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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_usage_of_scordatura_in_Western_art_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable usage of <i>scordatura</i> in Western art music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_usage_of_scordatura_in_Western_art_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable usage of <i>scordatura</i> in Western art music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_usage_of_scordatura_in_Western_art_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Violin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viola_d'amore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viola_d'amore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Viola d'amore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viola_d'amore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Viola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cello" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cello"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cello</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cello-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_bass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_bass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Double bass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_bass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guitar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guitar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Guitar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Piano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="mw-page-title-main">Scordatura</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Scordatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skordatura" title="Skordatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skordatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skordatur" title="Skordatur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skordatur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skordatur" title="Skordatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skordatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Scordatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skordaturo" title="Skordaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skordaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scordatura" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EC%B9%99%EC%A1%B0%EC%9C%A8" title="변칙조율 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변칙조율" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scordatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Scordatura" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scordatura" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9" title="スコルダトゥーラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スコルダトゥーラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skordatur" title="Skordatur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skordatur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Scordatura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skordatura" title="Skordatura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skordatura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скордатура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скордатура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scordatura" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skordatura" title="Skordatura – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skordatura" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%A0%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BC%A6" title="變格定弦 – 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nonstandard tuning of a string instrument</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_I._F._Biber_Mystery_sonata_XI._Scordatura_indication.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Heinrich_I._F._Biber_Mystery_sonata_XI._Scordatura_indication.jpg/220px-Heinrich_I._F._Biber_Mystery_sonata_XI._Scordatura_indication.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Heinrich_I._F._Biber_Mystery_sonata_XI._Scordatura_indication.jpg/330px-Heinrich_I._F._Biber_Mystery_sonata_XI._Scordatura_indication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Heinrich_I._F._Biber_Mystery_sonata_XI._Scordatura_indication.jpg/440px-Heinrich_I._F._Biber_Mystery_sonata_XI._Scordatura_indication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Information on the scordatura of <a href="/wiki/Rosary_Sonata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary Sonata">Rosary Sonata</a> XI by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Scordatura</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[skordaˈtuːra]</a></span>; literally, Italian for "discord", or "mistuning") is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tuning</a> of a <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> that is different from the normal, standard tuning.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically attempts to allow special effects or unusual <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> or <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, or to make certain passages easier to play.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common to <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">notate</a> the finger position as if played in regular tuning, while the actual pitch resulting is altered (scordatura notation). When all the strings are tuned by the same interval up or down, as in the case of the viola in Mozart's <i>Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra</i>, the part is transposed as a whole. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bowed_string_instruments">Bowed string instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bowed string instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Scordatura" title="Special:EditPage/Scordatura">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The invention of scordatura tuning has been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baltzar" title="Thomas Baltzar">Thomas Baltzar</a>, a prodigious German violinist and composer who is known to have used the technique in around the 1660s, at least a decade before Biber composed his <i>Rosary Sonatas</i> in which he employed the tuning technique. Of course, German violinist Hans Hake (1628 – after 1667) includes three works in <i>Vorstimmung</i> ("upset tuning") for two violins (#25, #29, & #33) in his collection "Ander Theil Newer Pavanen,…" (Stade: Elias Holwein, 1654) making this attribution false. </p><p>Scordatura was much used by composers for <a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">Biber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Ariosti" title="Attilio Ariosti">Ariosti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Vilsmayr" title="Johann Joseph Vilsmayr">Vilsmayr</a>, and others in compositions for violin during the early 18th century. A special type of notation was used to make it easier to read. This notation was also used to notate music for the viola d'amore, an instrument played and composed for by composers such as Biber and Vivaldi. The viola d'amore used a great number of different tunings and writing music for it in scordatura notation was a natural choice for composers of the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_usage_of_scordatura_in_Western_art_music">Notable usage of <i>scordatura</i> in Western art music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable usage of scordatura in Western art music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violin">Violin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Violin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biber_mysterien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Biber_mysterien.jpg/220px-Biber_mysterien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Biber_mysterien.jpg/330px-Biber_mysterien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Biber_mysterien.jpg/440px-Biber_mysterien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Violin with strings crossed for Biber's <i>Resurrection</i> sonata</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_Sonatas" title="Rosary Sonatas">Rosary Sonatas</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">continuo</a> (c. 1674). Aside from the first ("Annunciation") and last works ("<a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">Passacaglia</a>", for solo violin) of this collection, wherein the instrument is set to the common G-D-A-E tuning, the violin for each sonata is tuned to a different array of pitches. Sonata XI ("Resurrection") is a special case: in addition to a unique scordatura, the two inner strings of the violin are interchanged between the bridge and tailpiece of the instrument, thus creating a tuning (from top string to bottom string) of G-g-D-d. "Harmonia Artificiosa no. VII" in C minor is written in a form of scordatura on a nine line stave. See <a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a> for more information.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Vilsmayr" title="Johann Joseph Vilsmayr">Johann Joseph Vilsmayr</a> "Artificiosus Consentus Pro Camera", a set of six partitas published in 1715. The middle four partitas use scordatura tunings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a>'s <i>Musikalische Ergötzung</i> <i>bestehend in 6 verstimmten Partien</i> (Musical Entertainment consisting of six suites for mistuned violins, 1691), six suites for two violins and continuo. Tunings include C-F-C-F, C-G-C-F, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>-E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>-B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>-E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, B-E-B-E, C-G-C-F, and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>-F-B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>-E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, violin concerto in A major, Op.9, No.6, in which the violin's G string is tuned up to an A, allowing for a beautifully resonant scale and arpeggio motif ending on the retuned string.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, Concerto in A Major for two Violins, <a href="/wiki/Telemann-Werke-Verzeichnis" title="Telemann-Werke-Verzeichnis">TWV</a> 43:7.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._60_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 60 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 60</a> in C (<i>Il Distratto</i>), the first and second violins start the finale of this unusual six-movement symphony with the lowest string tuned to F, but tune up to G in the course of the music to create a comical effect. The title of the symphony means "the absent-minded man" – so it is as if the violins have "forgotten" to tune their strings. The music fully pauses for the violins to re-tune before continuing. Haydn also uses a violin with the lowest string tuned to F in the trio of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._67_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 67 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 67</a> in F.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._1_(Paganini)" title="Violin Concerto No. 1 (Paganini)">Violin Concerto No. 1</a> initially required the strings of the solo violin to be tuned a semitone higher to match the original key of E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> major.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>, solo <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danse Macabre (Saint-Saëns)">Danse Macabre</a></i>, where the E-string is tuned to E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. This changes the open intervals of the double stop A and E to the tritone (A and E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>), which is used as the opening motif of the work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, scordatura <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> soloist in the 2nd movement of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)">his 4th Symphony</a>. In this case, the composer probably desired the specific tone of the sound produced by a scordatura violin, which is less "suave" than the sound of a standard tuning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Vecsey" title="Franz von Vecsey">Franz von Vecsey</a>'s <i>Nuit du Nord</i>, a 1921 work for violin and piano, requires the G string to be tuned down to F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Scherek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Scherek (page does not exist)">Max Scherek</a>'s Sérénade et boléro for solo violin, Op. 27, the violin must be tuned to F, F, D, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> makes a rare, perhaps unique, demand for the entire first violin section to retune the E string, in order to play the D major <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonic</a> glissandi of the introduction.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>'s piece <i><a href="/wiki/Contrasts_(Bart%C3%B3k)" title="Contrasts (Bartók)">Contrasts</a></i> for clarinet, violin and piano, the opening bars of the third movement utilize a different tuning on a separate violin (G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-D-A-E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>) for a Hungarian folk effect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_Heldenleben" title="Ein Heldenleben">Ein Heldenleben</a></i> as well as his <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a></i> include passages in which the violins must tune their G strings down in order to play a G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> or F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Ligeti)" title="Violin Concerto (Ligeti)">Violin Concerto</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a>'s <i>Stomp</i> for solo violin (2010) requires the outer two strings to be tuned lower, resulting in a E-D-A-D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> tuning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Eugène Ysaÿe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A8me_%C3%A9l%C3%A9giaque_in_D_minor,_Op.12_(Ysa%C3%BFe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poème élégiaque in D minor, Op.12 (Ysaÿe)">Poème élégiaque</a></i> requires the lowest string to be tuned down to F.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viola_d'amore"><span id="Viola_d.27amore"></span>Viola d'amore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Viola d'amore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the original version of <a href="/wiki/Vivaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>’s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Tito_Manlio" title="Tito Manlio">Tito Manlio</a></i> (Mantua, 1719), Servilia’s aria ‘Tu dormi in tante pene’ also contains an obbligato part for <a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a> written in scordatura notation. This part would undoubtedly have been played by Vivaldi himself. He was the only known player of the instrument at the court of the Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt in Mantua, his employer at that time and for whom this opera was written. The obbligato part is on smaller paper inserted into the first violin part. Vivaldi would have led the orchestra from the concertmaster's chair and would have played the first violin part, presumably switching to viola d'amore for this aria. The aria "Quanto Magis Generosa" in Vivaldi's Oratorio "<a href="/wiki/Juditha_triumphans" title="Juditha triumphans">Juditha triumphans</a>" (1716) also contains an obbligato part for viola d'amore written in scordatura notation. This piece was written for the <a href="/wiki/Ospedale_della_Pieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ospedale della Pieta">Ospedale della Pieta</a> and the obbligato part would have been played either by Vivaldi or by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Maria_del_violino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Maria del violino (page does not exist)">Anna Maria del violino</a>, one of the senior musicians there at the time who was a known player of the viola d'amore. Curiously, all <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quallpublications.co.uk/vivaldi/">Vivaldi's other works for viola d'amore</a>, (eight concertos and two obbligato numbers in different settings of the "Nisi Dominus"), are written in normal notation at sounding pitch.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viola">Viola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> wrote the solo <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a> part for his <i><a href="/wiki/Sinfonia_Concertante_for_Violin,_Viola_and_Orchestra_(Mozart)" title="Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra (Mozart)">Sinfonia Concertante</a></i> a semitone lower, with the viola strings to be tuned a semitone <i>higher</i> to D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. Thus part is written in D major (the key of the work is E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> major). A common practice of the time, changing the pitch of the open strings was primarily intended to make the viola sound <i>louder</i>, and so better discernible in the symphonic orchestra: indeed, increasing the tension in a string, not only sharpens the pitch, but also makes it sound louder, the loudest sound being obtained just before breaking. Other <a href="/wiki/Viola_concerto" title="Viola concerto">viola concerti</a> employing this type of scordatura were written by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stamitz" title="Carl Stamitz">Carl Stamitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Wanhal" title="Johann Baptist Wanhal">Johann Baptist Wanhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Amon" title="Johann Andreas Amon">Johann Andreas Amon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Dru%C5%BEeck%C3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiří Družecký">Jiří Družecký</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Matthias_Sperger" title="Johannes Matthias Sperger">Johannes Matthias Sperger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hermann_Voigt" title="Johann Georg Hermann Voigt">Johann Georg Hermann Voigt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riley_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fragment of Mozart's <i>Sinfonia Concertante</i> for violin, viola, and cello similarly is written in A major, but the viola part is written in G major with the strings to be tuned a whole tone higher.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hymnus_amoris" title="Hymnus amoris">Hymnus amoris</a>, Op.12, the violas are asked to retune the C string to the lower A from bar 494 to the end (bar 606).</li> <li>In Richard Strauss's <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Strauss)" title="Don Quixote (Strauss)">Don Quixote</a></i>, the solo viola tunes the C string down to B.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Frid" title="Géza Frid">Géza Frid</a>'s 1946 Sonatina for viola and piano, Op. 25, requires the violist to tune the lower two strings up a semitone for movement IV, resulting in C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, D, A.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cello">Cello</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cello"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">Fifth Cello Suite</a> is written with the A string, the highest string, tuned down a <a href="/wiki/Whole_step" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole step">whole step</a> to a G. This tuning allows chords which would be difficult or impossible at regular tuning. The Suite is also played with standard tuning, but some pitches must be altered, and occasional notes removed to accommodate the tuning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Schumann)" title="Piano Quartet (Schumann)">Piano Quartet in E-flat</a>, Op. 47, requires the cellist to retune the C string down to B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> for the last 42 bars of the third movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a>, the final chord of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> requires the cellos to retune A to G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> so it may be played "open" (unstopped by the fingers and consequently more resonant) as part of a quadruple stop.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>'s tone poem <i><a href="/wiki/Pines_of_Rome" title="Pines of Rome">Pines of Rome</a></i> requires the cellos to tune the low C string down to a B in the third movement. Also, the basses must either have a fifth low B string or tune a C extension down to the B in the third and fourth movements.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Zoltán Kodály</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sonata_for_Solo_Cello_(Kod%C3%A1ly)" title="Sonata for Solo Cello (Kodály)">Solo Cello Sonata in B minor</a> requires the cellist to tune down the two lower strings from G and C to F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> and B, to emphasize the key with recurring B-minor chords.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sequenza_XIV" title="Sequenza XIV">Sequenza XIV</a> requires the G string to be tuned up to a G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, to better depict the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka_drums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lanka drums (page does not exist)">kandyan drumming</a> passages, as well as creating extreme dissonances over all four strings.</li> <li>The cello in <a href="/wiki/George_Crumb" title="George Crumb">George Crumb</a>'s chamber work <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_Balaenae" title="Vox Balaenae">Vox Balaenae</a></i> (scored for electric flute, electric cello, and electric piano). The traditional C-G-D-A tuning is changed to B-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-A, which serves to emphasize the key of B major that emerges in the final movement.</li> <li>The cello in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>’s 2nd string quartet tunes their C string down to B♭ during part of the 3rd movement.</li> <li>The cello soloist's final note of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Variations_(Andrew_Lloyd_Webber_album)" title="Variations (Andrew Lloyd Webber album)"><i>Variations</i></a> requires the player to play and retune in one movement, creating a dramatic glissando effect to the A below the cello's normal lowest note of C.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_bass">Double bass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Double bass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double_bass#Tuning" title="Double bass">Double bass § Tuning</a></div> <p>The double bass is sometimes required to play notes lower than the E to which its lowest string is normally tuned. This can be accomplished with a special mechanical extension with which some double basses are equipped or the composer may ask the double bass to tune down its E string, as in, for example, the third movement of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms's</a> <a href="/wiki/Ein_Deutsches_Requiem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein Deutsches Requiem">Requiem</a>, in which Brahms has some of the double basses tune the E-string down to D in order to sustain the low D <a href="/wiki/Pedal_point" title="Pedal point">pedal point</a> or in the 9th Movement of <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_m%C3%A8re_l%27oye" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma mère l'oye">Ma mère l'oye</a></i> (Cinquième tableau – Laideronnette, impératrice des Pagodes), in which <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a> has the double basses lower their E-strings a semitone. (George Crumb's <i>A Haunted Landscape</i> requires that two bassists use C extensions and still tune down past them to B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>.) Other kinds of scordatura occur most commonly in solo double bass literature, especially including one that raises all four strings a whole step to F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>'-B'-E-A.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guitar">Guitar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Guitar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guitar_tunings" title="Guitar tunings">Guitar tunings</a></div> <p>Alternate tunings other than symmetrically stepped-down versions of standard or <a href="/wiki/Drop_D_tuning" title="Drop D tuning">drop-D tuning</a> (where the lowest string is tuned down two half-steps for simple barred power or fifth chords) are rare in modern <a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">classical guitar</a> music, but before the nineteenth century they occurred more often. Drop-D tuning remains common.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyler_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixteenth-century guitar typically had four courses (rather than six strings, as the modern classical does), and the seventeenth-century and eighteenth-century guitar typically had five courses. These were subject to a variety of tunings, such that there is some difficulty establishing which, if any, to consider the standard tuning from which the others deviate.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes suggested that classical guitarists wishing to read Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">vihuela</a> tablature tune their guitar E-A-d-f<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-b-e' since these instruments in this period usually have the major third between the 3rd and 4th strings<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>With the exception of bands using <a href="/wiki/Seven-string_guitar" title="Seven-string guitar">seven-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eight-string_guitar" title="Eight-string guitar">eight-</a> or recently <a href="/wiki/Nine-string_guitar" title="Nine-string guitar">nine-string guitars</a> to extend the instrument's range downwards, rhythm guitar for modern <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a> almost universally uses stepped-down versions of standard or drop D tuning, with professionals and amateurs alike commonly using terminology like “tuning to C” (same pattern as standard tuning, but all strings lowered by four half-steps) or “Drop C tuning” (drop-D tuning lowered two half-steps). Conversely, other tuning patterns are rare, with the few popular acts using them commonly widely recognized for the fact (prominent examples being the bands <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>). </p><p>In certain kinds of folk music alternate tunings for guitar can be fairly frequently found, most typically <a href="/wiki/Open_tuning" class="mw-redirect" title="Open tuning">open tunings</a> where the open strings are tuned to a full major, minor, suspended or extended <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyler_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Piano">Piano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Piano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relative to other stringed instruments, piano scordatura tuning is very rare, considering the relative difficulty of tuning and re-tuning a piano from <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a>. However, some 20th and 21st century music calls for certain notes on the piano to be tuned differently, or the entire piano to be tuned altogether. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a>'s <i>Three Hallucinations</i> from the film <i><a href="/wiki/Altered_States" title="Altered States">Altered States</a></i> requires a <a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">piano tuner</a> to tune 9 pitches to be a <a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">quarter tone</a> flat, and 10 pitches to be "out of tune".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Wyschnegradsky" title="Ivan Wyschnegradsky">Ivan Wyschnegradsky</a> wrote several pieces for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarter-tone_piano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarter-tone piano (page does not exist)">quarter-tone piano</a>, many of which are recorded on two separate pianos tuned a quarter tone apart.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_tuning" title="Cross tuning">Cross tuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tuning" class="mw-redirect" title="Slack tuning">Slack tuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instrument tunings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove Music Online, <i>Scordatura</i>, David D. Boyden/Robin Stowell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Harvard Dictionary of Music</i>, second edition, "Scordatura", Willy Apel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riley-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riley_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRiley1991" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Maurice W. (1991). <i>The History of the Viola, Volume II</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun-Brumfield. pp. <span class="nowrap">138–</span>143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Viola%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Braun-Brumfield&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Maurice+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScordatura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove Music Online, <i>Scordatura</i>, "2. Violoncello and double bass", Mark Chambers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyler-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyler_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyler_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove Music Online, <i>Scordatura</i>, ‘3. Lute and guitar’, James Tyler.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove Music Online, <i>Guitar</i>, ‘3. The four-course guitar’ and ‘4. The five-course guitar’, James Tyler.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scordatura&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509125213/http://www.violadamore.com/scor.asp">Violadamore.com: About Scordatura and the Viola d'amore</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.violadamore.com">http://www.violadamore.com</a> is still good; this is probably the link intended: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://violadamore.com/index.php/scordatura.html">http://violadamore.com/index.php/scordatura.html</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waguitartunings.com">WA's Encyclopedia of Alternate Guitar Tunings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Experimental_music373" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Experimental_music_genres" title="Template:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Experimental_music_genres" title="Template talk:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental_music_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Experimental_music373" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary<br />classical music</a> genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">Tape music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique concrete">Musique concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danger_music" title="Danger music">Danger</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Experimental popular<br />music genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Avant-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Avant-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructed_club" title="Deconstructed club">Deconstructed club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prog" title="Neo-prog">neo-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">Neofolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_music" title="Wave music">Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">Art pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Avant-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)" title="Witch house (genre)">Witch house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">3rd bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frippertronics" title="Frippertronics">Frippertronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scordatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cymatics" title="Cymatics">Cymatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sonification" title="Data sonification">Data sonification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_luthier" title="Experimental luthier">Experimental luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_installation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound installation">Sound installation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound sculpture">Sound sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroacoustic improvisation">Electroacoustic improvisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_music_festivals" title="List of experimental music festivals">List of experimental music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">List of electronic music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_musicians" title="List of experimental musicians">List of experimental musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Violin_family282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violin_family" title="Template:Violin family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violin_family" title="Template talk:Violin family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violin_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violin family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Violin_family282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">Violin family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_violin" title="Electric violin">Electric violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-string_violin" title="Five-string violin">Five-string violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violino_piccolo" title="Violino piccolo">Violino piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_violin" title="Alexander violin">Alexander violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroh_violin" title="Stroh violin">Stroh violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_viola" title="Vertical viola">Vertical viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pomposa" title="Viola pomposa">Viola pomposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">Tenor violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_violin" title="Bass violin">Bass violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_violin" title="Baritone violin">Baritone violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_da_spalla" title="Cello da spalla">Cello da spalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellone" title="Cellone">Cellone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cello" title="Electric cello">Electric cello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_upright_bass" title="Electric upright bass">Electric upright bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octobass" title="Octobass">Octobass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_construction_and_mechanics" title="Violin construction and mechanics">Parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_bar" title="Bass bar">Bass bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_frog" title="Bow frog">Frog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinrest" title="Chinrest">Chinrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endpin" title="Endpin">Endpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">F-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">Fingerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(string_instrument)" title="Nut (string instrument)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_(music)" title="Scroll (music)">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_rest" title="Shoulder rest">Shoulder rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_post" title="Sound post">Sound post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailpiece" title="Tailpiece">Tailpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_mechanisms_for_stringed_instruments" title="Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments">Tuning peg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bowing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_stroke" title="Bow stroke">Bow stroke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Col_legno" title="Col legno">Col legno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martel%C3%A9_(bowstroke)" title="Martelé (bowstroke)">Martelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiccato" title="Spiccato">Spiccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_harmonic" title="String harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">Finger substitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scordatura</a> (changing string tuning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles<br /> and genres of music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">String quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_trio" title="String trio">String trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_quintet" title="String quintet">String quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">String sextet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_octet" title="String octet">String octet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">String section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">String orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_concerto" title="Violin concerto">Violin concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_concerto" title="Viola concerto">Viola concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_concerto" title="Cello concerto">Cello concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass_concerto" title="Double bass concerto">Double bass concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata" title="Violin sonata">Violin sonata</a></li> <li><a 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