />Statue at <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The cognomen, the third element of the <i>tria nomina</i>, began as an additional personal name. It was not unique to Rome, but Rome was where the cognomen flourished, as the development of the gens and the gradual decline of the praenomen as a useful means of distinguishing between individuals made the cognomen a useful means of identifying both individuals and whole branches of Rome's leading families. In the early years of the Republic, some aristocratic Romans had as many as three cognomina, some of which were hereditary, while others were personal.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the nomen, cognomina could arise from any number of factors: personal characteristics, habits, occupations, places of origin, heroic exploits, and so forth. One class of cognomina consisted largely of archaic praenomina that were seldom used by the later Republic, although as cognomina these names persisted throughout Imperial times.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cognomina had unusual terminations for Latin names, ending in <i>-a, -o</i>, or <i>-io</i>, and their meanings were frequently obscure, even in antiquity; this seems to emphasize the manner in which many cognomina originally arose from nicknames. The <i>-ius</i> termination typical of Latin nomina was generally not used for cognomina until the fourth century AD, making it easier to distinguish between nomina and cognomina until the final centuries of the western empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the nomen, which was passed down unchanged from father to son, cognomina could appear and disappear almost at will. They were not normally chosen by the persons who bore them, but were earned or bestowed by others, which may account for the wide variety of unflattering names that were used as cognomina. Doubtless some cognomina were used ironically, while others continued in use largely because, whatever their origin, they were useful for distinguishing among individuals and between branches of large families. New cognomina were coined and came into fashion throughout Roman history.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Empire, the number of cognomina increased dramatically. Where once only the most noble patrician houses used multiple surnames, Romans of all backgrounds and social standing might bear several cognomina. By the third century, this had become the norm amongst freeborn Roman citizens. The question of how to classify different cognomina led the grammarians of the fourth and fifth centuries to designate some of them as <i>agnomina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of the Republic, the usual manner of distinguishing individuals was through the binomial form of praenomen and nomen. But as the praenomen lost its value as a distinguishing name, and gradually faded into obscurity, its former role was assumed by the versatile cognomen, and the typical manner of identifying individuals came to be by nomen and cognomen; essentially one form of binomial nomenclature was replaced by another, over the course of several centuries. The very lack of regularity that allowed the cognomen to be used as either a personal or a hereditary surname became its strength in imperial times; as a hereditary surname, a cognomen could be used to identify an individual's connection with other noble families, either by descent, or later by association. Individual cognomina could also be used to distinguish between members of the same family; even as siblings came to share the same praenomen, they bore different cognomina, some from the paternal line, and others from their maternal ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the nomen was a required element of Roman nomenclature down to the end of the western empire, its usefulness as a distinguishing name declined throughout imperial times, as an increasingly large portion of the population bore nomina such as <i>Flavius</i> or <i>Aurelius</i>, which had been granted <i>en masse</i> to newly enfranchised citizens. As a result, by the third century the cognomen became the most important element of the Roman name, and frequently the only one that was useful for distinguishing between individuals. In the later empire, the proliferation of cognomina was such that the full nomenclature of most individuals was not recorded, and in many cases the only names surviving in extant records are cognomina.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the sixth century, traditional Roman cognomina were frequently prefixed by a series of names with Christian religious significance. As Roman institutions vanished, and the distinction between nomen and cognomen ceased to have any practical importance, the complex system of cognomina that developed under the later empire faded away. The people of the western empire reverted to single names, which were indistinguishable from the cognomina that they replaced; many former praenomina and nomina also survived in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agnomen">Agnomen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Agnomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></div> <p>The proliferation of cognomina in the later centuries of the Empire led some grammarians to classify certain types as <i>agnomina</i>. This class included two main types of cognomen: the <i>cognomen ex virtute</i>, and cognomina that were derived from nomina, to indicate the parentage of Romans who had been adopted from one gens into another. Although these names had existed throughout Roman history, it was only in this late period that they were distinguished from other cognomina.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cognomina_ex_virtute"><i>Cognomina ex virtute</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cognomina ex virtute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>cognomen ex virtute</i> was a surname derived from some virtuous or heroic episode attributed to the bearer. Roman history is filled with individuals who obtained cognomina as a result of their exploits: <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Postumius_Albus_Regillensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis">Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis</a>, who commanded the Roman army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Regillus" title="Battle of Lake Regillus">Battle of Lake Regillus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marcius Coriolanus">Gaius Marcius Coriolanus</a>, who captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Corioli" title="Corioli">Corioli</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Corvus" title="Marcus Valerius Corvus">Marcus Valerius Corvus</a>, who defeated a giant <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaul</a> in single combat, aided by a raven; <a href="/wiki/Titus_Manlius_Torquatus_(consul_347_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Manlius Torquatus (consul 347 BC)">Titus Manlius Torquatus</a>, who likewise defeated a Gaulish giant, and took his name from the <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torque</a> that he claimed as a prize; <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus</a>, who carried the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> to Africa, and defeated <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The examples most often described in scholarship on the subject<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> regarding this class of cognomen come from the period of the Republic, centuries before the concept of the <i>agnomen</i> was formulated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adoptive_cognomina">Adoptive cognomina</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adoptive cognomina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption in ancient Rome</a></div> <p>Adoption was a common and formal process in Roman culture. Its chief purpose had nothing to do with providing homes for children; it was about ensuring the continuity of family lines that might otherwise become extinct. In early Rome, this was especially important for the patricians, who enjoyed tremendous status and privilege compared with the plebeians. Because few families were admitted to the patriciate after the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">expulsion of the kings</a>, while the number of plebeians continually grew, the patricians continually struggled to preserve their wealth and influence. A man who had no sons to inherit his property and preserve his family name would adopt one of the younger sons from another family. In time, as the plebeians also acquired wealth and gained access to the offices of the Roman state, they too came to participate in the Roman system of adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Adoption_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Adoption-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the primary purpose of adoption was to preserve the name and status of the adopter, an adopted son would usually assume both the praenomen and nomen of his adoptive father, together with any hereditary cognomina, just as an eldest son would have done. However, adoption did not result in the complete abandonment of the adopted son's birth name. The son's original nomen (or occasionally cognomen) would become the basis of a new surname, formed by adding the derivative suffix <i>-anus</i> or <i>-inus</i> to the stem. Thus, when a son of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Lucius Aemilius Paullus</a> was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Africanus_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (priest)">Publius Cornelius Scipio</a>, he became <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus</a>; in his will, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a> adopted his grandnephew, Gaius Octavius, who became known as <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Adoption_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Adoption-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filiation">Filiation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Filiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Special:EditPage/Roman naming conventions">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Apart from the praenomen, the <i>filiation</i> was the oldest element of the Roman name. Even before the development of the nomen as a hereditary surname, it was customary to use the name of a person's father as a means of distinguishing him or her from others with the same personal name, like a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>; thus Lucius, the son of Marcus, would be <i>Lucius, Marci filius</i>; Paulla, the daughter of Quintus, would be <i>Paulla, Quinti filia</i>. Many nomina were derived in the same way, and most praenomina have at least one corresponding nomen, such as Lucilius, Marcius, Publilius, Quinctius, or Servilius. These are known as patronymic surnames, because they are derived from the name of the original bearer's father. Even after the development of the nomen and cognomen, filiation remained a useful means of distinguishing between members of a large family.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dedicatory_inscription_Ostia_Antica_2006-09-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dedicatory_inscription_Ostia_Antica_2006-09-08.jpg/400px-Dedicatory_inscription_Ostia_Antica_2006-09-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dedicatory_inscription_Ostia_Antica_2006-09-08.jpg/600px-Dedicatory_inscription_Ostia_Antica_2006-09-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dedicatory_inscription_Ostia_Antica_2006-09-08.jpg/800px-Dedicatory_inscription_Ostia_Antica_2006-09-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>  "Dedicated by the emperor Caesar, son of the divine <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Antoninus Pius</a>, brother of the divine <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, grandson of the divine <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, great-grandson of the divine <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, great-great-grandson of the divine <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, conqueror of Parthia, great-great-great-grandson of the divine <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus Arabicus Adiabenicus</a>, father of his country, Pontifex Maximus, holding the tribunician power for the fourth year, in the eighth year of his imperium, consul for the second time; and <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Filiations were normally written between the nomen and any cognomina, and abbreviated using the typical abbreviations for praenomina, followed by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">f.</span> for <i>filius</i> or <i>filia</i>, and sometimes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">n.</span> for <i>nepos</i> (grandson) or <i>neptis</i> (granddaughter). Thus, the inscription <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">S. Postumius A. f. P. n. Albus Regillensis</span> means "Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis, of Aulus the son, of Publius the grandson". "Tiberius Aemilius Mamercinus, the son of Lucius and grandson of Mamercus" would be written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Ti. Aemilius L. f. Mam. n. Mamercinus</span>. The more formal the writing, the more generations might be included; a great-grandchild would be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">pron.</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">pronep.</span> for <i>pronepos</i> or <i>proneptis</i>, a great-great-grandchild <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">abn.</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">abnep.</span> for <i>abnepos</i> or <i>abneptis</i>, and a great-great-great-grandchild <i>adnepos</i> or <i>adneptis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these forms are rarely included as part of a name, except on the grandest of monumental inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The filiation sometimes included the name of the mother, in which case <i>gnatus</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would follow the mother's name, instead of <i>filius</i> or <i>filia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially common in families of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> origin. The names of married women were sometimes followed by the husband's name and <i>uxor</i> for "wife". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">N. Fabius Q. f. M. n. Furia gnatus Maximus</span> means "Numerius Fabius Maximus, son of Quintus, grandson of Marcus, born of Furia",<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Claudia L. Valeri uxor</span> would be "Claudia, wife of Lucius Valerius". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slaves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">freedmen</a> also possessed filiations, although in this case the person referred to is usually the slave's owner, rather than his or her father. The abbreviations here include <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">s.</span> for <i>servus</i> or <i>serva</i> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">l.</span> for <i>libertus</i> or <i>liberta</i>. A slave might have more than one owner, in which case the names could be given serially. In some cases the owner's nomen or cognomen was used instead of or in addition to the praenomen. The <i>liberti</i> of women sometimes used an inverted "C", signifying the feminine praenomen <i>Gaia</i>, here used generically to mean any woman; and there are a few examples of an inverted "M", although it is not clear whether this was used generically, or specifically for the feminine praenomen <i>Marca</i> or <i>Marcia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of the filiation of slaves and freedmen would be: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Alexander Corneli L. s.</span>, "Alexander, slave of Lucius Cornelius", who upon his emancipation would probably become <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">L. Cornelius L. l. Alexander</span>, "Lucius Cornelius Alexander, freedman of Lucius"; it was customary for a freedman to take the praenomen of his former owner, if he did not already have one, and to use his original personal name as a cognomen. Another example might be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Salvia Pompeia Cn. Ɔ. l.</span>, "Salvia Pompeia, freedwoman of Gnaeus (Pompeius) and Gaia"; here <i>Gaia</i> is used generically, irrespective of whether Pompeius' wife was actually named <i>Gaia</i>. A freedman of the emperor might have the filiation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Aug. l.</span>, <i>Augusti libertus</i>. </p><p>Although filiation was common throughout the history of the Republic and well into imperial times, no law governed its use or inclusion in writing. It was used by custom and for convenience, but could be ignored or discarded, as it suited the needs of the writer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribe">Tribe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tribe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Roman tribe</a></div> <p>From the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizens</a> were enumerated in one of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe#The_Servian_tribes" title="Roman tribe">tribes</a> making up the <i><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">comitia tributa</a></i>, or "tribal assembly". This was the most democratic of Rome's three main <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic">legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic</a>, in that all citizens could participate on an equal basis, without regard to wealth or social status. Over time, its decrees (known as <i>plebi scita</i>, or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plebiscite" class="extiw" title="wikt:plebiscite">plebiscites</a>") became binding on the whole Roman people. Although much of the assembly's authority was usurped by the emperors, membership in a tribe remained an important part of Roman citizenship, so that the name of the tribe came to be incorporated into a citizen's full nomenclature.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Tribus_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Tribus-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Tribus_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Tribus-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of tribes varied over time; tradition ascribed the institution of thirty tribes to <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a>, the sixth <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King of Rome</a>, but ten of these were destroyed at the beginning of the Republic. Several tribes were added between 387 and 241 BC, as large swaths of Italy came under Roman control, bringing the total number of tribes to thirty-five; except for a brief experiment at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a> in 88 BC, this number remained fixed. The nature of the tribes was mainly geographic, rather than ethnic; inhabitants of Rome were, in theory, assigned to one of the four "urban" tribes, while the territory beyond the city was allocated to the "rural" or "rustic" tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Tribus_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Tribus-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Tribus_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Tribus-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geography was not the sole determining factor in one's <i>tribus</i>; at times efforts were made to assign freedmen to the four urban tribes, thus concentrating their votes and limiting their influence on the <i>comitia tributa</i>. Perhaps for similar reasons, when large numbers of provincials gained the franchise, certain rural tribes were preferred for their enrollment. Citizens did not normally change tribes when they moved from one region to another; but the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censors</a> had the power to punish a citizen by expelling him from one of the rural tribes and assigning him to one of the urban tribes. In later periods, most citizens were enrolled in tribes without respect to geography.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Tribus_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Tribus-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precisely when it became common to include the name of a citizen's <i>tribus</i> as part of his full nomenclature is uncertain. The name of the tribe normally follows the filiation and precedes any cognomina, suggesting that its addition preceded formal recognition of the cognomen — thus, no later than the second century BC. However, in both writing and inscriptions, the <i>tribus</i> is found with much less frequency than other parts of the name; so the custom of including it does not seem to have been deeply ingrained in Roman practice. As with the filiation, it was common to abbreviate the name of the tribe. For the names of the thirty-five tribes and their abbreviations, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe#The_Servian_tribes" title="Roman tribe">Roman tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Tribus_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Tribus-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_names"><span id="Women.27s_names"></span>Women's names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Women's names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_for_women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome">Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome</a></div> <p>In the earliest period, the binomial nomenclature of praenomen and nomen that developed throughout Italy was shared by both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most praenomina had both masculine and feminine forms, although a number of praenomina common to women were seldom or never used by men. Just as men's praenomina, women's names were regularly abbreviated instead of being written in full.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A list of women's praenomina can be found at <a href="/wiki/Praenomen#Feminine_names" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a>.) </p><p>For a variety of reasons, women's praenomina became neglected over the course of Roman history, and by the end of the Republic, most women did not have or did not use praenomina. They did not disappear entirely, nor were Roman women bereft of personal names; but for most of Roman history women were known chiefly by their nomina or cognomina.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these reasons is probably<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (March 2023)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> that the praenomen itself lost much of its original utility following the adoption of hereditary surnames; the number of praenomina commonly used by both men and women declined throughout Roman history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For men, who might hold public office or serve in the military, the praenomen remained an important part of the legal name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As Roman women played little role in public life, the factors that resulted in the continuation of men's praenomina did not exist for women.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another factor was probably that the praenomen was not usually necessary to distinguish between women within the family. Because a Roman woman did not change her nomen when she married, her nomen alone was usually sufficient to distinguish her from every other member of the family. As Latin names had distinctive masculine and feminine forms, the nomen was sufficient to distinguish a daughter from both of her parents and all of her brothers. Thus, there was no need for a personal name unless there were multiple sisters in the same household.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When this occurred, praenomina could be and frequently were used to distinguish between sisters. However, it was also common to identify sisters using a variety of names, some of which could be used as either praenomina or cognomina. For example, if Publius Servilius had two daughters, they would typically be referred to as <i>Servilia Major</i> and <i>Servilia Minor</i>. If there were more daughters, the eldest might be called <i>Servilia Prima</i> or <i>Servilia Maxima</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> younger daughters as <i>Servilia Secunda, Tertia, Quarta</i>, etc. All of these names could be used as praenomina, preceding the nomen, but common usage from the later Republic onward was to treat them as personal cognomina; when these names appear in either position, it is frequently impossible to determine whether they were intended as praenomina or cognomina.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although women's praenomina were infrequently used in the later Republic, they continued to be used, when needed, into <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">imperial times</a>. Among the other peoples of Italy, women's praenomina continued to be used regularly until the populace was thoroughly Romanized. In the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> culture, where women held a markedly higher social status than at Rome or in other ancient societies, inscriptions referring to women nearly always include praenomina.<sup id="cite_ref-Kajava_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kajava-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0293_-_Roma_-_S._Silvestro_in_Capite_-_Lapide_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_11-Apr-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/0293_-_Roma_-_S._Silvestro_in_Capite_-_Lapide_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_11-Apr-2008.jpg/220px-0293_-_Roma_-_S._Silvestro_in_Capite_-_Lapide_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_11-Apr-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/0293_-_Roma_-_S._Silvestro_in_Capite_-_Lapide_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_11-Apr-2008.jpg/330px-0293_-_Roma_-_S._Silvestro_in_Capite_-_Lapide_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_11-Apr-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/0293_-_Roma_-_S._Silvestro_in_Capite_-_Lapide_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_11-Apr-2008.jpg/440px-0293_-_Roma_-_S._Silvestro_in_Capite_-_Lapide_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_11-Apr-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Avlia L.F. Secunda</span><br />Aulia Secunda, daughter of Lucius</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Roman women were known by their nomina, with such distinction as described above for older and younger siblings. If further distinction were needed, she could be identified as a particular citizen's daughter or wife. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> refers to a woman as <i>Annia P. Anni senatoris filia</i>, which means "Annia, daughter of Publius Annius, the senator".<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, toward the end of the Republic, as hereditary cognomina came to be regarded as proper names, a woman might be referred to by her cognomen instead, or by a combination of nomen and cognomen; the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caecilius_Metellus_Dalmaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus">Lucius Caecilius Metellus</a> was usually referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Caecilia_Metella_Dalmatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecilia Metella Dalmatica">Caecilia Metella</a></i>. Sometimes these cognomina were given diminutive forms, such as <i>Agrippina</i> from the masculine <i>Agrippa</i>, or <i>Drusilla</i> from <i>Drusus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In imperial times, other, less formal names were sometimes used to distinguish between women with similar names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Still later, Roman women, like men, adopted <i>signa</i>, or alternative names, in place of their Roman names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Finally, with the fall of the western empire in the fifth century, the last traces of the distinctive Italic nomenclature system began to disappear, and women too reverted to single names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_names">Foreign names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Roman territory expanded beyond Italy, many foreigners obtained Roman citizenship, and adopted Roman names. Often these were discharged auxiliary soldiers, or the leaders of annexed towns and peoples. Customarily a newly enfranchised citizen would adopt the praenomen and nomen of his patron; that is, the person who had adopted or manumitted him, or otherwise procured his citizenship. But many such individuals retained a portion of their original names, usually in the form of cognomina. This was especially true for citizens of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek origin</a>. A name such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">T. Flavius Aristodemus</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a></span> would be typical of such persons, although in form these names are not distinguishable from those of freedmen.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xiii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a></i> promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> in AD 212 was perhaps the most far-reaching of many imperial decrees enfranchising large numbers of non-citizens living throughout the empire. It extended citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire, all of whom thus received the name <i>Marcus Aurelius</i>, after the emperor's praenomen and nomen. The result was that vast numbers of individuals who had never possessed praenomina or nomina formally shared the same names. In turn, many of the "new Romans" promptly discarded their praenomina, and ignored their nomina except when required by formality. As a result, the cognomina adopted by these citizens, often including their original non-Latin names, became the most important part of their nomenclature.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_names">Imperial names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Imperial names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Special:EditPage/Roman naming conventions">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Roman_naming_conventions" title="Talk:Roman naming conventions">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Special:EditPage/Roman naming conventions">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the Republic, a person's names were usually static and predictable, unless he were adopted into a new family or obtained a new surname; in imperial times, however, names became highly variable and subject to change. Perhaps no names were more variable than those of the emperors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, the first emperor, known conventionally as <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, began life as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">C. Octavius C. f.</span>, or Gaius Octavius, the son of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(praetor_61_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Octavius (praetor 61 BC)">Gaius Octavius</a>. His ancestors had borne the same name for at least four generations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Octavia_gens" title="Octavia gens">Octavii</a> were an old and distinguished plebeian family, the gens was not divided into <i>stirpes</i> and had no hereditary cognomina; Octavius' father had put down a slave revolt at <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a> and was sometimes given the surname <i>Thurinus</i> (a cognomen <i>ex virtute</i>), but this name was not passed down to the son.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the age of eighteen in 44 BC, Octavius was nominated <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a></i> by his granduncle, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>, who held the office of <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a>, Caesar was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassinated</a>, without legitimate children; but in his will he adopted his nephew, who then became <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">C. Julius C. f. Caesar Octavianus</span>, "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, son of Gaius". Thus far, his name follows the Republican model, becoming that of his adoptive father, followed by his original nomen in the form of an agnomen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two years later, Caesar was deified by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, and Octavian, as he was then known, was styled <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Divi f.</span>, "son of the divine (Caesar)", instead of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">C. f.</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Still later, after having been acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i> by the troops under his command, Octavian assumed this title as an additional praenomen, becoming <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Imp. C. Julius Divi f. Caesar Octavianus</span>; in some inscriptions his original praenomen is discarded altogether.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 27 BC, the Senate granted him the title of <i>Augustus</i>, which would ever after be affixed as a cognomen to the names of the Roman emperors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A similar pattern was followed by Augustus' heirs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> The emperor's stepson and eventual successor was born <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a>;</i> after his adoption by the emperor, he became <i>Tiberius Julius Caesar</i> (retaining his original praenomen). His brother, born <i><a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Decimus Claudius Nero</a></i>, subsequently became <i>Nero Claudius Drusus</i>, exchanging his original praenomen for his paternal cognomen, and assuming a new cognomen from his maternal grandfather. Other members of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> used praenomina such as <i>Drusus</i> and <i>Germanicus</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In subsequent generations, all reigning emperors assumed <i>Imperator</i> as an additional praenomen (usually without foregoing their original praenomina), and <i>Augustus</i> as a cognomen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Caesar</i> came to be used as a cognomen designating an heir apparent; and for the first two centuries of the empire, most emperors were adopted by their predecessors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The result was that each emperor bore a series of names that had more to do with the previous emperor than the names with which he had been born; moreover, they added new cognomina as they fought and conquered enemies and new lands, and their filiations recorded their descent from a series of gods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As the names of the emperors themselves changed, so did the names of the members of their families.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_development">Later development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Empire, a variety of new naming conventions developed which, while differing, were internally coherent.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway145_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_nomenclature_and_polyonymy">Binary nomenclature and polyonymy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Binary nomenclature and polyonymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the "High Empire", the new aristocracy began adopting two or more nomina – a practice which has been termed 'binary nomenclature'.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway131_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway131-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arose out of a desire to incorporate distinguished maternal ancestry in a name or, in order to inherit property, an heir was required by a will to incorporate the <a href="/wiki/Testator" title="Testator">testator</a>'s name into his own name.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway132_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway132-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the suffect consul of AD 118/9, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Bruttius_Praesens_Lucius_Fulvius_Rusticus" title="Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus">Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus</a>, has a name which is composed of two standard sets of tria nomina: he was the natural son of a Lucius Bruttius, and added the nomina of his maternal grandfather, Lucius Fulvius Rusticus, to his paternal nomina.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway132_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway132-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to reflect an illustrious pedigree or other connections, the aristocracy expanded the binary nomenclature concept to include other nomina from an individual's paternal and maternal ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway132_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway132-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no limit to the number of names which could be added in this way (known as polyonomy), and, for example, the consul of 169 AD, (usually called <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Senecio_Sosius_Priscus" title="Quintus Pompeius Senecio Sosius Priscus">Q. Sosius Priscus</a>) had thirty-eight names comprising fourteen sets of nomina reflecting a complex pedigree stretching back three generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway132_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway132-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognomen_replaces_praenomen">Cognomen replaces praenomen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cognomen replaces praenomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The praenomen, even under the classic system, had never been particularly distinctive because of the limited number of praenomina available.<sup id="cite_ref-Flower_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flower-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the late Republic and the second century AD, the praenomen gradually became less used and eventually disappeared altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway131_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway131-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even among the senatorial aristocracy it became a rarity by about 300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway131_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway131-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part this came about through a tendency for the same praenomen to be given to all males of a family, thereby fossilizing a particular praenomen/nomen combination and making the praenomen even less distinctive e.g. all males in the emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>'s family (including all his sons) had the praenomen/nomen combination Titus Flavius:<sup id="cite_ref-Salway130_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway130-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Petro" title="Titus Flavius Petro">Titus Flavius Petro</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(father_of_Vespasian)" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (father of Vespasian)">Titus Flavius Sabinus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vespasia_Polla" title="Vespasia Polla">Vespasia Polla</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(consul_AD_47)" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (consul AD 47)">Titus Flavius Sabinus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Titus Flavius Vespasianus</a><br />emperor <b>Vespasian</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Domitilla_the_Elder" title="Domitilla the Elder">Flavia Domitilla</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(consul_AD_82)" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (consul AD 82)">Titus Flavius Sabinus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Clemens_(consul)" title="Titus Flavius Clemens (consul)">Titus Flavius Clemens</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus Flavius Vespasianus</a><br />emperor <b>Titus</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Titus Flavius Domitianus</a></span><br />emperor <b>Domitian</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The cognomen, as in Vespasian's family, then assumed the distinguishing function for individuals; where this happened, the cognomen replaced the praenomen in intimate address.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway130_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway130-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was that two names remained in use for formal public address but instead of praenomen + nomen, it became nomen + cognomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway130_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway130-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edict_of_Caracalla">Edict of Caracalla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Edict of Caracalla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a> in 212, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. It had long been the expectation that when a non-Roman acquired citizenship he, as part of his enfranchisement, took on a Roman name.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway133_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway133-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the mass enfranchisement of 212, the new citizens adopted <a href="/wiki/Aurelia_gens" title="Aurelia gens">the nomen "Aurelius"</a> in recognition of Caracalla's beneficence<sup id="cite_ref-Salway130_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway130-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the emperor's full name was Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus, with Aurelius as the nomen). "Aurelius" quickly became the most common nomen in the east and the second most common (after "Julius") in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway134_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway134-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change in the origins of the new governing elite that assumed control of the empire from the end of the third century can be seen in their names: seven of the eleven emperors between <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>) bore the name "Marcus Aurelius"<sup id="cite_ref-Salway136_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway136-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although praenomina were not adopted by the new citizens, reflecting the pre-existing decline amongst "old" Romans,<sup id="cite_ref-Salway133_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway133-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the west the new names were formulated on the same basis as the existing Roman practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway134_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway134-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the east, however, the new citizens formulated their names by placing "Aurelius" before versions of their non-Roman given name and a patronymic.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway134_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway134-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the ubiquity of "Aurelius" meant that it could not function as a true distinguishing nomen, and became primarily just a badge of citizenship added to any name.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway134_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway134-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_nomen_replaced">Traditional nomen replaced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Traditional nomen replaced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a nomen would long be required for official purposes, and, in isolated corners of the empire and in parts of Italy, its usage would persist into the seventh century, the nomen was generally omitted from the name (even of emperors) by the third century.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway135_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway135-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two factors encouraged its frequent non-use. Firstly, the cognomen increasingly became the distinguishing name and general name of address.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway135_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway135-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, "New Romans" and, under their influence, "old Romans" too, either dropped the nomen from their name<sup id="cite_ref-Salway135_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway135-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, in some cases, treated the nomen as a praenomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway136_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway136-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondly, with the nomen becoming an increasingly fossilized formality, non-Italian families, even those who had acquired citizenship and a nomen prior to 212, began to ignore their nomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway135_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway135-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a nomen was required for official purposes they would simply put the default nomen of "Aurelius" in front of their name, rather than use their actual nomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway135_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway135-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek personal names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinisation of names</a> – Practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a Latin style</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian name</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy refers to this as a <i>cognomen</i>, or "surname", which in later Roman practice was the <i>third</i> element of the Roman <i>tria nomina</i>; but it must be remembered that the word <i>nomen</i> simply means "name", and before the adoption of a second name, this is how the praenomen would have been called; thus, the first surnames adopted would have been known as <i>cognomina</i> before their gradually-increasing importance caused the word <i>nomen</i> to refer to them, while the original personal name became known as the <i>praenomen</i>, or "forename".<sup id="cite_ref-Livy:i.3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy:i.3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although a few individuals mentioned in relation to the period of and before Rome's legendary foundation in the eighth century BC are known by only a single name, it is equally difficult to discern which of these represent actual historical figures, and if so, whether their names were accurately remembered by the historians who recorded these myths centuries later. <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, together with their foster-father, the herdsman <a href="/wiki/Faustulus" title="Faustulus">Faustulus</a>, are among those easily remembered; but even supposing that Romulus and Remus are the names of historical persons, they belonged, in theory, to the royal house of the Silvii; or they might have borne no surname because they were said to have been fathered by <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> himself. Meanwhile, Faustulus may represent a mythical personage interjected into Rome's foundation legend; although it may be noted that his name is a diminutive of the Latin praenomen <a href="/wiki/Faustus_(praenomen)" title="Faustus (praenomen)">Faustus</a>. Almost all other persons mentioned as part of the traditions surrounding Romulus as the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King of Rome</a> have both praenomen and nomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">So common was this practice that nearly all Latin praenomina gave rise to patronymic nomina, including many that were uncommon in historical times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his treatise, <i>De Praenominibus</i>, Probus cites <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Quintus Mucius Scaevola</a>, an authority on <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, for the proposition that boys did not receive a praenomen before assuming the <i><a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">Toga</a> virilis</i>, signifying the transition into adulthood, and that girls did not receive a praenomen before marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Praenominibus_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Praenominibus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this appears to refer to some sort of formal ceremony in which a praenomen was granted or confirmed, rather than the original act of naming. The funerary inscriptions of many Romans who died in childhood conclusively demonstrate that <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Ancient Rome">Roman children</a> had praenomina.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As usual, there were exceptions to this policy as well; for instance, among the <a href="/wiki/Fabia_gens#Fabii_Maximi" title="Fabia gens">Fabii Maximi</a>, several brothers in a single family were all named <i>Quintus</i>; in the first century AD, the <a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens#Flavii_Sabini" title="Flavia gens">Flavii Sabini</a> all bore the praenomen <i>Titus</i>, but were distinguished in each generation by the use of different cognomina. Also, because praenomina had grammatical gender, a brother and sister could have the same praenomen, in masculine and feminine forms, and still be easily distinguished.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A few exceptions are noted by the ancient historians; for example, supposedly no member of the <a href="/wiki/Junia_gens" title="Junia gens">Junia gens</a> was named <i><a href="/wiki/Titus_(praenomen)" title="Titus (praenomen)">Titus</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(praenomen)" title="Tiberius (praenomen)">Tiberius</a></i> after two brothers of this name, sons of the consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a>, were put to death for plotting to restore the Roman monarchy. The <a href="/wiki/Manlia_gens" title="Manlia gens">Manlia gens</a> is said to have forbidden the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(praenomen)" title="Marcus (praenomen)">Marcus</a></i> after the condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus" title="Marcus Manlius Capitolinus">Marcus Manlius Capitolinus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the death of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Marcus Antonius</a> and the execution of his son, it was decreed that none of the <a href="/wiki/Antonia_gens" title="Antonia gens">Antonii</a> should ever again be named Marcus. However, all of these supposed prohibitions were subsequently broken.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although this use of the term <i>gentile</i> has the same origin as the term used to distinguish non-Jews from the Jewish population, its meaning is purely civil and has nothing to do with ethnic or religious identity; in this use it simply refers to a member of a gens, distinguished by his or her surname, and in this sense the term <i>gentile name</i> is used today without any religious connotation, despite (or perhaps because of) the use of <i>Christian name</i> to refer to personal names. In this sense, Romanized Jews could also be gentiles, and gentiles could be Jewish! This is also the origin of the term <i>gentleman</i>; the association of gentlemen with courtesy developed later.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled <i>atnepos</i> and <i>atneptis</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled <i>natus</i>; this could be abbreviated <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">gn.</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">gnat.</span>, or, perhaps confusingly, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">n.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evidently there were exceptions to this as well. <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> ii. 4566 gives the name <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Fabia Domitia Ɔ. f. Secunda</span>, in which Ɔ. f. can only be read "Gaiae filia" (the use of an inverted <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">C.</span> for "Gaia" was common in the filiations of freedmen, but apparently not restricted to them; see below); this may be the same woman referred to as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Fabia Domitia D. f. Secunda</span>, CIL ii. 1806, in the latter case giving her father's name. Both inscriptions are from Roman Spain, and are also notable for the doubled nomen and for the cognomen Secunda, which in this case is really a praenomen placed after the filiation, a common practice in Roman women's names of this period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that while the names of the father and grandfather are genitive (<i>Quinti filius, Marci nepos</i>), the mother's name is ablative; the translation "born of" is simply idiomatic in English. "Born to" would also be idiomatic, but could imply the dative case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, the eldest daughter, who might have been called by her nomen alone for several years, might continue to be so called even after the birth of younger sisters; in this case only the younger sisters might receive distinctive personal names.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In such cases, the filiation, if present, would indicate if someone were a freedman; but in these particular instances the nomina suggest citizens of provincial origin, who have been enfranchised by imperial decree.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OCD:Names-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Names_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Names, Personal."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benet_Salway" title="Benet Salway">Benet Salway</a>, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700", in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Roman Studies">Journal of Roman Studies</a></i>, vol. 84, pp. 124–145 (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Praenominibus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Praenominibus_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Praenominibus_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Praenominibus_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaius Titius Probus, <i>De Praenominibus</i>, epitome by Julius Paris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper's:Nomen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Nomen_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities">Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities</a></i>, Second Edition, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Thurston_Peck" title="Harry Thurston Peck">Harry Thurston Peck</a>, Editor (1897), "Nomen."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy:i.3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy:i.3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy:i.3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Titus Livius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (book)">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i> i. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Titus Livius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (book)">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i> i. 4–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Titus Livius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (book)">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i> vi. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_Classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a>, epitome of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Verrius_Flaccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Verrius Flaccus">Marcus Verrius Flaccus</a>, <i>De Verborum Significatu</i>, <i>s.v.</i> "Numerius."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kajava-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kajava_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mika_Kajava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mika Kajava (page does not exist)">Mika Kajava</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Kajava" class="extiw" title="fi:Mika Kajava">fi</a>]</span>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4QXAQAAIAAJ">Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women</a></i> (1994), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-96902-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/951-96902-1-2">951-96902-1-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Gens."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>, vol. VIII (1897).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper's:Adoption-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Adoption_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Adoption_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities">Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities</a></i>, Second Edition, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Thurston_Peck" title="Harry Thurston Peck">Harry Thurston Peck</a>, Editor (1897), "Adoption."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Adoption."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Chidester_Egbert,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Chidester Egbert, Jr.">James Chidester Egbert, Jr.</a>, <i>Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions</i> (American Book Company, 1896).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper's:Tribus-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Tribus_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Tribus_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's:Tribus_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities">Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities</a></i>, Second Edition, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Thurston_Peck" title="Harry Thurston Peck">Harry Thurston Peck</a>, Editor (1897), "Tribus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCD:Tribus-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Tribus_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Tribus_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD:Tribus_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Tribus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities">Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities</a></i>, Second Edition, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Thurston_Peck" title="Harry Thurston Peck">Harry Thurston Peck</a>, Editor (1897), "Comitia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+41023&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">VI, 41023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway145-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salway145_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salway, p.145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway131-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salway131_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway131_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway131_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salway, p.131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway132-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salway132_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway132_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway132_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway132_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salway, p.132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flower-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flower_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlower2004" class="citation book cs1">Flower, Harriet, ed. (2004-01-19). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2/page/119"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00390-2"><bdi>978-0-521-00390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-01-19&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00390-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2%2Fpage%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway130-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salway130_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway130_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway130_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway130_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salway, p.130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway133-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salway133_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway133_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salway, p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway134-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salway134_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway134_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway134_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway134_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salway, p.134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway136-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salway136_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway136_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salway, p.136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway135-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salway135_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway135_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway135_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway135_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway135_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salway, p.135</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshleyHanifin1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ashley, Leonard R N; Hanifin, Michael J F (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fnam.1978.26.4.297">"Onomasticon of Roman anthroponyms: explication and application (part I)"</a>. <i>Names</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 297–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fnam.1978.26.4.297">10.1179/nam.1978.26.4.297</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-2279">1756-2279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Names&rft.atitle=Onomasticon+of+Roman+anthroponyms%3A+explication+and+application+%28part+I%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-401&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fnam.1978.26.4.297&rft.issn=1756-2279&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Leonard+R+N&rft.au=Hanifin%2C+Michael+J+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1179%252Fnam.1978.26.4.297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshleyHanifin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Ashley, Leonard R N; Hanifin, Michael J F (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/download/890/889">"Onomasticon of Roman anthroponyms: explication and application (part II)"</a>. <i>Names</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 1–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fnam.1979.27.1.1">10.1179/nam.1979.27.1.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-2279">1756-2279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Names&rft.atitle=Onomasticon+of+Roman+anthroponyms%3A+explication+and+application+%28part+II%29&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-45&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fnam.1979.27.1.1&rft.issn=1756-2279&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Leonard+R+N&rft.au=Hanifin%2C+Michael+J+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fans-names.pitt.edu%2Fans%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F890%2F889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraenkel1935" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fraenkel, Ernst (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elexikon.ch/RE/XVI,2_1649">"Namenwesen, Die lateinischen Personennamen"</a>. <i>Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</i> (in German). Vol. XVI, 2. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 1648–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Namenwesen%2C+Die+lateinischen+Personennamen&rft.btitle=Realencyclop%C3%A4die+der+classischen+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=cols.+1648-70&rft.pub=Butcher&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Fraenkel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felexikon.ch%2FRE%2FXVI%2C2_1649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantolaNuorluoto2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kantola, Urpo; Nuorluoto, Tuomo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/arctos/article/download/85001/44013">"Female tria nomina and social standing in late republican and early imperial periods"</a>. <i>Arctos – Acta Philologica Fennica</i>. <b>50</b>: 79–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctos+%E2%80%93+Acta+Philologica+Fennica&rft.atitle=Female+tria+nomina+and+social+standing+in+late+republican+and+early+imperial+periods&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=79-105&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kantola&rft.aufirst=Urpo&rft.au=Nuorluoto%2C+Tuomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Farctos%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F85001%2F44013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan1973" class="citation journal cs1">Keenan, James G (1973). "The names Flavius and Aurelius as status designations in later Roman Egypt". <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>. <b>11</b>: 33–63. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-5388">0084-5388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20180492">20180492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=The+names+Flavius+and+Aurelius+as+status+designations+in+later+Roman+Egypt&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=33-63&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20180492%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0084-5388&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=James+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberatiBourbon2005" class="citation book cs1">Liberati, Anna Maria; Bourbon, Fabio (2005). <i>Ancient Rome</i>. Barnes and Noble Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-6234-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-6234-1"><bdi>0-7607-6234-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7607-6234-1&rft.aulast=Liberati&rft.aufirst=Anna+Maria&rft.au=Bourbon%2C+Fabio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2004" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Stephanie M (2004). <i>Unit 3</i>. Cambridge Latin Course. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78230-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78230-9"><bdi>0-521-78230-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unit+3&rft.series=Cambridge+Latin+Course&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-78230-9&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalway1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benet_Salway" title="Benet Salway">Salway, Benet</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/114213/1/SalwayJRS1994.pdf">"What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Roman Studies">Journal of Roman Studies</a></i>. <b>84</b>: 124–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F300873">10.2307/300873</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/300873">300873</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162435434">162435434</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411100610/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/114213/1/SalwayJRS1994.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-04-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+A+Survey+of+Roman+Onomastic+Practice+from+c.+700+B.C.+to+A.D.+700&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=124-145&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162435434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F300873%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F300873&rft.aulast=Salway&rft.aufirst=Benet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F114213%2F1%2FSalwayJRS1994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolin2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Solin, Heikki (2012). "names, personal, Roman". <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.4329">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=names%2C+personal%2C+Roman&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.4329&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Solin&rft.aufirst=Heikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.behindthename.com/glossary/view/roman_names">Roman Names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bebelereisim.com/koken/rumca">Names of Byzantine Romans in Turkish</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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