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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_speech_and_of_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_speech_and_of_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Freedom of speech and of the press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_speech_and_of_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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href="#Issues_pertaining_to_the_Cyprus_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Issues pertaining to the Cyprus problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_pertaining_to_the_Cyprus_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_the_Republic_of_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_the_Republic_of_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Views of the Republic of Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_the_Republic_of_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Human rights in Northern Cyprus</b> are protected by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">constitution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-const30_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-const30-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there have been reports of violations of the human rights of minorities, democratic freedom, freedom from discrimination, freedom from torture, freedom of movement, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to education, right to life, right to property, and the rights of displaced persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Scribd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scribd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rights of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> displaced by the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a>, notably their rights to property<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and right of return<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, is one of the focal points of ongoing negotiations for the solution of the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus question</a>. </p><p>According to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> Country Report of 2001, human rights were generally respected, although problems existed in terms of police activities, and the restriction of movement.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2011, <i>The Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus</i> noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "... including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights."<sup id="cite_ref-ohchr_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohchr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedoms">Freedoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Freedoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_freedom">Democratic freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Democratic freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has classified the perceived level of democratic and political freedom in Northern Cyprus as "free" since 2000 in its <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World_(report)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom in the World (report)">Freedom in the World</a></i> report.<sup id="cite_ref-freeh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2024, Freedom House again classified Northern Cyprus as "free" in both political rights and civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2009, the Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation reported that: "Greek Cypriots and Maronite residents [of Northern Cyprus] are prohibited from participating in Turkish Cypriot "national" elections."<sup id="cite_ref-tchrf_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tchrf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Department of State also recorded that "Greek Cypriots and Maronite residents were prohibited from participating in Turkish Cypriot "national" elections; they were eligible to vote in Greek Cypriot elections but had to travel to the government-controlled area to exercise that right."<sup id="cite_ref-2010report_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010report-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also reported that the elections in Northern Cyprus in 2009 and 2010 were free and fair and that "authorities did not restrict the political opposition, and membership or non-membership in the dominant party did not confer formal advantages or disadvantages".<sup id="cite_ref-2010report_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010report-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_from_torture">Freedom from torture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Freedom from torture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2009, the <i>Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation</i> (TCHRF), acknowledged that: "Torture and inhuman treatment cases by the police are frequently reported and lawyers and the TCHRF are pressing authorities to truly investigate them."<sup id="cite_ref-tchrf_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tchrf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_religion">Freedom of religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freedom of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">constitution of Northern Cyprus</a> protects the freedom of religion, and it states that Northern Cyprus is a <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Department of State report in 2002 stated that religious freedom was protected by law in Northern Cyprus and the government generally respected the freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freedom of religion report in 2007 by US Department of State also stated that "Turkish Cypriot authorities generally respected this right in practice" and the practice of religion was generally free.<sup id="cite_ref-2007report_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007report-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Minority Rights Group International also reported that "Turkish Cypriot authorities respected religious freedom in general."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 January 2011, 68 representatives in the Parliamentary Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, in written declaration no. 467, condemned the: "Interruption of the Christmas mass in the northern occupied part of Cyprus by Turkish troops and restrictions to the right to freedom of religion and worship."<sup id="cite_ref-coe467_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coe467-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where it was noted that Turkish troops forced the priest conducting the service at Agios Synesios, in Rizokarpaso, to remove his vestments and ordered everybody to leave the church thus violating the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coe467_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coe467-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_speech_and_of_the_press">Freedom of speech and of the press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Freedom of speech and of the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 July 1996, the <i>Committee to Protect Journalists</i> reported that, <a href="/wiki/Kutlu_Adali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutlu Adali">Kutlu Adali</a>, a journalist of the newspaper <i>Yeni Duzen</i>, was fatally shot outside his home. He had criticised the government's immigration policies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adali's wife went to court at the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> as a result of the failure of the Northern Cyprus authorities to investigate her husband's murder adequately.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>US Department of State</i> report in 2002 stated that freedom of speech and press was generally respected in Northern Cyprus and there were opposition newspapers which often criticized the government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>World Press Freedom Index 2010 ranked Cyprus and Northern Cyprus 45 and 61 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in 2010, the US Department of State reported that the freedom of press was again generally respected, there were no restrictions on the internet, and the independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views without restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-2010report_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010report-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2011, the <i>International News Safety Institute</i> reported that, Mutlu Esendemir, the news editor for the Turkish-Cypriot television channel <i>Kanal T</i>, and a reporter for the Turkish-language newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_(newspaper)" title="Kıbrıs (newspaper)">Kıbrıs</a></i>, were both injured in a car bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-jmdjit_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmdjit-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esendemir was convinced that the attack was related to articles concerning town planning issues in <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia" title="Kyrenia">Kyrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jmdjit_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmdjit-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemal Darbaz, the president of Basin Sen, the journalist association, noted that attacks against journalists had become more common.<sup id="cite_ref-jmdjit_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmdjit-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights">Rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_to_education">Right to education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Right to education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 2004/5 school year, a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a>, adding to the only Greek Cypriot primary school in Northern Cyprus, was opened for the Greek Cypriot community in <a href="/wiki/Rizokarpaso" title="Rizokarpaso">Rizokarpaso</a>, this was the first Greek Cypriot community secondary school available to the community since the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-moec2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moec2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the Cypriot <i>Financial Mirror</i> newspaper has recorded that, the government of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> had prevented schoolteachers from returning to the primary school in Rizokarpaso.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, US Department of State reported that "there were no recorded cases of official or societal discrimination based on [...] access to education".<sup id="cite_ref-2010report_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010report-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_of_LGBT">Rights of LGBT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rights of LGBT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Cyprus">LGBT rights in Northern Cyprus</a></div> <p>Sexual intercourse between consenting adult females is legal in Northern Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-ilga_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilga-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Male_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Male homosexuality">Male homosexuality</a> was still criminalised in Northern Cyprus until January 2014, while anti-homosexuality legislation formerly in effect in the Republic of Cyprus was repealed following a 1993 ruling by the European Court of Human Rights (<i><a href="/wiki/Modinos_v._Cyprus" title="Modinos v. Cyprus">Modinos v. Cyprus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 January 2014 Turkish Cypriot deputies passed an amendment repealing a colonial-era law that punished homosexual acts with up to five years in prison by a new <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Code">Criminal Code</a>. It was the last territory in Europe to decriminalise sexual relations between consenting, adult men. In response to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115130809/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-north-gay-idUKBREA0Q16R20140127">vote</a>, Paulo Corte-Real from the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, a rights advocacy group said that "We welcome today's vote and can finally call Europe a continent completely free from laws criminalising homosexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_of_minorities">Rights of minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rights of minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, a synagogue was opened in Kyrenia for the small Jewish community in Northern Cyprus which mostly comprises non-resident businesspersons. There have been no reported <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">Anti-Semitic</a> attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-2010report_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010report-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tiny Greek and Maronite minority communities live in enclaves and suffer from social and economic disadvantages. The small Kurdish population is reportedly subject to discrimination in employment. Both groups have complained of surveillance by Northern Cyprus authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_of_women">Rights of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rights of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The law of Northern Cyprus prohibits domestic violence under a general assault/violence/battery clause in the criminal code,<sup id="cite_ref-2010report_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010report-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a separate <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> legislation has not yet been passed in Northern Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2009, the <i>Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation</i>, noted that <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">women</a> do not have equal rights as men, nor do they live in similar conditions as men, especially when married. Women are prevented from enjoying their rights by the patriarchal society.<sup id="cite_ref-tchrf_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tchrf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A US Department of State report in 2010 indicated that although authorities handled and prosecuted rape cases effectively, violence against women was an issue and there were no NGOs to support victims of rape.<sup id="cite_ref-2010report_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010report-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_pertaining_to_the_Cyprus_problem">Issues pertaining to the Cyprus problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Issues pertaining to the Cyprus problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, the US Department of State said that Greek Cypriot and Maronite minorities are not treated as well as they should be.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another US Department of State report in 2002 reported that the government of Northern Cyprus was easing restrictions on minorities and it respected the rights of travelling abroad and emigrating. In April 1998, the United Kingdom-based National Coalition of Anti-Deportation Campaigns asserted that the Turkish army had carried out a forced migration policy where Kurds were forced to colonise Northern Cyprus from the Republic of Turkey, and The Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom in 1999 said that Kurds were not being discriminated against and enjoyed equal political and religious rights to others.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Class Action lawsuit, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots,_et_al._v._TRNC_and_HSBC_Bank_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC and HSBC Bank USA">Greek Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC and HSBC Bank USA</a>, initiated by Greek Cypriot refugees from the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, has been joined by Sandra Kocinski, Pat Clarke and Suz Latchford who paid for but have never been given legal title to the villas that they purchased in the northern part of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Immoveable Property Commission of Northern Cyprus offers to buy outright the properties of displaced persons in case of an application to the commission but does not allow the return of displaced persons to their properties or land.<sup id="cite_ref-2010report_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010report-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Unjustified killings:</b> </p><p>On 14 August 1996, during a protest at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">United Nations Buffer Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomos_Solomou" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomos Solomou">Solomos Solomou</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriot</a> <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_refugees" title="Cypriot refugees">refugee</a>, was shot and killed while climbing a flagpole in order to remove a Turkish flag.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident occurred only a few days after the funeral of his cousin <a href="/wiki/Tassos_Isaac" class="mw-redirect" title="Tassos Isaac">Tassos Isaac</a>, who was murdered a few days earlier, by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalists</a> belonging to the militant <a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a> organization, during an earlier protest.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 November 2005, concerning the chamber judgment of Kakoulli v. Turkey at the European Court of Human Rights: </p> <blockquote><p>"The Court held, unanimously, that there had been: </p><p>· a violation of Article 2 (right to life) of the European Convention on Human Rights concerning the killing of the applicants’ relative by a Turkish soldier in the buffer zone between northern and southern Cyprus; </p><p> · a violation of Article 2 concerning the inadequate investigation into his death ..."<sup id="cite_ref-echr_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Furthermore, in January 2011, <i>The Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus</i> noted that: </p> <blockquote><p>"The case of Andreou v. Turkey (45653/99) concerns an unjustified killing in the area of the UN buffer zone and Panayi v. Turkey (45388/99) in the area of entry in the UN buffer zone."<sup id="cite_ref-ohchrp10_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohchrp10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><b>Displaced Greek Cypriots:</b> </p><p>The European Court of Human Rights ruled in the case of <a href="/wiki/Loizidou_v._Turkey" title="Loizidou v. Turkey">Loizidou v. Turkey</a> concerning the right of Greek Cypriot <a href="/wiki/Titina_Loizidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Titina Loizidou">Titina Loizidou</a> to return to her home, since the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and also highlighted the failure of the Republic of Turkey to compensate Loizidou after the ruling at a later Human Rights meeting of the Council of Europe: "... that the Turkish authorities had continuously prevented her from having access to and enjoying certain property she owned in northern Cyprus."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2001, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled: </p> <blockquote><p>"... that Turkey was responsible for violations of human rights in Cyprus stemming from the 1974 Turkish military intervention. The result of a complaint by the Government of Cyprus, the decision rejected the Turkish argument that the "TRNC" is an independent state and instead ruled that it is "a subordinate local administration of Turkey operating in northern Cyprus"."</p></blockquote> <p><b>The Enclaved:</b> </p><p>In May 2001, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) pointed out that Turkey had ignored its earlier rulings concerning the right to education.<sup id="cite_ref-edu_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ECHR also highlighted, amongst other violations, the following two that were directly relevant to the right to education, where the second summarily describes what Rizokarpaso primary school teachers (and their families) were subjected to: </p> <blockquote><p>"... violation of Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 (right to education) in respect of Greek Cypriots living in northern Cyprus in so far as no appropriate secondary-school facilities were available to them; ... violation of Article 3 in that the Greek Cypriots living in the Karpas area of northern Cyprus had been subjected to discrimination amounting to degrading treatment;" <sup id="cite_ref-edu_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Moreover, the ECHR noted the censorship of school books and the denial of secondary school education to the enclaved. The ECHR called on the Turkish authorities to stop censoring Greek language textbooks and informed them that the closure of Greek-language schools was a denial of the right to education.<sup id="cite_ref-edu_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Cyprus noted in its report that the primary school at Rizokarpasso was the only Greek Cypriot primary school in Northern Cyprus and that it had three teachers and twenty-five students.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 September 2003, at the European Parliament, in Strasbourg, during "One minute speeches on matters of political importance", two European MEPs raised their concern about the expulsion, by local authorities, of two <a href="/wiki/Rizokarpaso_Primary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizokarpaso Primary School">Rizokarpaso Primary School</a> teachers (Alexia and Grigoris Koukotsikas) together with their children.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The restrictions of the enclaved were highlighted in an earlier report, by the United Nations: </p> <blockquote><p>"... the U.N. Secretary-General in his report on December 1995 stated that Greek Cypriots and Maronites in the occupied area were "the object of very severe restrictions which curtailed the exercise of many basic freedoms and had the effect of ensuring that, inexorably with the passage of time these communities would cease to exist in the northern part of the island."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>"The Secretary-General, in his report to the Security Council dated 30 November 1991 (S/24050), stated: "... on a number of occasions UNFICYP was impeded ... while conducting humanitarian tasks in support of Greek Cypriots in the north. Access to the Greek Cypriots living in the Karpas peninsula by UNFICYP humanitarian staff and civilian police was on several occasions denied ... uninterrupted freedom of movement in carrying out its established and important humanitarian duties and responsibilities" ..."<sup id="cite_ref-cerd_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerd-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_of_the_Republic_of_Cyprus">Views of the Republic of Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Views of the Republic of Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republic of Cyprus claimed in a 1994 report that the rights of enclaved Greek Cypriots were being violated. The report featured claims of denial of Greek Cypriot doctors' rights to settle in the area or regularly visit it, restrictions on the movement of the UN peacekeeping forces, alleged requirements of an application of the enclaved to move outside their villages and to report to a police station weekly, being made to clean the station and the adjacent areas. It claimed that these were part of "a persistent policy of harassment, racial discrimination, intimidation and coercion". The report also drew attention to the distribution of Greek Cypriot property by the Turkish Cypriot authorities as a violation of the right to property, and the continued prevention of 200,000 displaced Greek Cypriots to return to their property.<sup id="cite_ref-cerd_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerd-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_issues">Other issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constant focus on the division of the island sometimes masks other human rights issues.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prostitution is rife, and the island has been criticized for its role in the sex trade as one of the main routes of <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> from Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2009, the <i>Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation</i> noted concerns about human trafficking: </p> <blockquote><p>"Trafficking in persons is a major visible area of human rights violations in North Cyprus which is a destination country for trafficked women from countries such as Ukraine, Moldova and Russia. Human trafficking appears to be on the rise in North Cyprus as it is worldwide."<sup id="cite_ref-tchrf_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tchrf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Human rights in Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Internet censorship and surveillance in Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loizidou_v._Turkey" title="Loizidou v. Turkey">Loizidou v. Turkey</a>, a 1989 legal case regarding the rights of refugees wishing to return to their former homes and properties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots,_et_al._v._TRNC_and_HSBC_Bank_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC and HSBC Bank USA">Greek Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC and HSBC Bank USA</a>, a class action suit by Greek Cypriots and others suing for "the denial of access to and enjoyment of land and property held in the north".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kormakitis" title="Kormakitis">Kormakitis</a>, a small village on the northern coast of Cyprus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizokarpaso" title="Rizokarpaso">Rizokarpaso</a>, a town on the <a href="/wiki/Karpass_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpass Peninsula">Karpass Peninsula</a> in the northeastern part of Cyprus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-const30-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-const30_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahkemeler.net/cgi-bin/anayasa/anayasa.doc">The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a>, Article 30, Retrieved 2011-05-05: "Yasa, insan haklarına, demokrasi, sosyal adalet ve hukukun üstünlüğü ilkelerine dayanan laik devletin, ulusal güvenliğin ve genel ahlakın korunması halleri dışındaki bir dene dayanarak, halkın bu araçlarla Haber almasını, düşünce ve kanaatlara ulaşmasını ve kamuoyunun serbestçe oluşumunu engelleyici kayıtlar koyamaz.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scribd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scribd_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Commission of Human Rights, "Report of the Commission to Applications 6780/74 and 6950/75", Council of Europe, 1976, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/66250437/The-Council-of-Europe-s-SECRET-Report-1976-Cyprus-barbary">pp. 160–163.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012225604/https://www.scribd.com/doc/66250437/The-Council-of-Europe-s-SECRET-Report-1976-Cyprus-barbary">Link from Internet Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, Case of Cyprus v. Turkey, Application no. 25781/94, Judgement (Just Satisfaction), May 12, 2014,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-144151/">Cyprus v. Turkey, Application No. 25781/94, Judgment (Just Satisfaction, Grand Chamber, 12/05/2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCR-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520030616/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CIRBC%2C%2CCYP%2C%2C3df4be297%2C0.html">"Cyprus: Population of Kurds in Turkish controlled Northern Cyprus; their treatment by the government of Turkey and its agents"</a>. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 15 April 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,CYP,,3df4be297,0.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927160720/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.nsf/233813e697620022c1256864005232b7/d2f488922d2313d4c12574710040c343?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Netherlands Institute of Human Rights</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/kygtpen/1996/96-11-22.kygtpen.html">Arrest warrants issued for murder of Tassos Isaac</a> Republic of Cyprus Press & Information Office press release, 22 November 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-echr-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-echr_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/T/D/Kommunikation_und_politische_Forschung/Presse_und_Online_Info/Presseinfos/2005/20051122-631-GH-KakoulliT%C3%BCrkei.asp">Chamber Judgement Kakoulli v. Turkey</a>, European Court of Human Rights, 22 November 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohchrp10-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohchrp10_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf">Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus, p.10</a>, 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations, 7 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=417773&Site=CM">"H54-1 - Loizidou against Turkey, Judgments of 18 December 1996 and 28 July 1998, Application of Article 54 of the ECHR"</a>. Council of Europe, Human Rights Meeting. 9 September 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H54-1+-+Loizidou+against+Turkey%2C+Judgments+of+18+December+1996+and+28+July+1998%2C+Application+of+Article+54+of+the+ECHR&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe%2C+Human+Rights+Meeting&rft.date=1999-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwcd.coe.int%2Fwcd%2FViewDoc.jsp%3Fid%3D417773%26Site%3DCM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Northern+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edu-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edu_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edu_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edu_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.right-to-education.org/node/676">Cyprus v Turkey Application no. 25781/94 European Court of Human Rights May 2001</a> RIGHTtoEDUCATION project.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educonference2003.gov.cy/educational_system/ENGLISH1.pdf">The Cyprus Educational System, Primary Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323102440/http://www.educonference2003.gov.cy/educational_system/ENGLISH1.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ministry of Education and Culture, Nicosia, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+CRE+20030901+ITEM-004+DOC+XML+V0//EN">One-minute speeches on matters of political importance, MEP Tsatsos</a>, European Parliament, Strasbourg, 1 September 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.int/cyprus/pr110399.htm">Continuing concern for the enclaved Greek Cypriots in the occupied areas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513031936/http://www.un.int/cyprus/pr110399.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Nations, 11 March 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cerd-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cerd_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cerd_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/80ff2b7a6c87d66c8025655b003afa29?">Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 9 of the Convention</a>, United Nations, International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Segregation (CERD), 5 May 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/cyprus/usdos99_cyprus.htm">"US Department of State Report on Human Rights in Cyprus"</a>. <i>Xpats.io</i>. Asylumlaw.org. 11 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xpats.io&rft.atitle=US+Department+of+State+Report+on+Human+Rights+in+Cyprus&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asylumlaw.org%2Fdocs%2Fcyprus%2Fusdos99_cyprus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Northern+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Christou" class="citation web cs1">Jean Christou. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014803/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1">"US report raps Cyprus over battle on flesh trade"</a>. cyprus-mail.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+report+raps+Cyprus+over+battle+on+flesh+trade&rft.pub=cyprus-mail.com&rft.au=Jean+Christou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyprus-mail.com%2Fnews%2Fmain.php%3Fid%3D26259%26cat_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Northern+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_Theodoulou" class="citation web cs1">Jacqueline Theodoulou. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202918/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9">"A shame on our society"</a>. cyprus-mail.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+shame+on+our+society&rft.pub=cyprus-mail.com&rft.au=Jacqueline+Theodoulou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyprus-mail.com%2Fnews%2Fmain.php%3Fid%3D24784%26cat_id%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Northern+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ktihv.org/">Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Andorra" title="Human rights in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Austria" title="Human rights in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belgium" title="Human rights in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bulgaria" title="Human rights in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Croatia" title="Human rights in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Human rights in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Denmark" title="Human rights in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Estonia" title="Human rights in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iceland" title="Human rights in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Latvia" title="Human rights in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Liechtenstein" title="Human rights in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lithuania" title="Human rights in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malta" title="Human rights in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Moldova" title="Human rights in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Monaco" title="Human rights in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Macedonia" title="Human rights in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Norway" title="Human rights in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Poland" title="Human rights in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Romania" title="Human rights in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Serbia" title="Human rights in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Slovakia" title="Human rights in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sweden" title="Human rights in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Abkhazia" title="Human rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kosovo" title="Human rights in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Ossetia" title="Human rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Transnistria" title="Human rights in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template talk:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">Pre-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'ath era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Post-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Palestinians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Dubai" title="Human rights in Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom_in_the_Middle_East" title="Academic freedom in the Middle East">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Middle_East" title="Capital punishment in the Middle East">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in the Middle East">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Middle East">Freedom of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Middle East">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Middle East">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Arab_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Arab societies">Status of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Women's suffrage, timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_anti_male-guardianship_campaign" title="Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign">Male guardianship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">NGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pan-Arab" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Network_for_Human_Rights_Information" title="Arabic Network for Human Rights Information">Arabic Network for Human Rights Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Commission_for_Human_Rights" title="Arab Commission for Human Rights">Arab Commission for Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Human_Rights_Project" title="Kurdish Human Rights Project">Kurdish Human Rights Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Initiative_for_Personal_Rights" title="Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights">Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_Human_Rights_Center" title="Defenders of Human Rights Center">Defenders of Human Rights Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mezan_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Al Mezan Center for Human Rights">Al Mezan Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Najdeh" title="Association Najdeh">Association Najdeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Marsad" title="Al-Marsad">al-Marsad</a></li> <li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_First_Society" title="Human Rights First Society">HRFS (founded 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Defense_of_Women%27s_Rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Association for the Protection and Defense of Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia">APDWRSA (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Civil_and_Political_Rights_Association" title="Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association">ACPRA (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">SDC (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Saudi_Organisation_for_Human_Rights" title="European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights">ESOHR (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALQST" title="ALQST">ALQST (2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government-organized_non-governmental_organization" title="Government-organized non-governmental organization">GONGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Human_Rights" title="National Society for Human Rights">NSHR (2004)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Humanitarian crisis in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Muslim-majority_countries" title="Human rights in Muslim-majority countries">Human rights in Muslim-majority countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel and apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Association_of_Victims_of_Grave_Human_Rights_Violations_Committed_by_the_Moroccan_State" title="Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State">Sahrawi Association of Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Marocaine_des_Droits_Humaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine">Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_Cyprus_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_Cyprus_topics" title="Template:Northern Cyprus topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northern_Cyprus_topics" title="Template talk:Northern Cyprus topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northern_Cyprus_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northern Cyprus topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_Cyprus_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus#History" title="Northern Cyprus">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Intercommunal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">Green Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_refugees" title="Cypriot refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annan_Plan" title="Annan Plan">Annan Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Cypriot_Annan_Plan_referendums" title="2004 Cypriot Annan Plan referendums">2004 Annan Plan referendums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Federated_State_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish Federated State of Cyprus">Turkish Federated State of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Declaration of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus#Geography" title="Northern Cyprus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of populated places in Northern Cyprus">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Extreme points of Northern Cyprus">Extreme points</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mammals of Northern Cyprus">Mammals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of diplomatic missions of Northern Cyprus">Diplomatic missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus_Representative_Office_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Representative Office to the United States">Representative Office to the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Districts of Northern Cyprus">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Elections in Northern Cyprus">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Law enforcement in Northern Cyprus">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of political parties in Northern Cyprus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Council of Ministers (Northern Cyprus)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_against_Northern_Cyprus" title="Embargo against Northern Cyprus">Embargoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Northern Cyprus">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_Forces_Command" title="Security Forces Command">Security Forces Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_forces_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus">Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Economy of Northern Cyprus">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of banks in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuzey_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_Turkcell" title="Kuzey Kıbrıs Turkcell">Kuzey Kıbrıs Turkcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKTC_Telsim" title="KKTC Telsim">KKTC Telsim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Tourism in Northern Cyprus">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Category:Society of Northern Cyprus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_citizenship" title="Northern Cyprus citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of universities and colleges in Northern Cyprus">universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Cyprus">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">abortion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_folk_dances" title="Turkish Cypriot folk dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of newspapers in Northern Cyprus">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Television in Northern Cyprus">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of museums in Northern Cyprus">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Sport in Northern Cyprus">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Football in Northern Cyprus">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Public holidays in Northern Cyprus">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Republic Day (Northern Cyprus)">Republic Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Northern Cyprus">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ethnicities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Turkish settlers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus">Enclaved Greek Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Maronites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Turkish" title="Cypriot Turkish">Cypriot Turkish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cyprus" title="Coat of arms of Cyprus">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Flag of Northern Cyprus">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Outline of Northern Cyprus">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Cyprus" title="Category:Northern Cyprus">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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