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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Timeline of the 1962 Kuwaiti constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_the_1962_Kuwaiti_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_and_organization_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_and_organization_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overview and organization of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_and_organization_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_and_social_rights_and_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_and_social_rights_and_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Individual and social rights and duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_and_social_rights_and_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unconstitutional_Suspensions_in_1976,_1986,_and_2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconstitutional_Suspensions_in_1976,_1986,_and_2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unconstitutional Suspensions in 1976, 1986, and 2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconstitutional_Suspensions_in_1976,_1986,_and_2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কুয়েতের সংবিধান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুয়েতের সংবিধান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveidi_p%C3%B5hiseadus" title="Kuveidi põhiseadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuveidi põhiseadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_Kuwait" title="Constitución de Kuwait – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constitución de Kuwait" 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class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Politics of Kuwait</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg/125px-Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg/188px-Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg/250px-Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Member State of the Arab League</a></span> </p> <hr /></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;;padding-top:0.5em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Monarchy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Emir</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Kuwait" title="Crown Prince of Kuwait">Crown Prince</a> <dl><dd>Vacant</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sabah" title="House of Sabah">House of Sabah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait" title="Government of Kuwait">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Kuwait" title="List of prime ministers of Kuwait">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Al-Abdullah_Al-Sabah" title="Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah">Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Kuwait" title="Cabinet of Kuwait">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_National_Assembly_No-Confidence_Votes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait National Assembly No-Confidence Votes">No-Confidence Votes</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Kuwait" title="Legal system of Kuwait">Legal system of Kuwait</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Kuwait" title="Governorates of Kuwait">Governorates</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Kuwait" title="Areas of Kuwait">Areas</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kuwait" title="Foreign relations of Kuwait">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kuwait)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kuwait)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Salem_Abdullah_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Salem Abdullah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Salem Abdullah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Kuwait" title="List of diplomatic missions of Kuwait">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Kuwait" title="List of diplomatic missions in Kuwait">in Kuwait</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_passport" title="Kuwaiti passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Kuwaiti_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Kuwaiti citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Kuwait" title="Visa policy of Kuwait">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kuwait" title="Demographics of Kuwait">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">History of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Vision_2035" title="Kuwait Vision 2035">Kuwait Vision 2035</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Politics of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kuwait" title="Elections in Kuwait">Elections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kuwait" title="Portal:Kuwait">Kuwait portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Template:Politics of Kuwait"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Template talk:Politics of Kuwait"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Kuwait"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of Kuwait</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الدستور الكويتي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ad-distūr al-Kuwayti</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Gulf Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="afb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɪddɪstuːr<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪlkweːti]</a></span>) was created by the <a href="/wiki/1961_Kuwaiti_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1961 Kuwaiti Constitutional Convention election">Constitutional Assembly in 1961–1962</a> and signed into law on 11 November 1962 by the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Kuwait">Military of Kuwait</a> Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_III_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah">Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Kuwait&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1961, following the independence of Kuwait and under the shadow of an <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> threat, Amir Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah announced that he would establish a constitution for Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, elections were held for a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">Constituent Assembly</a>, which then drafted a constitution promulgated as Law Number 1 on November 11, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although articles of the constitution have since been suspended twice, the document nonetheless remains the basic statement of intent for the Kuwaiti political system.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_the_1962_Kuwaiti_constitution">Timeline of the 1962 Kuwaiti constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Kuwait&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline of the 1962 Kuwaiti constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>19 June 1961: Independence</li> <li>21 June 1961: Kuwait applies for membership in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li>25 June 1961: <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Qasim</a> claims Kuwait for Iraq</li> <li>30 June 1961: Kuwait requests admission to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li>1 July 1961: British troops land in Kuwait</li> <li>4 July 1961: Arab League debates whether the admission of new states (such as Kuwait) requires unanimity of member states or a simple majority</li> <li>7 July 1961: Soviet Union vetoes a British <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> resolution to "respect" Kuwaiti independence</li> <li>10–26 July 1961: <ul><li>A delegation of prominent Kuwaitis visits Egypt; <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> agrees to assemble an Arab force to replace British troops</li> <li>The delegation also visits Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan, and Lebanon</li></ul></li> <li>20 July 1961: Kuwait admitted to the Arab League, the Iraqi delegation walks out of the meeting in protest</li> <li>21 July 1961: The Arab League makes preparations to send Arab troops to Kuwait</li> <li>26 August 1961: Kuwait emir <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah" title="Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah">Sheikh Abdulla Al-Salim Al-Sabah</a> appoints a committee to write a law on elections to the Constitutional Convention</li> <li>6 September 1961: Law on elections issued</li> <li>10 September 1961: Arab forces begin to arrive in Kuwait under the auspices of the Arab League; forces are from Saudi Arabia, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>, Jordan, Sudan, and Tunisia</li> <li>10 October 1961: British forces complete withdrawal from Kuwait</li> <li>30 November 1961: Kuwait applies again for United Nations membership, and the Soviet Union vetoes the application again</li> <li>30 December 1961: Elections held to the <a href="/wiki/1961_Kuwaiti_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1961 Kuwaiti Constitutional Convention election">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li>20 January 1962: Opening session of the Constitutional Convention</li> <li>27 March 1962: Jasim Al-Qatami, a prominent Arab nationalist, appointed deputy minister of foreign affairs</li> <li>11 November 1962: 1962 constitution issued</li> <li>23 January 1963: Elections held to the first National Assembly</li> <li>9 February 1963: <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Qasim</a> overthrown and killed</li> <li>14 May 1963: Kuwait admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li>4 October 1963: Iraqi government formally recognizes Kuwait</li> <li>12 October 1963: Kuwait provides a loan of 30 million British pounds to the Iraqi Government</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_organization_of_government">Overview and organization of government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Kuwait&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview and organization of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution of the State of Kuwait is composed of 183 articles divided into five chapters:<sup id="cite_ref-cons_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cons-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The State and the System of Government</li> <li>Fundamental Constituents of Kuwaiti Society</li> <li>Public Rights and Duties</li> <li>Powers</li> <li>General and Transitional Provisions</li></ul> <p>The constitution defines Kuwait as "a hereditary Emirate, the succession to which shall be in the descendants of the late <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Al-Sabah" title="Mubarak Al-Sabah">Mubarak Al Sabah</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This clause codifies what has become practice: the semiformal alternation of power since 1915 between the lines of Mubarak's two ruling sons: Jabir and Salim.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution of Kuwait is theoretically based on the modern civil state democratic principles and combines aspects of both <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a> (theoretically). The pillars of the Constitution are the sovereignty of the State, public freedom and equality before the law.<sup id="cite_ref-cons_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cons-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although granting the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> very substantial power, the constitution also provides for some semblance of <a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">political participation</a> by the citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system of government is defined in Article 6 as "democratic, under which sovereignty resides in the people, the source of all powers."<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articles 79 to 122 establish the National Assembly and lay out the rules governing its formation, rights, and duties.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head of the state is the Emir, the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Kuwait">Military of Kuwait</a>, who has extensive competencies, who along with his cabinet constitutes the executive branch.<sup id="cite_ref-cons_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cons-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> The Emir is also part of the legislative branch along with the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">National Assembly of Kuwait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cons_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cons-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parliament can be dismissed by the Emir, which is usually followed by elections within 2 months.<sup id="cite_ref-cons_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cons-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107">: 107 </span></sup> The constitution opens with the declaration that Kuwait is "an independent sovereign Arab State," and its people are "a part of the Arab Nation."<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is "the religion of the state," and the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (Islamic law) is "a main source of legislation."<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter phrase has been the source of much debate, with <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> opposition members pressing to have Islam made "the" source of legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Individual_and_social_rights_and_duties">Individual and social rights and duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Kuwait&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Individual and social rights and duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual rights protected by the constitution are extensive and include <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">personal liberty</a> and equality before the law, freedom to hold beliefs and express opinions, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The residences of citizens are inviolable, the torture and the deportation of Kuwaiti citizens are prohibited, and the accused are assumed <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">innocent until proven guilty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also guaranteed is the freedom to form associations and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary and designates the Supreme Council of the Judiciary as its highest body and guarantor of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitution also grants citizens a number of social rights, which form the basis for Kuwait's extensive welfare system.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is constitutionally obligated to care for the young and to aid the old, the ill, and the disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is obliged to provide <a href="/wiki/Public_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Education">public education</a> and to attend to <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution provides for state involvement in the national economy to the degree that these obligations necessitate.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Articles 16 through 19 protect <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, stating that "private property is inviolable" and reminding citizens that "inheritance is a right governed by the Islamic Sharia."<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 20 stipulates that "the national economy shall be based on <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>. It is founded on fair cooperation between public and private activities. Its aim shall be economic development, increase of <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>, improvement of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> and achievement of prosperity for citizens, all within the limits of the law."<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duties of citizens include national defense, observance of public order and respect for <a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public morals</a>, and payment of taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These rights and obligations, however, apply only to Kuwaiti citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of the population have few political and civil rights and enjoy restricted access to the benefits of the state welfare system.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unconstitutional_Suspensions_in_1976,_1986,_and_2024"><span id="Unconstitutional_Suspensions_in_1976.2C_1986.2C_and_2024"></span>Unconstitutional Suspensions in 1976, 1986, and 2024</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Kuwait&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unconstitutional Suspensions in 1976, 1986, and 2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 181 of the Kuwaiti Constitution stipulates that no part of the Constitution may be suspended except during Martial Law and within the parameters defined by law. It also explicitly states that the National Assembly must continue to meet during such periods and that the immunity of its members cannot be violated. Contrary to these stipulations, Kuwaiti emirs have unlawfully suspended the parliament and several constitutional provisions indefinitely on three occasions—in 1976, 1986, and most recently in May 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 August 1976, the Emir <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah" title="Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah">Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah</a> suspended four articles of the constitution concerned with political and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> (freedom of the press and dissolution of the legislature) and the assembly itself.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, the suspended articles of the constitution were reinstated along with the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, the government submitted sixteen constitutional amendments that, among other things, would have allowed the emir to declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> for an extended period and would have increased both the size of the legislature and the length of terms of office.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1983, the proposals were formally dropped after several months of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the issue of constitutional revisions continued as a topic of discussion in both the National Assembly and the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 July 1986, several articles of the constitution were suspended By Emir <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah">Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to this move emerged; the pro-parliament movement of 1989-90 took its name, the Constitutional Movement, from the demand for a return to constitutional life.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opposition became somewhat more pronounced following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi occupation</a>, which abrogated all constitutional rights, and following Kuwait's return to sovereignty in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1992, press restrictions were lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the October 1992 election, the National Assembly exercised its constitutional right to review all emiri decrees promulgated while the assembly was in dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 May 2024, the Emir <a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah</a> suspended seven articles of the constitution, mainly related to the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Emiri decree suspending parliament, it stated the suspension is intended for a period not exceeding four years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Kuwait&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-loc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Crystal, Jill (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.persiangulfstate00metz_0">"Kuwait: Constitution"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a> (ed.). <i>Persian Gulf states : country studies</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0793-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0793-3"><bdi>0-8444-0793-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29548413">29548413</a>. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+Constitution&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+states+%3A+country+studies&rft.pages=84-86&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29548413&rft.isbn=0-8444-0793-3&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Ffrdcstdy.persiangulfstate00metz_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4323406">"Chronology June 16, 1961 - September 15, 1961"</a>. <i>Middle East Journal</i>. 15, 4 (4): 416–444. 1961. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4323406">4323406</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Chronology+June+16%2C+1961+-+September+15%2C+1961&rft.volume=15%2C+4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=416-444&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4323406%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4323406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerb2014" class="citation book cs1">Herb (2014). <i>Michael</i>. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5336-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-5336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael&rft.place=Ithaca+%26+London&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5336-6&rft.au=Herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cons-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cons_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cons_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cons_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cons_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cons_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511004227/http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/state_Of_Kuwait/kuwaitConstitution.jsp">"Kuwait Constitution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Mubarak_Al-Hamad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah">The Diwan of The Prime Minister of the State of Kuwait</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/state_Of_Kuwait/kuwaitConstitution.jsp">the original</a> on 2012-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diwan+of+The+Prime+Minister+of+the+State+of+Kuwait&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pm.gov.kw%2Fen%2Fstate_Of_Kuwait%2FkuwaitConstitution.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116082227/http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/national_Assembly/aboutNationalAssembly.jsp">"About National Assembly"</a>. <i>The Diwan of The Prime Minister of the State of Kuwait</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/national_Assembly/aboutNationalAssembly.jsp">the original</a> on 2012-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diwan+of+The+Prime+Minister+of+the+State+of+Kuwait&rft.atitle=About+National+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pm.gov.kw%2Fen%2Fnational_Assembly%2FaboutNationalAssembly.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrichsen2012" class="citation web cs1">Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates (June 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/20/political-showdown-in-kuwait/">"Political showdown in Kuwait"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Political+showdown+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Ulrichsen&rft.aufirst=Kristian+Coates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2012%2F06%2F20%2Fpolitical-showdown-in-kuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kuwait_1992">"Kuwait 1962 (reinst. 1992) Constitution - Constitute"</a>. <i>www.constituteproject.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.constituteproject.org&rft.atitle=Kuwait+1962+%28reinst.+1992%29+Constitution+-+Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FKuwait_1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-ain.com/article/7-articles-kuwaiti-constitution-suspended">"لماذا تم وقف العمل بـ7 مواد بدستور الكويت؟"</a>. 11 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D9%85+%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84+%D8%A8%D9%807+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%9F&rft.date=2024-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-ain.com%2Farticle%2F7-articles-kuwaiti-constitution-suspended&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youm7.com/story/2024/5/11/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8013-%D9%81%D9%89/6572298">https://www.youm7.com/story/2024/5/11/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8013-%D9%81%D9%89/6572298</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.aawsat.com/gulf/5011416-kuwait-parliament-dissolved-constitution-articles-suspended-democratic-review">"Kuwait: Parliament Dissolved, Constitution Articles Suspended for Democratic Review"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait%3A+Parliament+Dissolved%2C+Constitution+Articles+Suspended+for+Democratic+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Fgulf%2F5011416-kuwait-parliament-dissolved-constitution-articles-suspended-democratic-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/kuwaits-emir-dissolves-parliament-suspends-some-constitution-articles-2024-05-10/#:~:text=The%20Emir%20also%20suspended%20some,country's%20cabinet%2C%20state%20TV%20reported.">"Kuwait's Emir dissolves parliament, suspends some constitution articles"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 10 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+Emir+dissolves+parliament%2C+suspends+some+constitution+articles&rft.date=2024-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fkuwaits-emir-dissolves-parliament-suspends-some-constitution-articles-2024-05-10%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Emir%2520also%2520suspended%2520some%2Ccountry%27s%2520cabinet%252C%2520state%2520TV%2520reported.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Kuwait" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Kuwait&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e.gov.kw/sites/kgoArabic/Forms/DastoorKuwaity.pdf">Constitution of Kuwait</a> (Arabic)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Military Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kuwait" title="List of political parties in Kuwait">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Kuwait" title="Visa policy of Kuwait">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Kuwait" title="List of banks in Kuwait">Banks in Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kuwait" title="Central Bank of Kuwait">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a 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