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} .loading { visibility: hidden; } .detail-page .post-footer .cmt_iframe_holder { padding-top: 40px !important; } /** Desktop **/ @media (max-width: 900px) { .col-right { display: none; } .col-main { margin-right: 0; min-width: initial; } .footer-outer { display: none; } .cols-wrapper { min-width: initial; } .google-footer-outer { background-color: #f5f5f5; } } /** Tablet **/ @media (max-width: 712px) { .header-outer, .cols-wrapper, .footer-outer, .google-footer-outer { padding: 0 40px; } } /* An extra breakpoint accommodating for long blog titles. */ @media (max-width: 600px) { .header-left { height: 100%; position: initial; top: inherit; margin-top: 0; -webkit-transform: initial; transform: initial; } .header-title { margin-top: 18px; } .header-inner { height: auto; margin-bottom: 32px; margin-top: 32px; } .header-desc { margin-top: 12px; } .header-inner .google-logo { height: 70px; margin-top: 3px; } .header-inner .google-logo img { height: 70px; } .header-title h2 { font-size: 32px; 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//]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://blog.chromium.org/'> <img alt="Chromium Blog" height="50" src="//1.bp.blogspot.com/-vkF7AFJOwBk/VkQxeAGi1mI/AAAAAAAARYo/57denvsQ8zA/s1600-r/logo_chromium.png"> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Chromium Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> News and developments from the open source browser project </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='8779472085228429973' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/06/how-chrome-achieved-high-scores-on.html' itemprop='url' title='How Chrome achieved high scores on three browser benchmarks'> How Chrome achieved high scores on three browser benchmarks </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Friday, June 2, 2023 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ef093241-7fff-c218-a59d-9f019c745a67"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhq3y37d11y5YKBRI73KZlrz4Re-7pwYAP9H_AzqWxw6N0wLBDMtrSl9RyyTizR4mztTWrLrspPrWEah6t-kXOJ0_7em9C5PxJc25kVPp-ihOvkQMSXVP279nfppZtuNVDcZlCVJIdPHXhvwemJIkopRpxO2aTACieA6XKzOW1EC2kiBBi-JbhDLGENhA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hero image for The Fast and the Curios series" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="400" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhq3y37d11y5YKBRI73KZlrz4Re-7pwYAP9H_AzqWxw6N0wLBDMtrSl9RyyTizR4mztTWrLrspPrWEah6t-kXOJ0_7em9C5PxJc25kVPp-ihOvkQMSXVP279nfppZtuNVDcZlCVJIdPHXhvwemJIkopRpxO2aTACieA6XKzOW1EC2kiBBi-JbhDLGENhA=w438-h182" width="438" /></a></div><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since the beginning of Chrome, benchmarks have been a key way by which we drive performance optimizations that benefit users. The most relevant web benchmarks today are </span><a href="https://browserbench.org/Speedometer2.0/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Speedometer</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://browserbench.org/MotionMark1.2/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MotionMark</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and </span><a href="https://browserbench.org/JetStream/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jetstream</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Over the last year Chrome has invested in optimizing against these specific benchmarks and has just achieved our highest scores across all three. These gains were achieved through a combination of large projects and small improvements. In today’s </span><a href="https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Fast and the Curious</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> post, we want to share just some of the ways we drove these improvements in Chrome. </span></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Announcing our brand new mid-tier compiler: Maglev </span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ff79c3eb-7fff-0dfb-b6e6-e38ce5b08f26"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We’re bringing a new mid-tier compiler to Chrome. Maglev is a just-in-time compiler that can quickly generate performant machine code for all relevant functions within the first one-hundredth of a second. It reduces overall CPU time to compile code while also saving battery life. Our measurements show Maglev has provided a 7.5 percent improvement on Jetstream and a 5 percent improvement in Speedometer. Maglev will start rolling out in Chrome version 114, which begins release on June 5.</span></span></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Speedometer </span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Speedometer measures the responsiveness of websites by putting various JavaScript UI frameworks through their paces. Just over a year ago we shared details about </span><a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2022/03/how-chrome-became-highest-scoring.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline;">how we increased our score</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> from 100 to over 300 from Chrome version 40 to version 101. Since then, across 13 Chrome releases, we’ve achieved our new highest Speedometer score of 491. In addition to Maglev, the V8 team has achieved this score through both small adjustments, such as optimized function calls, and major, multi-quarter projects.</span> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="A speedometer visual shows a 491 score for the Speedometer browser benchmark, which measures the responsiveness of websites. This is up from a score of 330 in the past year for Chrome." border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7YEw5HVXlz6ingSSXlMHTA81Qr1Gn9h5GhQulRDB_bhAAX3iNvXFMG3tQjfEazGLcNbmZFhfjWgr7LbVEve_7ZDoFEFA6_gWn3bBzKLwu_04-uyInWdxxYx1y8vfZGO8StNiHMjoZwchUEXAXSB_bcg0YnCvMB7wziT7VB4a8-2A-izVSqtjijFzw6w/w318-h320/Screenshot%202023-06-02%20at%203.09.07%20PM.png" width="318" /></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Chrome 116.0.5803.2 running on an M2 Macbook Air with Maglev enabled</div></span><p></p><br /><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MotionMark</span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-bf8cbe97-7fff-1d81-1174-c10693bb1451"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MotionMark is designed to test how much browser graphics systems can render at high frame rates. Chrome’s graphics and rendering teams have tracked over 20 optimizations since the start of the year, and more than half are available today. Together, these optimizations have almost tripled performance. Some highlights include improvements to Canvas performance, profile-guided optimization, GPU task scheduling, and layer compositing. We also created a novel algorithm for dynamic multisample anti-aliasing and out-of-process 2D canvas rasterization for improved parallelism.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="A speedometer visual shows a 4821.30 score for the MotionMark browser benchmark, which tests browser graphics systems. This marks a nearly 3X improvement in the last year for Chrome." border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfZGLpzRBjS94EVacu6g0-3vUD1M0ZelJBCzHuSkycdka39rckFmI2SXeQVgSrCUqInXwSF5mdgLHVv8wMcVa0pUF71ivHu6uIi7FaASm3PKVrODZbVo4F9fF2pzP9UnxELqXIPIKykx7ZeyX68mdenkoX77LwVpuvCG_pfOryHOjqSg-WWZe2p_TStw/w311-h320/Screenshot%202023-06-02%20at%203.13.54%20PM.png" width="311" /></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Chrome M115.0.5773.4 running on a 13” M2 Macbook Pro</div></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-dad7c35e-7fff-2d61-169d-3cfc9aa16c71"><div><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jetstream </span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7bf4462e-7fff-6dbb-e9b9-6c9e90ceb591"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-b9198dd8-7fff-70ce-2ef2-f0bcb968189d"><span style="font-family: "Google Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">JetStream is a JavaScript and WebAssembly benchmark suite focused on advanced web applications. Many of the updates that we made for Speedometer also drove significant improvements on Jetstream as we optimized the V8 engine. In addition to these enhancements, Maglev drove the biggest gains in this benchmark.  </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="A speedometer visual shows a 330.939 score for the Jetstream2 browser benchmark, which focuses on advanced web applications. This improvement is largely driven by Maglev, a new just-in-time compiler in Chrome." border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii2MYIQ0Btj3SvA7mokzi746Nys8O3Fynw-jMO8C3UG8xa184hzAL4CVTF9Z9Z3Qqxm8M4SpbH24087haPJH6F57lqOy-8FSVsg96gAO7ICB5A7fpJWYI673KUQ7CYDjQRJs7pItbrcdC5jL0uFQoK_HlKaH6_YREynyJB3ir4srCVyiaQNNOZ-Ycisg/w320-h320/Screenshot%202023-06-02%20at%203.11.36%20PM.png" width="320" /></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Chrome 116.0.5803.2 running on an M2 Macbook Air with Maglev enabled</div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Looking ahead</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-5a54b724-7fff-a79b-bc06-d49c709bcb20"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Because we’re optimizing against these benchmarks, it’s essential that these improvements translate to real user benefits, which is why we’re investing, along with other browsers, in creating </span><a href="https://twitter.com/webkit/status/1603435731375992833?lang=en" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the next generation of benchmarks</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. This has been an ongoing collaboration, and we’re excited to turn our efforts toward this new target in the coming year.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1b35edb8-7fff-8c15-370f-5be2c1a7374c"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">We hope you all enjoy a faster Chrome! </span></p><br /><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Posted by Thomas Nattestad, Product Manager</span></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ef093241-7fff-c218-a59d-9f019c745a67"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhq3y37d11y5YKBRI73KZlrz4Re-7pwYAP9H_AzqWxw6N0wLBDMtrSl9RyyTizR4mztTWrLrspPrWEah6t-kXOJ0_7em9C5PxJc25kVPp-ihOvkQMSXVP279nfppZtuNVDcZlCVJIdPHXhvwemJIkopRpxO2aTACieA6XKzOW1EC2kiBBi-JbhDLGENhA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hero image for The Fast and the Curios series" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="400" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhq3y37d11y5YKBRI73KZlrz4Re-7pwYAP9H_AzqWxw6N0wLBDMtrSl9RyyTizR4mztTWrLrspPrWEah6t-kXOJ0_7em9C5PxJc25kVPp-ihOvkQMSXVP279nfppZtuNVDcZlCVJIdPHXhvwemJIkopRpxO2aTACieA6XKzOW1EC2kiBBi-JbhDLGENhA=w438-h182" width="438" /></a></div><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since the beginning of Chrome, benchmarks have been a key way by which we drive performance optimizations that benefit users. The most relevant web benchmarks today are </span><a href="https://browserbench.org/Speedometer2.0/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Speedometer</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><a href="https://browserbench.org/MotionMark1.2/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MotionMark</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and </span><a href="https://browserbench.org/JetStream/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jetstream</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Over the last year Chrome has invested in optimizing against these specific benchmarks and has just achieved our highest scores across all three. These gains were achieved through a combination of large projects and small improvements. In today’s </span><a href="https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Fast and the Curious</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> post, we want to share just some of the ways we drove these improvements in Chrome. </span></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Announcing our brand new mid-tier compiler: Maglev </span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ff79c3eb-7fff-0dfb-b6e6-e38ce5b08f26"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We’re bringing a new mid-tier compiler to Chrome. Maglev is a just-in-time compiler that can quickly generate performant machine code for all relevant functions within the first one-hundredth of a second. It reduces overall CPU time to compile code while also saving battery life. Our measurements show Maglev has provided a 7.5 percent improvement on Jetstream and a 5 percent improvement in Speedometer. Maglev will start rolling out in Chrome version 114, which begins release on June 5.</span></span></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Speedometer </span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Speedometer measures the responsiveness of websites by putting various JavaScript UI frameworks through their paces. Just over a year ago we shared details about </span><a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2022/03/how-chrome-became-highest-scoring.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline;">how we increased our score</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> from 100 to over 300 from Chrome version 40 to version 101. Since then, across 13 Chrome releases, we’ve achieved our new highest Speedometer score of 491. In addition to Maglev, the V8 team has achieved this score through both small adjustments, such as optimized function calls, and major, multi-quarter projects.</span> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="A speedometer visual shows a 491 score for the Speedometer browser benchmark, which measures the responsiveness of websites. This is up from a score of 330 in the past year for Chrome." border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7YEw5HVXlz6ingSSXlMHTA81Qr1Gn9h5GhQulRDB_bhAAX3iNvXFMG3tQjfEazGLcNbmZFhfjWgr7LbVEve_7ZDoFEFA6_gWn3bBzKLwu_04-uyInWdxxYx1y8vfZGO8StNiHMjoZwchUEXAXSB_bcg0YnCvMB7wziT7VB4a8-2A-izVSqtjijFzw6w/w318-h320/Screenshot%202023-06-02%20at%203.09.07%20PM.png" width="318" /></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Chrome 116.0.5803.2 running on an M2 Macbook Air with Maglev enabled</div></span><p></p><br /><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MotionMark</span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-bf8cbe97-7fff-1d81-1174-c10693bb1451"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MotionMark is designed to test how much browser graphics systems can render at high frame rates. Chrome’s graphics and rendering teams have tracked over 20 optimizations since the start of the year, and more than half are available today. Together, these optimizations have almost tripled performance. Some highlights include improvements to Canvas performance, profile-guided optimization, GPU task scheduling, and layer compositing. We also created a novel algorithm for dynamic multisample anti-aliasing and out-of-process 2D canvas rasterization for improved parallelism.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="A speedometer visual shows a 4821.30 score for the MotionMark browser benchmark, which tests browser graphics systems. This marks a nearly 3X improvement in the last year for Chrome." border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfZGLpzRBjS94EVacu6g0-3vUD1M0ZelJBCzHuSkycdka39rckFmI2SXeQVgSrCUqInXwSF5mdgLHVv8wMcVa0pUF71ivHu6uIi7FaASm3PKVrODZbVo4F9fF2pzP9UnxELqXIPIKykx7ZeyX68mdenkoX77LwVpuvCG_pfOryHOjqSg-WWZe2p_TStw/w311-h320/Screenshot%202023-06-02%20at%203.13.54%20PM.png" width="311" /></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Chrome M115.0.5773.4 running on a 13” M2 Macbook Pro</div></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-dad7c35e-7fff-2d61-169d-3cfc9aa16c71"><div><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jetstream </span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7bf4462e-7fff-6dbb-e9b9-6c9e90ceb591"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-b9198dd8-7fff-70ce-2ef2-f0bcb968189d"><span style="font-family: "Google Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">JetStream is a JavaScript and WebAssembly benchmark suite focused on advanced web applications. Many of the updates that we made for Speedometer also drove significant improvements on Jetstream as we optimized the V8 engine. In addition to these enhancements, Maglev drove the biggest gains in this benchmark.  </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="A speedometer visual shows a 330.939 score for the Jetstream2 browser benchmark, which focuses on advanced web applications. This improvement is largely driven by Maglev, a new just-in-time compiler in Chrome." border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii2MYIQ0Btj3SvA7mokzi746Nys8O3Fynw-jMO8C3UG8xa184hzAL4CVTF9Z9Z3Qqxm8M4SpbH24087haPJH6F57lqOy-8FSVsg96gAO7ICB5A7fpJWYI673KUQ7CYDjQRJs7pItbrcdC5jL0uFQoK_HlKaH6_YREynyJB3ir4srCVyiaQNNOZ-Ycisg/w320-h320/Screenshot%202023-06-02%20at%203.11.36%20PM.png" width="320" /></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Chrome 116.0.5803.2 running on an M2 Macbook Air with Maglev enabled</div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face=""Google Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Looking ahead</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-5a54b724-7fff-a79b-bc06-d49c709bcb20"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Because we’re optimizing against these benchmarks, it’s essential that these improvements translate to real user benefits, which is why we’re investing, along with other browsers, in creating </span><a href="https://twitter.com/webkit/status/1603435731375992833?lang=en" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the next generation of benchmarks</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. This has been an ongoing collaboration, and we’re excited to turn our efforts toward this new target in the coming year.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1b35edb8-7fff-8c15-370f-5be2c1a7374c"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">We hope you all enjoy a faster Chrome! </span></p><br /><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Posted by Thomas Nattestad, Product Manager</span></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Chromium Blog:How Chrome achieved high scores on three browser benchmarks&url=https://blog.chromium.org/2023/06/how-chrome-achieved-high-scores-on.html&via=ChromiumDev'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://blog.chromium.org/2023/06/how-chrome-achieved-high-scores-on.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/06/how-chrome-achieved-high-scores-on.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> <span class='labels-caption'> Labels: </span> <span class='labels'> <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/performance' rel='tag'> performance </a> , <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/speed' rel='tag'> speed </a> , <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious' rel='tag'> the fast and the curious </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='1350361787674078032' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/08/chrome-just-got-faster-with-profile.html' itemprop='url' title='Chrome just got faster with Profile Guided Optimization'> Chrome just got faster with Profile Guided Optimization </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Tuesday, August 25, 2020 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <div><p>From <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCgQDjiotG0" target="_blank">the very beginning</a>, we built Chrome to be the fastest browser possible. The faster Chrome is, the faster you find the information you want or finish the task you need to do. With M85, users will find a noticeably faster Chrome, thanks to our two latest improvements: <b>Profile Guided Optimization</b>, which delivers up to 10% faster page loads; and <b>Tab Throttling</b>, which helps reduce the impact of idle background tabs, coming to the Beta channel.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Profile Guided Optimization</h3>Simplified, Profile Guided Optimization (PGO) is a compiler optimization technique where the most performance-critical parts of the code can run faster. Because PGO uses real usage scenarios that match the workflows of Chrome users around the world, the most common tasks get prioritized and made faster. It is rolling out with Chrome M85 on Mac and Windows.<p></p><p><br />PGO was <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2016/10/making-chrome-on-windows-faster-with-pgo.html" target="_blank">initially introduced in M53</a> for Chrome on Windows using Microsoft Visual C++ (MSVC), our previous build environment. In M85, we are rolling out PGO on Mac and Windows using Clang. Our testing consistently shows pages loading up to 10% faster at the median, and even greater speed improvements when your CPU is tasked with running many tabs or programs.</p><p><b id="docs-internal-guid-bee165dd-7fff-7cd0-d19c-2f4361538325" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 468pt;"><colgroup><col width="139"></col><col width="173"></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Platform</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Browser Responsiveness* </span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://web.dev/fcp/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">First Contentful Paint</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://browserbench.org/Speedometer2.0/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Speedometer 2.0</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mac</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.9% faster</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2.3% faster</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">7.7% faster</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Windows</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">7.3% faster</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.5% faster</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">11.4% faster</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Tab throttling coming to Beta</h3>We know you need a lot of tabs to do your work, and with tab throttling - now rolling out on Beta channel - Chrome will give more resources to the tabs you’re using by taking them back from tabs that have been in the background for a long time. We see improvements not only in loading speed but also battery and memory savings. Watch this space for more on that work when it is broadly available!<p></p><p><br />Chrome's performance - speed and usage of resources like power, memory, or CPU - has always been top of mind. We have a dedicated engineering team that has been consistently (and quietly) making improvements so Chrome runs faster and smoother on all devices, operating systems, and internet conditions. No matter if you are a heavy tab user on your Windows laptop, or need a lightweight app experience on your Android phone, we are working hard to use your device resources most efficiently.  </p><p>Posted by Max Christoff, Engineering Director, Chrome</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>*How fast your browser responds to user input (real world data anonymously aggregated from Chrome pre-stable channels)</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>** The time it takes the first text or image to be displayed upon loading a page (real world data anonymously aggregated from Chrome pre-stable channels)</i></span></p><p><br /></p><div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><p><br /></p></div><br /> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <div><p>From <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCgQDjiotG0" target="_blank">the very beginning</a>, we built Chrome to be the fastest browser possible. The faster Chrome is, the faster you find the information you want or finish the task you need to do. With M85, users will find a noticeably faster Chrome, thanks to our two latest improvements: <b>Profile Guided Optimization</b>, which delivers up to 10% faster page loads; and <b>Tab Throttling</b>, which helps reduce the impact of idle background tabs, coming to the Beta channel.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Profile Guided Optimization</h3>Simplified, Profile Guided Optimization (PGO) is a compiler optimization technique where the most performance-critical parts of the code can run faster. Because PGO uses real usage scenarios that match the workflows of Chrome users around the world, the most common tasks get prioritized and made faster. It is rolling out with Chrome M85 on Mac and Windows.<p></p><p><br />PGO was <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2016/10/making-chrome-on-windows-faster-with-pgo.html" target="_blank">initially introduced in M53</a> for Chrome on Windows using Microsoft Visual C++ (MSVC), our previous build environment. In M85, we are rolling out PGO on Mac and Windows using Clang. Our testing consistently shows pages loading up to 10% faster at the median, and even greater speed improvements when your CPU is tasked with running many tabs or programs.</p><p><b id="docs-internal-guid-bee165dd-7fff-7cd0-d19c-2f4361538325" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 468pt;"><colgroup><col width="139"></col><col width="173"></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Platform</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Browser Responsiveness* </span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://web.dev/fcp/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">First Contentful Paint</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://browserbench.org/Speedometer2.0/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Speedometer 2.0</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mac</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.9% faster</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2.3% faster</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">7.7% faster</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Windows</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">7.3% faster</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.5% faster</span></span></p></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">11.4% faster</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Tab throttling coming to Beta</h3>We know you need a lot of tabs to do your work, and with tab throttling - now rolling out on Beta channel - Chrome will give more resources to the tabs you’re using by taking them back from tabs that have been in the background for a long time. We see improvements not only in loading speed but also battery and memory savings. Watch this space for more on that work when it is broadly available!<p></p><p><br />Chrome's performance - speed and usage of resources like power, memory, or CPU - has always been top of mind. We have a dedicated engineering team that has been consistently (and quietly) making improvements so Chrome runs faster and smoother on all devices, operating systems, and internet conditions. No matter if you are a heavy tab user on your Windows laptop, or need a lightweight app experience on your Android phone, we are working hard to use your device resources most efficiently.  </p><p>Posted by Max Christoff, Engineering Director, Chrome</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>*How fast your browser responds to user input (real world data anonymously aggregated from Chrome pre-stable channels)</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>** The time it takes the first text or image to be displayed upon loading a page (real world data anonymously aggregated from Chrome pre-stable channels)</i></span></p><p><br /></p><div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><p><br /></p></div><br /> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Chromium Blog:Chrome just got faster with Profile Guided Optimization&url=https://blog.chromium.org/2020/08/chrome-just-got-faster-with-profile.html&via=ChromiumDev'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://blog.chromium.org/2020/08/chrome-just-got-faster-with-profile.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/08/chrome-just-got-faster-with-profile.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> <span class='labels-caption'> Labels: </span> <span class='labels'> <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/profile%20guided%20optimization' rel='tag'> profile guided optimization </a> , <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/speed' rel='tag'> speed </a> , <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious' rel='tag'> the fast and the curious </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='7982480929870144512' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/the-science-behind-web-vitals.html' itemprop='url' title='The Science Behind Web Vitals'> The Science Behind Web Vitals </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Thursday, May 21, 2020 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <p> <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/introducing-web-vitals-essential-metrics.html">Web Vitals</a> is an initiative by Google to help business owners, marketers and developers alike identify opportunities to improve user experiences. These signals are guided by extensive work by many researchers in the fields of human–computer interaction (HCI) and user experience (UX). But figuring out the right metrics and thresholds is not as simple as picking up a research paper and finding the answer. </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Journeys, not pages</h2> <p> Imagine you’re walking through an unfamiliar city to get to an important appointment. You walk through various streets and city centers on your way. But here and there, loose paving stones make you trip, there are slow automatic doors you have to wait for to open, and unexpected construction detours lead you astray. All of these events interrupt your progress, increase stress and distract you from reaching your destination. </p> <p> People using the web are also on a journey, with each of their actions constituting one step in what would ideally be a continuous flow. And just like in the real world, they can be interrupted by delays, distracted from their tasks and led to make errors. These events, in turn, can lead to reduced satisfaction and abandonment of a site or the whole journey. </p> <p> In both cases, removing interruptions and obstacles is the key to a smooth journey and a satisfied user. </p> <p> So what trips users up on the web? </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Interruptions due to waiting</h2> <p> The most common type of interruption web users experience is waiting for pages to load. For a developer, a page load is a discrete event and some delay might feel inevitable. However, a page load more often happens in the <em>middle</em> of a user's journey, as they learn about recent events in the news, research a new product or add items to a cart for purchase. So from the user's point of view, loading a particular page doesn't represent a natural break: they haven’t yet achieved their goal, which may make them less tolerant of delays.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f1">1</a></sup> This means pages need to load fast so the user's journey can flow smoothly. </p> <p> How fast is fast enough? In a way, that’s the wrong question. There’s no single magic number and there's three main reasons why. </p> <p> First, the answer depends on the outcome you consider, for instance abandonment, user satisfaction or task performance. Different studies focus on different outcomes and yield different results. </p> <p> Second, the effect of delays varies hugely depending on a user's personality, past experience and the urgency of their task.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f2">2</a></sup> For example, if you were to plot how many users stayed on a site as a function of the delay they experienced, you would not see a clean step from 100% to 0% after X seconds. You would instead see a smooth distribution that might look like this: </p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwuJ-ks8MJyZAoGE7E9socTGtBTr4FUM0BEZqvlGSTmn9eMpVvheiE0nm3XUOAGyCfNf5VpnElDLuRGkaTOPtpkLW-i2ZmpPvVhqLhDzUrKrirBU-sgTd09X5qURAHk16O4VN5ElyYQu_2/s1600/users_remaining_delay.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img alt="Chart showing the percent of users remaining decreasing as the delay increases" border="0" data-original-height="209" data-original-width="563" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwuJ-ks8MJyZAoGE7E9socTGtBTr4FUM0BEZqvlGSTmn9eMpVvheiE0nm3XUOAGyCfNf5VpnElDLuRGkaTOPtpkLW-i2ZmpPvVhqLhDzUrKrirBU-sgTd09X5qURAHk16O4VN5ElyYQu_2/s1600/users_remaining_delay.png" title="" /> </a> <p> So we must ask: which point on this curve do we aim for? In other words, how much do we invest in speed on the one hand, and how many of our users will we lose on the other? </p> <p> Finally, the effect of delays varies depending on the context and situation. News sites, shopping sites and travel sites are often part of different kinds of user journeys, and the entire curve above might look different for each of them. Even within a context, site design and user behavior can change over time. </p> <p> Although this is more difficult than we may have hoped, a distribution of outcomes at different levels of performance still contains useful hints. In particular, the distribution reveals how many users we may lose (or are losing currently) at a given level of performance. In addition, the steepness of the curve at different points can tell you how much return you’ll get for optimising speed by a particular amount. These are important factors in your tradeoff decision, since your time as a designer or engineer is also valuable. </p> <p> So instead of looking for a single magic number, our goal is to find in the research useful ranges of values and reasonable guidelines. For example: </p> <ul> <li> One study found that delays decreased satisfaction and intention to return. On unfamiliar sites, 2 seconds of delay was enough to cause most of the drop – familiar sites bottomed out after longer delays. On unfamiliar sites, task performance also suffered, with most of the drop observed with delays of up to 4 seconds.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f3">3</a></sup> </li> <li> Another study involved navigating a nested menu on a web page. A range of delays, 3 seconds apart, was tested for loading each panel. Satisfaction dropped when increasing the delay from 0 to 3 seconds and again when going from 9 to 12 seconds. Intention to return also dropped with the 12-second delay. A 6-second delay was enough for some participants to remark on the site being slow.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f4">4</a></sup> </li> <li> One study found that mobile web users didn’t tend to keep their attention on the screen for more than 4–8 seconds at a time.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f5">5</a></sup> This would mean that if they avert their attention before your page has loaded, the time they’re looking away further delays how soon they finally see the page. So a 5-second load time might turn into a 10-second effective delay. </li> <li> It’s been suggested that the speed of a system’s response should be comparable to the delays humans experience when they interact with one another. This has led to guidance that responses should take about 1–4 seconds.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f6">6</a></sup> </li> </ul> <p> The empirical studies are drawn from data with high variability and gradual drop-offs rather than hard thresholds, and the others are based on predictions from theory. But collectively they suggest that it’s worth aiming to keep load times within a couple of seconds. </p> <p> The <a href="https://web.dev/lcp/">Largest Contentful Paint</a> (LCP) metric measures when a page-to-page navigation appears complete to a user. We <a href="https://web.dev/lcp/#what-is-a-good-lcp-score">recommend</a> sites aim to <strong>keep LCP under 2.5 seconds for 75% of their page loads</strong>. This recommendation is further informed by Chrome analysis of the web today and aims to be feasible for enough sites to attain in practice. For more details of that analysis, see <a href="https://web.dev/defining-core-web-vitals-thresholds/">Defining the Core Web Vitals metric thresholds</a>. </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Interruptions and errors from instability</h2> <p> Most web pages need to load several elements, and often these load progressively. This can actually be a good thing: if some content appears as early as possible, it may allow a user to start making progress towards their goal without waiting for everything to load. </p> <p> However, if the position of already-visible elements shifts as others load, this can negatively affect the user’s experience in two ways. </p> <p> One is that if an element they’re looking at suddenly moves, it will take their eyes at least a couple hundred milliseconds to find its new position.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f7">7</a></sup> If it scrolled out of view, it will take much longer. This type of interruption slows the user journey and can be very frustrating. </p> <p> A more serious consequence is that unexpected layout shifts can lead to errors. If the user is trying to tap an element that then moves, they may end up tapping something else that moved into its original position. This is because the delay from perceiving the shift, deciding to abandon their action and then doing so can make it <em>impossible</em> for a human to respond appropriately. This could mean clicking a link or ad or "Buy Now" button unintentionally and significantly disrupting the user's intended journey. </p> <p> <a href="https://web.dev/cls/">Cumulative Layout Shift</a> (CLS) measures how frequent and severe unexpected layout shifts are on a page. Fewer shifts mean less chance for interruption and errors. We <a href="https://web.dev/cls/#what-is-a-good-cls-score">recommend</a> sites <strong>aim for a CLS of less than 0.1 for 75% of page loads</strong>. </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Distraction and errors from low responsiveness</h2> <p> While page loads represent the larger transitions in a user’s journey – like entering a building – the small steps also matter. </p> <p> When you’re walking, you don’t really want to be conscious of the mechanics of walking. Ideally, you actually forget that you’re walking and can focus on other things, like finding your way. But something like having a stone in your shoe will interfere with that concentration. </p> <p> Likewise, you don’t want users’ experience to suffer from frictions in their moment-to-moment interactions with your site. Here are some research insights relevant to achieving this: </p> <ul> <li> One study found that a delay in visual feedback from touch screen buttons became perceivable when it was increased from 70ms to 100ms. When it was further increased from 100ms to 150ms, people also rated the quality of the buttons as significantly lower.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f8">8</a></sup> </li> <li> One experiment showed that in an animation, the illusion that one event caused another started breaking when there was a delay of about 100ms.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f9">9</a></sup> It’s been suggested that similarly, the illusion of direct manipulation in user interfaces will break down with delays longer than this.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f10">10</a></sup> (This guidance was apparently also informed by an earlier best-guess recommendation that actions should have a visible effect within 100–200ms.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f11">11</a></sup>) </li> </ul> <p> Just as for LCP, there’s no “magic number”, only markers representing distributions. Some individuals are much more sensitive than others,<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f12">12</a></sup> and shorter delays may be noticed when haptic or auditory feedback is involved.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f13">13</a></sup> </p> <p> Aside from changing how the UI feels, delaying something people expect to be near-instantaneous can lead them to make errors. They may repeat an action because they think it didn’t work, and the second action can have an undesirable effect. For example, they may click an “add to cart” button twice and not realise that they’re now buying two items. </p> <p> The responsiveness related to these experiences is measured by <a href="https://web.dev/fid/">First Input Delay</a> (FID), and we <a href="https://web.dev/fid/#what-is-a-good-fid-score">recommend</a> sites aim to <strong>keep FID under 100 milliseconds for 75% of page loads</strong>. </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Impact</h2> <p> We analyzed millions of page impressions to understand how these metrics and thresholds affect users. We found that when a site meets the above thresholds, <strong>users are 24% less likely to abandon page loads</strong> (by leaving the page before any content has been painted). </p> <p> We also looked specifically at news and shopping sites, sites whose businesses depend on traffic and task completion, and found similar numbers: <strong>22% less abandonment for news sites</strong> and <strong>24% less abandonment for shopping sites</strong>. There are few interventions that can show this level of improvement for online businesses, and results like these are part of the reason we and our ecosystem partners prioritize the Web Vitals metrics. </p> <p> Providing a smooth journey for users is one of the most effective ways to grow online traffic and web-based businesses. We hope the Web Vitals metrics and thresholds will provide publishers, developers and business owners with clear and actionable ways to make their sites part of fast, interruption-free journeys for more users. </p> <p> <em> Amar Sagoo, Staff Interaction Designer<br /> Annie Sullivan, Software Engineer<br /> Vivek Sekhar, Product Manager </em> </p> <hr style="margin: 50px auto 20px; width: 50%;" /> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1;"> <sup id="f1" style="font-size: x-small;">1</sup> Miller, R. B. (1968). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15394303020349681856">Response time in man-computer conversational transactions</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I</em> (pp. 267–277). <br /> <sup id="f2" style="font-size: x-small;">2</sup> Shneiderman, B. (1984). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4944929588150003214">Response Time and Display Rate in Human Performance with Computers</a>. <em>ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 16</em>(3), 265–285. <br /> <sup id="f3" style="font-size: x-small;">3</sup> Galletta, D. F., Henry, R., McCoy, S. & Polak, P. (2004). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4485961943262157644">Web Site Delays: How Tolerant are Users?</a> <em>Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 5</em>(1), 1. <br /> <sup id="f4" style="font-size: x-small;">4</sup> Hoxmeier, J. A. & DiCesare, C. (2000). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=9160744741984052948">System Response Time and User Satisfaction: An Experimental Study of Browser-based Applications</a>. <em>AMCIS 2000 Proceedings</em>, 347. <br /> <sup id="f5" style="font-size: x-small;">5</sup> Oulasvirta, A., Tamminen, S., Roto, V. & Kuorelahti, J. (2005). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4253037783945263059">Interaction in 4-Second Bursts: The Fragmented Nature of Attentional Resources in Mobile HCI</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems</em> (pp. 919–928). <br /> <sup id="f6" style="font-size: x-small;">6</sup> Card, S. K., Robertson, G. G., & Mackinlay, J. D. (1991). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12987937771785470939">The information visualizer, an information workspace</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems</em> (pp. 181-186). <br /> Miller, R. B. (1968). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15394303020349681856">Response time in man-computer conversational transactions</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I</em> (pp. 267–277). <br /> Nielsen, J. (1993). <em><a href="https://www.nngroup.com/articles/response-times-3-important-limits/">Response Times: The 3 Important Limits</a></em>. Nielsen Norman Group. <br /> <sup id="f7" style="font-size: x-small;">7</sup> Purves D., Augustine G. J., Fitzpatrick D., et al. (2001). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10991/">Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions</a>. <em>Neuroscience (2nd edition)</em>. <br /> <sup id="f8" style="font-size: x-small;">8</sup> Kaaresoja, T., Brewster, S., & Lantz, V. (2014). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7171429988845527770">Towards the Temporally Perfect Virtual Button: Touch-Feedback Simultaneity and Perceived Quality in Mobile Touchscreen Press Interactions</a>. <em>ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP), 11</em>(2), 1–25. <br /> <sup id="f9" style="font-size: x-small;">9</sup> Card, S. K. (Ed.). (2018). <em><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUtaDwAAQBAJ">The psychology of human-computer interaction</a></em>. Crc Press. <br /> <sup id="f10" style="font-size: x-small;">10</sup> Nielsen, J. (1993). <em><a href="https://www.nngroup.com/articles/response-times-3-important-limits/">Response Times: The 3 Important Limits</a></em>. Nielsen Norman Group. <br /> <sup id="f11" style="font-size: x-small;">11</sup> Miller, R. B. (1968). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15394303020349681856">Response time in man-computer conversational transactions</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I</em> (pp. 267–277). <br /> <sup id="f12" style="font-size: x-small;">12</sup> Jota, R., Ng, A., Dietz, P., & Wigdor, D. (2013, April). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=18295113717256728772">How fast is fast enough? a study of the effects of latency in direct-touch pointing tasks</a>. <em>In Proceedings of the sigchi conference on human factors in computing systems</em> (pp. 2291-2300). <br /> <sup id="f13" style="font-size: x-small;">13</sup> Kaaresoja, T., Brewster, S., & Lantz, V. (2014). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7171429988845527770">Towards the Temporally Perfect Virtual Button: Touch-Feedback Simultaneity and Perceived Quality in Mobile Touchscreen Press Interactions</a>. <em>ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP), 11</em>(2), 1–25. </div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <p> <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/introducing-web-vitals-essential-metrics.html">Web Vitals</a> is an initiative by Google to help business owners, marketers and developers alike identify opportunities to improve user experiences. These signals are guided by extensive work by many researchers in the fields of human–computer interaction (HCI) and user experience (UX). But figuring out the right metrics and thresholds is not as simple as picking up a research paper and finding the answer. </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Journeys, not pages</h2> <p> Imagine you’re walking through an unfamiliar city to get to an important appointment. You walk through various streets and city centers on your way. But here and there, loose paving stones make you trip, there are slow automatic doors you have to wait for to open, and unexpected construction detours lead you astray. All of these events interrupt your progress, increase stress and distract you from reaching your destination. </p> <p> People using the web are also on a journey, with each of their actions constituting one step in what would ideally be a continuous flow. And just like in the real world, they can be interrupted by delays, distracted from their tasks and led to make errors. These events, in turn, can lead to reduced satisfaction and abandonment of a site or the whole journey. </p> <p> In both cases, removing interruptions and obstacles is the key to a smooth journey and a satisfied user. </p> <p> So what trips users up on the web? </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Interruptions due to waiting</h2> <p> The most common type of interruption web users experience is waiting for pages to load. For a developer, a page load is a discrete event and some delay might feel inevitable. However, a page load more often happens in the <em>middle</em> of a user's journey, as they learn about recent events in the news, research a new product or add items to a cart for purchase. So from the user's point of view, loading a particular page doesn't represent a natural break: they haven’t yet achieved their goal, which may make them less tolerant of delays.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f1">1</a></sup> This means pages need to load fast so the user's journey can flow smoothly. </p> <p> How fast is fast enough? In a way, that’s the wrong question. There’s no single magic number and there's three main reasons why. </p> <p> First, the answer depends on the outcome you consider, for instance abandonment, user satisfaction or task performance. Different studies focus on different outcomes and yield different results. </p> <p> Second, the effect of delays varies hugely depending on a user's personality, past experience and the urgency of their task.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f2">2</a></sup> For example, if you were to plot how many users stayed on a site as a function of the delay they experienced, you would not see a clean step from 100% to 0% after X seconds. You would instead see a smooth distribution that might look like this: </p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwuJ-ks8MJyZAoGE7E9socTGtBTr4FUM0BEZqvlGSTmn9eMpVvheiE0nm3XUOAGyCfNf5VpnElDLuRGkaTOPtpkLW-i2ZmpPvVhqLhDzUrKrirBU-sgTd09X5qURAHk16O4VN5ElyYQu_2/s1600/users_remaining_delay.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img alt="Chart showing the percent of users remaining decreasing as the delay increases" border="0" data-original-height="209" data-original-width="563" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwuJ-ks8MJyZAoGE7E9socTGtBTr4FUM0BEZqvlGSTmn9eMpVvheiE0nm3XUOAGyCfNf5VpnElDLuRGkaTOPtpkLW-i2ZmpPvVhqLhDzUrKrirBU-sgTd09X5qURAHk16O4VN5ElyYQu_2/s1600/users_remaining_delay.png" title="" /> </a> <p> So we must ask: which point on this curve do we aim for? In other words, how much do we invest in speed on the one hand, and how many of our users will we lose on the other? </p> <p> Finally, the effect of delays varies depending on the context and situation. News sites, shopping sites and travel sites are often part of different kinds of user journeys, and the entire curve above might look different for each of them. Even within a context, site design and user behavior can change over time. </p> <p> Although this is more difficult than we may have hoped, a distribution of outcomes at different levels of performance still contains useful hints. In particular, the distribution reveals how many users we may lose (or are losing currently) at a given level of performance. In addition, the steepness of the curve at different points can tell you how much return you’ll get for optimising speed by a particular amount. These are important factors in your tradeoff decision, since your time as a designer or engineer is also valuable. </p> <p> So instead of looking for a single magic number, our goal is to find in the research useful ranges of values and reasonable guidelines. For example: </p> <ul> <li> One study found that delays decreased satisfaction and intention to return. On unfamiliar sites, 2 seconds of delay was enough to cause most of the drop – familiar sites bottomed out after longer delays. On unfamiliar sites, task performance also suffered, with most of the drop observed with delays of up to 4 seconds.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f3">3</a></sup> </li> <li> Another study involved navigating a nested menu on a web page. A range of delays, 3 seconds apart, was tested for loading each panel. Satisfaction dropped when increasing the delay from 0 to 3 seconds and again when going from 9 to 12 seconds. Intention to return also dropped with the 12-second delay. A 6-second delay was enough for some participants to remark on the site being slow.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f4">4</a></sup> </li> <li> One study found that mobile web users didn’t tend to keep their attention on the screen for more than 4–8 seconds at a time.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f5">5</a></sup> This would mean that if they avert their attention before your page has loaded, the time they’re looking away further delays how soon they finally see the page. So a 5-second load time might turn into a 10-second effective delay. </li> <li> It’s been suggested that the speed of a system’s response should be comparable to the delays humans experience when they interact with one another. This has led to guidance that responses should take about 1–4 seconds.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f6">6</a></sup> </li> </ul> <p> The empirical studies are drawn from data with high variability and gradual drop-offs rather than hard thresholds, and the others are based on predictions from theory. But collectively they suggest that it’s worth aiming to keep load times within a couple of seconds. </p> <p> The <a href="https://web.dev/lcp/">Largest Contentful Paint</a> (LCP) metric measures when a page-to-page navigation appears complete to a user. We <a href="https://web.dev/lcp/#what-is-a-good-lcp-score">recommend</a> sites aim to <strong>keep LCP under 2.5 seconds for 75% of their page loads</strong>. This recommendation is further informed by Chrome analysis of the web today and aims to be feasible for enough sites to attain in practice. For more details of that analysis, see <a href="https://web.dev/defining-core-web-vitals-thresholds/">Defining the Core Web Vitals metric thresholds</a>. </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Interruptions and errors from instability</h2> <p> Most web pages need to load several elements, and often these load progressively. This can actually be a good thing: if some content appears as early as possible, it may allow a user to start making progress towards their goal without waiting for everything to load. </p> <p> However, if the position of already-visible elements shifts as others load, this can negatively affect the user’s experience in two ways. </p> <p> One is that if an element they’re looking at suddenly moves, it will take their eyes at least a couple hundred milliseconds to find its new position.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f7">7</a></sup> If it scrolled out of view, it will take much longer. This type of interruption slows the user journey and can be very frustrating. </p> <p> A more serious consequence is that unexpected layout shifts can lead to errors. If the user is trying to tap an element that then moves, they may end up tapping something else that moved into its original position. This is because the delay from perceiving the shift, deciding to abandon their action and then doing so can make it <em>impossible</em> for a human to respond appropriately. This could mean clicking a link or ad or "Buy Now" button unintentionally and significantly disrupting the user's intended journey. </p> <p> <a href="https://web.dev/cls/">Cumulative Layout Shift</a> (CLS) measures how frequent and severe unexpected layout shifts are on a page. Fewer shifts mean less chance for interruption and errors. We <a href="https://web.dev/cls/#what-is-a-good-cls-score">recommend</a> sites <strong>aim for a CLS of less than 0.1 for 75% of page loads</strong>. </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Distraction and errors from low responsiveness</h2> <p> While page loads represent the larger transitions in a user’s journey – like entering a building – the small steps also matter. </p> <p> When you’re walking, you don’t really want to be conscious of the mechanics of walking. Ideally, you actually forget that you’re walking and can focus on other things, like finding your way. But something like having a stone in your shoe will interfere with that concentration. </p> <p> Likewise, you don’t want users’ experience to suffer from frictions in their moment-to-moment interactions with your site. Here are some research insights relevant to achieving this: </p> <ul> <li> One study found that a delay in visual feedback from touch screen buttons became perceivable when it was increased from 70ms to 100ms. When it was further increased from 100ms to 150ms, people also rated the quality of the buttons as significantly lower.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f8">8</a></sup> </li> <li> One experiment showed that in an animation, the illusion that one event caused another started breaking when there was a delay of about 100ms.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f9">9</a></sup> It’s been suggested that similarly, the illusion of direct manipulation in user interfaces will break down with delays longer than this.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f10">10</a></sup> (This guidance was apparently also informed by an earlier best-guess recommendation that actions should have a visible effect within 100–200ms.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f11">11</a></sup>) </li> </ul> <p> Just as for LCP, there’s no “magic number”, only markers representing distributions. Some individuals are much more sensitive than others,<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f12">12</a></sup> and shorter delays may be noticed when haptic or auditory feedback is involved.<sup style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#f13">13</a></sup> </p> <p> Aside from changing how the UI feels, delaying something people expect to be near-instantaneous can lead them to make errors. They may repeat an action because they think it didn’t work, and the second action can have an undesirable effect. For example, they may click an “add to cart” button twice and not realise that they’re now buying two items. </p> <p> The responsiveness related to these experiences is measured by <a href="https://web.dev/fid/">First Input Delay</a> (FID), and we <a href="https://web.dev/fid/#what-is-a-good-fid-score">recommend</a> sites aim to <strong>keep FID under 100 milliseconds for 75% of page loads</strong>. </p> <h2 style="font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">Impact</h2> <p> We analyzed millions of page impressions to understand how these metrics and thresholds affect users. We found that when a site meets the above thresholds, <strong>users are 24% less likely to abandon page loads</strong> (by leaving the page before any content has been painted). </p> <p> We also looked specifically at news and shopping sites, sites whose businesses depend on traffic and task completion, and found similar numbers: <strong>22% less abandonment for news sites</strong> and <strong>24% less abandonment for shopping sites</strong>. There are few interventions that can show this level of improvement for online businesses, and results like these are part of the reason we and our ecosystem partners prioritize the Web Vitals metrics. </p> <p> Providing a smooth journey for users is one of the most effective ways to grow online traffic and web-based businesses. We hope the Web Vitals metrics and thresholds will provide publishers, developers and business owners with clear and actionable ways to make their sites part of fast, interruption-free journeys for more users. </p> <p> <em> Amar Sagoo, Staff Interaction Designer<br /> Annie Sullivan, Software Engineer<br /> Vivek Sekhar, Product Manager </em> </p> <hr style="margin: 50px auto 20px; width: 50%;" /> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1;"> <sup id="f1" style="font-size: x-small;">1</sup> Miller, R. B. (1968). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15394303020349681856">Response time in man-computer conversational transactions</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I</em> (pp. 267–277). <br /> <sup id="f2" style="font-size: x-small;">2</sup> Shneiderman, B. (1984). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4944929588150003214">Response Time and Display Rate in Human Performance with Computers</a>. <em>ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 16</em>(3), 265–285. <br /> <sup id="f3" style="font-size: x-small;">3</sup> Galletta, D. F., Henry, R., McCoy, S. & Polak, P. (2004). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4485961943262157644">Web Site Delays: How Tolerant are Users?</a> <em>Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 5</em>(1), 1. <br /> <sup id="f4" style="font-size: x-small;">4</sup> Hoxmeier, J. A. & DiCesare, C. (2000). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=9160744741984052948">System Response Time and User Satisfaction: An Experimental Study of Browser-based Applications</a>. <em>AMCIS 2000 Proceedings</em>, 347. <br /> <sup id="f5" style="font-size: x-small;">5</sup> Oulasvirta, A., Tamminen, S., Roto, V. & Kuorelahti, J. (2005). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4253037783945263059">Interaction in 4-Second Bursts: The Fragmented Nature of Attentional Resources in Mobile HCI</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems</em> (pp. 919–928). <br /> <sup id="f6" style="font-size: x-small;">6</sup> Card, S. K., Robertson, G. G., & Mackinlay, J. D. (1991). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12987937771785470939">The information visualizer, an information workspace</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems</em> (pp. 181-186). <br /> Miller, R. B. (1968). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15394303020349681856">Response time in man-computer conversational transactions</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I</em> (pp. 267–277). <br /> Nielsen, J. (1993). <em><a href="https://www.nngroup.com/articles/response-times-3-important-limits/">Response Times: The 3 Important Limits</a></em>. Nielsen Norman Group. <br /> <sup id="f7" style="font-size: x-small;">7</sup> Purves D., Augustine G. J., Fitzpatrick D., et al. (2001). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10991/">Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions</a>. <em>Neuroscience (2nd edition)</em>. <br /> <sup id="f8" style="font-size: x-small;">8</sup> Kaaresoja, T., Brewster, S., & Lantz, V. (2014). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7171429988845527770">Towards the Temporally Perfect Virtual Button: Touch-Feedback Simultaneity and Perceived Quality in Mobile Touchscreen Press Interactions</a>. <em>ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP), 11</em>(2), 1–25. <br /> <sup id="f9" style="font-size: x-small;">9</sup> Card, S. K. (Ed.). (2018). <em><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUtaDwAAQBAJ">The psychology of human-computer interaction</a></em>. Crc Press. <br /> <sup id="f10" style="font-size: x-small;">10</sup> Nielsen, J. (1993). <em><a href="https://www.nngroup.com/articles/response-times-3-important-limits/">Response Times: The 3 Important Limits</a></em>. Nielsen Norman Group. <br /> <sup id="f11" style="font-size: x-small;">11</sup> Miller, R. B. (1968). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15394303020349681856">Response time in man-computer conversational transactions</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I</em> (pp. 267–277). <br /> <sup id="f12" style="font-size: x-small;">12</sup> Jota, R., Ng, A., Dietz, P., & Wigdor, D. (2013, April). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=18295113717256728772">How fast is fast enough? a study of the effects of latency in direct-touch pointing tasks</a>. <em>In Proceedings of the sigchi conference on human factors in computing systems</em> (pp. 2291-2300). <br /> <sup id="f13" style="font-size: x-small;">13</sup> Kaaresoja, T., Brewster, S., & Lantz, V. (2014). <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7171429988845527770">Towards the Temporally Perfect Virtual Button: Touch-Feedback Simultaneity and Perceived Quality in Mobile Touchscreen Press Interactions</a>. <em>ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP), 11</em>(2), 1–25. </div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Chromium Blog:The Science Behind Web Vitals&url=https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/the-science-behind-web-vitals.html&via=ChromiumDev'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/the-science-behind-web-vitals.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/the-science-behind-web-vitals.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> <span class='labels-caption'> Labels: </span> <span class='labels'> <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/design' rel='tag'> design </a> , <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/metrics' rel='tag'> metrics </a> , <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/speed' rel='tag'> speed </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='8328382129629393066' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/09/10-years-of-speed-in-chrome_11.html' itemprop='url' title='10 years of Speed in Chrome'> 10 years of Speed in Chrome </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Tuesday, September 11, 2018 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <style> * { line-height: 1.38 !important; white-space: initial !important; } ul { font-size: 11pt !important; } li { line-height: 1.38 !important; } img { margin-bottom: 0 !important; } i { text-align: center !important; } </style> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ec9454c6-7fff-b0cd-07e3-80f5f797c50c"></span> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Speed has been one of Chrome’s <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/core-principles">four core principles</a>, since it was first launched ten years ago. We’ve always wanted to enable web developers to provide users with fast, engaging web experiences. On Chrome’s 10th birthday, we thought it would be fun to look at what we’ve done to improve speed over the years and what we’re doing next.</span></span></div> <h2> </h2> <h2> <br /> <br />Many components in the browser contribute to speed</h2> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/">V8</a> is Chrome’s JavaScript and WebAssembly engine. With web pages using an increasing amount of JavaScript, a fast engine to handle it is an important cornerstone. Over the years, we worked on a <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2017/05/launching-ignition-and-turbofan.html">new JavaScript execution pipeline</a> for V8, launching <a href="https://github.com/v8/v8/wiki/Interpreter">Ignition</a> (a new interpreter) and <a href="https://github.com/v8/v8/wiki/TurboFan">TurboFan</a> (an optimizing compiler). These allowed us to improve performance on the Speedometer benchmark by 5-10%. <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2015/03/new-javascript-techniques-for-rapid.html">Script streaming</a> enabled us to parse JavaScript on a background thread as soon as it began downloading, improving page loads by up to 10%. We then added <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2018/03/background-compilation.html">background compilation</a> reducing main-thread compile time by up to 20%.</span></span></div> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-3be9ef50-7fff-5039-8ce7-893f54546c2e"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div> </div> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-adb96e8d-7fff-757e-66a0-2977db51a02d"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="294" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/wI5N-pC7UdVTh0aIaAFZX_26Xj6P4r7W48qL7OGKwOAVUXGHsKl6CoQSGZ0itp-4epkeqdVvyd2TSA2s4LyIOSEJOdv6zqg4TrEBMM8eL9NjFgHPT58wDt4DbaeZnTeyXhakdMCd" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="510" /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Our work on project <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2016/04/jank-busters-part-two-orinoco.html">Orinoco</a> enabled concurrent garbage collection, freeing up the main thread and reducing jank. Over time, we also shifted to focusing on <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2017/04/real-world-javascript-performance.html">real-world JavaScript performance</a>, helping us<a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2018/01/speedometer-2.html"> double the performance of the React.js runtime</a> and improve performance for libraries like Vue.js, Preact, and Angular up to 40%. Parallel, concurrent, and incremental garbage collection reduced garbage collection induced jank by 100× since the initial V8 commit. We also implemented <a href="https://webassembly.org/">WebAssembly</a>, enabling developers to run non-JavaScript code on the web with predictable performance, and launched the <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2018/08/liftoff.html">Liftoff</a> baseline compiler to ensure fast startup times of WASM apps. These new components are just the latest in a <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2018/09/10-years.html">10-year effort</a> that has improved V8's performance release-to-release for an improvement of 20x over the years.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-3dd7b7e9-7fff-478d-262b-df6d1293a86b"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a73d4e74-7fff-e00c-ef2f-298692bb6939"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="276" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/PNhgg5pewdR5O3ffj_-cLuLVVsRXBh0KnL6SaZ3ebgsr7brseUBukaqHRQ761nmghrpXJ5zjDbWhFFTyCHuaodawNFWVZde7o8HVIgwBi6qPtXEI9I_njv_uYbKY_D2m94Znc2ps" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" title="Chart" width="602" /></span></span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />V8 Bench scores for a range of Chrome releases over the years. V8 Bench is the predecessor to the old Octane benchmark. We've used it for this chart because unlike Octane, it can run in all Chrome versions, including the initial Chrome Beta.</span></i></span></span></div> <br /> <h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-904141a1-7fff-059f-4ce2-c71524c532b0"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;">Chrome has also played a key role in helping evolve network protocols and transport layers through <a href="https://www.chromium.org/spdy">SPDY</a>, <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/http2/">HTTP/2</a> and <a href="https://www.chromium.org/quic">QUIC</a>. SPDY aimed to address limitations of HTTP/1.1 and became the foundation of HTTP/2 protocol, which is now supported by all modern browsers. In parallel, the team has been actively iterating on QUIC, which aims to further improve latency and user experience and now has an active IETF effort behind it. QUIC’s benefits are noticeable for video services like YouTube. Users reported <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2015/04/a-quic-update-on-googles-experimental.html">30% fewer rebuffers</a> when watching videos over QUIC.</span></span></span></h2> <h2> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></h2> <h2> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></h2> <h2> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;">Next up is Chrome's <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/the-rendering-critical-path">rendering pipeline</a>. This is responsible for ensuring webpages are responsive to users and display at 60 frames per second (fps). To display content at 60fps, Chrome has <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/rendering/">16ms to render each frame</a>. This includes JavaScript execution, style, layout, paint and pushing pixels to the user's screen. Of this 16ms, the less Chrome uses, the more web developers have to delight their users. Improvements to our rendering pipeline have included o<a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2017/01/performance-improvements-in-chromes.html">ptimizing how we identify which elements in a page need to be redrawn</a> and better tracking visually non-overlapping sets. This reduced the time to paint new frames to the screen by up to 35%. </span></span></h2> <h2> </h2> </div> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <i style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-3e1547ad-7fff-319f-4365-460a4f4f1f68"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="263" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-C3fECyNPJtEfNd44mxAf2NTcIKMfo8ThnA9KvK2AK1zfeRL5jt2vgutoYQSWBaiIORtMNmPY9164Yjadka3iuDbaTjOZ9Sa8ZVoBQA_QYi1x6kM03QoPjSpHrF-gjap1UEg66W5" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="568" /></span></span></i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <i style="font-family: inherit;">In 2015, a user-centric performance model called <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wO9GGY17NXY">RAIL</a> was introduced by the Chrome team. We recently <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/rail">updated</a> it.</i></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-35b3a9ed-7fff-7dd3-1f0f-7db7a5c8df13"> </span> <br /> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-35b3a9ed-7fff-7dd3-1f0f-7db7a5c8df13" style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-59fe3fa1-7fff-358e-15b0-39dcb5daf08c"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What about memory consumption? Between Chrome 63 and 66, a ~20-30% improvement in renderer process memory usage was observed. We hope to continue exploring ways to build on this now that site-isolation has landed. Ignition and TurboFan <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2017/05/launching-ignition-and-turbofan.html">reduced</a> V8's overall memory footprint, slimming it down by 5-10% on all devices and platforms supported by V8. Some sleuthing this year also discovered memory leaks impacting 7% of sites on the web, which we’ve now fully fixed. Many components contribute to Chrome’s speed including the DOM, CSS and storage systems like IndexedDB. To learn more about our improvements to performance, continue keeping an eye on the Chromium Blog. </span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-35b3a9ed-7fff-7dd3-1f0f-7db7a5c8df13"> </span> <br /> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <h2> <br /><br /> <span id="docs-internal-guid-904141a1-7fff-059f-4ce2-c71524c532b0">Give web developers more power to measure and optimize their web pages</span></h2> <div> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-6b1fcd26-7fff-4d16-2d52-c081b0984c60"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Understanding where to start with improving your site can be a tedious process. To help, we explored several tools for understanding the <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/speed-tools/#lab_data">lab</a> signals and <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/speed-tools/#field_data">real-world</a> experience felt by your users. Over the years, the <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools/">Chrome DevTools</a> Performance panel became a powerful way to visualize the play-by-play breakdown of how web pages were displayed in a lab setting. To continue lowering the friction for finding <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2018/05/lighthouse">performance opportunities</a> sites had, we then worked on <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/lighthouse/">Lighthouse</a> - a tool for analyzing the quality of your website, giving you clear measurements of your site’s performance and specific guidance for improving your users’ experience. Lighthouse can be accessed directly from inside the DevTools Audits panel, run from the command-line, or integrated with other development products like <a href="http://webpagetest.org/easy">WebPageTest</a>. </span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-a41d345d-7fff-2f6d-6afe-8f61d71db692"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="357" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/XRvhueCTdF-RFhyFNjrOb-Dcv8XbDkAPLL0YOsXrLru9Fs7W8FoD_RF8uLCCcPwoRir3LS0d5rAYC362-MYtgaa2PrsPRxvaSyidJyaDkKXBjRdgCT1oyViTVAvPmJ8zdcPWzluk" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="602" /></span></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Lighthouse running in the Chrome DevTools Audits panel</i></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"> </span> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i></i></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"> </span> <br /> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />To complement the lab data provided by Lighthouse, we released the <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-user-experience-report/">Chrome User Experience Report</a> to help developers get access to field metrics for the experience their users feel in the real-world, such as <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/user-centric-performance-metrics">First Contentful Paint </a>and <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2018/07/first-input-delay-in-crux">First Input Delay</a>. Now, developers can build out their own custom site performance reports and track progress over millions of origins using the <a href="//g.co/chromeuxdash">CrUX Dashboard</a>.</span><br /> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"></span> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">We also introduced a number of Web Platform capabilities to help developers optimize the loading of their sites. We shipped <a href="https://w3c.github.io/resource-hints/">Resource Hints</a> and </span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2016/03/link-rel-preload" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><link rel=preload></a> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">to allow developers to inform the browser what resources are critical to load early on. Chrome was one of the first browsers to implement support for byte-saving approaches like <a href="https://github.com/google/brotli">Brotli for compression</a>, <a href="https://developers.googleblog.com/2015/02/smaller-fonts-with-woff-20-and-unicode.html">WOFF2 for smaller web fonts</a> and <a href="https://caniuse.com/webp">WebP support</a> for images. </span><br /> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> We’ve been excited to see an increasing number of browsers support these features over time. Chrome implemented <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/primers/service-workers/">Service Workers</a>, enabling offline caching & network resilience for repeat visits to pages. We’re delighted to see broad modern <a href="https://caniuse.com/#search=service%20workers">browser support</a> for the feature.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-3da3a969-7fff-b2c4-2fae-040348678c0f"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="231" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/GWx5WzEFNFsbBSDu6hfD1iZtd5NPKV7lZ7T1tHYWqpHae5V2jqWoQCNL75nF517pcY16RMWZO24L0-YJVPwsEJBcMDdVmBal0MlvTuYYFwjOGbBIDPoWjVz4Ozy50u5T0StTdCoJ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="602" /></span></span></div> </div> <div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> </span></span> </span> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: left;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-fa84e249-7fff-3449-fab3-162904bf636a"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In fact, Google Search now uses Service Worker and <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2017/02/navigation-preload">navigation preload</a> for opportunistic caching on repeat searches. This led to a 2x improvement in page load times for repeat visits. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">As we look to the future, we are also excited about the potential that emerging standards like native lazy-loading for images & iframes, and image formats like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV1">AV1</a> have to help deliver content to users efficiently.</span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div> <div> <h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c2f8ac14-7fff-83c7-2be1-c654ab12c56b">Enjoy more of the web on your data-plan with Chrome</span></span></span></span></span></h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c2f8ac14-7fff-83c7-2be1-c654ab12c56b"></span></span> </span></span></span> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c2f8ac14-7fff-83c7-2be1-c654ab12c56b"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Over the last 10 years, the size of web pages has been <a href="https://httparchive.org/reports/state-of-the-web#bytesTotal">ever-increasing</a>, but for many users coming online for the first time, data can be prohibitively expensive or painfully slow. To help, Chrome released data-conscious features over the years like Chrome’s Data Saver. Data Saver intelligently optimizes pages, saving up to 92% on data consumption. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Going ahead, we are exploring new ways to help you save data. For users on the slowest connections, we've been working on <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.android.chrome&hl=en">Chrome for Android</a>, allowing for smarter page optimizations to show essential content earlier. These page transformations load far faster than the full page, and we're continuing to improve our fidelity, coverage, and performance.<br /> </span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">We've also been experimenting with putting guardrails in place for users who are data- or network- constrained. For example, we're exploring bringing <a href="https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/forum/#!msg/blink-dev/czmmZUd4Vww/1-H6j-zdAwAJ">native lazy-loading</a> to Chrome, as well as providing users the option to stop additional requests from a page when it uses a lot of data. </span></span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c2f8ac14-7fff-83c7-2be1-c654ab12c56b"> </span></span> </span></span></span><br /> <h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></h2> <h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">We’re just getting started...</span></span></span></span></h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><br /></span></span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Together, these changes help developers and businesses deliver useful content to their users sooner. We know there’s still work to be done. Here’s to offering improvements to page load performance over another 10 years! </span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> </span></span></span><br /> <div style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Posted by Addy Osmani, JavaScript Janitor</span></span></span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> </span></span></span></div> </div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"> </span> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <style> * { line-height: 1.38 !important; white-space: initial !important; } ul { font-size: 11pt !important; } li { line-height: 1.38 !important; } img { margin-bottom: 0 !important; } i { text-align: center !important; } </style> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ec9454c6-7fff-b0cd-07e3-80f5f797c50c"></span> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Speed has been one of Chrome’s <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/core-principles">four core principles</a>, since it was first launched ten years ago. We’ve always wanted to enable web developers to provide users with fast, engaging web experiences. On Chrome’s 10th birthday, we thought it would be fun to look at what we’ve done to improve speed over the years and what we’re doing next.</span></span></div> <h2> </h2> <h2> <br /> <br />Many components in the browser contribute to speed</h2> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/">V8</a> is Chrome’s JavaScript and WebAssembly engine. With web pages using an increasing amount of JavaScript, a fast engine to handle it is an important cornerstone. Over the years, we worked on a <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2017/05/launching-ignition-and-turbofan.html">new JavaScript execution pipeline</a> for V8, launching <a href="https://github.com/v8/v8/wiki/Interpreter">Ignition</a> (a new interpreter) and <a href="https://github.com/v8/v8/wiki/TurboFan">TurboFan</a> (an optimizing compiler). These allowed us to improve performance on the Speedometer benchmark by 5-10%. <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2015/03/new-javascript-techniques-for-rapid.html">Script streaming</a> enabled us to parse JavaScript on a background thread as soon as it began downloading, improving page loads by up to 10%. We then added <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2018/03/background-compilation.html">background compilation</a> reducing main-thread compile time by up to 20%.</span></span></div> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-3be9ef50-7fff-5039-8ce7-893f54546c2e"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div> </div> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-adb96e8d-7fff-757e-66a0-2977db51a02d"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="294" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/wI5N-pC7UdVTh0aIaAFZX_26Xj6P4r7W48qL7OGKwOAVUXGHsKl6CoQSGZ0itp-4epkeqdVvyd2TSA2s4LyIOSEJOdv6zqg4TrEBMM8eL9NjFgHPT58wDt4DbaeZnTeyXhakdMCd" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="510" /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Our work on project <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2016/04/jank-busters-part-two-orinoco.html">Orinoco</a> enabled concurrent garbage collection, freeing up the main thread and reducing jank. Over time, we also shifted to focusing on <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2017/04/real-world-javascript-performance.html">real-world JavaScript performance</a>, helping us<a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2018/01/speedometer-2.html"> double the performance of the React.js runtime</a> and improve performance for libraries like Vue.js, Preact, and Angular up to 40%. Parallel, concurrent, and incremental garbage collection reduced garbage collection induced jank by 100× since the initial V8 commit. We also implemented <a href="https://webassembly.org/">WebAssembly</a>, enabling developers to run non-JavaScript code on the web with predictable performance, and launched the <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2018/08/liftoff.html">Liftoff</a> baseline compiler to ensure fast startup times of WASM apps. These new components are just the latest in a <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2018/09/10-years.html">10-year effort</a> that has improved V8's performance release-to-release for an improvement of 20x over the years.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-3dd7b7e9-7fff-478d-262b-df6d1293a86b"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a73d4e74-7fff-e00c-ef2f-298692bb6939"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="276" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/PNhgg5pewdR5O3ffj_-cLuLVVsRXBh0KnL6SaZ3ebgsr7brseUBukaqHRQ761nmghrpXJ5zjDbWhFFTyCHuaodawNFWVZde7o8HVIgwBi6qPtXEI9I_njv_uYbKY_D2m94Znc2ps" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" title="Chart" width="602" /></span></span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />V8 Bench scores for a range of Chrome releases over the years. V8 Bench is the predecessor to the old Octane benchmark. We've used it for this chart because unlike Octane, it can run in all Chrome versions, including the initial Chrome Beta.</span></i></span></span></div> <br /> <h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-904141a1-7fff-059f-4ce2-c71524c532b0"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;">Chrome has also played a key role in helping evolve network protocols and transport layers through <a href="https://www.chromium.org/spdy">SPDY</a>, <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/http2/">HTTP/2</a> and <a href="https://www.chromium.org/quic">QUIC</a>. SPDY aimed to address limitations of HTTP/1.1 and became the foundation of HTTP/2 protocol, which is now supported by all modern browsers. In parallel, the team has been actively iterating on QUIC, which aims to further improve latency and user experience and now has an active IETF effort behind it. QUIC’s benefits are noticeable for video services like YouTube. Users reported <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2015/04/a-quic-update-on-googles-experimental.html">30% fewer rebuffers</a> when watching videos over QUIC.</span></span></span></h2> <h2> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></h2> <h2> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></h2> <h2> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;">Next up is Chrome's <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/the-rendering-critical-path">rendering pipeline</a>. This is responsible for ensuring webpages are responsive to users and display at 60 frames per second (fps). To display content at 60fps, Chrome has <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/rendering/">16ms to render each frame</a>. This includes JavaScript execution, style, layout, paint and pushing pixels to the user's screen. Of this 16ms, the less Chrome uses, the more web developers have to delight their users. Improvements to our rendering pipeline have included o<a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2017/01/performance-improvements-in-chromes.html">ptimizing how we identify which elements in a page need to be redrawn</a> and better tracking visually non-overlapping sets. This reduced the time to paint new frames to the screen by up to 35%. </span></span></h2> <h2> </h2> </div> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <i style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-3e1547ad-7fff-319f-4365-460a4f4f1f68"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="263" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-C3fECyNPJtEfNd44mxAf2NTcIKMfo8ThnA9KvK2AK1zfeRL5jt2vgutoYQSWBaiIORtMNmPY9164Yjadka3iuDbaTjOZ9Sa8ZVoBQA_QYi1x6kM03QoPjSpHrF-gjap1UEg66W5" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="568" /></span></span></i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <i style="font-family: inherit;">In 2015, a user-centric performance model called <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wO9GGY17NXY">RAIL</a> was introduced by the Chrome team. We recently <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/rail">updated</a> it.</i></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-35b3a9ed-7fff-7dd3-1f0f-7db7a5c8df13"> </span> <br /> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-35b3a9ed-7fff-7dd3-1f0f-7db7a5c8df13" style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-59fe3fa1-7fff-358e-15b0-39dcb5daf08c"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What about memory consumption? Between Chrome 63 and 66, a ~20-30% improvement in renderer process memory usage was observed. We hope to continue exploring ways to build on this now that site-isolation has landed. Ignition and TurboFan <a href="https://v8project.blogspot.com/2017/05/launching-ignition-and-turbofan.html">reduced</a> V8's overall memory footprint, slimming it down by 5-10% on all devices and platforms supported by V8. Some sleuthing this year also discovered memory leaks impacting 7% of sites on the web, which we’ve now fully fixed. Many components contribute to Chrome’s speed including the DOM, CSS and storage systems like IndexedDB. To learn more about our improvements to performance, continue keeping an eye on the Chromium Blog. </span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-35b3a9ed-7fff-7dd3-1f0f-7db7a5c8df13"> </span> <br /> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <h2> </h2> <h2> <br /><br /> <span id="docs-internal-guid-904141a1-7fff-059f-4ce2-c71524c532b0">Give web developers more power to measure and optimize their web pages</span></h2> <div> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-6b1fcd26-7fff-4d16-2d52-c081b0984c60"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Understanding where to start with improving your site can be a tedious process. To help, we explored several tools for understanding the <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/speed-tools/#lab_data">lab</a> signals and <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/speed-tools/#field_data">real-world</a> experience felt by your users. Over the years, the <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools/">Chrome DevTools</a> Performance panel became a powerful way to visualize the play-by-play breakdown of how web pages were displayed in a lab setting. To continue lowering the friction for finding <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2018/05/lighthouse">performance opportunities</a> sites had, we then worked on <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/lighthouse/">Lighthouse</a> - a tool for analyzing the quality of your website, giving you clear measurements of your site’s performance and specific guidance for improving your users’ experience. Lighthouse can be accessed directly from inside the DevTools Audits panel, run from the command-line, or integrated with other development products like <a href="http://webpagetest.org/easy">WebPageTest</a>. </span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-a41d345d-7fff-2f6d-6afe-8f61d71db692"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="357" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/XRvhueCTdF-RFhyFNjrOb-Dcv8XbDkAPLL0YOsXrLru9Fs7W8FoD_RF8uLCCcPwoRir3LS0d5rAYC362-MYtgaa2PrsPRxvaSyidJyaDkKXBjRdgCT1oyViTVAvPmJ8zdcPWzluk" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="602" /></span></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Lighthouse running in the Chrome DevTools Audits panel</i></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"> </span> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i></i></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"> </span> <br /> <div> <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />To complement the lab data provided by Lighthouse, we released the <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-user-experience-report/">Chrome User Experience Report</a> to help developers get access to field metrics for the experience their users feel in the real-world, such as <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/user-centric-performance-metrics">First Contentful Paint </a>and <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2018/07/first-input-delay-in-crux">First Input Delay</a>. Now, developers can build out their own custom site performance reports and track progress over millions of origins using the <a href="//g.co/chromeuxdash">CrUX Dashboard</a>.</span><br /> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"></span> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">We also introduced a number of Web Platform capabilities to help developers optimize the loading of their sites. We shipped <a href="https://w3c.github.io/resource-hints/">Resource Hints</a> and </span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2016/03/link-rel-preload" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><link rel=preload></a> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">to allow developers to inform the browser what resources are critical to load early on. Chrome was one of the first browsers to implement support for byte-saving approaches like <a href="https://github.com/google/brotli">Brotli for compression</a>, <a href="https://developers.googleblog.com/2015/02/smaller-fonts-with-woff-20-and-unicode.html">WOFF2 for smaller web fonts</a> and <a href="https://caniuse.com/webp">WebP support</a> for images. </span><br /> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> We’ve been excited to see an increasing number of browsers support these features over time. Chrome implemented <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/primers/service-workers/">Service Workers</a>, enabling offline caching & network resilience for repeat visits to pages. We’re delighted to see broad modern <a href="https://caniuse.com/#search=service%20workers">browser support</a> for the feature.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-3da3a969-7fff-b2c4-2fae-040348678c0f"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="231" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/GWx5WzEFNFsbBSDu6hfD1iZtd5NPKV7lZ7T1tHYWqpHae5V2jqWoQCNL75nF517pcY16RMWZO24L0-YJVPwsEJBcMDdVmBal0MlvTuYYFwjOGbBIDPoWjVz4Ozy50u5T0StTdCoJ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="602" /></span></span></div> </div> <div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> </span></span> </span> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: left;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-fa84e249-7fff-3449-fab3-162904bf636a"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In fact, Google Search now uses Service Worker and <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2017/02/navigation-preload">navigation preload</a> for opportunistic caching on repeat searches. This led to a 2x improvement in page load times for repeat visits. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">As we look to the future, we are also excited about the potential that emerging standards like native lazy-loading for images & iframes, and image formats like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV1">AV1</a> have to help deliver content to users efficiently.</span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div> <div> <h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c2f8ac14-7fff-83c7-2be1-c654ab12c56b">Enjoy more of the web on your data-plan with Chrome</span></span></span></span></span></h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c2f8ac14-7fff-83c7-2be1-c654ab12c56b"></span></span> </span></span></span> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c2f8ac14-7fff-83c7-2be1-c654ab12c56b"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Over the last 10 years, the size of web pages has been <a href="https://httparchive.org/reports/state-of-the-web#bytesTotal">ever-increasing</a>, but for many users coming online for the first time, data can be prohibitively expensive or painfully slow. To help, Chrome released data-conscious features over the years like Chrome’s Data Saver. Data Saver intelligently optimizes pages, saving up to 92% on data consumption. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Going ahead, we are exploring new ways to help you save data. For users on the slowest connections, we've been working on <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.android.chrome&hl=en">Chrome for Android</a>, allowing for smarter page optimizations to show essential content earlier. These page transformations load far faster than the full page, and we're continuing to improve our fidelity, coverage, and performance.<br /> </span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">We've also been experimenting with putting guardrails in place for users who are data- or network- constrained. For example, we're exploring bringing <a href="https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/forum/#!msg/blink-dev/czmmZUd4Vww/1-H6j-zdAwAJ">native lazy-loading</a> to Chrome, as well as providing users the option to stop additional requests from a page when it uses a lot of data. </span></span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c2f8ac14-7fff-83c7-2be1-c654ab12c56b"> </span></span> </span></span></span><br /> <h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></h2> <h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">We’re just getting started...</span></span></span></span></h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><br /></span></span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Together, these changes help developers and businesses deliver useful content to their users sooner. We know there’s still work to be done. Here’s to offering improvements to page load performance over another 10 years! </span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> </span></span></span><br /> <div style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Posted by Addy Osmani, JavaScript Janitor</span></span></span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7c7aa7fa-7fff-9d2a-0a25-71052aac9fc5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a9133585-7fff-e2e5-75a8-bc52326931a5"> </span></span></span></div> </div> <span 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src='data:image/png;base64,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'/> <h2> Labels </h2> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </div> <div class='widget-content list-label-widget-content'> <ul> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/%24200K'> $200K </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/10th%20birthday'> 10th birthday </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/abusive%20ads'> abusive ads </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/abusive%20notifications'> abusive notifications </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/accessibility'> accessibility </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ad%20blockers'> ad blockers </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ad%20blocking'> ad blocking </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/advanced%20capabilities'> advanced capabilities </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/android'> android </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/anti%20abuse'> anti abuse </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/anti-deception'> anti-deception </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/background%20periodic%20sync'> background periodic sync </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/badging'> badging </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/benchmarks'> benchmarks </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/beta'> beta </a> <span dir='ltr'> 83 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/better%20ads%20standards'> better ads standards </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/billing'> billing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/birthday'> birthday </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/blink'> blink </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/browser'> browser </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/browser%20interoperability'> browser interoperability </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/bundles'> bundles </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/capabilities'> capabilities </a> <span dir='ltr'> 6 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/capable%20web'> capable web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cds'> cds </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cds18'> cds18 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cds2018'> cds2018 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome'> chrome </a> <span dir='ltr'> 35 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%2081'> chrome 81 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%2083'> chrome 83 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%2084'> chrome 84 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20ads'> chrome ads </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20apps'> chrome apps </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20dev'> Chrome dev </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20dev%20summit'> chrome dev summit </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20dev%20summit%202018'> chrome dev summit 2018 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20dev%20summit%202019'> chrome dev summit 2019 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20developer'> chrome developer </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20Developer%20Center'> Chrome Developer Center </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20developer%20summit'> chrome developer summit </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20devtools'> chrome devtools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20extension'> Chrome extension </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20extensions'> chrome extensions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20Frame'> Chrome Frame </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20lite'> Chrome lite </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20on%20Android'> Chrome on Android </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20on%20ios'> chrome on ios </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20on%20Mac'> Chrome on Mac </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20OS'> Chrome OS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20privacy'> chrome privacy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20releases'> chrome releases </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20security'> chrome security </a> <span dir='ltr'> 10 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20web%20store'> chrome web store </a> <span dir='ltr'> 32 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromedevtools'> chromedevtools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromeframe'> chromeframe </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromeos'> chromeos </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromeos.dev'> chromeos.dev </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromium'> chromium </a> <span dir='ltr'> 9 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cloud%20print'> cloud print </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/coalition'> coalition </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/coalition%20for%20better%20ads'> coalition for better ads </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/contact%20picker'> contact picker </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/content%20indexing'> content indexing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cookies'> cookies </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/core%20web%20vitals'> core web vitals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/csrf'> csrf </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/css'> css </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cumulative%20layout%20shift'> cumulative layout shift </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/custom%20tabs'> custom tabs </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/dart'> dart </a> <span dir='ltr'> 8 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/dashboard'> dashboard </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Data%20Saver'> Data Saver </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Data%20saver%20desktop%20extension'> Data saver desktop extension </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/day%202'> day 2 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/deceptive%20installation'> deceptive installation </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/declarative%20net%20request%20api'> declarative net request api </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/design'> design </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/developer%20dashboard'> developer dashboard </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Developer%20Program%20Policy'> Developer Program Policy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/developer%20website'> developer website </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/devtools'> devtools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 13 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/digital%20event'> digital event </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/discoverability'> discoverability </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/DNS-over-HTTPS'> DNS-over-HTTPS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/DoH'> DoH </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/emoji'> emoji </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/emscriptem'> emscriptem </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/enterprise'> enterprise </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/extensions'> extensions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 27 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Fast%20badging'> Fast badging </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/faster%20web'> faster web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/features'> features </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/feedback'> feedback </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/field%20data'> field data </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/first%20input%20delay'> first input delay </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Follow'> Follow </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/fonts'> fonts </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/form%20controls'> form controls </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/frameworks'> frameworks </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/fugu'> fugu </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/fund'> fund </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/funding'> funding </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/gdd'> gdd </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/google%20earth'> google earth </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/google%20event'> google event </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/google%20io%202019'> google io 2019 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/google%20web%20developer'> google web developer </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/googlechrome'> googlechrome </a> <span dir='ltr'> 12 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/harmful%20ads'> harmful ads </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/html5'> html5 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 11 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/HTTP%2F3'> HTTP/3 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/HTTPS'> HTTPS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/iframes'> iframes </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/images'> images </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/incognito'> incognito </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/insecure%20forms'> insecure forms </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/intent%20to%20explain'> intent to explain </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ios'> ios </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ios%20Chrome'> ios Chrome </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/issue%20tracker'> issue tracker </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/jank'> jank </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/javascript'> javascript </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/lab%20data'> lab data </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/labelling'> labelling </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/largest%20contentful%20paint'> largest contentful paint </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/launch'> launch </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/lazy-loading'> lazy-loading </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/lighthouse'> lighthouse </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/linux'> linux </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Lite%20Mode'> Lite Mode </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Lite%20pages'> Lite pages </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/loading%20interventions'> loading interventions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/loading%20optimizations'> loading optimizations </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/lock%20icon'> lock icon </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/long-tail'> long-tail </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/mac'> mac </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/manifest%20v3'> manifest v3 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/metrics'> metrics </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/microsoft%20edge'> microsoft edge </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/mixed%20forms'> mixed forms </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/mobile'> mobile </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/na'> na </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/native%20client'> native client </a> <span dir='ltr'> 8 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/native%20file%20system'> native file system </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/New%20Features'> New Features </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/notifications'> notifications </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/octane'> octane </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/open%20web'> open web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/origin%20trials'> origin trials </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/pagespeed%20insights'> pagespeed insights </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/pagespeedinsights'> pagespeedinsights </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/passwords'> passwords </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/payment%20handler'> payment handler </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/payment%20request'> payment request </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/payments'> payments </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/performance'> performance </a> <span dir='ltr'> 20 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/performance%20tools'> performance tools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/permission%20UI'> permission UI </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/permissions'> permissions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/play%20store'> play store </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/portals'> portals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/prefetching'> prefetching </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/privacy'> privacy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/privacy%20sandbox'> privacy sandbox </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/private%20prefetch%20proxy'> private prefetch proxy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/profile%20guided%20optimization'> profile guided optimization </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/progressive%20web%20apps'> progressive web apps </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Project%20Strobe'> Project Strobe </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/protection'> protection </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/pwa'> pwa </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/QUIC'> QUIC </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/quieter%20permissions'> quieter permissions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/releases'> releases </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/removals'> removals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/rlz'> rlz </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/root%20program'> root program </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/safe%20browsing'> safe browsing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Secure%20DNS'> Secure DNS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/security'> security </a> <span dir='ltr'> 36 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/site%20isolation'> site isolation </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/slow%20loading'> slow loading </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/sms%20receiver'> sms receiver </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/spam%20policy'> spam policy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/spdy'> spdy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/spectre'> spectre </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <span dir='ltr'> speed </span> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ssl'> ssl </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/store%20listing'> store listing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/strobe'> strobe </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/subscription%20pages'> subscription pages </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/suspicious%20site%20reporter%20extension'> suspicious site reporter extension </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/TCP'> TCP </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious'> the fast and the curious </a> <span dir='ltr'> 23 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/TLS'> TLS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/tools'> tools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/tracing'> tracing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/transparency'> transparency </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/trusted%20web%20activities'> trusted web activities </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/twa'> twa </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/user%20agent%20string'> user agent string </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/user%20data%20policy'> user data policy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/v8'> v8 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 6 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/video'> video </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/wasm'> wasm </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web'> web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20apps'> web apps </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20assembly'> web assembly </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 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Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/05/'> May </a> 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class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/'> 2020 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/'> 2019 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> 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class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/'> 2018 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> 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class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/'> 2017 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> 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class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/'> 2015 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/'> 2014 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2013/'> 2013 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> 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