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<span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Constitution program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bill_of_rights_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bill_of_rights_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bill of rights socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bill_of_rights_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Living standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperialism_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialism_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Imperialism and war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialism_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Women and minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relations with other groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_other_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations with other groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_labor_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_labor_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United States labor movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_labor_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_funding_and_espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_funding_and_espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Soviet funding and espionage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_funding_and_espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counterintelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterintelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Counterintelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterintelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_prosecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_prosecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Criminal prosecutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_prosecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>African Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Gay rights movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_peace_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_peace_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>United States peace movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_peace_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_tickets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_tickets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Presidential tickets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_tickets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Best_results_in_major_races" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Best_results_in_major_races"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Best results in major races</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Best_results_in_major_races-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Party leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_CPUSA_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_CPUSA_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable CPUSA members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_CPUSA_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Communist Party USA</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="الحزب الشيوعي الأمريكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الشيوعي الأمريكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_Kommunist_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="ABŞ Kommunist Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ Kommunist Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_Ki%C5%8Dng-s%C3%A1n_T%C3%B3ng" title="Bí-kok Kiōng-sán Tóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Kiōng-sán Tóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Комунистическа партия на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комунистическа партия на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_Komunour_SUA" title="Strollad Komunour SUA – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad Komunour SUA" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Comunista_dels_Estats_Units_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Partit Comunista dels Estats Units d'Amèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Comunista dels Estats Units d'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistick%C3%A1_strana_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Komunistická strana Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komunistická strana Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_kommunistiske_parti" title="USA's kommunistiske parti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="USA's kommunistiske parti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Communist Party USA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών της Αμερικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών της Αμερικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Partido Comunista de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Comunista de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunista_Partio_de_Usono" title="Komunista Partio de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunista Partio de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="حزب کمونیست ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب کمونیست ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_communiste_des_%C3%89tats-Unis_d%27Am%C3%A9rique" title="Parti communiste des États-Unis d'Amérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti communiste des États-Unis d'Amérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%8B%B9" title="미국 공산당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 공산당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="ԱՄՆ-ի կոմունիստական կուսակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ-ի կոմունիստական կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Amerika_Serikat" title="Partai Komunis Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Komunis Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Comunista_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Partito Comunista degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Comunista degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_Communistica_Civitatum_Foederatarum_Americae" title="Factio Communistica Civitatum Foederatarum Americae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio Communistica Civitatum Foederatarum Americae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUSA" title="CPUSA – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="CPUSA" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E." title="കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാർട്ടി യു.എസ്.എ. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ്‌ പാർട്ടി യു.എസ്.എ." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Communist Party USA" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A" title="アメリカ共産党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ共産党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_kommunistiske_parti" title="USAs kommunistiske parti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USAs kommunistiske parti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Comunista_deis_Estats_Units" title="Partit Comunista deis Estats Units – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Partit Comunista deis Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistyczna_Partia_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Komunistyczna Partia Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komunistyczna Partia Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Partido Comunista dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Comunista dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Comunist_din_SUA" title="Partidul Comunist din SUA – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Comunist din SUA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Коммунистическая партия США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коммунистическая партия США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Communist Party USA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Комунистичка партија Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комунистичка партија Сједињених Америчких Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_partija_SAD" title="Komunistička partija SAD – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komunistička partija SAD" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_kommunistinen_puolue" title="Yhdysvaltain kommunistinen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain kommunistinen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_kommunistiska_parti" title="USA:s kommunistiska parti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s kommunistiska parti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80" title="అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాల కమ్యూనిస్ట్ పార్టీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాల కమ్యూనిస్ట్ పార్టీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABD_Kom%C3%BCnist_Partisi" title="ABD Komünist Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ABD Komünist Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Комуністична партія США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комуністична партія США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="کمیونسٹ پارٹی یو ایس اے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمیونسٹ پارٹی یو ایس اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_Comunista_dei_Stati_Unii_de_l%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Partio Comunista dei Stati Unii de l'Amèrica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Partio Comunista dei Stati Unii de l'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Đảng Cộng sản Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Cộng sản Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" title="美國共產黨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國共產黨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #D50000; border-bottom:2px solid #D50000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Communist Party of the United States of America</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CPUSA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/CPUSA.svg/180px-CPUSA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/CPUSA.svg/270px-CPUSA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/CPUSA.svg/360px-CPUSA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">Presidium</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_conventions_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="National conventions of the Communist Party USA">National Convention</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Co-chairs</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sims_(politician)" title="Joe Sims (politician)">Joe Sims</a><br />Rossana Cambron</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Ruthenberg" title="C. E. Ruthenberg">C. E. Ruthenberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wagenknecht" title="Alfred Wagenknecht">Alfred Wagenknecht</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">September 1, 1919<span class="noprint">; 105 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1919-09-01</span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Communist Party of America<br /><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">235 W 23rd St, New York, New York 10011, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_World" title="People's World">People's World</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_USA" title="Young Communist League USA">Young Communist League</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2024 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a><sup id="cite_ref-CPUSA_Party_Constitution_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPUSA_Party_Constitution-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">IMCWP</a> (since 1998)<br /><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a> (until 1943)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D50000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"People and Planet Before Profits"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Communist_Party_USA_members_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" title="List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States">Members in elected offices</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">0</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_Party_USA_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Communist_Party_USA_Flag.svg/225px-Communist_Party_USA_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Communist_Party_USA_Flag.svg/338px-Communist_Party_USA_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Communist_Party_USA_Flag.svg/450px-Communist_Party_USA_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpusa.org/">cpusa.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#AE1719; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States"><span style="color: #FFF;">Socialism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1919%E2%80%931937)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1919–1937)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> <p><b>Contemporary</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_Bush" title="Cori Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yip_Harburg" title="Yip Harburg">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Harrison" title="Hubert Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Active organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_in_America" title="Black Socialists in America">Black Socialists in America</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Marijuana Now">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(U.S._organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (U.S. organization)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Inactive or defunct organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">American Union of Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Independent Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(United_States)" title="International Socialists (United States)">International Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(U.S.)" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)">Revolutionary Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNetwork" title="ZNetwork">ZNetwork</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_parties" title="Category:Communist parties">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist parties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Africa</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Party_for_Democracy_and_Socialism" title="Algerian Party for Democracy and Socialism">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Benin" title="Communist Party of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELS_Movement_of_Botswana" title="MELS Movement of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_Revolutionary_Communist_Party" title="Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Communist_Party" title="Egyptian Communist Party">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Swaziland" title="Communist Party of Swaziland">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kenya" title="Communist Party of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lesotho" title="Communist Party of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Communist_Party" title="Libyan Communist Party">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Madagascar" title="Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Namibia_(2009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Namibia (2009)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Communist_Party" title="Moroccan Communist Party">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Communist Party of Réunion">Réunion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Independence_and_Labour" title="Party of Independence and Labour">Senegal</a></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">EFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">SACP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_South_Sudan" title="Communist Party of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party" title="Sudanese Communist Party">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Togo" title="Communist Party of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Tunisia)" title="Workers' Party (Tunisia)">Tunisia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Americas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Argentina" title="Communist Party of Argentina">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Argentina_(Extraordinary_Congress)" title="Communist Party of Argentina (Extraordinary Congress)">PCCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina">PCRA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bolivia" title="Communist Party of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil" title="Communist Party of Brazil">PCdoB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">PCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(Brazil)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (Brazil)">PCR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">CPC-ML</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Chile" title="Communist Party of Chile">PCCh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Communist_Party_(Proletarian_Action)" title="Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)">PC(AP)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Colombia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Communist_Party" title="Colombian Communist Party">PCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Colombia_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)">PC de C (M–L)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Labour" title="Communist Party of Labour">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li>Ecuador <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ecuador" title="Communist Party of Ecuador">PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_of_Ecuador" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador">PCMLE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Mexico_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Mexico (2011)">PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_(Mexico)" title="Popular Socialist Party (Mexico)">PPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_of_Mexico" title="Popular Socialist Party of Mexico">PPSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Mexico_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist)">PCMML</a></li></ul></li> <li>Panama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Panama" title="People's Party of Panama">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_of_Panama" title="Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Panama">PC(ml)P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Communist_Party" title="Paraguayan Communist Party">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Communist_Party" title="Peruvian Communist Party">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">PCP-SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru" title="Militarized Communist Party of Peru">MPCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Peru_%E2%80%93_Red_Fatherland" title="Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland">PCdelP–PR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uruguay" title="Communist Party of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">WWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">PSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">RCPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">PLP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela">PCMLV</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Asia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_%E2%80%93_Bahrain" title="National Liberation Front – Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladesh" title="Communist Party of Bangladesh">CPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Bangladesh" title="Workers Party of Bangladesh">WPB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bhutan_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist%E2%80%93Maoist)" title="Communist Party of Bhutan (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">China</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Liberation" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation">CPI-ML(L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">CPI(Mst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Centre_of_India_(Communist)" title="Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)">SUCI(C)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Iran" title="Communist Party of Iran">CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party of Iran">Toufan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maki_(political_party)" title="Maki (political party)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Communist_Party" title="Jordanian Communist Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanon</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN (UML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">CPN (MC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)">CPN (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers_Peasants_Party" title="Nepal Workers Peasants Party">NWPP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_People%27s_Party" title="Palestinian People's Party">Palestine</a></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">CPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930" title="Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930">PKP-1930</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lanka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Communist Party of Sri Lanka">CPSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">JVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontline_Socialist_Party" title="Frontline Socialist Party">FLSP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">SCP (Bakdash)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">SCP (Unified)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Communist Party of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <p><b>Former parties</b> </p> <ul><li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party">KPRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">CPK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Korea" title="Communist Party of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malaya and Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Revolutionary_Faction" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction">Revolutionary Faction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Communist Party in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">Sarawak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Communist_Party" title="Taiwanese Communist Party">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Thailand" title="Communist Party of Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Europe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Albania_(1991)" title="Communist Party of Albania (1991)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Communist_Party" title="Armenian Communist Party">Armenia</a></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Austria" title="Communist Party of Austria">KPÖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Austria" title="Party of Labour of Austria">PdA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1993)" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Belarus" title="Communist Party of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Flanders)" title="Communist Party (Flanders)">KP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Wallonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Wallonia)">PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Workers' Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li>Bulgaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bulgaria" title="Communist Party of Bulgaria">KPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communists_in_Bulgaria" title="Union of Communists in Bulgaria">SKB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Labour Party of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People" title="Progressive Party of Working People">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech Republic</a></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Denmark" title="Communist Party of Denmark">DKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Denmark)" title="Communist Party (Denmark)">KP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Denmark)" title="Workers' Communist Party (Denmark)">APK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia_(1990)" title="Communist Party of Estonia (1990)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Finland_(1994)" title="Communist Party of Finland (1994)">Finland</a></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">PCF</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_of_France" title="Workers' Communist Party of France"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">PCOF</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Communist_Revival_in_France" title="Pole of Communist Revival in France">PRCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Revolutionary_Party_of_France" title="Communist Revolutionary Party of France">PCRF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Georgia" title="Unified Communist Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_(1990)" title="Communist Party of Germany (1990)">KPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">DKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">MLPD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">ΚΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Organization_of_Greece" title="Communist Organization of Greece">ΚΟΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Reorganization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Greece_1918%E2%80%9355" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55">Anasintaxi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Workers' Party">Munkáspárt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Hungary_2006_%E2%80%93_European_Left" title="Workers' Party of Hungary 2006 – European Left">Munkáspárt 2006</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland" title="Communist Party of Ireland">CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">WPI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Communist Party (Italy)">PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Latvia" title="Socialist Party of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Front" title="Socialist People's Front">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Luxembourg" title="Communist Party of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malta" title="Communist Party of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" title="Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="New Communist Party of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_(2002)" title="Polish Communist Party (2002)">Poland</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Workers%27_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Workers' Communist Party">PCTP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Nepeceri%C8%99ti)" title="Communist Party (Nepeceriști)">Romania</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communists_of_Russia" title="Communists of Russia">KR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">CPRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Dictatorship_of_the_Proletariat" title="Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">RCWP-CPSU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Communist_Refoundation" title="Sammarinese Communist Refoundation">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" title="New Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Slovakia" title="Communist Party of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_of_Catalonia" title="Communists of Catalonia">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Peoples_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain">PCPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist)">PCE (M–L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Workers_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of the Workers of Spain">PCTE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Sweden)" title="Communist Party (Sweden)">KP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sweden_(1995)" title="Communist Party of Sweden (1995)">SKP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Switzerland)" title="Communist Party (Switzerland)">Communist Party (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Party_of_Labour" title="Swiss Party of Labour">PdA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Liberation_Party/Front" title="Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front">DHKP/C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Turkey)" title="Labour Party (Turkey)">EMEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Communist_Party_of_Turkey" title="People's Communist Party of Turkey">HTKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Revolution_Movement/Leninist_(Turkey)" title="Communist Revolution Movement/Leninist (Turkey)">KDH/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan">KKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Turkey,_2014)" title="Communist Party (Turkey, 2014)">TKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)">MKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">MLKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Turkey" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey">TDKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey" title="Communist Labour Party of Turkey">TKEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey/Leninist" title="Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist">TKEP/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Turkey" title="Communist Workers Party of Turkey">TKIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">TKP/ML</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Communist Party of Ukraine">KPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communists_of_Ukraine" title="Union of Communists of Ukraine">SKU</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="Communist Party of Britain">CPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">CPB-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">CPGB-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Provisional_Central_Committee)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)">CPGB-PCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Scotland" title="Communist Party of Scotland">CPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="New Communist Party of Britain">NCPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Group_(UK)" title="Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)">RCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">RCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">RCPB-ML</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Former parties</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="Communist Party of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey_(historical)" title="Communist Party of Turkey (historical)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">West Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Oceania</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Australia (current)">CPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)">CPA(ML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alliance_(Australia)" title="Socialist Alliance (Australia)">Socialist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(Australia)" title="Socialist Alternative (Australia)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialists" title="Victorian Socialists">Victorian Socialists</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(New_Zealand)" title="Communist League (New Zealand)">CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Marxist_Unity_%E2%80%93_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Marxist Unity – New Zealand">OMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Aotearoa" title="Socialist Party of Aotearoa">SPA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Former parties</b> </p> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Alliance" title="Communist Alliance">Communist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia" title="Communist Party of Australia">CPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Perspective" title="Democratic Socialist Perspective">DSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Australia)">RSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialist_Party" title="Victorian Socialist Party">Victorian Socialist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">CPNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Socialist Unity Party of New Zealand">SUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(New_Zealand)" title="Communist League (New Zealand)">CL</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">International organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">IMCWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties">INITIATIVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Seminar" title="International Communist Seminar">ICS</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000; background:transparent; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">Central committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_parties" title="Template:Communist parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_parties" title="Template talk:Communist parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Communist Party USA</b>, officially the <b>Communist Party of the United States of America</b> (<b>CPUSA</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> which was established in 1919 after a split in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldfield-2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfield-2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of the CPUSA is closely related to the history of the <a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States_Labor_Movement_(1919%E2%80%9337)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1919–37)">American labor movement</a> and the history of communist parties worldwide. Initially operating underground due to the <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a>, which started during the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a>, the party was influential in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">American politics</a> in the first half of the 20th century. It also played a prominent role in the history of the labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s, playing a key role in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldfield-2009_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfield-2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was unique among labor activist groups of the time in being outspokenly <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racist</a> and opposed to <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> after sponsoring the defense for the <a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a> in 1931. The party reached the apex of its influence in U.S. politics during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, playing a prominent role in the political landscape as a militant grassroots network capable of effectively organizing and mobilizing workers and the unemployed in support of cornerstone <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs, principally <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment insurance in the United States">unemployment insurance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transformative changes of the New Deal era combined with the U.S. alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> created an atmosphere in which the CPUSA wielded considerable influence with about 70,000 vetted party members.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a>, the party was critically supportive of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and branded communism as "20th Century Americanism".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Envisioning itself as becoming engrained within the established political structure in the post-war era, the party was dissolved in 1944 to become the 'Communist Political Association.'<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931953)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War (1947–1953)">Cold War</a> hostility ensued, the party was restored but struggled to maintain its influence amidst the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> (also known as the Second Red Scare). Its opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> failed to gain traction, and its endorsed candidate <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive Party</a> under-performed in the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a>. The party itself imploded following the public <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">condemnation of Stalin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> in 1956, with membership sinking to a few thousand who were increasingly alienated from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a> for their support of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldfield-2009_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfield-2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CPUSA received significant funding from the Soviet Union and crafted its public positions to match those of Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPUSA also used a covert apparatus to assist the Soviets with their <a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">intelligence activities in the United States</a> and utilized a network of <a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_historically_described_as_Communist_fronts_by_the_United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="List of organizations historically described as Communist fronts by the United States federal government">front organizations</a> to shape public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPUSA opposed <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> in the Soviet Union. As a result, major funding from the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> ended in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="History of the Communist Party USA">History of the Communist Party USA</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:191024-cpa-charter-sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/191024-cpa-charter-sm.jpg/220px-191024-cpa-charter-sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/191024-cpa-charter-sm.jpg/330px-191024-cpa-charter-sm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/191024-cpa-charter-sm.jpg/440px-191024-cpa-charter-sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3230" /></a><figcaption>Charter for a local unit of the CPUSA dated October 24, 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first half of the 20th century, the Communist Party was influential in various struggles. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a> concludes that decades of recent scholarship<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offer "a more nuanced portrayal of the party as both a <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> sect tied to a vicious regime and the most dynamic organization within the <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a> during the 1930s and '40s."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the first political party in the United States to be "fully"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> racially integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By August 1919, only months after its founding, the Communist Party claimed to have 50,000 to 60,000 members. Its members also included <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">radical leftists</a>. At the time, the older and more moderate <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>, suffering from criminal prosecutions for its antiwar stance during World War I, had declined to 40,000 members. The sections of the Communist Party's <a href="/wiki/International_Workers_Order" title="International Workers Order">International Workers Order</a> (IWO) organized for communism around linguistic and ethnic lines, providing <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">mutual aid</a> and tailoring cultural activities to an IWO membership that peaked at 200,000 at its height.<sup id="cite_ref-heyday_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heyday-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, some Americans were attracted by the visible activism of Communists on behalf of a wide range of social and economic causes, including the rights of African Americans, <a href="/wiki/Unemployed_Councils" title="Unemployed Councils">workers, and the unemployed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party played a significant role in the resurgence of organized labor in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, alarmed by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falangists</a> in Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> in Germany, admired the Soviet Union's early and staunch opposition to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. Party membership swelled from 7,500 at the start of the decade to 55,000 by its end.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Party members also rallied to the defense of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a> during this period after a nationalist military uprising moved to overthrow it, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939).<sup id="cite_ref-Crain-2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crain-2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftists</a> throughout the world, raised funds for medical relief while many of its members made their way to Spain with the aid of the party to join the <a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade">Lincoln Brigade</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crain-2016_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crain-2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People_Demand_Peace.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/People_Demand_Peace.jpeg/300px-People_Demand_Peace.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/People_Demand_Peace.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>The Washington Commonwealth Federation newspaper after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov-Ribbentrop_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov-Ribbentrop pact">Molotov-Ribbentrop pact</a> (original scan)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Communist Party was adamantly opposed to fascism during the <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular Front</a> period. Although membership in the party rose to about 66,000 by 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crain-2016_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crain-2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nearly 20,000 members left the party by 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Crain-2016_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crain-2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While general secretary <a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a> at first attacked Germany for its September 1, 1939 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of western Poland</a>, on September 11 the Communist Party received a communique from Moscow denouncing the Polish government.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan162_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan162-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between September 14–16, party leaders bickered about the direction to take.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan162_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan162-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 17, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it</a> by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, followed by coordination with German forces in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-stalinswars43_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalinswars43-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sanford_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanford-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party then turned the focus of its public activities from anti-fascism to advocating peace, opposing military preparations. The party criticized British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> and French leader <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a>, but it did not at first attack President Roosevelt, reasoning that this could devastate American Communism, blaming instead Roosevelt's advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan164_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan164-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party spread the slogans "<a href="/wiki/The_Yanks_Are_Not_Coming" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yanks Are Not Coming">The Yanks Are Not Coming</a>" and "Hands Off," set up a "perpetual peace vigil" across the street from the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, and announced that Roosevelt was the head of the "war party of the American bourgeoisie."<sup id="cite_ref-ryan168_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan168-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was active in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationist</a> <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October and November, after the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Soviets invaded Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">forced mutual assistance pacts from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania</a>, the Communist Party considered Russian security sufficient justification to support the actions.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan166_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan166-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> and its leader <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a> demanded that Browder change the party's support for Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan166_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan166-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 23, the party began attacking Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan168_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan168-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party changed this policy again after Hitler broke the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">attacking the Soviet Union</a> on June 22, 1941. </p><p>In August 1940, after NKVD agent <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader" title="Ramón Mercader">Ramón Mercader</a> killed Trotsky with an <a href="/wiki/Ice_axe" title="Ice axe">ice axe</a>, Browder perpetuated Moscow's line that the killer, who had been dating one of Trotsky's secretaries, was a disillusioned follower.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan189_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan189-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communist Party's early labor and organizing successes did not last long. As the decades progressed, the combined effects of <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> (also known as the Second Red Scare) and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s 1956 "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a>" in which he denounced the previous decades of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s rule and the adversities of the continuing <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> mentality, steadily weakened the party's internal structure and confidence. Party membership in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> and its close adherence to the political positions of the Soviet Union gave most Americans the impression that the party was not only a threatening, subversive domestic entity, but that it was also a foreign agent that espoused an ideology which was fundamentally alien and threatening to the American way of life. Internal and external crises swirled together, to the point when members who did not end up in prison for party activities either tended to disappear quietly from its ranks, or they tended to adopt more moderate political positions which were at odds with the <a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">party line</a>. By 1957, membership had dwindled to less than 10,000, of whom some 1,500 were informants for the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was also banned by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Control_Act_of_1954" title="Communist Control Act of 1954">Communist Control Act of 1954</a>, although it was never really enforced and Congress later repealed most provisions of the act, also with some declared unconstitutional via the court system.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party attempted to recover with its opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the 1960s, but its continued uncritical support for an increasingly stultified and militaristic Soviet Union further alienated it from the rest of the left-wing in the United States, which saw this supportive role as outdated and even dangerous. At the same time, the party's aging membership demographics distanced it from the <a href="/wiki/New_Left#United_States" title="New Left">New Left in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and his effort to radically alter the Soviet economic and political system from the mid-1980s, the Communist Party finally became estranged from the leadership of the Soviet Union itself. In 1989, the Soviet Communist Party cut off major funding to the Communist Party USA due to its opposition to <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i>. With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, the party held its convention and attempted to resolve the issue of whether the party should reject <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>. The majority reasserted the party's now purely <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> outlook, prompting <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_Correspondence_for_Democracy_and_Socialism" title="Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism">a minority faction</a> which urged <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a> to exit the now reduced party. The party has since adopted Marxism–Leninism within its program.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the new draft of the party constitution declared: "We apply the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific outlook</a> developed by Marx, Engels, Lenin and others in the context of our American history, culture, and traditions."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_plenary_%26_Keynote_speech_30th_National_Convention.webm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Opening_plenary_%26_Keynote_speech_30th_National_Convention.webm.jpg/220px-Opening_plenary_%26_Keynote_speech_30th_National_Convention.webm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Opening_plenary_%26_Keynote_speech_30th_National_Convention.webm.jpg/330px-Opening_plenary_%26_Keynote_speech_30th_National_Convention.webm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Opening_plenary_%26_Keynote_speech_30th_National_Convention.webm.jpg/440px-Opening_plenary_%26_Keynote_speech_30th_National_Convention.webm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The 30th National Convention was held in Chicago in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The Communist Party is based in New York City. From 1922 to 1988, it published <i><a href="/wiki/Morgen_Freiheit" title="Morgen Freiheit">Morgen Freiheit</a></i>, a daily newspaper written in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henry02_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry02-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For decades, its West Coast newspaper was the <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_World" title="People's World">People's World</a></i> and its East Coast newspaper was <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Daily_World_(communist_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Daily World (communist newspaper) (page does not exist)">The Daily World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two newspapers merged in 1986 into the <i>People's Weekly World</i>. The <i>People's Weekly World</i> has since become an online only publication called <i>People's World</i>. It has since ceased being an official Communist Party publication as the party does not fund its publication.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's former theoretical journal <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Political Affairs (magazine)">Political Affairs</a></i> is now also published exclusively online, but the party still maintains <a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a> as its publishing house. In June 2014, the party held its <a href="/wiki/30th_National_Convention_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="30th National Convention of the Communist Party USA">30th National Convention</a> in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpusa.org/article/changing-society-is-a-marathon-not-a-sprint/">31st National Convention in 2019</a> celebrated the party's 100th year since its founding. </p><p>The party announced on April 7, 2021, that it intended to run candidates in elections again, after a hiatus of over thirty years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steven Estrada, who ran for city council in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a>, was one of the first candidates to run as an open member of the CPUSA again (although Long Beach local elections are officially non-partisan).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estrada received 8.5% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_program">Constitution program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constitution program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the constitution of the party adopted at the 30th National Convention in 2014, the Communist Party operates on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2014constitution_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014constitution-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its highest authority being the quadrennial National Convention. Article VI, Section 3 of the 2001 Constitution laid out certain positions as non-negotiable:<sup id="cite_ref-2001constitution_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001constitution-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>[S]truggle for the unity of the working class, against all forms of national oppression, national chauvinism, discrimination and segregation, against all racist ideologies and practices,<span class="nowrap"> </span>... against all manifestations of male supremacy and discrimination against women,<span class="nowrap"> </span>... against homophobia and all manifestations of discrimination against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender people.</p></blockquote> <p>Among the points in the party's "Immediate Program" are a $15/hour <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> for all workers, national universal health care, and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>. Economic measures such as increased taxes on "the rich and corporations, strong regulation of the financial industry, regulation and public ownership of utilities," and increased federal aid to cities and states are also included in the Immediate Program, as are opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and other military interventions; opposition to <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> treaties such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA); <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a> and a reduced military budget; various <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> provisions; <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">campaign finance reform</a> including public financing of campaigns; and <a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">election law</a> reform, including <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant runoff voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Immediate_Program_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immediate_Program-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bill_of_rights_socialism">Bill of rights socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bill of rights socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></div> <p>The Communist Party emphasizes a vision of socialism as an extension of American democracy. Seeking to "build socialism in the United States based on the revolutionary traditions and struggles" of American history, the party promotes a conception of "Bill of Rights Socialism" that will "guarantee all the freedoms we have won over centuries of struggle and also extend the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> to include freedom from unemployment" as well as freedom "from poverty, from illiteracy, and from discrimination and oppression."<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reiterating the idea of property rights in socialist society as it is outlined in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a></i> (1848),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Communist Party emphasizes: </p> <blockquote><p>Many myths have been propagated about socialism. Contrary to right-wing claims, socialism would not take away the personal private property of workers, only the private ownership of major industries, financial institutions, and other large corporations, and the excessive luxuries of the super-rich.<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rather than making all wages entirely equal, the Communist Party holds that building socialism would entail "eliminating private wealth from stock speculation, from private ownership of large corporations, from the export of capital and jobs, and from the exploitation of large numbers of workers."<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_standards">Living standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Living standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the primary concerns of the Communist Party are the problems of <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">underemployment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Job_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Job insecurity">job insecurity</a>, which the party considers the natural result of the profit-driven incentives of the capitalist economy: </p> <blockquote><p>Millions of workers are unemployed, underemployed, or insecure in their jobs, even during economic upswings and periods of 'recovery' from recessions. Most workers experience long years of stagnant and declining real wages, while health and education costs soar. Many workers are forced to work second and third jobs to make ends meet. Most workers now average four different occupations during their lifetime, many involuntarily moved from job to job and career to career. Often, retirement-age workers are forced to continue working just to provide health care for themselves and their families. Millions of people continuously live below the poverty level; many suffer homelessness and hunger. Public and private programs to alleviate poverty and hunger do not reach everyone, and are inadequate even for those they do reach. With capitalist globalization, jobs move from place to place as capitalists export factories and even entire industries to other countries in a relentless search for the lowest wages.<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Communist Party believes that "class struggle starts with the fight for wages, hours, benefits, working conditions, job security, and jobs. But it also includes an endless variety of other forms for fighting specific battles: resisting speed-up, picketing, contract negotiations, strikes, demonstrations, lobbying for pro-labor legislation, elections, and even general strikes".<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party's national programs considers workers who struggle "against the capitalist class or any part of it on any issue with the aim of improving or defending their lives" part of the class struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperialism_and_war">Imperialism and war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Imperialism and war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Communist Party maintains that developments within the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy of the United States</a>—as reflected in the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatives</a> and other groups associated with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>—have developed in tandem with the interests of large-scale capital such as the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a>. The state thereby becomes thrust into a proxy role that is essentially inclined to help facilitate "control by one section of the capitalist class over all others and over the whole of society".<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, the Communist Party holds that right-wing policymakers such as the neoconservatives, steering the state away from working-class interests on behalf of a disproportionately powerful capitalist class, have "demonized foreign opponents of the U.S., covertly funded the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan civil war">right-wing-initiated civil war in Nicaragua</a>, and gave weapons to the <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> dictatorship in Iraq. They picked small countries to invade, including <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. invasion of Grenada">Grenada</a>, testing new military equipment and strategy, and breaking down resistance at home and abroad to U.S. military invasion as a policy option".<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From its ideological framework, the Communist Party understands <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">imperialism as the pinnacle of capitalist development</a>: the state, working on behalf of the few who wield disproportionate power, assumes the role of proffering "phony rationalizations" for economically driven imperial ambition as a means to promote the sectional economic interests of big business.<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In opposition to what it considers the ultimate agenda of the conservative wing of American politics, the Communist Party rejects foreign policy proposals such as the <a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a>, rejecting the right of the American government to attack "any country it wants, to conduct war without end until it succeeds everywhere, and even to use 'tactical' nuclear weapons and militarize space. Whoever does not support the U.S. policy is condemned as an opponent. Whenever international organizations, such as the United Nations, do not support U.S. government policies, they are reluctantly tolerated until the U.S. government is able to subordinate or ignore them".<sup id="cite_ref-28th_Party_Program_54-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28th_Party_Program-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Juxtaposing the support from the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> and the right-wing of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> with the many millions of Americans who opposed the invasion of Iraq from its beginning, the Communist Party notes the spirit of opposition towards the war coming from the American public: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thousands of grassroots peace committees [were] organized by ordinary Americans<span class="nowrap"> </span>... neighborhoods, small towns and universities expressing opposition in countless creative ways. Thousands of actions, vigils, teach-ins and newspaper advertisements were organized. The largest demonstrations were held since the Vietnam War. 500,000 marched in New York after the war started. Students at over 500 universities conducted a Day of Action for "<a href="/wiki/Student_Peace_Action_Network#Books_Not_Bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Student Peace Action Network">Books not Bombs</a>." </p><p>Over 150 anti-war resolutions were passed by city councils. Resolutions were passed by thousands of local unions and community organizations. Local and national actions were organized on the Internet, including the "Virtual March on Washington DC"<span class="nowrap"> </span>.... Elected officials were flooded with millions of calls, emails and letters. </p><p> In an unprecedented development, large sections of the US labor movement officially opposed the war. In contrast, it took years to build labor opposition to the Vietnam War.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... For example in Chicago, labor leaders formed Labor United for Peace, Justice and Prosperity. They concluded that mass education of their members was essential to counter false propaganda, and that the fight for the peace, economic security and democratic rights was interrelated.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The party has consistently opposed American involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">First Gulf War</a> and the post-<a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11</a> conflicts in both <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>. </p><p>The Communist Party does not believe that the threat of terrorism can be resolved through war.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_minorities">Women and minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Women and minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_J._Davis_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Benjamin_J._Davis_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Benjamin_J._Davis_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Benjamin_J._Davis_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Benjamin_J._Davis_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Benjamin_J._Davis_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Benjamin_J._Davis_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="2961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Thompson" title="Robert G. Thompson">Robert G. Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_J._Davis_Jr." title="Benjamin J. Davis Jr.">Benjamin J. Davis</a> leaving the courthouse during the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders</a> in 1949–1958</figcaption></figure> <p>The Communist Party Constitution defines the U.S. working class as "multiracial and multinational. It unites men and women, young and old, gay and straight, native-born and immigrant, urban and rural." The party further expands its interpretation to include the employed and unemployed, organized and unorganized, and of all occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-2014constitution_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014constitution-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communist Party seeks equal rights for women, equal pay for equal work and the protection of reproductive rights, together with putting an end to sexism.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They support the right of abortion and social services to provide access to it, arguing that unplanned pregnancy is prejudiced against poor women.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's ranks include a Women's Equality Commission, which recognizes the role of women as an asset in moving towards building socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically significant in American history as an early fighter for African Americans' rights and playing a leading role in protesting the lynchings of African Americans in the South, the Communist Party in its national program today calls racism the "classic divide-and-conquer tactic".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its New York City base, the Communist Party's Ben Davis Club and other Communist Party organizations have been involved in local activism in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> and other African American and minority communities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party was instrumental in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Radical_Congress" title="Black Radical Congress">Black Radical Congress</a> in 1998, as well as the <a href="/wiki/African_Blood_Brotherhood" title="African Blood Brotherhood">African Blood Brotherhood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically significant in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino</a> working class history as a successful organizer of the Mexican American working class in the Southwestern United States in the 1930s, the Communist Party regards working-class Latino people as another oppressed group targeted by overt racism as well as systemic discrimination in areas such as education and sees the participation of Latino voters in a general mass movement in both party-based and nonpartisan work as an essential goal for major left-wing progress.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communist Party holds that racial and ethnic discrimination not only harms minorities, but is pernicious to working-class people of all backgrounds as any discriminatory practices between demographic sections of the working class constitute an inherently divisive practice responsible for "obstructing the development of working-class consciousness, driving wedges in class unity to divert attention from <a href="/wiki/Marxism#Exploitation" title="Marxism">class exploitation</a>, and creating extra profits for the capitalist class".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communist Party supports an end to <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Immediate_Program_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immediate_Program-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party supports continued enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> laws as well as <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Immediate_Program_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immediate_Program-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Communist Party garnered support in particular communities, developing a unique geography. Instead of a broad nationwide support, support for the party was concentrated in different communities at different times, depending on the organizing strategy at that moment. </p><p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Communist Party had relatively stable support in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Minnesota" title="St. Louis County, Minnesota">St. Louis County, Minnesota</a>. However, at times the party also had strongholds in more rural counties such as <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_County,_Montana" title="Sheridan County, Montana">Sheridan County, Montana</a> (22% in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iron_County,_Wisconsin" title="Iron County, Wisconsin">Iron County, Wisconsin</a> (4% in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Ontonagon_County,_Michigan" title="Ontonagon County, Michigan">Ontonagon County, Michigan</a> (5% in <a href="/wiki/1934_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1934 Michigan gubernatorial election">1934</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Communist_Party_votes_by_county_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Communist_Party_votes_by_county-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> at the height of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a>, the Communist Party had a significant presence in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchisement</a> of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, the party gained 8% of the votes in rural <a href="/wiki/Elmore_County,_Alabama" title="Elmore County, Alabama">Elmore County</a>. This was mostly due to the successful biracial organizing of <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecroppers</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Sharecroppers%27_Union" title="Sharecroppers' Union">Sharecroppers' Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Communist_Party_votes_by_county_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Communist_Party_votes_by_county-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelley-1990_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelley-1990-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike open mass organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a> or the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, the Communist Party was a disciplined organization that demanded strenuous commitments and frequently expelled members. Membership levels remained below 20,000 until 1933 and then surged upward in the late 1930s, reaching 66,000 in 1939 and reaching its peak membership of over 75,000 in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party fielded candidates in presidential and many state and local elections not expecting to win, but expecting loyalists to vote the party ticket. The party mounted symbolic yet energetic campaigns during each presidential election from 1924 through 1940 and many gubernatorial and congressional races from 1922 to 1944. </p><p>The Communist Party organized the country into districts that did not coincide with state lines, initially dividing it into 15 districts identified with a headquarters city with an additional "Agricultural District". Several reorganizations in the 1930s expanded the number of districts.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_other_groups">Relations with other groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relations with other groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_labor_movement">United States labor movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States labor movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States_Labor_Movement_(1919%E2%80%9337)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1919–37)">Communists in the United States labor movement (1919–1937)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States_Labor_Movement_(1937%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50)">Communists in the United States labor movement (1937–1950)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_Day_parade_with_banners_and_flags,_New_York_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/May_Day_parade_with_banners_and_flags%2C_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-May_Day_parade_with_banners_and_flags%2C_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/May_Day_parade_with_banners_and_flags%2C_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-May_Day_parade_with_banners_and_flags%2C_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/May_Day_parade_with_banners_and_flags%2C_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-May_Day_parade_with_banners_and_flags%2C_New_York_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> parade with banners and flags, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>The Communist Party has sought to play an active role in the labor movement since its origins as part of its effort to build a mass movement of American workers to bring about their own liberation through socialist revolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_funding_and_espionage">Soviet funding and espionage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soviet funding and espionage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1959 until 1989, when <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> condemned the initiatives taken by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in the Soviet Union, the Communist Party received a substantial subsidy from the Soviets. There is at least one receipt signed by Gus Hall in the KGB archives.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with $75,000 in 1959, this was increased gradually to $3 million in 1987. This substantial amount reflected the party's loyalty to the Moscow <a href="/wiki/Political_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Political line">line</a>, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">British</a> Communist parties, whose <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a> deviated from the orthodox line in the late 1970s. Releases from the Soviet archives show that all national Communist parties that conformed to the Soviet line were funded in the same fashion. From the Communist point of view, this international funding arose from the internationalist nature of communism itself as fraternal assistance was considered the duty of communists in any one country to give aid to their allies in other countries. From the anti-Communist point of view, this funding represented an unwarranted interference by one country in the affairs of another. The cutoff of funds in 1989 resulted in a financial crisis, which forced the party to cut back publication in 1990 of the party newspaper, the <i>People's Daily World</i>, to weekly publication, the <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_World" title="People's World">People's Weekly World</a></i> (<a href="#References">see references below</a>). </p><p>Somewhat more controversial than mere funding is the alleged involvement of Communist members in espionage for the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> alleged that Sandor Goldberger—also known as Josef Peters, who commonly wrote under the name <a href="/wiki/J._Peters" title="J. Peters">J. Peters</a>—headed the Communist Party's underground secret apparatus from 1932 to 1938 and pioneered its role as an auxiliary to Soviet intelligence activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernard Schuster, Organizational Secretary of the New York District of the Communist Party, is claimed to have been the operational recruiter and conduit for members of the party into the ranks of the secret apparatus, or "Group A line". </p><p>Stalin publicly disbanded the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> in 1943. A Moscow NKVD message to all stations on September 12, 1943, detailed instructions for handling intelligence sources within the Communist Party after the disestablishment of the Comintern. </p><p>There are a number of decrypted World War II Soviet messages between NKVD offices in the United States and Moscow, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Venona_cables" class="mw-redirect" title="Venona cables">Venona cables</a>. The Venona cables and other published sources appear to confirm that <a href="/wiki/Julius_Rosenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Rosenberg">Julius Rosenberg</a> was responsible for espionage. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a>, a Harvard-trained <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who did not join the party until 1952, began passing information on the atomic bomb to the Soviets soon after he was hired at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a> at age 19. Hall, who was known as Mlad by his KGB handlers, escaped prosecution. Hall's wife, aware of his espionage, claims that their NKVD handler had advised them to plead innocent, as the Rosenbergs did, if formally charged.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was the belief of opponents of the Communist Party such as <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, longtime director of the FBI; and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, for whom <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> is named; and other <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communists</a> that the Communist Party constituted an active <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a>, was secretive, loyal to a foreign power and whose members assisted Soviet intelligence in the clandestine <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">infiltration</a> of American government. This is the traditionalist view of some in the field of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_and_Communist_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet and Communist studies">Communist studies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a>, since supported by several memoirs of ex-Soviet KGB officers and information obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a> and Soviet archives.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes,_John_Earl_2000_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes,_John_Earl_2000-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one time, this view was shared by the majority of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. In the "Findings and declarations of fact" section of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. Chap. 23 Sub. IV Sec. 841), it stated: </p> <blockquote><p>[T]he Communist Party, although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a conspiracy to overthrow the Government of the United States. It constitutes an authoritarian dictatorship within a republic<span class="nowrap"> </span>... the policies and programs of the Communist Party are secretly prescribed for it by the foreign leaders<span class="nowrap"> </span>... to carry into action slavishly the assignments given<span class="nowrap"> </span>.... [T]he Communist Party acknowledges no constitutional or statutory limitations<span class="nowrap"> </span>.... The peril inherent in its operation arises [from] its dedication to the proposition that the present constitutional Government of the United States ultimately must be brought to ruin by any available means, including resort to force and violence<span class="nowrap"> </span>... its role as the agency of a hostile foreign power renders its existence a clear present and continuing danger.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1993, experts from the Library of Congress traveled to Moscow to copy previously secret archives of the party records, sent to the Soviet Union for safekeeping by party organizers. The records provided an irrefutable link between Soviet intelligence and information obtained by the Communist Party and its contacts in the United States government from the 1920s through the 1940s. Some documents revealed that the Communist Party was actively involved in secretly recruiting party members from African American groups and rural farm workers. Other party records contained further evidence that Soviet sympathizers had indeed infiltrated the State Department, beginning in the 1930s. Included in Communist Party archival records were confidential letters from two American ambassadors in Europe to Roosevelt and a senior State Department official. Thanks to an official in the Department of State sympathetic to the party, the confidential correspondence, concerning political and economic matters in Europe, ended up in the hands of Soviet intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes,_John_Earl_2000_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes,_John_Earl_2000-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Counterintelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, Jack and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Childs" title="Morris Childs">Morris Childs</a>, together codenamed SOLO, became FBI informants. As high-ranking officials in the American Communist Party, they informed on the CPUSA for the rest of the Cold War, monitoring the Soviet funding.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also traveled to Moscow and Beijing to meet USSR and PRC leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jack and Morris Childs both received the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 1987 for their intelligence work. Morris's son stated, "The CIA could not believe the information the FBI had because the American Communist Party had links directly into the Kremlin."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to intelligence analyst Darren E. Tromblay, the SOLO operation, and the Ad Hoc Committee, were part of "developing geopolitical awareness" by the FBI about factors such as the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ad Hoc Committee was a group within CPUSA that circulated a pro-Maoist bulletin in the voice of a "dedicated but rebellious comrade." Allegedly an operation, it caused a schism within the CPUSA.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_prosecutions">Criminal prosecutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criminal prosecutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders</a></div> <p>When the Communist Party was formed in 1919, the United States government was engaged in prosecution of socialists who had opposed World War I and military service. This prosecution was continued in 1919 and January 1920 in the <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a>. Rank and file foreign-born members of the Communist Party were targeted and as many as possible were arrested and deported while leaders were prosecuted and, in some cases, sentenced to prison terms. In the late 1930s, with the authorization of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, the FBI began investigating both domestic Nazis and Communists. In 1940, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a>, which made it illegal to advocate, abet, or teach the desirability of overthrowing the government. </p><p>In 1949, the federal government put <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Eugene Dennis</a>, William Z. Foster and ten other Communist Party leaders on trial for advocating the violent overthrow of the government. Because the prosecution could not show that any of the defendants had openly called for violence or been involved in accumulating weapons for a proposed revolution, it relied on the testimony of former members of the party that the defendants had privately advocated the overthrow of the government and on quotations from the work of Marx, Lenin and other revolutionary figures of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of the trial, the judge held several of the defendants and all of their counsel in contempt of court. All of the remaining eleven defendants were found guilty, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> upheld the constitutionality of their convictions by a 6–2 vote in <i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_341" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341">341</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/341/494/">494</a> (1951). The government then proceeded with the prosecutions of more than 140 members of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panicked by these arrests and fearing that the party was dangerously compromised by informants, Dennis and other party leaders decided to go underground and to disband many affiliated groups. The move heightened the political isolation of the leadership while making it nearly impossible for the party to function. The widespread support of action against communists and their associates began to abate after Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> overreached himself in the <a href="/wiki/Army%E2%80%93McCarthy_hearings" title="Army–McCarthy hearings">Army–McCarthy hearings</a>, producing a backlash. The end of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1953 also led to a lessening of anxieties about subversion. The Supreme Court brought a halt to the Smith Act prosecutions in 1957 in its decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_354" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 354">354</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/354/298/">298</a> (1957), which required that the government prove that the defendant had actually taken concrete steps toward the forcible overthrow of the government, rather than merely advocating it in theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: African Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vote_Communist_-_Gus_Hall_for_President,_Jarvis_Tyner_for_Vice-President_LCCN2016648826.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vote_Communist_-_Gus_Hall_for_President%2C_Jarvis_Tyner_for_Vice-President_LCCN2016648826.jpg/220px-Vote_Communist_-_Gus_Hall_for_President%2C_Jarvis_Tyner_for_Vice-President_LCCN2016648826.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vote_Communist_-_Gus_Hall_for_President%2C_Jarvis_Tyner_for_Vice-President_LCCN2016648826.jpg/330px-Vote_Communist_-_Gus_Hall_for_President%2C_Jarvis_Tyner_for_Vice-President_LCCN2016648826.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vote_Communist_-_Gus_Hall_for_President%2C_Jarvis_Tyner_for_Vice-President_LCCN2016648826.jpg/440px-Vote_Communist_-_Gus_Hall_for_President%2C_Jarvis_Tyner_for_Vice-President_LCCN2016648826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="4692" /></a><figcaption>1976 presidential campaign poster</figcaption></figure> <p>The Communist Party played a role in defending the rights of African Americans during its heyday in the 1930s and 1940s. The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Chapter_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Alabama Chapter of the Communist Party USA">Alabama Chapter of the Communist Party USA</a> helped organize the unemployed Black workers, the Alabama <a href="/wiki/Sharecroppers%27_Union" title="Sharecroppers' Union">Sharecroppers' Union</a> and numerous anti-lynching campaigns. Further, the Alabama chapter organized young activists that would later go on to be prominent members in the civil rights movement, such as Rosa Parks.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelley-1990_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelley-1990-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout its history several of the party's leaders and political thinkers have been African Americans. <a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a>, the current executive vice chair of the party, all ran as presidential or vice presidential candidates on the party ticket. Others like <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_J._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin J. Davis">Benjamin J. Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_L._Patterson" title="William L. Patterson">William L. Patterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a>, James Jackson, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Winston" title="Henry Winston">Henry Winston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lightfoot" title="Claude Lightfoot">Claude Lightfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphaeus_Hunton" title="Alphaeus Hunton">Alphaeus Hunton</a>, Doxey Wilkerson, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Claudia Jones</a>, and John Pittman contributed in important ways to the party's approaches to major issues from human and civil rights, peace, women's equality, the national question, working class unity, socialist thought, cultural struggle, and more. African American thinkers, artists and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Petry" title="Ann Petry">Ann Petry</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Graham_Du_Bois" title="Shirley Graham Du Bois">Shirley Graham Du Bois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_L._Brown" title="Lloyd L. Brown">Lloyd Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilbert_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wilbert White">Charles White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Catlett" title="Elizabeth Catlett">Elizabeth Catlett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a>, and others were one-time members or supporters of the party, and the Communist Party also had a close alliance with Harlem Congressman <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_rights_movement">Gay rights movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gay rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most prominent sexual radicals in the United States,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Harry Hay</a>, developed his political views as an active member of the Communist Party. Hay founded in the early 1950s the <a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Society" title="Mattachine Society">Mattachine Society</a>, America's second <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> organization. However, gay rights were not seen as something the party should associate with organizationally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many party members saw <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> as something <a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights#Association_of_fascism_with_homosexuality_by_communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">done by those with fascist tendencies</a> (following the lead of the Soviet Union in criminalizing the practice for that reason). Hay was expelled from the party as an ideological risk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2004, the editors of <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Affairs Magazine">Political Affairs</a></i> published articles detailing their <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">self-criticism</a> of the party's early views of gay and lesbian rights and praised Hay's work.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communist Party endorsed <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a> in a 2005 statement.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party affirmed the resolution with a statement a year later in honor of <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> month in June 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_peace_movement">United States peace movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States peace movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Communist Party opposed the United States involvement in the early stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (until June 22, 1941, the date of the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of the Soviet Union">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">invasion of Grenada</a>, and American support for <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communist</a> military dictatorships and movements in Central America. Meanwhile, some in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> rejected the Communist Party for what it saw as the party's bureaucratic rigidity and for its close association with the Soviet Union. </p><p>The Communist Party was consistently opposed to the United States' 2003–2011 war in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_for_Peace_and_Justice" title="United for Peace and Justice">United for Peace and Justice</a> (UFPJ) includes the New York branch of the Communist Party as a member group, with Communist Judith LeBlanc serving as the co-chair of UFPJ from 2007 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Communist_Party_USA_election_results" title="List of Communist Party USA election results">List of Communist Party USA election results</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Communist_Party_USA_members_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" title="List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States">List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_tickets">Presidential tickets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Presidential tickets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Communist Party USA candidates for president and vice president </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">President </th> <th scope="col">Vice President </th> <th scope="col">Votes </th> <th scope="col">Percent </th> <th scope="col">Name </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Z._Foster,_cropped.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/70px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/105px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/140px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="491" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gitlow-benjamin-1928_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="383" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></td> <td align="center">38,669</td> <td align="center">0.1%</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Z._Foster,_cropped.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/70px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/105px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/140px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="491" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gitlow-benjamin-1928_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="383" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></td> <td align="center">48,551</td> <td align="center">0.1%</td> <td>Workers (Communist)<br />Party of America </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Z._Foster,_cropped.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/70px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/105px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/140px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="491" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg/70px-James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg/105px-James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg/139px-James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> <p><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a> </p> </td> <td align="center">103,307</td> <td align="center">0.3%</td> <td rowspan="10">Communist Party USA </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg/70px-Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg/105px-Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg/140px-Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg/70px-James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg/105px-James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg/139px-James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> <p><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a> </p> </td> <td align="center">79,315</td> <td align="center">0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg/70px-Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg/105px-Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg/140px-Browder-Earl-R-1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg/70px-James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg/105px-James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg/139px-James_W._Ford_Salvaged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> <p><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a> </p> </td> <td align="center">48,557</td> <td align="center">0.1% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C97979"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg/70px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg" decoding="async" width="70" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg/105px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg/140px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1474" /></a></span><br />No candidate;<br />endorsed <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry Wallace</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glentaylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glentaylor.jpg/70px-Glentaylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glentaylor.jpg/105px-Glentaylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glentaylor.jpg/140px-Glentaylor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="225" /></a></span><br />No candidate;<br />endorsed <a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center">N/A </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C97979"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_Hallinan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vincent_Hallinan.jpg/70px-Vincent_Hallinan.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vincent_Hallinan.jpg/105px-Vincent_Hallinan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vincent_Hallinan.jpg/140px-Vincent_Hallinan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="882" /></a></span><br />No candidate;<br />endorsed <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Hallinan" title="Vincent Hallinan">Vincent Hallinan</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg/70px-Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg/105px-Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg/140px-Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="873" /></a></span><br />No candidate;<br />endorsed <a href="/wiki/Charlotta_Bass" title="Charlotta Bass">Charlotta Bass</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlene_Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Charlene_Mitchell.jpg/70px-Charlene_Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Charlene_Mitchell.jpg/105px-Charlene_Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Charlene_Mitchell.jpg/140px-Charlene_Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="792" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Zagarell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Michael_Zagarell.jpg/70px-Michael_Zagarell.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Michael_Zagarell.jpg/105px-Michael_Zagarell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Michael_Zagarell.jpg/140px-Michael_Zagarell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="406" /></a></span><br />Michael Zagarell</td> <td align="center">1,077</td> <td align="center">nil% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_(Gus_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/70px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/105px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/140px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="471" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jarvis_Tyner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jarvis_Tyner.jpg/70px-Jarvis_Tyner.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jarvis_Tyner.jpg/105px-Jarvis_Tyner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jarvis_Tyner.jpg/140px-Jarvis_Tyner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="431" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></td> <td align="center">25,597</td> <td align="center">nil% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_(Gus_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/70px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/105px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/140px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="471" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jarvis_Tyner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jarvis_Tyner.jpg/70px-Jarvis_Tyner.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jarvis_Tyner.jpg/105px-Jarvis_Tyner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jarvis_Tyner.jpg/140px-Jarvis_Tyner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="431" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></td> <td align="center">58,709</td> <td align="center">0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_(Gus_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/70px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/105px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/140px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="471" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Davis,_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg/70px-Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg/105px-Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg/140px-Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></td> <td align="center">44,933</td> <td align="center">0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_(Gus_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/70px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/105px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg/140px-Angela_Davis_urges_-_declare_your_independence_-_vote_for_Hall_and_Tyner_LCCN2016648082_%28Gus_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="471" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Davis,_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg/70px-Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg/105px-Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg/140px-Angela_Davis%2C_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></td> <td align="center">36,386</td> <td align="center">nil% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Best_results_in_major_races">Best results in major races</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Best results in major races"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Office </th> <th>Percent </th> <th>District </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">President </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>Florida </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="1928 United States presidential election in Florida">1928</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.8% </td> <td>Montana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1932 United States presidential election in Montana">1932</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.6% </td> <td>New York </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1936 United States presidential election in New York">1936</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">US Senate </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>New York </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1934 United States Senate election in New York">1934</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Bedacht" title="Max Bedacht">Max Bedacht</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.6% </td> <td>New York </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1932 United States Senate election in New York">1932</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Weinstone" title="William Weinstone">William Weinstone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.4% </td> <td>Illinois </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1932 United States Senate election in Illinois">1932</a> </td> <td>William E. Browder </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">US House </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td>California District 5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1934 United States House of Representatives elections">1934</a> </td> <td>Alexander Noral </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.2% </td> <td>California District 5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1936 United States House of Representatives elections">1936</a> </td> <td>Lawrence Ross </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.8% </td> <td>California District 13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1936 United States House of Representatives elections">1936</a> </td> <td>Emma Cutler </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_leaders">Party leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Party leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Party leaders of the Communist Party USA </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Period </th> <th scope="col">Title </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Charles Ruthenberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1919–1927 </td> <td>Executive Secretary of old CPA (1919–1920); Executive Secretary of WPA/W(C)P (May 1922 – 1927) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wagenknecht" title="Alfred Wagenknecht">Alfred Wagenknecht</a> </th> <td>1919–1921 </td> <td>Executive Secretary of CLP (1919–1920); of UCP (1920–1921) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dirba" title="Charles Dirba">Charles Dirba</a> </th> <td>1920–1921 </td> <td>Executive Secretary of old CPA (1920–1921); of unified CPA (May 30, 1921 – July 27, 1921) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Shapiro_(communist)" title="Louis Shapiro (communist)">Louis Shapiro</a> </th> <td>1920 </td> <td>Executive Secretary of old CPA </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/L.E._Katterfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="L.E. Katterfeld">L.E. Katterfeld</a> </th> <td>1921 </td> <td>Executive Secretary of unified CPA </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/William_Weinstone" title="William Weinstone">William Weinstone</a> </th> <td>1921–1922 </td> <td>Executive Secretary of unified CPA </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> </th> <td>1922; 1927–1929 </td> <td>Executive Secretary of unified CPA (February 22, 1922 – August 22, 1922); of W(C)P/CPUSA (1927–1929) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1921–1922 </td> <td>National Chairman of WPA </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Harrison" title="Caleb Harrison">Caleb Harrison</a> </th> <td>1921–1922 </td> <td>Executive Secretary of WPA </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Abram_Jakira" title="Abram Jakira">Abram Jakira</a> </th> <td>1922–1923 </td> <td>Executive Secretary of unified CPA </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1929–1934; 1945–1957 </td> <td>Party Chairman </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> </th> <td>1934–1945 </td> <td>Party Chairman </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Eugene Dennis</a> </th> <td>1945–1959 </td> <td>General Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> </th> <td>1959–2000 </td> <td>General Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Webb_(communist)" title="Sam Webb (communist)">Sam Webb</a> </th> <td>2000–2014 </td> <td>Chairman </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/John_Bachtell" title="John Bachtell">John Bachtell</a> </th> <td>2014–2019 </td> <td>Chairman </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Rossana Cambron </th> <td>2019–present </td> <td>Co-chair </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sims_(politician)" title="Joe Sims (politician)">Joe Sims</a> </th> <td>2019–present </td> <td>Co-chair </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_CPUSA_members">Notable CPUSA members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable CPUSA members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Well-Known Organizers and Other Members of the Party </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Years Active </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> </td> <td>1969–1991 </td> <td>Member, California Communist Party </td> <td>A supporter of the Communist Party until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a>, which ended communism in most countries worldwide. Davis then created the <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_Correspondence_for_Democracy_and_Socialism" title="Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism">Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism</a>, a former reformist faction within the Communist Party, which is now independent and promotes democratic socialism. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Taylor_(politician)" title="Charles E. Taylor (politician)">Charles E. Taylor</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>Member, Montana Communist Party; State Senator </td> <td>Started a left-wing newspaper called "<i>Producers News</i>" in <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_County,_Montana" title="Sheridan County, Montana">Sheridan County, Montana</a> after being sent there by the <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a> of North Dakota. The newspaper slandered members of the community, sparking a libel case and newspaper war.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ray_Healey" title="Dorothy Ray Healey">Dorothy Ray Healey</a> </td> <td>1920s–1973 </td> <td>Member, California Communist Party </td> <td>An early supporter of the Communist Party, she became disillusioned with the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> and furthermore was against the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1968. Healey criticized CPUSA orthodoxy after the <a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">crimes of Stalin</a> were <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">exposed by Nikita Khrushchev</a>. She eventually left the party and joined the <a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New America Movement</a>, an organization promoting <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">new-left activism</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Benson </td> <td>1939–1968<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Party Organizer </td> <td>A child prodigy, Benson moved to Houston at the age of 22 to organize the area for the national party.<sup id="cite_ref-Carleton-1985_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carleton-1985-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benson is best known for leading Texas organizing during the 1939 convention in San Antonio, where 5,000 people surrounded the building and rioted at the opening ceremonies. Benson and several others were escorted out by police. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emma_Tenayuca" title="Emma Tenayuca">Emma Tenayuca</a> </td> <td>1936–1939(?) </td> <td>Party Organizer </td> <td>Emma Tenayuca (December 21, 1916 – July 23, 1999), also known as Emma Beatrice Tenayuca, was an American labor leader, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union organizer</a> and educator. She is best known for her work organizing Mexican workers in Texas during the 1930s, particularly for leading the <a href="/wiki/1938_San_Antonio_pecan_shellers_strike" title="1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike">1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Homer Brooks </td> <td>1938–1943 </td> <td>Texas State Party Chair; 1938 Candidate for Governor </td> <td>First husband of <a href="/wiki/Emma_Tenayuca" title="Emma Tenayuca">Emma Tenayuca</a>. Brooks faced a draft evasion charge that became an exercise in red-baiting. He was sentenced to 60 days in prison, but the charge was overturned.<sup id="cite_ref-Carleton-1985_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carleton-1985-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a> </td> <td>1940s </td> <td>Member </td> <td>Creator and writer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Freedom" title="Destination Freedom">Destination Freedom</a></i> radio series in Chicago. Durham was a CPUSA member while writing for <i><a href="/wiki/New_Masses" title="New Masses">New Masses</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender" title="The Chicago Defender">Chicago Defender</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Star" title="Chicago Star">Chicago Star</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illinois_Standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illinois Standard (page does not exist)">Illinois Standard</a></i> newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>Member, Baltimore <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_USA" title="Young Communist League USA">Young Communist League</a><sup id="cite_ref-People's_World_Protests_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People's_World_Protests-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bastfield-2002_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bastfield-2002-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Known for his career as a rapper and actor, Tupac Shakur was at one time a member of the Young Communist League in Baltimore. He found the platform of the party appealing, having grown up in poverty. Shakur also dated the daughter of the director of the local Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Bastfield-2002_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bastfield-2002-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-language_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="English-language press of the Communist Party USA">English-language press of the Communist Party USA</a> (annotated list of titles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">History of Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jencks_v._United_States" title="Jencks v. United States">Jencks v. United States</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_federation" title="Language federation">Language federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conventions_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="National conventions of the Communist Party USA">National conventions of the Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Non-English press of the Communist Party USA">Non-English press of the Communist Party USA</a> (annotated list of titles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois_Clubs_of_America" title="W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America">W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_USA" title="Young Communist League USA">Young Communist League USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Communist_Party_USA_members_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" title="List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States">List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The party voted to dissolve its youth wing in 2015 and voted to re-establish it in 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpusa.org/article/final-resolutions-for-the-31st-national-convention/"><i>Final Resolutions for the 31st National Convention</i></a>. June 10, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She mentions James Barrett, Maurice Isserman, Robin D. G. Kelley, Randi Storch and Kate Weigand.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Party_and_African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communist Party and African-Americans">The Communist Party and African-Americans</a> and the article on the <a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a> for the Communist Party's work in promoting minority rights and involvement in the historically significant case of the Scottsboro Boys in the 1930s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Executive Vice Chair <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a>'s ideological essay <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpusa.org/the-national-question/">"The National Question"</a>. <i>CPUSA Online</i>. August 1, 2003. Retrieved April 7, 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpusa.org/cpusa-organizational-chart/">"CPUSA Organizational Chart"</a>. March 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPUSA+Organizational+Chart&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpusa.org%2Fcpusa-organizational-chart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-o5jqehzvcC&dq=communist+party+usa+founder+charles+ruthenberg&pg=PR24"><i>The Soviet World of American Communism</i></a>. Yale University Press. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300138009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300138009"><bdi>978-0300138009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+World+of+American+Communism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0300138009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-o5jqehzvcC%26dq%3Dcommunist%2Bparty%2Busa%2Bfounder%2Bcharles%2Bruthenberg%26pg%3DPR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sn82016135">"People's World"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/09168021">09168021</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=People%27s+World&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F09168021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2Fsn82016135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez2017" class="citation web cs1">Gómez, Sergio (April 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/communist-party-membership-numbers-climbing-in-the-trump-era/">"Communist Party membership numbers climbing in the Trump era"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_World" title="People's World">People's World</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+World&rft.atitle=Communist+Party+membership+numbers+climbing+in+the+Trump+era&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplesworld.org%2Farticle%2Fcommunist-party-membership-numbers-climbing-in-the-trump-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPUSA_Party_Constitution-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CPUSA_Party_Constitution_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpusa.org/party_info/cpusa-constitution/">"CPUSA Constitution"</a>. <i>CPUSA Online</i>. September 20, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CPUSA+Online&rft.atitle=CPUSA+Constitution&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpusa.org%2Fparty_info%2Fcpusa-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140121151252/http://www.cpusa.org/cpusa-constitution/"><i>Constitution of the Communist Party of the United States of America</i></a>. Communist Party of the United States of America. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpusa.org/cpusa-constitution/">the original</a> on January 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Communist+Party+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpusa.org%2Fcpusa-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpusa.org/party_info/socialism-in-the-usa/">"Bill of Rights Socialism"</a>. <i>CPUSA Online</i>. May 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CPUSA+Online&rft.atitle=Bill+of+Rights+Socialism&rft.date=2016-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpusa.org%2Fparty_info%2Fsocialism-in-the-usa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierard1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pierard, Richard (1998). "American Extremists: Militias, Supremacists, Klansmen, Communists, & Others. By John George and Laird Wilcox. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Press, 1996. 443 pp. $18.95". <i>Journal of Church and State</i>. <b>40</b> (4). Oxford Journals: 912–913. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F40.4.912">10.1093/jcs/40.4.912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=American+Extremists%3A+Militias%2C+Supremacists%2C+Klansmen%2C+Communists%2C+%26+Others.+By+John+George+and+Laird+Wilcox.+Amherst%2C+N.Y.%3A+Prometheus+Press%2C+1996.+443+pp.+%2418.95&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=912-913&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F40.4.912&rft.aulast=Pierard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The name of this organization shall be the Communist Party of the United States of America." Art. I of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpusa.org/party_info/cpusa-constitution/">"Constitution of the Communist Party of the United States of America"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldfield-2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldfield-2009_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldfield-2009_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldfield-2009_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfield2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goldfield, Michael (2009). "Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA)". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). <i>The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0383">10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405198073" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405198073"><bdi>978-1405198073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communist+Party+of+the+United+States+of+America+%28CPUSA%29&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0383&rft.isbn=978-1405198073&rft.aulast=Goldfield&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Shannon, David A. (1967). "The Rise of the Communist Party USA during the Great Depression". Journal of American History, 54(2), 351–365. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kann, Kenneth (2014). "Comrades and Critics: The Communist Party's Role in the New Deal Era". American Communist History, 13(2–3), 123–142. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ottanelli, Fraser M. (1991). "From the Margins to the Mainstream: The Transformation of the Communist Party USA in the 1930s". The Journal of American-East European Relations, 1(2), 185–209. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory" class="citation web cs1">Gregory, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/CP_map-members.shtml">"Communist Party Membership by Districts 1922–1950"</a>. <i>Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium</i>. University of Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Rights+and+Labor+History+Consortium&rft.atitle=Communist+Party+Membership+by+Districts+1922%E2%80%931950&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fmoves%2FCP_map-members.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browder, Earl. (1936). "Communism and 20th Century Americanism." Political Affairs. p.123. In this seminal work, Browder himself brands communism as '20th Century Americanism,' outlining his perspective on the relationship between communism and American national identity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/1944/05/0520-cpusa-convminutes.pdf"><i>Minutes of the Communist Party Convention, Saturday, May 20, 1944.</i></a>, Published in The Path to Peace, Progress and Prosperity: Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the Communist Political Association, New York, May 20–22, 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Kyrill M. Anderson, <i>The Soviet World of American Communism</i>, Yale University Press (1998); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300071507" title="Special:BookSources/0300071507">0300071507</a>; p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes and Kyrill M. Anderson, <i>The Soviet World of American Communism</i>, Yale University Press (1998); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300071507" title="Special:BookSources/0300071507">0300071507</a>; p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlehr2017" class="citation book cs1">Klehr, Harvey (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hpsuDwAAQBAJ&dq=cpusa+glasnost&pg=PT200"><i>The Communist Experience in America: A Political and Social History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351484749" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351484749"><bdi>978-1351484749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Experience+in+America%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351484749&rft.aulast=Klehr&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhpsuDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcpusa%2Bglasnost%26pg%3DPT200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellen Schrecker, "Soviet Espionage in America: An Oft-Told tale", <i>Reviews in American History</i>, Volume 38, Number 2, June 2010 p. 359. Schrecker goes on to explore why the Left dared to spy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2016" class="citation news cs1">Rose, Steve (January 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/shortcuts/2016/jan/24/racial-harmony-in-a-marxist-utopia-how-the-soviet-union-capitalised-on-us-discrimination-in-pictures">"Racial harmony in a Marxist utopia: how the Soviet Union capitalised on US discrimination"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Racial+harmony+in+a+Marxist+utopia%3A+how+the+Soviet+Union+capitalised+on+US+discrimination&rft.date=2016-01-24&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fshortcuts%2F2016%2Fjan%2F24%2Fracial-harmony-in-a-marxist-utopia-how-the-soviet-union-capitalised-on-us-discrimination-in-pictures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heyday-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heyday_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlehr1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Klehr, Harvey</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heydayofamerican00kleh"><i>The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade</i></a></span>. Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heydayofamerican00kleh/page/3">3</a>–5 (number of members). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465029457" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465029457"><bdi>978-0465029457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heyday+of+American+Communism%3A+The+Depression+Decade&rft.pages=3-5+%28number+of+members%29&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0465029457&rft.aulast=Klehr&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheydayofamerican00kleh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Frances Fox Piven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Richard Cloward</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Movements:_Why_They_Succeed,_How_They_Fail" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail">Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail</a></i>, (New York:<a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>, 1978), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394726979" title="Special:BookSources/0394726979">0394726979</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qI9mzBuTvjUC&pg=PA53">pp. 52–58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedges2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges, Chris</a> (2018). <i>America: The Farewell Tour</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501152672" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501152672"><bdi>978-1501152672</bdi></a>. <q>The breakdown of capitalism saw a short-lived revival of organized labor during the 1930s, often led by the Communist Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%3A+The+Farewell+Tour&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1501152672&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/fifties/essays/anti-communism-1950s">"Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"</a>. <i>gilderlehrman.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gilderlehrman.org&rft.atitle=Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-by-era%2Ffifties%2Fessays%2Fanti-communism-1950s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crain-2016-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crain-2016_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crain-2016_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crain-2016_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crain-2016_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrain2016" class="citation news cs1">Crain, Caleb (April 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/18/the-americans-soldiers-of-the-spanish-civil-war">"The American Soldiers of the Spanish Civil War"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+American+Soldiers+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Crain&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2016%2F04%2F18%2Fthe-americans-soldiers-of-the-spanish-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/SPrussia.htm">"Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War"</a>. <i>Spartacus Educational</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Soviet+Union+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FSPrussia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/sova.html">Soviet and American Communist Parties</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/">Revelations from the Russian Archives</a>, Library of Congress, January 4, 1996. Retrieved August 29, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryan162-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryan162_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryan162_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1997" class="citation book cs1">Ryan JG (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933"><i>Earl Browder: the failure of American communism</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2"><bdi>978-0-585-28017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Browder%3A+the+failure+of+American+communism&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-585-28017-2&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F39933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars43-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars43_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). <i>Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953</i>. Yale University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanford-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sanford_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanford2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Sanford_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Sanford (scholar)">Sanford, George</a> (2005). <i>Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory</i>. London, New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33873-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33873-5"><bdi>0-415-33873-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katyn+and+the+Soviet+Massacre+of+1940%3A+Truth%2C+Justice+And+Memory&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-33873-5&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryan164-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ryan164_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1997" class="citation book cs1">Ryan JG (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933"><i>Earl Browder: the failure of American communism</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2"><bdi>978-0-585-28017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Browder%3A+the+failure+of+American+communism&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-585-28017-2&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F39933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryan168-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryan168_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryan168_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1997" class="citation book cs1">Ryan JG (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933"><i>Earl Browder: the failure of American communism</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2"><bdi>978-0-585-28017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Browder%3A+the+failure+of+American+communism&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-585-28017-2&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F39933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selig Adler (1957). <i>The isolationist impulse: its twentieth-century reaction</i>. pp. 269–270, 274.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837178226" title="Special:BookSources/9780837178226">9780837178226</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryan166-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryan166_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryan166_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1997" class="citation book cs1">Ryan JG (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933"><i>Earl Browder: the failure of American communism</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2"><bdi>978-0-585-28017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Browder%3A+the+failure+of+American+communism&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-585-28017-2&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F39933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryan189-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ryan189_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1997" class="citation book cs1">Ryan JG (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/39933"><i>Earl Browder: the failure of American communism</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-28017-2"><bdi>978-0-585-28017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Browder%3A+the+failure+of+American+communism&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-585-28017-2&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F39933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentry, Kurt, <i>J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets</i>. W. W. Norton & Company 1991. P. 442. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393024040" title="Special:BookSources/0393024040">0393024040</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClick" class="citation web cs1">Click, Kane Madison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1071/communist-control-act-of-1954">"Communist Control Act of 1954"</a>. <i>www.mtsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hammerhoealabama0000kell"><i>Hammer and hoe : Alabama Communists during the Great Depression</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hammerhoealabama0000kell/page/2">2–10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807819212" title="Special:BookSources/0807819212"><bdi>0807819212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hammer+and+hoe+%3A+Alabama+Communists+during+the+Great+Depression&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=2-10&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0807819212&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Robin+D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhammerhoealabama0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/CP_map-members.shtml">"Communist Party membership by Districts 1922–1950 – Mapping American Social Movements"</a>. <i>depts.washington.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-o5jqehzvcC&pg=PA155"><i>The Soviet World of American Communism</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300138009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300138009"><bdi>978-0300138009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+World+of+American+Communism&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0300138009&rft.aulast=Klehr&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Haynes%2C+John+Earl&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Kyrill+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-o5jqehzvcC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs1992" class="citation news cs1">Dobbs, Michael (February 8, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/02/08/us-party-said-funded-by-kremlin/421119eb-6953-413d-baf0-3558cbeb7e48/">"U.S. Party Said Funded by Kremlin"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Random House. p. 799. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895267894" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895267894"><bdi>978-0895267894</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/52005149">52005149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=799&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F52005149&rft.isbn=978-0895267894&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Whittaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/venona/intercepts.html">"NOVA Online | Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies | Read Venona Intercepts"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Findings and declarations of fact"</a>. U.S. Code collection on the site of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. Retrieved August 30, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Retrieved Papers Shed Light On Communist Activities In U.S.</i>, Associated Press, January 31, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinstein, Allen, and Vassiliev, Alexander, <i>The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – the Stalin Era</i> (New York: Random House, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlehr2017" class="citation news cs1">Klehr, Harvey (July 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/03/opinion/communist-party-usa-soviet-union.html">"Opinion | American Reds, Soviet Stooges"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(September 17, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/09/17/soviet-secrets-fed-to-fbi-for-more-than-25-years/5dcdaab1-1d05-4e0f-8c25-87ecf852d67c/">"Soviet Secrets Fed to FBI for More Than 25 Years"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Soviet+Secrets+Fed+to+FBI+for+More+Than+25+Years&rft.date=1981-09-17&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Babcock&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1981%2F09%2F17%2Fsoviet-secrets-fed-to-fbi-for-more-than-25-years%2F5dcdaab1-1d05-4e0f-8c25-87ecf852d67c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB375/">"The SOLO File: Declassified Documents Detail 'The FBI's Most Valued Secret Agents of the Cold War'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>nsarchive2.gwu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive2.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+SOLO+File%3A+Declassified+Documents+Detail+%27The+FBI%27s+Most+Valued+Secret+Agents+of+the+Cold+War%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB375%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2001-06-04-0106040229-story.html">"Carl N. Freyman, 85"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. June 4, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2019.1670207">"From Old Left to New Left: The FBI and the Sino–Soviet Split"</a>. <i>International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 97–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08850607.2019.1670207">10.1080/08850607.2019.1670207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0885-0607">0885-0607</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214529143">214529143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Intelligence+and+CounterIntelligence&rft.atitle=From+Old+Left+to+New+Left%3A+The+FBI+and+the+Sino%E2%80%93Soviet+Split&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-118&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214529143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0885-0607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08850607.2019.1670207&rft.aulast=Tromblay&rft.aufirst=Darren+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F08850607.2019.1670207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTromblay2015" class="citation book cs1">Tromblay, Darren E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8F9ECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384"><i>The U.S. Domestic Intelligence Enterprise: History, Development, and Operations</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 384–387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482247749" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482247749"><bdi>978-1482247749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Domestic+Intelligence+Enterprise%3A+History%2C+Development%2C+and+Operations&rft.pages=384-387&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1482247749&rft.aulast=Tromblay&rft.aufirst=Darren+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8F9ECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_Clarence2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Taylor" title="Clarence Taylor">Taylor, Clarence</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KC8epvjNRXAC&pg=PA141">"The First Wave of Suspensions and Dismissals"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KC8epvjNRXAC"><i>Reds at the Blackboard: Communism, Civil Rights, and the New York City Teachers Union</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231526487" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231526487"><bdi>978-0231526487</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Wave+of+Suspensions+and+Dismissals&rft.btitle=Reds+at+the+Blackboard%3A+Communism%2C+Civil+Rights%2C+and+the+New+York+City+Teachers+Union&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0231526487&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKC8epvjNRXAC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky,_Melvin_I.2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_I._Urofsky" title="Melvin I. Urofsky">Urofsky, Melvin I.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UN1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44">"Eugene Dennis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UN1AwAAQBAJ"><i>100 Americans Making Constitutional History: A Biographical History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>. pp. 44–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781452235400">10.4135/9781452235400</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452235400" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452235400"><bdi>978-1452235400</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eugene+Dennis&rft.btitle=100+Americans+Making+Constitutional+History%3A+A+Biographical+History&rft.pages=44-46&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781452235400&rft.isbn=978-1452235400&rft.au=Urofsky%2C+Melvin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5UN1AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mink, Gwendolyn, and Alice O'Connor. <i>Poverty in the United States: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, and Policy</i>. ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 194. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576075975" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576075975">978-1576075975</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/view/115/">"In this issue<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."</a>, <i>Political Affairs</i>, April 2004. Retrieved August 29, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpusa.org/communist-party-usa-resolution-on-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-rights/">"Communist Party, USA: Resolution on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Rights"</a>. Convention Resolution on July 20, 2005. <i>CPUSA Online</i>. Retrieved August 20, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpusa.org/gay-pride-month-communists-stand-in-solidarity/">"Gay Pride Month: Communists stand in solidarity"</a>. <i>CPUSA Online</i>. June 24, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030407153812/http://cpusa.org/">"No to Bush's War!"</a>. <i>CPUSA Online</i>. Archived on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> on April 7, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?53039/JudithLeBlanc">"Judith LeBlanc | C-SPAN.org"</a>. <i>www.c-span.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.c-span.org&rft.atitle=Judith+LeBlanc+%7C+C-SPAN.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fperson%2F%3F53039%2FJudithLeBlanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/eam/writers/ruthenberg.html">"C. E. Ruthenberg Page"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cannon/works/index.htm">"The James P. Cannon Library"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/foster/index.htm">"William Z. Foster"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190223093358/http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/foster/index.htm">Archived</a> February 23, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Charles_E._Taylor">"Charles E. Taylor"</a>. <i>Ballotpedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=Charles+E.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FCharles_E._Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montanaseniornews.com/communists/">"The Communists of Sheridan County"</a>. <i>Montana Senior News</i>. December 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Montana+Senior+News&rft.atitle=The+Communists+of+Sheridan+County&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montanaseniornews.com%2Fcommunists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty" class="citation web cs1">Daugherty, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-child-prodigies-who-became-20th-century-celebrities-2436967/">"Smithsonian Magazine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fthe-child-prodigies-who-became-20th-century-celebrities-2436967%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carleton-1985-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carleton-1985_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carleton-1985_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarleton1985" class="citation book cs1">Carleton, Don (1985). <i>Red Scare! Rightwing Hysteria, Fifties Fanatacism and their Legacy in Texas</i>. Austin: TexasMonthly Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932012906" title="Special:BookSources/0932012906"><bdi>0932012906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Scare%21+Rightwing+Hysteria%2C+Fifties+Fanatacism+and+their+Legacy+in+Texas&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=TexasMonthly+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0932012906&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Congress: Chronicling America – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/sn87062321/">The Chicago Star (Chicago, Ill.) 1946–1948</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Congress: Chronicling America – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/sn82015060/">The Illinois Standard (Chicago, Ill.) 1948–1949</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPecinovsky2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pecinovsky, Tony (December 9, 2015). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Word Warrior' a good book on democratic media". <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_World" title="People's World">People's World</a></i>. <q>Reviewing the book <i>Word Warrior</i> by Sonja D. Williams</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+World&rft.atitle=%27Word+Warrior%27+a+good+book+on+democratic+media&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.aulast=Pecinovsky&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-People's_World_Protests-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-People's_World_Protests_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrar2011" class="citation news cs1">Farrar, Jordan (May 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoplesworld.org/baltimore-students-protest-cuts">"Baltimore students protest cuts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_World" title="People's World">People's World</a></i>. Chicago, Illinois: Long View Publishing Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818155101/http://www.peoplesworld.org/baltimore-students-protest-cuts">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+World&rft.atitle=Baltimore+students+protest+cuts&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplesworld.org%2Fbaltimore-students-protest-cuts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bastfield-2002-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bastfield-2002_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastfield-2002_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastfield2002" class="citation book cs1">Bastfield, Darrin Keith Bastfield (2002). "Chapter 7: A Revolutionary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wna2MAiFpgEC&q=Back+in+the+Day:+My+Life+and+Times+with+Tupac+Shakur"><i>Back in the Day: My Life and Times with Tupac Shakur</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass. : Da Capo; London: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306812959" title="Special:BookSources/0306812959"><bdi>0306812959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+A+Revolutionary&rft.btitle=Back+in+the+Day%3A+My+Life+and+Times+with+Tupac+Shakur&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.+%3A+Da+Capo%3B+London&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0306812959&rft.aulast=Bastfield&rft.aufirst=Darrin+Keith+Bastfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWna2MAiFpgEC%26q%3DBack%2Bin%2Bthe%2BDay%3A%2BMy%2BLife%2Band%2BTimes%2Bwith%2BTupac%2BShakur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Party+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a selection of the most important titles, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_on_American_Communism" title="Bibliography on American Communism">bibliography on American Communism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Arnesen, Eric, "Civil Rights and the Cold War at Home: Postwar Activism, Anticommunism, and the Decline of the Left", <i>American Communist History</i> (2012), 11#1 pp 5–44.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Draper" title="Theodore Draper">Draper, Theodore</a>, <i>The Roots of American Communism.</i> New York: Viking, 1957.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Draper" title="Theodore Draper">Draper, Theodore</a>, <i>American Communism and Soviet Russia: The Formative Period.</i> New York: Viking, 1960.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Draper" title="Theodore Draper">Draper, Theodore</a>, The Roots of American Communism. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (Originally published by Viking Press in 1957). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765805138" title="Special:BookSources/0765805138">0765805138</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe, Irving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Coser" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Coser">Lewis Coser</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cpusahowecoser">The American Communist Party: A Critical History</a>.</i> Boston: Beacon Press, 1957.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Isserman" title="Maurice Isserman">Isserman, Maurice</a>, <i>Which Side Were You On?: The American Communist Party During the Second World War.</i> Wesleyan University Press, 1982 and 1987.</li> <li>Jaffe, Philip J., <i>Rise and Fall of American Communism.</i> Horizon Press, 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Klehr, Harvey</a>. <i>The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade</i>, Basic Books, 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Klehr, Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">Haynes, John Earl</a>, <i>The American Communist Movement: Storming Heaven Itself</i>, Twayne Publishers (Macmillan), 1992.</li> <li>Klehr, Harvey, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov. <i>The Secret World of American Communism.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.</li> <li>Klehr, Harvey, Kyrill M. Anderson, and John Earl Haynes. <i>The Soviet World of American Communism.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.</li> <li>Lewy, Guenter, <i>The Cause That Failed: Communism in American Political Life.</i> New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.</li> <li>McDuffie, Erik S., <i>Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism.</i> Durham: Duke University Press, 2011</li> <li>Ottanelli, Fraser M., <i>The Communist Party of the United States: From the Depression to World War II.</i> New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991.</li> <li>Maurice Spector, <i>James P. Cannon, and the Origins of Canadian Trotskyism</i>, <i>1890–1928.</i> Urbana, IL: Illinois University Press, 2007</li> <li>Palmer, Bryan, <i>James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left, 1890–1928.</i> Urbana, IL: Illinois University Press, 2007.</li> <li>Service, Robert. <i>Comrades!: a history of world communism</i> (2007).</li> <li>Shannon, David A., <i>The Decline of American Communism: A History of the Communist Party of the United States since 1945.</i> New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1959.</li> <li>Starobin, Joseph R., <i>American Communism in Crisis, 1943–1957.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.</li> <li>Zumoff, Jacob A. <i>The Communist International and US Communism, 1919–1929.</i> [2014] Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_132/">"Communist Party of the United States of America Records"</a>, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives, New York University Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv78295">Communist Party of the United States of America Records</a>, 1956–1960. At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv94784">Communist Party of the United States of America, Washington State District Records</a>, 1919–2003. At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv61984">Marion S. Kinney Papers</a>, 1930–1983. At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_USA&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communist_Party_USA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090711155158/http://www.yclusa.org/">Young Communist League USA</a> – youth group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoplesworld.org"><i>People's World</i></a> – weekly newspaper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011122550/http://faculty.washington.edu/gregoryj/cpproject/">Communism in Washington State History and Memory Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ManifestoAndProgram.Constitution.ReportToTheCommunistInternational">Manifesto and program. Constitution. Report to the Communist International</a> – first pamphlet of the Communist Party of America</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ManifestoToTheWorkersOfAmerica">Manifesto to the workers of America</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/CPUSA" class="extiw" title="iarchive:CPUSA">FBI files on the CPUSA</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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USA"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_USA" title="Template talk:Communist Party USA"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_USA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party USA"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_USA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Communist Party USA</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>; <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>; <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>; <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>; <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>; <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>; <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>; <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>; <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>; <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mike Zagarell</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>; <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>; <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Ruthenberg" title="C. E. Ruthenberg">C. E. Ruthenberg</a> (1919–1920; 1922–1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wagenknecht" title="Alfred Wagenknecht">Alfred Wagenknecht</a> (1919–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dirba" title="Charles Dirba">Charles Dirba</a> (1920–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Shapiro_(communist)" title="Louis Shapiro (communist)">Louis Shapiro</a> (late 1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L._E._Katterfeld" title="L. E. Katterfeld">L. E. Katterfeld</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Weinstone" title="William Weinstone">William Weinstone</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> (1922; 1927–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Harrison" title="Caleb Harrison">Caleb Harrison</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abram_Jakira" title="Abram Jakira">Abram Jakira</a> (1922–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (1929–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> (1934–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Eugene Dennis</a> (1945–1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (1945–1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> (1959–2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Webb_(communist)" title="Sam Webb (communist)">Sam Webb</a> (2000–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bachtell" title="John Bachtell">John Bachtell</a> (2014–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Rossana Cambron & <a href="/wiki/Joe_Sims_(politician)" title="Joe Sims (politician)">Joe Sims</a> (2019–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Prominent members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ades" title="Bernard Ades">Bernard Ades</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Albertson" title="William Albertson">William Albertson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Aptheker" title="Herbert Aptheker">Herbert Aptheker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Bedacht" title="Max Bedacht">Max Bedacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bernard_(American_politician)" title="John Bernard (American politician)">John Bernard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bernstein" title="Walter Bernstein">Walter Bernstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Ella Reeve Bloor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Burlak" title="Anne Burlak">Anne Burlak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cacchione" title="Peter Cacchione">Peter Cacchione</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_J._Davis_Jr." title="Benjamin J. Davis Jr.">Benjamin J. Davis Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Graham_Du_Bois" title="Shirley Graham Du Bois">Shirley Graham Du Bois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bella_Dodd" title="Bella Dodd">Bella Dodd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Goldman_(politician)" title="Albert Goldman (politician)">Albert Goldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ray_Healey" title="Dorothy Ray Healey">Dorothy Ray Healey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manning_Johnson" title="Manning Johnson">Manning Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oakley_C._Johnson" title="Oakley C. Johnson">Oakley C. Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Claudia Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Konikow" title="Antoinette Konikow">Antoinette Konikow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lightfoot" title="Claude Lightfoot">Claude Lightfoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Nelson_(activist)" title="Steve Nelson (activist)">Steve Nelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Emil_Nygard" title="Karl Emil Nygard">Karl Emil Nygard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Patterson" title="William L. Patterson">William L. Patterson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Taylor_(politician)" title="Charles E. Taylor (politician)">Charles E. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Tenayuca" title="Emma Tenayuca">Emma Tenayuca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Albertson_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aptheker_v._Secretary_of_State" title="Aptheker v. Secretary of State">Aptheker v. Secretary of State</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/De_Jonge_v._Oregon" title="De Jonge v. Oregon">De Jonge v. Oregon</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles" title="Kent v. Dulles">Kent v. Dulles</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Noto_v._United_States" title="Noto v. United States">Noto v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scales_v._United_States" title="Scales v. United States">Scales v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Maryland" title="Communist Party of Maryland">Maryland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Texas" title="Communist Party of Texas">Texas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Chapter_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Alabama Chapter of the Communist Party USA">Alabama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Communist Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_Spanish_Freedom" title="American Committee for Spanish Freedom">American Committee for Spanish Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Browderism" title="Browderism">Browderism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English-language_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="English-language press of the Communist Party USA">English-language press</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_federation" title="Language federation">Language federation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Left_Wing_Section_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party">Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Communist_Party_USA_members_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" title="List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States">List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_conventions_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="National conventions of the Communist Party USA">National conventions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Workers_School" title="New York Workers School">New York Workers School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Non-English_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Non-English press of the Communist Party USA">Non-English press</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_World" title="People's World">People's World</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Red_diaper_baby" title="Red diaper baby">Red diaper baby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Workers%27_School" title="San Francisco Workers' School">San Francisco Workers' School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Negro_Republic" title="Soviet Negro Republic">Soviet Negro Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communist Party USA and African Americans">Relations with African Americans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ware_Group" title="Ware Group">Ware Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yokinen_Show_Trial" title="Yokinen Show Trial">Yokinen Show Trial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_USA" title="Young Communist League USA">Young Communist League USA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_America" title="Young Pioneers of America">Young Pioneers of America</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="XV_International_Brigade_–_Abraham_Lincoln" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;background: #c11; color: #fe1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:XV_International_Brigade" title="Template:XV International Brigade"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #fe1">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:XV_International_Brigade" title="Template talk:XV International Brigade"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #fe1">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:XV_International_Brigade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:XV International Brigade"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #fe1">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="XV_International_Brigade_–_Abraham_Lincoln" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #fe1; text-decoration: inherit;">XV International Brigade – <i>Abraham Lincoln</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_G%C3%A1licz" title="János Gálicz">János Gálicz</a> <small>(Jan–Feb 1937)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C4%86opi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Ćopić">Vladimir Ćopić</a> <small>(Feb–Jul 1937)</small></li> <li>Klaus Becker <small>(Jul–Aug 1937)</small></li> <li>Vladimir Ćopić <small>(Aug 1937–Mar 1938)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hale_Merriman" title="Robert Hale Merriman">Robert Hale Merriman</a> <small>(Mar–Apr 1938)</small></li> <li>Vladimir Ćopić <small>(Apr–May 1938)</small></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Valledor_%C3%81lvarez" class="extiw" title="es:José Antonio Valledor Álvarez">José Antonio Valledor Álvarez</a> <small>(May–Sep 1938)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg/50px-Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg/75px-Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg/100px-Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">Battalions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a> <small>(incl. <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Bureau" title="American Medical Bureau">American Medical Bureau</a> & <a href="/wiki/Connolly_Column" title="Connolly Column">Connolly Column</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrov_Battalion" title="Dimitrov Battalion">Dimitrov Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_of_February_Battalion" title="Sixth of February Battalion">Sixth of February Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Battalion_(International_Brigade)" title="24th Battalion (International Brigade)">24 Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Battalion">Washington Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aalto" title="William Aalto">William Aalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ades" title="Bernard Ades">Bernard Ades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Alexander_(British_politician)" title="Bill Alexander (British politician)">Bill Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_K._Barsky" title="Edward K. Barsky">Edward K. Barsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Walker_Ben%C3%A9t" title="James Walker Benét">James Walker Benét</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Bessie" title="Alvah Bessie">Alvah Bessie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmer_Berg" title="Delmer Berg">Delmer Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Bottcher" title="Herman Bottcher">Herman Bottcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Carter_Jr." title="Edward A. Carter Jr.">Edward A. Carter Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caudwell" title="Christopher Caudwell">Christopher Caudwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Clive" title="Lewis Clive">Lewis Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Copeman" title="Fred Copeman">Fred Copeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cornford" title="John Cornford">John Cornford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_Cunningham" title="Jock Cunningham">Jock Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Daly_(Republican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Daly (Republican)">Peter Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peko_Dap%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Peko Dapčević">Peko Dapčević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Delgado_Delgado" title="Carmelo Delgado Delgado">Carmelo Delgado Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Donnelly_(poet)" title="Charles Donnelly (poet)">Charles Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Doyle_(activist)" title="Bob Doyle (activist)">Bob Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Drap%C5%A1in" title="Petar Drapšin">Petar Drapšin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Edwards_(communist)" title="Frank Edwards (communist)">Frank Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Eloesser" title="Leo Eloesser">Leo Eloesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosess_Fishman" title="Mosess Fishman">Moe Fishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Garner" title="Hugh Garner">Hugh Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gates" title="John Gates">John Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Guest_(communist)" title="David Guest (communist)">David Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Gurney" title="Jason Gurney">Jason Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herrick_(novelist)" title="William Herrick (novelist)">William Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hilliard" title="Robert Hilliard">Robert Hilliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Jack Jones (trade unionist)">Jack Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaria_Kea" title="Salaria Kea">Salaria Kea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Klonsky" title="Robert Klonsky">Robert Klonsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Law" title="Oliver Law">Oliver Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Lee" title="Laurie Lee">Laurie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Levitas" title="Maurice Levitas">Maurice Levitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yank_Levy" title="Yank Levy">Yank Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Mattson" title="Matti Mattson">Matti Mattson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_McDade" title="Alex McDade">Alex McDade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Roe_McLaughlin" title="Paddy Roe McLaughlin">Paddy Roe McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Na%C4%91" title="Kosta Nađ">Kosta Nađ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conlon_Nancarrow" title="Conlon Nancarrow">Conlon Nancarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nathan" title="George Nathan">George Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Nelson_(activist)" title="Steve Nelson (activist)">Steve Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_O%27Daire" title="Paddy O'Daire">Paddy O'Daire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Reilly_(soldier)" title="John O'Reilly (soldier)">John O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Riordan" title="Michael O'Riordan">Michael O'Riordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Patten_(socialist)" title="Thomas Patten (socialist)">Thomas Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Paynter" title="Will Paynter">Will Paynter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da_Popovi%C4%87" title="Koča Popović">Koča Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Wayland_Randall" title="Harry Wayland Randall">Harry Wayland Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Read" title="Patrick Read">Patrick Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmond_Romilly" title="Esmond Romilly">Esmond Romilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ryan_(Irish_republican)" title="Frank Ryan (Irish republican)">Frank Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sherman" title="Alfred Sherman">Alfred Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sossenko" title="George Sossenko">George Sossenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Tapsell" title="Wally Tapsell">Wally Tapsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Thompson" title="Robert G. Thompson">Robert G. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wintringham" title="Tom Wintringham">Tom Wintringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Wolff" title="Milton Wolff">Milton Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland_(1933)" title="Communist Party of Ireland (1933)">Communist Party of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Congress" title="Republican Congress">Republican Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Communist Party of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_(Cuba)" title="Popular Socialist Party (Cuba)">Communist Party of Cuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Squadron" title="Yankee Squadron">Yankee Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigade_Memorial_Trust" title="International Brigade Memorial Trust">International Brigade Memorial Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarama_Valley_(song)" title="Jarama Valley (song)">Jarama Valley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Lincoln_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Songs of the Lincoln Battalion">Songs of the Lincoln Battalion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_la_Quinta_Brigada" title="Viva la Quinta Brigada">Viva la Quinta Brigada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War">Jewish volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War">Yugoslav volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_socialist_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Irish socialist volunteers in the Spanish Civil War">Irish volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">Atomic spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_state_and_local_political_parties" title="Template:United States state and local political parties">State and local political parties (without national body)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Presidential nominating convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_communist_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Communist parties in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Communist parties in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist parties in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_communist_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist parties</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(including <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaist</a> parties)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Communist Party of Puerto Rico">Communist Party of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_(Provisional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party USA (Provisional)">Communist Party USA (Provisional)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Workers%27_Revolutionary_Party" title="Puerto Rican Workers' Revolutionary Party">Puerto Rican Workers' Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Black_Panther_Party" title="Revolutionary Black Panther Party">Revolutionary Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Front_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Socialist Front (Puerto Rico)">Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Movement_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Workers' Socialist Movement (Puerto Rico)">Workers' Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of left-wing politics in the United States">Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />tickets that<br />won at least<br />one percent of<br />the national<br />popular vote<br /> (candidate(s) / <br /> running mate(s))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel F. Cary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George R. Kirkpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />left-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1932)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1932)">Liberty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party performances in presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308714#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308714#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308714#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109451084">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262122408">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79036120">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943344v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943344v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Communist Party of the United States of America"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20031009003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United Communist Party of America"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003201687&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Communist Party of America"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003201690&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259821805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/803295">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027378926">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hb2xzd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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