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other rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_trial_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_trial_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fair trial rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fair_trial_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fair trial rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fair_trial_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_civil_and_criminal_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_civil_and_criminal_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In civil and criminal proceedings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_civil_and_criminal_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_administrative_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_administrative_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In administrative proceedings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_administrative_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_special_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_special_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In special proceedings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_special_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juries_and_a_fair_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juries_and_a_fair_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Juries and a fair trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juries_and_a_fair_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Right to a fair trial</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A9" title="الحق في محاكمة عادلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحق في محاكمة عادلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Судовая абарона – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Судовая абарона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vo_na_spravedliv%C3%BD_proces" title="Právo na spravedlivý proces – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Právo na spravedlivý proces" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht_auf_ein_faires_Verfahren" title="Recht auf ein faires Verfahren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Recht auf ein faires Verfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_a_un_juicio_justo" title="Derecho a un juicio justo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho a un juicio justo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="دادرسی عادلانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دادرسی عادلانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin_gwaji" title="Ƴancin gwaji – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƴancin gwaji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Դատական պաշտպանության իրավունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դատական պաշտպանության իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_atas_peradilan_yang_jujur" title="Hak atas peradilan yang jujur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak atas peradilan yang jujur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equo_processo" title="Equo processo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Equo processo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ties%C4%ABbas_uz_taisn%C4%ABgu_tiesu" title="Tiesības uz taisnīgu tiesu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tiesības uz taisnīgu tiesu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teismin%C4%97_gynyba" title="Teisminė gynyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teisminė gynyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemene_beginselen_van_behoorlijk_proces" title="Algemene beginselen van behoorlijk proces – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algemene beginselen van behoorlijk proces" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E3%82%92%E5%8F%97%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%A8%A9%E5%88%A9" title="裁判を受ける権利 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="裁判を受ける権利" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odil_sudlov" title="Odil sudlov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odil sudlov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo_do_s%C4%85du" title="Prawo do sądu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo do sądu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81dil_sudlaw" title="Ádil sudlaw – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ádil sudlaw" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83" title="Право на судебную защиту – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Право на судебную защиту" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_drejta_p%C3%ABr_gjykim" title="E drejta për gjykim – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="E drejta për gjykim" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Right to a fair trial" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Право на правично суђење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Право на правично суђење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeudenmukainen_oikeudenk%C3%A4ynti" title="Oikeudenmukainen oikeudenkäynti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikeudenmukainen oikeudenkäynti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="நியாமான நீதிவிசாரணைக்கான உரிமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியாமான நீதிவிசாரணைக்கான உரிமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%83%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Ҳуқуқ ба ҳифзи судӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуқуқ ба ҳифзи судӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Право на справедливий суд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Право на справедливий суд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4" title="حقوق شفاف آزمائش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حقوق شفاف آزمائش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_x%C3%A9t_x%E1%BB%AD_c%C3%B4ng_b%E1%BA%B1ng" title="Quyền được xét xử công bằng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền được xét xử công bằng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%AD%A3%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4%E6%9D%83" title="公正审判权 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公正审判权" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United States">US courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>2</small></sup> Not in <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">English/Welsh courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>3</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Scottish courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>4</small></sup> English/Welsh courts</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>5</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of Canada">Canadian courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>6</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United Kingdom">UK courts</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_procedure_(trial)" title="Template:Criminal procedure (trial)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_procedure_(trial)" title="Template talk:Criminal procedure (trial)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_procedure_(trial)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal procedure (trial)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>fair trial</b> is a trial which is "conducted fairly, justly, and with procedural regularity by an impartial judge".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various rights associated with a fair trial are explicitly proclaimed in Article 10 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Article_6_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights</a>, in addition to numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> that defines what is not a fair trial; for example, the right to a <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">jury trial</a> and other important procedures vary from nation to nation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_in_international_human_rights_law">Definition in international human rights law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition in international human rights law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The right to fair trial is very helpful to explore in numerous declarations which represent <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR).<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the UDHR enshrines some fair trial rights, such as the <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> until the accused is proven guilty, in Articles 6, 7, 8 and 11,<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_b_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url_b-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the key provision is Article 10 which states that:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. </p> </blockquote> <p>Some years after the UDHR was adopted,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the right to a fair trial was defined in more detail in the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR). The right to a fair trial is protected in Articles 14 and 16 of the ICCPR which is binding in international law on those states that are party to it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 14(1) establishes the basic right to a fair trial, article 14(2) provides for the <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a>, and article 14(3) sets out a list of minimum fair trial rights in criminal proceedings. Article 14(5) establishes the right of a convicted person to have a higher court review the conviction or sentence, and article 14(7) prohibits <a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">double jeopardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 14(1) states that:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The press and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private lives of the parties so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but any judgement rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public except where the interest of juvenile persons otherwise requires or the proceedings concern matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geneva_Conventions">Geneva Conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geneva Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> (GC) and their Additional Protocols (APs) require that any <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> facing a judicial proceeding receive a fair trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhuta_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhuta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Articles 102–108 of the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third Geneva Convention</a> detail requirements for the fairness of trials against prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhuta_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhuta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other provisions require a "fair and regular trial"; "safeguards of proper trial and defence"; an "impartial and regularly constituted court respecting the generally recognized principles of regular judicial procedure"; a "regularly constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples"; and "court offering the essential guarantees of independence and impartiality".<sup id="cite_ref-Bhuta_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhuta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_in_regional_human_rights_law">Definition in regional human rights law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition in regional human rights law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The right to a fair trial is enshrined in articles 3, 7 and 26 of the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> (ACHPR).<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right to a fair trial is also enshrined in articles <a href="/wiki/Article_5_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Article_6_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights">6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Article_7_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights">7</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> and articles 2 to 4 of the 7th Protocol to the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right to a fair trial is furthermore enshrined in articles 3, 8, 9 and 10 of the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_rights">Relationship with other rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with other rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Right_to_equality_before_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to equality before the law">right to equality before the law</a> is sometimes regarded as part of the right to a fair trial. It is typically guaranteed under a separate article in <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">international human rights instruments</a>. The right entitles individuals to be recognised as subject, not as object, of the law. <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International human rights law</a> permits no derogation or exceptions to this human right.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url_a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closely related to the right to a fair trial is the prohibition on <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">ex post facto law</a>, or retroactive law, which is enshrined in human rights instrument separately from the right to fair trial and can not be limited by states according to the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy justice</a> tends to correlate with quality and fairness of justice.<sup id="cite_ref-g896_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g896-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right to <a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">speedy trial</a> and Right to a fair trial can be difficult to combine.<sup id="cite_ref-j611_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j611-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fair_trial_rights">Fair trial rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fair trial rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The right to a fair trial has been defined in numerous regional and <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">international human rights instruments</a>. It is one of the most extensive human rights and all international human rights instruments enshrine it in more than one article.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right to a fair trial is one of the most litigated human rights and substantial case law that has been established on the interpretation of this human right.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_a_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url_a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite variations in wording and placement of the various fair trial rights, international human rights instrument define the right to a fair trial in broadly the same terms.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_b_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url_b-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the right is to ensure the proper administration of justice. As a minimum the right to fair trial includes the following fair trial rights in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a> proceedings:<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the right to be heard by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal</li> <li>the right to a <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(law)" title="Hearing (law)">public hearing</a></li> <li>the right to be heard within a reasonable time</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">right to counsel</a></li> <li>the right to interpretation<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>States may limit the right to a fair trial or derogate from the fair trial rights only under circumstances specified in the human rights instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_civil_and_criminal_proceedings">In civil and criminal proceedings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In civil and criminal proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a> have clarified that the right to a fair trial applies to all types of judicial proceedings, whether <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a>. According to the European Court of Human Rights, Article 6 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> and the fair trial rights apply to all civil rights and obligations created under domestic law and therefore to all civil proceedings (see <i>Apeh Uldozotteinek Szovetsege and Others v. Hungary</i> 2000).<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_administrative_proceedings">In administrative proceedings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In administrative proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a> have clarified that the right to a fair trial applies not only to judicial proceedings, but also administrative proceedings. If an individual's right under the law is at stake, the dispute must be determined through a fair process.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_special_proceedings">In special proceedings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In special proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe special proceeding may also be subject to Article 6 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Mills v. the United Kingdom</i> 2001 the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> held that a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> was subject to Article 6 because of the defendants had been accused of what the court considered to be serious crime, assault with a weapon and wounding. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> (ACHPR) frequently deals with instances where <a href="/wiki/Civilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilians">civilians</a> are tried by <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunals">military tribunals</a> for serious crimes. The ACHPR has held that on the face of it military courts to do not satisfy civilians' right to a fair trial (see <i>Constitutional Rights Project v. Nigeria</i>). In this respect the ACHPR has reaffirmed the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">right to counsel</a> as essential in guaranteeing a fair trial. The ACHPR held that individuals have the right to choose their own counsel and that giving the military tribunal the right to veto a counsel violates the right to a fair trial.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_c_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url_c-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Right to a fair trial in the United Kingdom is guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Article_6_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights</a>, which is incorporated in UK law as Schedule 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1971 and 1975, the right to a fair trial <a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">was suspended in Northern Ireland</a>. Suspects were simply imprisoned without trial, and interrogated by the British army for information. This power was mostly used against the Catholic minority. The British government supplied deliberately misleading evidence to the European Court of Human Rights when it investigated this issue in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-ministers-sanctioned_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ministers-sanctioned-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish government and human rights group <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> requested that the ECHR reconsider the case in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three court cases related to the Northern Ireland conflict that took place in mainland Britain in 1975 and 1976 have been accused of being unfair, resulting in the imprisonment of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Six" title="Birmingham Six">Birmingham Six</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guildford_Four_and_Maguire_Seven" title="Guildford Four and Maguire Seven">Guildford Four and Maguire Seven</a>. These convictions were later overturned, though an investigation into allegations that police officers perverted the course of justice failed to convict anyone of wrongdoing. </p><p>The United Kingdom created an act – the <a href="/wiki/Special_Immigration_Appeals_Commission_Act_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997">Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997</a> – which led to the creation of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It allowed for secret evidence to be stated in court and provided provisions for the anonymity of the sources and information itself. The judge has the power to clear the courtroom of the public and press, and the appellant if need be, if sensitive information must be relayed. The appellant is provided with a Special Advocate, who is appointed in order to represent their interests; no contact can be made with the appellant after seeing the secret evidence. SIAC is mostly used for deportation cases and other cases of public interest.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secret evidence has seen increased use in UK courts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (September 2024)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that this undermines the British criminal justice system, as this evidence may not come under proper democratic scrutiny. Secret evidence can now be used in a wide range of cases including deportations hearings, control orders proceedings, parole board cases, asset-freezing applications, pre-charge detention hearings in terrorism cases, employment tribunals, and planning tribunals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juries_and_a_fair_trial">Juries and a fair trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Juries and a fair trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rationale for a jury was that it offers a check against state power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under Article 6 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">ECHR</a>, the right to a fair trial implies that accused and public must be able to understand the verdict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Trials decided by jury, as they do not provide reasons for their decision, therefore do not allow for this.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Taxquet v Belgium</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a violation of article 6(1) was found. The court also implied a right to a reasoned verdict, irrespective of whether that was given by a judge or a jury. </p><p>Under ECHR case law, jury decisions can also be problematic in circumstances where juries draw adverse inferences from trial judges' directions in contravention of Article 6(3) (b) and (c).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_of_venue" title="Change of venue">Change of venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Four freedoms">Four freedoms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_de_non_evocando" title="Jus de non evocando">Jus de non evocando</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_justice" title="Natural justice">Natural justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_guilt" title="Presumption of guilt">Presumption of guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_reform" title="Law reform">Law reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_reform" title="Judicial reform">Judicial reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_a_fair_trial&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/legal/fair+trial">"Legal Definition of FAIR TRIAL"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Legal+Definition+of+FAIR+TRIAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Flegal%2Ffair%2Btrial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doswald-Beck, Louise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpepil.com/sample_article?id=/epil/entries/law-9780199231690-e798&recno=20&">Fair Trial, Right to, International Protection</a>, <i>Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bare_url-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoebbler2006" class="citation book cs1">Doebbler, Curtis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ61oCPJ1GEC&q=right%20to%20fair%20trial&pg=PA108"><i>Introduction to International Human Rights Law</i></a>. CD Publishing. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9743570-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+International+Human+Rights+Law&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=CD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9743570-2-7&rft.aulast=Doebbler&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQ61oCPJ1GEC%26q%3Dright%2520to%2520fair%2520trial%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bare_url_b-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_b_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_b_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredssonEide,_Asbjorn1999" class="citation book cs1">Alfredsson, Gudmundur; Eide, Asbjorn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmuoB-BlMvEC"><i>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: a common standard of achievement</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1168-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1168-5"><bdi>978-90-411-1168-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights%3A+a+common+standard+of+achievement&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1168-5&rft.aulast=Alfredsson&rft.aufirst=Gudmundur&rft.au=Eide%2C+Asbjorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmuoB-BlMvEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml">"Universal declaration of Human Rights"</a>. United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fudhr%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoebbler2006" class="citation book cs1">Doebbler, Curtis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ61oCPJ1GEC&q=right%20to%20fair%20trial&pg=PA108"><i>Introduction to International Human Rights Law</i></a>. CD Publishing. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9743570-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+International+Human+Rights+Law&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=CD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9743570-2-7&rft.aulast=Doebbler&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQ61oCPJ1GEC%26q%3Dright%2520to%2520fair%2520trial%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredssonEide,_Asbjorn1999" class="citation book cs1">Alfredsson, Gudmundur; Eide, Asbjorn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmuoB-BlMvEC"><i>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: a common standard of achievement</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 225–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1168-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1168-5"><bdi>978-90-411-1168-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights%3A+a+common+standard+of+achievement&rft.pages=225-226&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1168-5&rft.aulast=Alfredsson&rft.aufirst=Gudmundur&rft.au=Eide%2C+Asbjorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmuoB-BlMvEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705115024/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"</a>. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights&rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Flaw%2Fccpr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhuta-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhuta_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhuta_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhuta_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nehal Bhuta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/joint-series-on-international-law-and-armed-conflict-fair-trial-guarantees-in-armed-conflict/">Joint Series on International Law and Armed Conflict: Fair Trial Guarantees in Armed Conflict</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/EJIL:_Talk!" title="EJIL: Talk!">EJIL: Talk!</a> Blog of the European Journal of European Law</i> (September 22, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bare_url_a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_a_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_a_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoebbler2006" class="citation book cs1">Doebbler, Curtis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ61oCPJ1GEC&q=right%20to%20fair%20trial&pg=PA108"><i>Introduction to International Human Rights Law</i></a>. CD Publishing. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9743570-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+International+Human+Rights+Law&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=CD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9743570-2-7&rft.aulast=Doebbler&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQ61oCPJ1GEC%26q%3Dright%2520to%2520fair%2520trial%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g896-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g896_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelcarneRamelloSpruk2021" class="citation journal cs1">Melcarne, Alessandro; Ramello, Giovanni B.; Spruk, Rok (2021). "Is justice delayed justice denied? An empirical approach". <i>International Review of Law and Economics</i>. <b>65</b>: 105953. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.irle.2020.105953">10.1016/j.irle.2020.105953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Is+justice+delayed+justice+denied%3F+An+empirical+approach&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=105953&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.irle.2020.105953&rft.aulast=Melcarne&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Ramello%2C+Giovanni+B.&rft.au=Spruk%2C+Rok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j611-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j611_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston2018" class="citation journal cs1">Easton, Jo (2018). "Where to Draw the Line? Is Efficiency Encroaching on a Fair Justice System?". <i>The Political Quarterly</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 246–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.12487">10.1111/1467-923X.12487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3179">0032-3179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Where+to+Draw+the+Line%3F+Is+Efficiency+Encroaching+on+a+Fair+Justice+System%3F&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=246-253&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-923X.12487&rft.issn=0032-3179&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoebbler2006" class="citation book cs1">Doebbler, Curtis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ61oCPJ1GEC&q=right%20to%20fair%20trial&pg=PA108"><i>Introduction to International Human Rights Law</i></a>. CD Publishing. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9743570-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+International+Human+Rights+Law&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=CD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9743570-2-7&rft.aulast=Doebbler&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQ61oCPJ1GEC%26q%3Dright%2520to%2520fair%2520trial%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The immunity could not be an obstacle: on the one hand, following a immunity resolution of the Senate, the judicial proceeding may raise jurisdictional dispute before the Constitutional Court ( ... ); on the other side (….) the citizen may submit an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuonomo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Buonomo, Giampiero (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801002834/http://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89332670">"L'Italia "difende" il Regno Unito in nome del procuratore Cordova"</a>. <i>Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89332670">the original</a> on 2012-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diritto%26Giustizia+Edizione+Online&rft.atitle=L%27Italia+%22difende%22+il+Regno+Unito+in+nome+del+procuratore+Cordova&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Buonomo&rft.aufirst=Giampiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fprojects%23%21%2Fproject%2F89332670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bare_url_c-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_c_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoebbler2006" class="citation book cs1">Doebbler, Curtis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ61oCPJ1GEC&q=right%20to%20fair%20trial&pg=PA108"><i>Introduction to International Human Rights Law</i></a>. CD Publishing. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9743570-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9743570-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+International+Human+Rights+Law&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=CD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9743570-2-7&rft.aulast=Doebbler&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQ61oCPJ1GEC%26q%3Dright%2520to%2520fair%2520trial%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertyhumanrights.org.uk/human-rights/what-are-human-rights/human-rights-act/article-6-fair-trials">"Article 6: Fair trials"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)" title="Liberty (advocacy group)">Liberty</a>. 31 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+6%3A+Fair+trials&rft.pub=Liberty&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertyhumanrights.org.uk%2Fhuman-rights%2Fwhat-are-human-rights%2Fhuman-rights-act%2Farticle-6-fair-trials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ministers-sanctioned-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ministers-sanctioned_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/british-ministers-sanctioned-torture-of-ni-internees-1.1820882">'British ministers sanctioned torture of NI internees'</a> (5 June 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-30296397">"Bid to reopen NI 'torture' case"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bid+to+reopen+NI+%27torture%27+case&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-30296397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/68/contents">"Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Special+Immigration+Appeals+Commission+Act+1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1997%2F68%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.uk/tribunals/special-immigration-appeals-commission">"Apply to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission"</a>. <i>justice.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justice.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Apply+to+the+Special+Immigration+Appeals+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.uk%2Ftribunals%2Fspecial-immigration-appeals-commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemmens, P. (2014). "The right to a fair trial and its multiple manifestations". In E. Brems & J. Gerards (Eds.), <i>Shaping Rights in the ECHR: The Role of the European Court of Human Rights in Determining the Scope of Human Rights</i> (pp. 294-314). Cambridge Books Online: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-101739">"HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights"</a>. <i>coe.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coe.int&rft.atitle=HUDOC+-+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.echr.coe.int%2Fsites%2Feng%2Fpages%2Fsearch.aspx%3Fi%3D001-58798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+a+fair+trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: 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