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Biomusic - Wikipedia

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<span>Bird song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bird_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whale_song_in_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whale_song_in_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Whale song in music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whale_song_in_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurofeedback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurofeedback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Neurofeedback</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurofeedback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybernetic_biomusic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybernetic_biomusic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cybernetic biomusic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybernetic_biomusic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Biomusic" title="Special:EditPage/Biomusic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Biomusic%22">"Biomusic"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Biomusic%22+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Biomusic%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Biomusic%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Biomusic%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Biomusic%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Biomusic</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a> which deals with <a href="/wiki/Natural_sounds" title="Natural sounds">sounds created or performed by non-humans</a>. The definition is also sometimes extended to include sounds made by humans in a directly biological way. For instance, music that is created by the brain waves of the composer can also be called biomusic as can music created by the human body without the use of tools or instruments that are not part of the body (<a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a> or vocalizing is usually excluded from this definition). </p><p>Biomusic can be divided into two basic categories: music that is created solely by the animal (or in some cases plant), and music which is based upon animal noises but which is arranged by a human composer. Some forms of music use recorded sounds of nature as part of the music, for example <a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">new-age music</a> uses the nature sounds as backgrounds for various musical <a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscapes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient music</a> sometimes uses nature sounds modified with reverbs and delay units to make spacey versions of the nature sounds as part of the ambience. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biophony">Biophony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomusic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Biophony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the 2014 Cheltenham Music Festival (UK), "<i>The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony for Orchestra and Wild Soundscapes</i>," composed by <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Krause" title="Bernie Krause">Bernie Krause</a> and Oxford (Balliol College) former composer-in-residence, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blackford" title="Richard Blackford">Richard Blackford</a>, premiered, and was performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. This composition is the first symphony based on ecological themes and the first to perform, live, with whole natural soundscapes informing the orchestral form and themes, just as biophonies and geophonies inspired music (rhythm, melody, organization of sound, timbre, and dynamic) at the dawn of cultural time. Commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_King_LINES_Ballet" title="Alonzo King LINES Ballet">Alonzo King LINES Ballet</a>, an international corps based in San Francisco, the score for <i>Biophony,</i> composed by Bernie Krause and Richard Blackford, consists almost entirely of biophonies and geophonies and premiered in 2015. It has since been performed worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bird_song">Bird song</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomusic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Bird song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Bird_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird song">bird song</a> in music is one of the most widely studied forms of biomusic. Notable in this regard is the French composer <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> who began incorporating accurately transcribed bird songs into his music in 1952. One obstacle facing the use of bird songs in music is their complexity and usually very high register. Nevertheless, Messiaen included a variety of bird songs in many of his mature works including his <i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_d%27oiseaux" title="Catalogue d&#39;oiseaux">Catalogue d'oiseaux</a></i> ("Birds catalogue"), piano (1956–58) which incorporated songs from thirteen different birds. Also, he incorporated the themes of many birds in his orchestral piece, "<i>Chronochromie</i>". </p><p>In Western art music, recordings of bird songs have been used in numerous works. One of the first is <i><a href="/wiki/Pines_of_Rome" title="Pines of Rome">Pines of Rome</a></i> (1924) by <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a> – the third movement includes the sound of a <a href="/wiki/Nightingale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightingale">nightingale</a> recorded onto a phonograph, played in the concert hall during the movement's ending. This use of recording technology was something that had never been done before, and it quickly generated discussion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> A famous example of this technique can be found in <i><a href="/wiki/Cantus_Arcticus" title="Cantus Arcticus">Cantus Arcticus</a></i> (1972) by the Finnish composer <a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a>: subtitled <i>Concerto for Birds and Orchestra</i> this piece incorporates tape recordings of birdsong recorded near the Arctic Circle and on the bogs of Liminka in northern Finland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Birdsong also frequently features in popular music. Early examples include <a href="/wiki/Schlager" class="mw-redirect" title="Schlager">schlager</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Ulla_Billquist" title="Ulla Billquist">Ulla Billquist</a>’s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A4r_Svalorna_Komma_Och_Bygga_Sitt_Bo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="När Svalorna Komma Och Bygga Sitt Bo (page does not exist)">När Svalorna Komma Och Bygga Sitt Bo</a></i> (1932) and <i>Tobourlika</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">rebetiko</a> artists <a href="/wiki/Stratos_Pagioumtzis" title="Stratos Pagioumtzis">Stratos Pagioumtzis</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioanna_Georgakopoulou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioanna Georgakopoulou (page does not exist)">Ioanna Georgakopoulou</a> (1940). A nightingale can be heard on <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Minor_(song)" title="Cirrus Minor (song)">Cirrus Minor</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/More_(soundtrack)" title="More (soundtrack)">More</a></i>, 1969) or "<a href="/wiki/Grantchester_Meadows_(song)" title="Grantchester Meadows (song)">Grantchester Meadows</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Ummagumma" title="Ummagumma">Ummagumma</a></i>, 1969), tweeting birds on <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/O_Superman" title="O Superman">O Superman</a>" (1981), <a href="/wiki/Seagull" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagull">seagulls</a> in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Léo Ferré">Léo Ferré</a>‘s <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Op%C3%A9ra_du_pauvre" title="L&#39;Opéra du pauvre">L'Opéra du pauvre</a></i> (1983). Thanks to its inclusion as a preset in the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator#Emulator_II" title="E-mu Emulator">E-mu Emulator II</a>, a specific sample of a <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loon</a>, notably heard in <i><a href="/wiki/Sue%C3%B1o_Latino" title="Sueño Latino">Sueño Latino</a></i> (1989) and in <a href="/wiki/808_State" title="808 State">808 State</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_State_(song)" title="Pacific State (song)">Pacific State</a></i> (1989), has become a recurring motif in electronic-based popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entire <a href="/wiki/Biophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophony">biophony</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a> can be heard on the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_%26_Krause" title="Beaver &amp; Krause">Beaver &amp; Krause</a> 1968 Warner Brothers album (released in 1970), "<i>In a Wild Sanctuary</i>", one of the first notable <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>-themed popular albums and the first album to incorporate entire natural soundscapes as components of the orchestration. </p><p>Of the more than 13,100 bird species, fewer than 100 have been accepted into Western classical or other music genres (or 0.007%). With the exception of entire biophonies, the abstract and deconstructed selection of particular birds (and the voices of a few other non-human animals such as certain cetaceans or canids) in these genres have been largely predicated on the convenient ways in which they happen to fit the models consistent with the then-current paradigms – those considered to be "musical" at any given time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Whale_song_in_music">Whale song in music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomusic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Whale song in music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recorded <a href="/wiki/Whale_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale song">whale song</a> also frequently inspired 20th century experimental music. One example is in <a href="/wiki/George_Crumb" title="George Crumb">George Crumb's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_Balaenae" title="Vox Balaenae">Vox Balaenae</a></i> (Voice of the Whale), a composition for electric flute, electric cello, and amplified piano.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, as Vox Balaenae does not include actual recorded whale songs, it is not a pure biomusic composition. Another similar piece that could be considered true biomusic is <i><a href="/wiki/And_God_Created_Great_Whales" title="And God Created Great Whales">And God Created Great Whales</a></i>, a piece written in 1970 by American composer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a>. This work for orchestra and whale songs brings the recorded sounds of <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">killer</a> <a href="/wiki/Whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Whales">whales</a> directly into the concert hall.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The song "<a href="/wiki/Il_n%27y_a_plus_rien" title="Il n&#39;y a plus rien">Il n'y a plus rien</a>", from French singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Léo Ferré">Léo Ferré</a>'s eponymous album (1973), begins and ends with recorded whale songs mixed with a symphonic orchestra. Another piece utilizing recorded whale song is the <i>Earth Mass (Missa Gaia)</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Winter" title="Paul Winter">Paul Winter</a> (1982) which is performed at the Episcopal Church of St. John the Divine each year to celebrate the Feast of St. Francis. One of the movements uses a four note motive derived from a recorded humpback whale song that opens and closes that segment of the work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurofeedback">Neurofeedback</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomusic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Neurofeedback"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music created by <a href="/wiki/Neurofeedback" title="Neurofeedback">neurofeedback</a> relies on the brainwaves of a human subject to create music. An <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalophone" title="Electroencephalophone">Electroencephalophone</a> (a musical instrument that converts brain waves to sound) was first designed by <a href="/wiki/Erkki_Kurenniemi" title="Erkki Kurenniemi">Erkki Kurenniemi</a> in the 1960s. American composer <a href="/wiki/David_Rosenboom" title="David Rosenboom">David Rosenboom</a> further pioneered work with <a href="/wiki/Neurofeedback" title="Neurofeedback">neurofeedback</a> music as has <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Reck_Miranda" title="Eduardo Reck Miranda">Eduardo Reck Miranda</a>. Neurofeedback composition is still in development, and though it is widely experimented with, it is still very uncommon to see it performed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cybernetic_biomusic">Cybernetic biomusic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomusic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Cybernetic biomusic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> associate <a href="/wiki/Ned_Lagin" title="Ned Lagin">Ned Lagin</a> released an album of experimental <a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">space music</a> entitled <i>Seastones</i> on Round Records; he described the recording as <i>"cybernetic biomusic"</i>, emphasizing the use of computers and synthesizers to create organic-impressionistic sounds and meditative feelings. The album was one of the first commercially released recordings to feature digital computers and the <a href="/wiki/Don_Buchla" title="Don Buchla">Buchla</a> digital-polyphonic synthesizer.<sup id="cite_ref-prendergast244_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prendergast244-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2004 to 2007, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a> collaborated with composer <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ball" title="Lawrence Ball">Lawrence Ball</a> and programmer Dave Snowdon to set up a project called <a href="/wiki/The_Lifehouse_Method" title="The Lifehouse Method">The Lifehouse Method</a>, an Internet site where applicants could "sit" for an electronic musical portrait made up from data they entered into the website.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 23 April 2007, Ball released a double album on <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> called <i>Method Music - Imaginary Sitters, Imaginary Galaxies</i> which is part of Pete Townshend's Lifehouse Method music project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomusic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biomusic can take many other forms. These can include the simple amplification of animal sounds, or the creation of music through the fluctuation of electric current in plants. More unusual still is the use of animal notation: <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">music scores</a> created by animals, often in the form of paw prints. Biomusic can also take the form of animals trained to perform specific behaviors as part of a musical performance (birds trained to sing for instance). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Music_from_The_Body" title="Music from The Body">Music from The Body</a></i> is the biomusic <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack_album" title="Soundtrack album">soundtrack album</a> to Roy Battersby's 1970 documentary film <i>The Body</i>, about <a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">human biology</a>, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Finlay" title="Frank Finlay">Frank Finlay</a>. The music was composed and performed in collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> member <a href="/wiki/Roger_Waters" title="Roger Waters">Roger Waters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Geesin" title="Ron Geesin">Ron Geesin</a>, and uses sounds made by the human body (slaps, breathing, laughing, whispering, farts, etc.) in addition to more traditional guitar, piano and stringed instruments. </p><p>The experimental ambient/noise group <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Neurot" title="Tribes of Neurot">Tribes of Neurot</a> released an album titled <i>Adaptation and Survival: The Insect Project</i> in 2002; a multidirectional sound experiment in which all sounds were originally produced by insects and then manipulated and synthesized. </p><p>A collaboration album between <a href="/wiki/Breakcore" title="Breakcore">Breakcore</a> artists <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Snares" title="Venetian Snares">Venetian Snares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hecate_(musician)" title="Hecate (musician)">Hecate</a> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Nymphomatriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphomatriarch">Nymphomatriarch</a></i> was composed entirely from sounds of the two performing various sexual activities together, which were distorted and time-stretched to resemble typical <a href="/wiki/Breakcore" title="Breakcore">Breakcore</a> samples. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.translatingnature.org/lake/">The Lake</a>, by artist <a href="/wiki/Julie_Freeman" title="Julie Freeman">Julie Freeman</a> tracked natural biological motion via electronic tagging systems, and transformed the data collected into musical composition and animation. </p><p>Musicians <a href="/wiki/Caninus_(band)" title="Caninus (band)">Caninus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatebeak" title="Hatebeak">Hatebeak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lil_B" title="Lil B">Lil B</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> have used animals as <a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">lead</a> or <a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">backing vocalists</a>. </p><p>"Field recorder" <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hyatt" title="Stuart Hyatt">Stuart Hyatt</a> has used sounds created by <a href="/wiki/Indiana_bat" title="Indiana bat">bats</a> which were then combined with music.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomusic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoricism" title="Aleatoricism">Aleatoricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_music" title="Contemporary music">Contemporary music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_sleep" title="Music and sleep">Music and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_map" title="Sound map">Sound map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomusic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Shurburne2014" class="citation web cs1">Philip Shurburne (8 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/474-anaconda-pacific-state-sueno-latino-and-the-story-of-a-sample-that-keeps-coming-back/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Anaconda", "Pacific State", "Sueño Latino", and the Story of a Sample That Keeps Coming Back"</a>. <i>Pitchfork</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&amp;rft.atitle=%22Anaconda%22%2C+%22Pacific+State%22%2C+%22Sue%C3%B1o+Latino%22%2C+and+the+Story+of+a+Sample+That+Keeps+Coming+Back&amp;rft.date=2014-09-08&amp;rft.au=Philip+Shurburne&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fthepitch%2F474-anaconda-pacific-state-sueno-latino-and-the-story-of-a-sample-that-keeps-coming-back%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiomusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Great Animal Orchestra: Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places, by Bernie Krause (Little Brown, 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgecrumb.net/comp/voice-p.html">Vox Balaenae (Voice of the Whale)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511212137/http://www.georgecrumb.net/comp/voice-p.html">Archived</a> May 11, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The official George Crumb home page (Retrieved 10 October 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,197507,00.html">And God Created Great Whales (1970) for Orchestra and Whale Songs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050524070440/http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,197507,00.html">Archived</a> 2005-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Artist direct (Retrieved 10 October 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prendergast244-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prendergast244_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrendrergast2000" class="citation book cs1">Prendrergast, Mark (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ambientcenturyfr00pren_0/page/244"><i>The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Trance - the Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ambientcenturyfr00pren_0/page/244">244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58234-134-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58234-134-6"><bdi>1-58234-134-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Ambient+Century%3A+From+Mahler+to+Trance+-+the+Evolution+of+Sound+in+the+Electronic+Age&amp;rft.pages=244&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=1-58234-134-6&amp;rft.aulast=Prendrergast&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fambientcenturyfr00pren_0%2Fpage%2F244&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiomusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1052567/townshends-method-finally-ready-for-unveiling">"Townshend's Method"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Billboard&amp;rft.atitle=Townshend%27s+Method&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F1052567%2Ftownshends-method-finally-ready-for-unveiling&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiomusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pitchfork.com/news/48656-lil-bs-cat-keke-the-adopted-tabby-drops-track/">"Lil B's Cat KeKe the Adopted Tabby Drops Track"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)" title="Pitchfork (website)">Pitchfork</a></i>. 19 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&amp;rft.atitle=Lil+B%27s+Cat+KeKe+the+Adopted+Tabby+Drops+Track&amp;rft.date=2012-11-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fnews%2F48656-lil-bs-cat-keke-the-adopted-tabby-drops-track%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiomusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrin2020" class="citation news cs1">Currin, Grayson Haver (10 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/10/arts/music/bats-field-works-ultrasonic.html">"Vilified for Virus, Bats are a New Album's Seductive Stars"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Vilified+for+Virus%2C+Bats+are+a+New+Album%27s+Seductive+Stars&amp;rft.date=2020-06-10&amp;rft.aulast=Currin&amp;rft.aufirst=Grayson+Haver&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F06%2F10%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fbats-field-works-ultrasonic.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiomusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomusic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baptista, L. Gray, P. M. Krause, B. et al. The Music of Nature and the Nature of Music. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science:</a></i> January 5, 2001.</li> <li>Cope, David <i>Techniques of the Contemporary Composer</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864737-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864737-8">0-02-864737-8</a>)</li> <li>Krause, Bernie. The Great Animal Orchestra: Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places. (Little Brown, March, 1012)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary<br />classical music</a> genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">Tape music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique concrete">Musique concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danger_music" title="Danger music">Danger</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Experimental popular<br />music genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Avant-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Avant-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructed_club" title="Deconstructed club">Deconstructed club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prog" title="Neo-prog">Neo-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">Neofolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_music" title="Wave music">Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">Art pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Avant-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)" title="Witch house (genre)">Witch house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">3rd bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frippertronics" title="Frippertronics">Frippertronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">Scordatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cymatics" title="Cymatics">Cymatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sonification" title="Data sonification">Data sonification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_luthier" title="Experimental luthier">Experimental luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_installation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound installation">Sound installation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound sculpture">Sound sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroacoustic improvisation">Electroacoustic improvisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_music_festivals" title="List of experimental music festivals">List of experimental music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">List of electronic music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_musicians" title="List of experimental musicians">List of experimental musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Age_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Age_Movement" title="Template:New Age Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Age_Movement" title="Template talk:New Age Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Age_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Age Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Age_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Age_communities" title="New Age communities">New Age communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_new-age_music" title="Neoclassical new-age music">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Electronic" title="Progressive music">Progressive electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">Space music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age_travellers" title="New Age travellers">New Age travellers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esalen_Institute" title="Esalen Institute">Esalen Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_(Australian_New_Age_group)" title="The Family (Australian New Age group)">The Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findhorn_Foundation" title="Findhorn Foundation">Findhorn Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Alliance" title="New World Alliance">New World Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_(New_Age)" title="Huna (New Age)">Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_theory" title="Integral theory">Integral theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seth_Material" title="Seth Material">Seth Material</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology" title="Transpersonal psychology">Transpersonal psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="José Argüelles">José Argüelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bach" title="Richard Bach">Richard Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Herbert_Brennan" title="James Herbert Brennan">James Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Caddy" title="Eileen Caddy">Eileen Caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Carroll" title="Lee Carroll">Lee Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castaneda" title="Carlos Castaneda">Carlos Castaneda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Creme" title="Benjamin Creme">Benjamin Creme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Ferguson" title="Marilyn Ferguson">Marilyn Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Gafni" title="Marc Gafni">Marc Gafni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(musician)" title="Gandalf (musician)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti_Gawain" title="Shakti Gawain">Shakti Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Goodman" title="Linda Goodman">Linda Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Grey" title="Alex Grey">Alex Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harner" title="Michael Harner">Michael Harner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Harvey_(religious_writer)" title="Andrew Harvey (religious writer)">Andrew Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Freedom_Long" title="Max Freedom Long">Max Freedom Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Naranjo" title="Claudio Naranjo">Claudio Naranjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Redfield" title="James Redfield">James Redfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Satin" title="Mark Satin">Mark Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spangler" title="David Spangler">David Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckhart_Tolle" title="Eckhart Tolle">Eckhart Tolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neale_Donald_Walsch" title="Neale Donald Walsch">Neale Donald Walsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Wilde" title="Stuart Wilde">Stuart Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson" title="Marianne Williamson">Marianne Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Age_topics" title="List of New Age topics">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius" title="Age of Aquarius">Age of Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicameral_mentality" title="Bicameral mentality">Bicameral mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_visualization_(New_Age)" title="Creative visualization (New Age)">Creative visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_mysteries" title="Earth mysteries">Earth mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">TM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michael_Teachings" title="The Michael Teachings">Michael Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotantra" title="Neotantra">Neotantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_astrology" title="Psychological astrology">Psychological astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_sign_astrology" title="Sun sign astrology">Sun sign astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ambient_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambient_music" title="Template:Ambient music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ambient_music" title="Template talk:Ambient music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ambient_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ambient music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ambient_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_house" title="Ambient house">Ambient house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_techno" title="Ambient techno">Ambient techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient pop">Ambient pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_ambient" title="Dark ambient">Dark ambient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_synth" title="Dungeon synth">Dungeon synth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreampunk" title="Dreampunk">Dreampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowercase_(music)" title="Lowercase (music)">Lowercase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_new-age_music" title="Neoclassical new-age music">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Electronic" title="Progressive music">Progressive electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐559c9fd9f4‐zm4xw Cached time: 20241126125644 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.355 seconds Real time usage: 0.478 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 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