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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_VHS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_VHS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Before VHS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_VHS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VHS_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VHS_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 VHS development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VHS_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_with_Betamax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_with_Betamax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Competition with Betamax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_with_Betamax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_releases_of_VHS-based_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_releases_of_VHS-based_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Initial releases of VHS-based devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_releases_of_VHS-based_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Technical details </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technical details subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cassette_and_tape_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cassette_and_tape_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cassette and tape design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cassette_and_tape_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_loading_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_loading_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tape loading technique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_loading_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Recording capacity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_lengths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_lengths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Tape lengths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_lengths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copy_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copy_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Copy protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copy_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Recording process </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recording_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recording process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recording_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erase_head" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erase_head"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Erase head </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erase_head-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Video recording </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Audio recording </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_linear_audio_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_linear_audio_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Original linear audio system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_linear_audio_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_adjustment_and_index_marking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_adjustment_and_index_marking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Tracking adjustment and index marking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_adjustment_and_index_marking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hi-Fi_audio_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hi-Fi_audio_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Hi-Fi audio system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hi-Fi_audio_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issues_with_Hi-Fi_audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_Hi-Fi_audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.1 Issues with Hi-Fi audio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_Hi-Fi_audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Variations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Super-VHS_/_ADAT_/_SVHS-ET" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super-VHS_/_ADAT_/_SVHS-ET"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Super-VHS / ADAT / SVHS-ET </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super-VHS_/_ADAT_/_SVHS-ET-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VHS-C_/_Super_VHS-C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VHS-C_/_Super_VHS-C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 VHS-C / Super VHS-C </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VHS-C_/_Super_VHS-C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-W-VHS_/_Digital-VHS_(high-definition)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#W-VHS_/_Digital-VHS_(high-definition)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 W-VHS / Digital-VHS (high-definition) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-W-VHS_/_Digital-VHS_(high-definition)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 D9 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-V-Lite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V-Lite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 V-Lite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V-Lite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Accessories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signal_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Signal standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signal_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_in_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_in_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Uses in marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_in_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_Betamax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_Betamax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Comparison to Betamax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_Betamax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Modern use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Successors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Successors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Successors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-VCD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VCD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 VCD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VCD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DVD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DVD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 DVD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DVD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-capacity_digital_recording_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-capacity_digital_recording_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 High-capacity digital recording technologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-capacity_digital_recording_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">VHS</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A5%D8%B3" title="في إتش إس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="في إتش إس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Home_System" title="Video Home System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Video Home System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="سیستم ویدئوی خانگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم ویدئوی خانگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Home_System" title="Video Home System – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Video Home System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B8_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Տնային վիդեո համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տնային վիդեո համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Home_System" title="Video Home System – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Video Home System" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Домашен видеосистем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Домашен видеосистем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS_(video)" title="VHS (video) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="VHS (video)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Home_System" title="Video Home System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Video Home System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Home_System" title="Video Home System – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Video Home System" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="วีเอชเอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วีเอชเอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS_(c%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87)" title="VHS (công nghệ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="VHS (công nghệ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E5%BD%95%E5%83%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="家用录像系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="家用录像系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="VHS" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183976#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consumer-level analog videotape recording and cassette form standard</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the video format. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/VHS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="VHS (disambiguation)">VHS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Video Home System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="VHS logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/VHS_logo.svg/180px-VHS_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/VHS_logo.svg/270px-VHS_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/VHS_logo.svg/360px-VHS_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3607" data-file-height="2006" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Top view of a VHS videocassette</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cassette_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic cassette tape">Magnetic cassette tape</a>, ½-inch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> on <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>; <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/MESECAM" class="mw-redirect" title="MESECAM">MESECAM</a>; <a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a>; <a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">In minutes. Common for <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>: 120, 180, 240. Common for <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>: 120, 160.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helical_scan" title="Helical scan">Helical scan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Write mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">Helical scan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a> (Victor Company of Japan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">18.7 × 10.2 × 2.5 cm (7<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄9 × 4 × 1 inch)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">Home video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">home movies</a> (replaced by <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a>), TV recordings (replaced by <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">DVR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">September 9, 1976; 48 years ago (1976-09-09) (Japan) August 23, 1977; 47 years ago (1977-08-23) (United States)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS_recorder,_camera_and_cassette_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/VHS_recorder%2C_camera_and_cassette_b.jpg/220px-VHS_recorder%2C_camera_and_cassette_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/VHS_recorder%2C_camera_and_cassette_b.jpg/330px-VHS_recorder%2C_camera_and_cassette_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/VHS_recorder%2C_camera_and_cassette_b.jpg/440px-VHS_recorder%2C_camera_and_cassette_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2469" /></a><figcaption>S VHS Recorder, Camcorder & Cassette</figcaption></figure> VHS (Video Home System)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes1-3">[3]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standard</a> for consumer-level <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Video recording">video recording</a> on tape <a href="/wiki/Videocassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassette">cassettes</a>, introduced in 1976 by the <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">Victor Company of Japan (JVC)</a>. It was the dominant <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> format throughout the tape media period in the late 1970s through the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-jchyung-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> video recording was adopted by the television industry in the 1950s in the form of the first commercialized <a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">video tape recorders</a> (VTRs), but the devices were expensive and used only in professional environments. In the 1970s, videotape technology became affordable for home use, and widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">videocassette recorders</a> (VCRs) began;<a href="#cite_note-Glinis2015-6">[6]</a> the VHS became the most popular media format for VCRs as it would win the <a href="/wiki/Videotape_format_war" title="Videotape format war">"format war"</a> against <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> (backed by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)<a href="#cite_note-beta_end-7">[7]</a> and a number of other competing tape standards. The cassettes themselves use a 0.5-inch magnetic tape between two spools<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> and typically offer a capacity of at least two hours. The popularity of VHS was intertwined with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Video_rental_shop" title="Video rental shop">video rental</a> market,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> with films being released on pre-recorded videotapes for home viewing.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Newer improved tape formats such as <a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> were later developed, as well as the earliest <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> format, <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a>; the lack of global adoption of these formats increased VHS's lifetime, which eventually peaked and started to decline in the late 1990s after the introduction of <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital</a> optical disc format.<a href="#cite_note-wp-gonewiththerewind-11">[11]</a> VHS rentals were surpassed by DVD in the United States in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> which eventually became the preferred low-end method of movie distribution.<a href="#cite_note-VHS_era_is_winding_down-13">[13]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Home_recording" title="Home recording">home recording</a> purposes, VHS and VCRs were surpassed by (typically <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk</a>–based) <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorders (DVR)</a> in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_VHS">Before VHS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before VHS">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">Video tape recorder</a></div> In 1956, after several attempts by other companies, the first commercially successful VTR, the <a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Ampex VRX-1000</a>, was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> At a price of US$50,000 in 1956 (equivalent to $560,343 in 2023) and US$300 (equivalent to $3,362 in 2023) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenjiro_Takayanagi" title="Kenjiro Takayanagi">Kenjiro Takayanagi</a>, a television broadcasting pioneer then working for <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a> as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japanese market at a more affordable price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder and, by 1960, a color version for professional broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-takayanagi-16">[16]</a> In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1969, JVC collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsushita_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsushita Electric">Matsushita Electric</a> (Matsushita was the majority stockholder of JVC until 2011) to build a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The effort produced the <a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> format in 1971, which was the first cassette format to become a unified standard for different companies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was preceded by the reel-to-reel <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2" EIAJ format. The U-matic format was successful in businesses and some broadcast television applications, such as electronic news-gathering, and was produced by all three companies until the late 1980s, but because of cost and limited recording time, very few of the machines were sold for home use.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Therefore, soon after the U-Matic release, all three companies started working on new consumer-grade video recording formats of their own. Sony started working on <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a>, Matsushita started working on <a href="/wiki/VX_(videocassette_format)" title="VX (videocassette format)">VX</a>, and JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on the U-matic format. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VHS_development">VHS development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: VHS development">edit</a>]</div> In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a VTR for consumers.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> By the end of 1971, they created an internal diagram, "VHS Development Matrix", which established twelve objectives for JVC's new VTR:<a href="#cite_note-rickmaybury-19">[19]</a> <ul><li>The system must be compatible with any ordinary television set.</li> <li>Picture quality must be similar to a normal air broadcast.</li> <li>The tape must have at least a two-hour recording capacity.</li> <li>Tapes must be interchangeable between machines.</li> <li>The overall system should be versatile, meaning it can be scaled and expanded, such as connecting a video camera, or dubbing between two recorders.</li> <li>Recorders should be affordable, easy to operate, and have low maintenance costs.</li> <li>Recorders must be capable of being produced in high volume, their parts must be interchangeable, and they must be easy to service.</li></ul> In early 1972, the commercial video recording industry in Japan took a financial hit. JVC cut its budgets and restructured its video division, shelving the VHS project. However, despite the lack of funding, Takano and Shiraishi continued to work on the project in secret. By 1973, the two engineers had produced a functional prototype.<a href="#cite_note-rickmaybury-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition_with_Betamax">Competition with Betamax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Competition with Betamax">edit</a>]</div> In 1974, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of International Trade and Industry">Ministry of International Trade and Industry</a> (MITI), desiring to avoid <a href="/wiki/Consumer_confusion" title="Consumer confusion">consumer confusion</a>, attempted to force the Japanese video industry to standardize on just one home video recording format.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Later, Sony had a functional prototype of the <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> format, and was very close to releasing a finished product. With this prototype, Sony persuaded the MITI to adopt Betamax as the standard, and allow it to license the technology to other companies.<a href="#cite_note-rickmaybury-19">[19]</a> JVC believed that an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a>, with the format shared among competitors without licensing the technology, was better for the consumer. To prevent the MITI from adopting Betamax, JVC worked to convince other companies, in particular <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Matsushita</a> (Japan's largest electronics manufacturer at the time, marketing its products under the National brand in most territories and the Panasonic brand in North America, and JVC's majority stockholder), to accept VHS, and thereby work against <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> and the MITI.<a href="#cite_note-howells-21">[21]</a> Matsushita agreed, primarily out of concern that Sony might become the leader in the field if its proprietary Betamax format was the only one allowed to be manufactured. Matsushita also regarded Betamax's one-hour recording time limit as a disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-howells-21">[21]</a> Matsushita's backing of JVC persuaded <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> to back the VHS standard as well.<a href="#cite_note-rickmaybury-19">[19]</a> Sony's release of its Betamax unit to the Japanese market in 1975 placed further pressure on the MITI to side with the company. However, the collaboration of JVC and its partners was much stronger, which eventually led the MITI to drop its push for an industry standard. JVC released the first VHS machines in Japan in late 1976, and in the United States in mid-1977.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Sony's Betamax competed with VHS throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s (see <a href="/wiki/Videotape_format_war" title="Videotape format war">Videotape format war</a>). Betamax's major advantages were its smaller cassette size, theoretical higher video quality, and earlier availability, but its shorter recording time proved to be a major shortcoming.<a href="#cite_note-beta_end-7">[7]</a> Originally, Beta I machines using the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> television standard were able to record one hour of programming at their standard tape speed of 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Inches_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Inches per second">inches per second</a> (ips).<a href="#cite_note-100greatinventions-24">[24]</a> The first VHS machines could record for two hours, due to both a slightly slower tape speed (1.31 ips)<a href="#cite_note-100greatinventions-24">[24]</a> and significantly longer tape. Betamax's smaller cassette limited the size of the reel of tape, and could not compete with VHS's two-hour capability by extending the tape length.<a href="#cite_note-100greatinventions-24">[24]</a> Instead, Sony had to slow the tape down to 0.787 ips (Beta II) in order to achieve two hours of recording in the same cassette size.<a href="#cite_note-100greatinventions-24">[24]</a> Sony eventually created a Beta III speed of 0.524 ips, which allowed NTSC Betamax to break the two-hour limit, but by then VHS had already won the format battle.<a href="#cite_note-100greatinventions-24">[24]</a> Additionally, VHS had a "far less complex tape transport mechanism" than Betamax, and VHS machines were faster at rewinding and fast-forwarding than their Sony counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Parekh-25">[25]</a> VHS eventually won the war, gaining 60% of the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> market by 1980.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-beta_end-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_releases_of_VHS-based_devices">Initial releases of VHS-based devices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial releases of VHS-based devices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JVC-HR-3300U.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JVC-HR-3300U.jpg/220px-JVC-HR-3300U.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JVC-HR-3300U.jpg/330px-JVC-HR-3300U.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JVC-HR-3300U.jpg/440px-JVC-HR-3300U.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>JVC HR-3300U VIDSTAR – the US version of the JVC HR-3300. It is virtually identical to the Japanese version, which showed the "Victor" name, and did not use the "VIDSTAR" name.</figcaption></figure> The first <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCR</a> to use VHS was the <a href="/wiki/JVC_HR-3300" title="JVC HR-3300">Victor HR-3300</a>, and was introduced by the president of JVC in Japan on September 9, 1976.<a href="#cite_note-nipponsei-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> JVC started selling the HR-3300 in <a href="/wiki/Akihabara" title="Akihabara">Akihabara</a>, Tokyo, Japan, on October 31, 1976.<a href="#cite_note-nipponsei-27">[27]</a> Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as the HR-3300U in the United States, and the HR-3300EK in the United Kingdom. The United States received its first VHS-based VCR, the RCA VBT200, on August 23, 1977.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The RCA unit was designed by Matsushita and was the first VHS-based VCR manufactured by a company other than JVC. It was also capable of recording four hours in LP (long play) mode. The UK received its first VHS-based VCR, the Victor HR-3300EK, in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quasar_(brand)" title="Quasar (brand)">Quasar</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> followed-up with VHS-based VCRs – all designed by Matsushita.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> By 1999, Matsushita alone produced just over half of all Japanese VCRs.<a href="#cite_note-Cusumano-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Combo_television_unit" title="Combo television unit">TV/VCR combos</a>, combining a TV set with a VHS mechanism, were also once available for purchase.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/VCR/DVD_combo" title="VCR/DVD combo">Combo units</a> containing both a VHS mechanism and a DVD player were introduced in the late 1990s, and at least one combo unit, the Panasonic DMP-BD70V, included a Blu-ray player. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technical details">edit</a>]</div> VHS has been standardized in <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 60774–1.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cassette_and_tape_design">Cassette and tape design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cassette and tape design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS_cassette_tape_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/VHS_cassette_tape_12.JPG/220px-VHS_cassette_tape_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/VHS_cassette_tape_12.JPG/330px-VHS_cassette_tape_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/VHS_cassette_tape_12.JPG/440px-VHS_cassette_tape_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3614" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Top view of VHS with front casing removed</figcaption></figure> The VHS <a href="/wiki/Videocassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassette">cassette</a> is a 187 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">mm</a> wide, 103 mm deep, and 25 mm thick (7<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄8 × 4<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄16× 1 inch) plastic shell held together with five <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">Phillips-head screws</a>. The flip-up cover, which allows players and recorders to access the tape, has a latch on the right side, with a push-in toggle to release it (bottom view image). The cassette has an anti-despooling mechanism, consisting of several plastic parts between the spools, near the front of the cassette (white and black in the top view). The spool latches are released by a push-in lever within a 6.35 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4 inch) hole at the bottom of the cassette, 19 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄4 inch) in from the edge label.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The tapes are made, pre-recorded, and inserted into the cassettes in <a href="/wiki/Cleanroom" title="Cleanroom">cleanrooms</a>, to ensure quality and to keep <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> from getting embedded in the tape and interfering with recording (both of which could cause signal dropouts) There is a clear tape leader at both ends of the tape to provide an optical auto-stop for the VCR transport mechanism. In the VCR, a light source is inserted into the cassette through the circular hole in the center of the underside, and two <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiodes</a> are on the left and right sides of where the tape exits the cassette. When the clear tape reaches one of these, enough light will pass through the tape to the photodiode to trigger the stop function; some VCRs automatically rewind the tape when the trailing end is detected. Early VCRs used an <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent bulb">incandescent bulb</a> as the light source: when the bulb failed, the VCR would act as if a tape were present when the machine was empty, or would detect the blown bulb and completely stop functioning. Later designs use an infrared <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a>, which has a much longer life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The recording medium is a Mylar<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>, 12.7 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 inch) wide, coated with metal <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>, and wound on two <a href="/wiki/Bobbin" title="Bobbin">spools</a>. The tape speed for "Standard Play" mode (see below) is 3.335 <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">cm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a> (1.313 ips) for <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, 2.339 cm/s (0.921 ips) for <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>—or just over 2.0 and 1.4 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> (6 ft 6.7 in and 4 ft 7.2 in) per minute respectively. The tape length for a T-120 VHS cassette is 247.5 metres (812 ft).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tape_loading_technique">Tape loading technique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tape loading technique">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/VHS_diagram.svg/200px-VHS_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/VHS_diagram.svg/300px-VHS_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/VHS_diagram.svg/400px-VHS_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>VHS M-loading system</figcaption></figure> As with almost all cassette-based videotape systems, VHS machines pull the tape out of the cassette shell and wrap it around the inclined head drum, which rotates at 1,800 rpm in NTSC machines<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and at 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a> for <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, one complete rotation of the head corresponding to one video frame. VHS uses an "M-loading" system, also known as M-lacing, where the tape is drawn out by two threading posts and wrapped around more than 180 degrees of the head drum (and also other <a href="/wiki/Tape_transport" title="Tape transport">tape transport</a> components) in a shape roughly approximating the letter <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The heads in the rotating drum get their signal wirelessly using a <a href="/wiki/Rotary_transformer" title="Rotary transformer">rotary transformer</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recording_capacity">Recording capacity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recording capacity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VCR_load.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/VCR_load.jpg/220px-VCR_load.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/VCR_load.jpg/330px-VCR_load.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/VCR_load.jpg/440px-VCR_load.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>The interior of a late-generation VHS <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCR</a> showing the drum and tape</figcaption></figure> A VHS cassette holds a maximum of about 430 m (1,410 ft) of tape at the lowest acceptable tape thickness, giving a maximum playing time of about four hours in a T-240/DF480 for <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> and five hours in an E-300 for <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> at "standard play" (SP) quality. More frequently, however, VHS tapes are thicker than the required minimum to avoid complications such as jams or tears in the tape.<a href="#cite_note-Parekh-25">[25]</a> Other speeds include "long play" (LP), "extended play" (EP) or "super long play" (SLP) (standard on NTSC; rarely found on PAL machines<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>). For NTSC, LP and EP/SLP double and triple the recording time accordingly, but these speed reductions cause a reduction in horizontal resolution – from the normal equivalent of 250 vertical lines in SP, to the equivalent of 230 in LP and even less in EP/SLP. Due to the nature of recording diagonally from a spinning drum, the actual write speed of the video heads does not get slower when the tape speed is reduced. Instead, the video tracks become narrower and are packed closer together. This results in noisier playback that can be more difficult to track correctly: The effect of subtle misalignment is magnified by the narrower tracks. The heads for linear audio are not on the spinning drum, so for them, the tape speed from one reel to the other is the same as the speed of the heads across the tape. This speed is quite slow: for SP it is about 2/3s that of an audio cassette, and for EP it is slower than the slowest microcassette speed. This is widely considered inadequate for anything but basic voice playback, and was a major liability for VHS-C camcorders that encouraged the use of the EP speed. Color depth deteriorates significantly at lower speeds in PAL: often, a color image on a PAL tape recorded at low speed is displayed only in monochrome, or with intermittent color, when playback is paused.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tape_lengths">Tape lengths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tape lengths">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS_tape_with_time_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/VHS_tape_with_time_scale.jpg/220px-VHS_tape_with_time_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/VHS_tape_with_time_scale.jpg/330px-VHS_tape_with_time_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/VHS_tape_with_time_scale.jpg/440px-VHS_tape_with_time_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>VHS cassette with time scale for SP and LP</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quantegy-VHS-cassettes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Quantegy-VHS-cassettes.jpg/550px-Quantegy-VHS-cassettes.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Quantegy-VHS-cassettes.jpg/825px-Quantegy-VHS-cassettes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Quantegy-VHS-cassettes.jpg/1100px-Quantegy-VHS-cassettes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>VHS cassettes of different play time labelled both for NTSC and PAL</figcaption></figure> VHS cassettes for <a href="/wiki/Multi-standard_television" title="Multi-standard television">NTSC and PAL/SECAM</a> systems are physically identical, although the signals recorded on the tape are incompatible. The tape speeds are different too, so the playing time for any given cassette will vary between the systems. To avoid confusion, manufacturers indicate the playing time in minutes that can be expected for the market the tape is sold in: E-XXX indicates playing time in minutes for PAL or SECAM. T-XXX indicates playing time in minutes for NTSC or PAL-M. To calculate the playing time for a T-XXX tape in a PAL machine, this formula is used: <dl><dd>PAL/SECAM recording time = T-XXX in minutes × 1.426</dd></dl> To calculate the playing time for an E-XXX tape in an NTSC machine, this formula is used: <dl><dd>NTSC recording time = E-XXX in minutes × 0.701</dd></dl> Since the recording/playback time for PAL/SECAM is roughly 1/3 longer than the recording/playback time for NTSC, some tape manufacturers label their cassettes with both T-XXX and E-XXX marks, like T60/E90, T90/E120 and T120/E180. SP is standard play, LP is long play (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 speed, equal to recording time in DVHS "HS" mode), EP/SLP is extended/super long play (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄3 speed)<a href="#cite_note-poptronics-40">[40]</a> which was primarily released into the NTSC market. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common tape types, approximate </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Label; nominal length (minutes) </th> <th colspan="2">Length </th> <th colspan="3">Recording time, NTSC </th> <th colspan="3">Recording time, PAL </th></tr> <tr> <th>(m)</th> <th>(ft) </th> <th><abbr title="Standard play">SP</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Long play">LP</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Extended play">EP</abbr>/<abbr title="super long play">SLP</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Standard play">SP</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Long play">LP</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Extended play">EP</abbr>/<abbr title="super long play">SLP</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10">NTSC market </th></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe8f0;"> <th>T-20 </th> <td>44</td> <td>145</td> <td>20 min</td> <td>40 min</td> <td>60 min (1h)</td> <td>28.52 min</td> <td>57.04 min</td> <td>85.56 min (1h 25.56) </td></tr> <tr> <th>T-30 (typical VHS-C) </th> <td>63</td> <td>207</td> <td>30 min</td> <td>60 min (1h)</td> <td>90 min (1h 30)</td> <td>42.78 min</td> <td>85.56 min (1h 25.56)</td> <td>128.34 min (2h 8.34) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe8f0;"> <th>T-45 </th> <td>94</td> <td>310</td> <td>45 min</td> <td>90 min (1h 30)</td> <td>135 min (2h 15)</td> <td>64.17 min (1h 04.17)</td> <td>128.34 min (2h 8.34)</td> <td>192.51 min (3h 12.51) </td></tr> <tr> <th>T-60 </th> <td>126</td> <td>412</td> <td>60 min (1h)</td> <td>120 min (2h)</td> <td>180 min (3h)</td> <td>85.56 min (1h 25.56)</td> <td>171.12 min (2h 51.12)</td> <td>256.68 min (4h 16.68) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe8f0;"> <th>T-90 </th> <td>186</td> <td>610</td> <td>90 min (1h 30)</td> <td>180 min (3h)</td> <td>270 min (4h 30)</td> <td>128.34 min (2h 8.34)</td> <td>256.68 min (4h 16.68)</td> <td>385.02 min (6h 25.02) </td></tr> <tr> <th>T-120 / DF240 </th> <td>247</td> <td>811</td> <td>120 min (2h)</td> <td>240 min (4h)</td> <td>360 min (6h)</td> <td>176 min (2h 56)</td> <td>342.24 min (5h 42.24)</td> <td>513.36 min (8h 33.36) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe8f0;"> <th>T-130 </th> <td>277</td> <td>910</td> <td>130 min (2h 10)</td> <td>260 min(4h 20)</td> <td>390 min (6h 30)</td> <td>185.38 min (3h 5.38)</td> <td>370.76 min (6h 10.76)</td> <td>556.14 min (9h 16.14) </td></tr> <tr> <th>T-140 </th> <td>287.5</td> <td>943</td> <td>140 min (2h 20)</td> <td>280 min (4h 40)</td> <td>420 min (7h)</td> <td>199.64 min (3h 19.64)</td> <td>399.28 min (6h 39.28)</td> <td>598.92 min (9h 58.92) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe8f0;"> <th>T-150 / DF300 </th> <td>316.5</td> <td>1,040</td> <td>150 min (2h 30)</td> <td>300 min (5h)</td> <td>450 min (7h 30)</td> <td>213.9 min (3h 33.9)</td> <td>427.8 min (7h 7.8)</td> <td>641.7 min (10h 41.7) </td></tr> <tr> <th>T-160 </th> <td>328</td> <td>1,075</td> <td>160 min (2h 40)</td> <td>320 min (5h 20)</td> <td>480 min (8h)</td> <td>228.16 min (3h 48.16)</td> <td>456.32 min (7h 36.32)</td> <td>684.48 min (11h 24.48) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe8f0;"> <th>T-180 / DF-360 </th> <td>369</td> <td>1,210</td> <td>180 min (3h)</td> <td>360 min (6h)</td> <td>540 min (9h)</td> <td>256.68 min (4h 16.68)</td> <td>513.36 min (8h 33.36)</td> <td>770.04 min (12h 50.04) </td></tr> <tr> <th>T-200 </th> <td>410</td> <td>1,345</td> <td>200 min (3h 20)</td> <td>400 min (6h 40)</td> <td>600 min (10h)</td> <td>285.2 min (4h 45.2)</td> <td>570.4 min (9h 30.4)</td> <td>855.6 min (14h 15.6) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe8f0;"> <th>T-210 / DF420 </th> <td>433</td> <td>1,420</td> <td>210 min (3h 30)</td> <td>420 min (7h)</td> <td>630 min (10h 30)</td> <td>299.46 min (4h 59.46)</td> <td>598.92 min (9h 58.92)</td> <td>898.38 min (14h 58.38) </td></tr> <tr> <th>T-240 / DF480 </th> <td>500</td> <td>1,640</td> <td>240 min (4h)</td> <td>480 min (8h)</td> <td>720 min (12h)</td> <td>342.24 min (5h 42.24)</td> <td>684.48 min (11h 24)</td> <td>1026.72 min (17h 6.72) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">PAL market </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e8f0ff;"> <th>E-30 (typical VHS-C) </th> <td>45</td> <td>148</td> <td>22.5 min</td> <td>45 min</td> <td>68 min (1h 08)</td> <td>32 min</td> <td>64 min (1h 04)</td> <td>96 min </td></tr> <tr> <th>E-60 </th> <td>88</td> <td>290</td> <td>44 min</td> <td>88 min (1h 28)</td> <td>133 min (2h 13)</td> <td>63 min (1h 03)</td> <td>126 min (2h 06)</td> <td>189 min </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e8f0ff;"> <th>E-90 </th> <td>131</td> <td>429</td> <td>65 min (1h 05)</td> <td>131 min (2h 11)</td> <td>196 min (3h 16)</td> <td>93 min (1h 33)</td> <td>186 min (3h 06)</td> <td>279 min </td></tr> <tr> <th>E-120 </th> <td>174</td> <td>570</td> <td>87 min (1h 27)</td> <td>174 min (2h 54)</td> <td>260 min (4h 20)</td> <td>124 min (2h 04)</td> <td>248 min (4h 08)</td> <td>372 min </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e8f0ff;"> <th>E-150 </th> <td>216</td> <td>609</td> <td>108 min (1h 49)</td> <td>227 min (3h 37)</td> <td>324 min (5h 24)</td> <td>154 min (2h 34)</td> <td>308 min (5h 08)</td> <td>462 min </td></tr> <tr> <th>E-180 </th> <td>259</td> <td>849</td> <td>129 min (2h 09)</td> <td>259 min (4h 18)</td> <td>388 min (6h 28)</td> <td>184 min (3h 04)</td> <td>369 min (6h 09)</td> <td>552 min </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e8f0ff;"> <th>E-195 </th> <td>279</td> <td>915</td> <td>139 min (2h 19)</td> <td>279 min (4h 39)</td> <td>418 min (6h 58)</td> <td>199 min (3h 19)</td> <td>397 min (6h 37)</td> <td>597 min </td></tr> <tr> <th>E-200 </th> <td>289</td> <td>935</td> <td>144 min (2h 24)</td> <td>284 min (4h 44)</td> <td>428 min (7h 08)</td> <td>204 min (3h 24)</td> <td>405 min (6h 45)</td> <td>612 min </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e8f0ff;"> <th>E-210 </th> <td>304</td> <td>998</td> <td>152 min (2h 32)</td> <td>304 min (5h 04)</td> <td>456 min (7h 36)</td> <td>217 min (3h 37)</td> <td>433 min (7h 13)</td> <td>651 min </td></tr> <tr> <th>E-240 </th> <td>348</td> <td>1,142</td> <td>174 min (2h 54)</td> <td>348 min (5h 48)</td> <td>522 min (8h 42)</td> <td>248 min (4h 08)</td> <td>496 min (8h 16)</td> <td>744 min </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e8f0ff;"> <th>E-270 </th> <td>392</td> <td>1,295</td> <td>196 min (3h 16)</td> <td>392 min (6h 32)</td> <td>589 min (9h 49)</td> <td>279 min (4h 39)</td> <td>559 min (9h 19)</td> <td>837 min </td></tr> <tr> <th>E-300 </th> <td>435</td> <td>1,427</td> <td>217 min (3h 37)</td> <td>435 min (7h 15)</td> <td>652 min (10h 52)</td> <td>310 min (5h 10)</td> <td>620 min (10h 20)</td> <td>930 min </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copy_protection">Copy protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Copy protection">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clean-Decoded-Macrovision_2023-03-25_04-43-09.tbc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Inspector Gadget 1999 PAL VHS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Clean-Decoded-Macrovision_2023-03-25_04-43-09.tbc.png/300px-Clean-Decoded-Macrovision_2023-03-25_04-43-09.tbc.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Clean-Decoded-Macrovision_2023-03-25_04-43-09.tbc.png/450px-Clean-Decoded-Macrovision_2023-03-25_04-43-09.tbc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Clean-Decoded-Macrovision_2023-03-25_04-43-09.tbc.png/600px-Clean-Decoded-Macrovision_2023-03-25_04-43-09.tbc.png 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Macrovision blocks observed in the top and left of the Luma channel of a 4fsc sampled PAL VHS tape signal produced by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/oyvindln/vhs-decode/">vhs-decode</a> in 2022.</figcaption></figure> As VHS was designed to facilitate recording from various sources, including television broadcasts or other VCR units, content producers quickly found that home users were able to use the devices to copy videos from one tape to another. Despite <a href="/wiki/Generation_loss" title="Generation loss">generation loss</a> in quality when a tape was copied,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> this practice was regarded as a widespread problem, which members of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America">Motion Picture Association of America</a> (MPAA) claimed caused them great financial losses.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In response, several companies developed technologies to protect copyrighted VHS tapes from casual duplication by home users. The most popular method was <a href="/wiki/Analog_Protection_System" title="Analog Protection System">Analog Protection System</a>, better known simply as <a href="/wiki/Macrovision" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrovision">Macrovision</a>, produced by a company of the same name.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> According to Macrovision: <blockquote>The technology is applied to over 550 million videocassettes annually and is used by every MPAA movie studio on some or all of their videocassette releases. Over 220 commercial duplication facilities around the world are equipped to supply Macrovision videocassette copy protection to rights owners...The study found that over 30% of VCR households admit to having unauthorized copies, and that the total annual revenue loss due to copying is estimated at $370,000,000 annually.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></blockquote> The system was first used in copyrighted movies beginning with the 1984 film <a href="/wiki/The_Cotton_Club_(film)" title="The Cotton Club (film)">The Cotton Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deatley19850907-46">[46]</a> Macrovision copy protection saw refinement throughout its years, but has always worked by essentially introducing deliberate errors into a protected VHS tape's output video stream. These errors in the output video stream are ignored by most televisions, but will interfere with re-recording of programming by a second VCR. The first version of Macrovision introduces high signal levels during the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking interval</a>, which occurs between the video fields. These high levels confuse the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_gain_control" title="Automatic gain control">automatic gain control</a> circuit in most VHS VCRs, leading to varying brightness levels in an output video, but are ignored by the TV as they are out of the frame-display period. "Level II" Macrovision uses a process called "colorstriping", which inverts the analog signal's colorburst period and causes off-color bands to appear in the picture. Level III protection added additional colorstriping techniques to further degrade the image.<a href="#cite_note-anarchivism-rip-vhs-47">[47]</a> These protection methods worked well to defeat analog-to-analog copying by VCRs of the time. Consumer products capable of digital video recording are mandated by law to include features which detect Macrovision encoding of input analog streams, and disrupt copying of the video.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Both intentional and false-positive detection of Macrovision protection has <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">frustrated archivists</a> who wish to copy now-fragile VHS tapes to a digital format for preservation. As of the 2020s, modern software decoding<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> ignores Macrovision as software is not limited to the fixed standards that Macrovision was intended to disrupt in hardware based systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording_process">Recording process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recording process">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm/220px--Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm/Medion_MD8910_-_Inject_and_eject_of_a_VHS_cassette.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A close-up process of how the magnetic tape in a VHS cassette is being pulled from the cassette shell to the head drum of the VCR</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS-diagonal-helical-recording.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/VHS-diagonal-helical-recording.jpg/300px-VHS-diagonal-helical-recording.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/VHS-diagonal-helical-recording.jpg/450px-VHS-diagonal-helical-recording.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/VHS-diagonal-helical-recording.jpg/600px-VHS-diagonal-helical-recording.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>This illustration demonstrates the helical wrap of the tape around the head drum, and shows the points where the video, audio and control tracks are recorded</figcaption></figure> The recording process in VHS consists of the following steps, in this order: <ul><li>The tape is pulled from the supply reel by a capstan and pinch roller, similar to those used in audio tape recorders.</li> <li>The tape passes across the erase head, which wipes any existing recording from the tape.</li> <li>The tape is wrapped around the head drum, using a little more than 180 degrees of the drum.</li> <li>One of the heads on the spinning drum records one field of video onto the tape, in one diagonally oriented track.</li> <li>The tape passes across the audio and control head, which records the control track and the linear audio tracks.</li> <li>The tape is wound onto the take-up reel due to torque applied to the reel by the machine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erase_head">Erase head</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Erase head">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3-equals-1-waveform-cutting-vhs-decode-2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adobe Audition spectrograph (Left) ld-analyse with TBC file set loaded (Right) - Munday Demo Tape Public Archive." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/3-equals-1-waveform-cutting-vhs-decode-2024.png/220px-3-equals-1-waveform-cutting-vhs-decode-2024.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/3-equals-1-waveform-cutting-vhs-decode-2024.png/330px-3-equals-1-waveform-cutting-vhs-decode-2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/3-equals-1-waveform-cutting-vhs-decode-2024.png/440px-3-equals-1-waveform-cutting-vhs-decode-2024.png 2x" data-file-width="3437" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>Highlighted selection of a 40msps RAW FM signal captured from a test point on a consumer VCR during playback (left) and its resulting decoded signal image frame or two interlaced fields (right) produced by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/oyvindln/vhs-decode/wiki">vhs-decode</a></figcaption></figure> The erase head is fed by a high-level, high-frequency AC signal that overwrites any previous recording on the tape.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Without this step, the new recording cannot be guaranteed to completely replace any old recording that might have been on the tape. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_recording">Video recording</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Video recording">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the process used to commercially make VHS tapes, see <a href="/wiki/Print-through#Video_recording" title="Print-through">Print-through § Video recording</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kopftrommel_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kopftrommel_2.jpg/300px-Kopftrommel_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kopftrommel_2.jpg/450px-Kopftrommel_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kopftrommel_2.jpg/600px-Kopftrommel_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Panasonic Hi-Fi six-head drum VEH0548 installed on G mechanism as an example, demonstrated a typical VHS head drum containing two tape heads. (1) is the upper head, (2) is the tape heads, and (3) is the head amplifier.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8601.jpg/220px-Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8601.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8601.jpg/330px-Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8601.jpg/440px-Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5107" data-file-height="2873" /></a><figcaption>The upper- and underside of a typical four-head VHS head assembly showing the head chips and rotary transformer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8610.jpg/220px-Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8610.jpg/330px-Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8610.jpg/440px-Medion_MD8910_-_VHS_Helical_scan_tape_head-8610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of a head chip</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_AutoShot_VHS_Camcorder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RCA_AutoShot_VHS_Camcorder.jpg/290px-RCA_AutoShot_VHS_Camcorder.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RCA_AutoShot_VHS_Camcorder.jpg/435px-RCA_AutoShot_VHS_Camcorder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RCA_AutoShot_VHS_Camcorder.jpg/580px-RCA_AutoShot_VHS_Camcorder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>A typical RCA (Model CC-4371) full-size VHS camcorder with a built-in three-inch color LCD screen.</figcaption></figure> The tape path then carries the tape around the spinning video-head drum, wrapping it around a little more than 180 degrees (called the omega transport system) in a <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helical</a> fashion, assisted by the slanted tape guides.<a href="#cite_note-poptronics-40">[40]</a> The head rotates constantly at<a href="#cite_note-50">[a]</a> 1798.2 rpm in NTSC machines, exactly 1500 in PAL, each complete rotation corresponding to one frame of video. Two <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">tape heads</a> are mounted on the cylindrical surface of the drum, 180 degrees apart from each other, so that the two heads "take turns" in recording. The rotation of the inclined head drum, combined with the relatively slow movement of the tape, results in each head recording a track oriented at a diagonal with respect to the length of the tape, with the heads moving across the tape at speeds higher than what would otherwise be possible. This is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Helical_scan" title="Helical scan">helical scan</a> recording. A tape speed of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+5⁄16 inches per second corresponds to the heads on the drum moving across the tape at (a writing speed of) 4.86<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-poptronics-40">[40]</a> or 6.096 meters per second.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> To maximize the use of the tape, the video tracks are recorded very close together. To reduce <a href="/wiki/Crosstalk" title="Crosstalk">crosstalk</a> between adjacent tracks on playback, an <a href="/wiki/Azimuth_recording" title="Azimuth recording">azimuth recording</a> method is used: The gaps of the two heads are not aligned exactly with the track path. Instead, one head is angled at plus six degrees from the track, and the other at minus six degrees.<a href="#cite_note-poptronics-40">[40]</a> This results, during playback, in destructive interference of the signal from the tracks on either side of the one being played. Each of the diagonal-angled tracks is a complete TV picture <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">field</a>, lasting <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄60 of a second (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄50 on PAL) on the display. One <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">tape head</a> records an entire picture field. The adjacent track, recorded by the second tape head, is another <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄60 or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄50 of a second TV picture field, and so on. Thus one complete head rotation records an entire NTSC or PAL frame of two fields. The original VHS specification had only two video heads. When the EP recording speed was introduced, the thickness of these heads was reduced to accommodate the narrower tracks. However, this subtly reduced the quality of the SP speed, and dramatically lowered the quality of freeze frame and high speed search. Later models implemented both wide and narrow heads, and could use all four during pause and shuttle modes to further improve quality<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> although machines later combined both pairs into one.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In machines supporting VHS HiFi (described later), yet another pair of heads was added to handle the VHS HiFi signal.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Camcorders using the miniaturized drum required twice<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> as many heads to complete any given task. This almost always meant four heads on the miniaturized drum with performance similar to a two head VCR with a full sized drum. No attempt was made to record Hi-Fi audio with such devices, as this would require an additional four heads to work. W-VHS decks could have up to 12 heads in the head drum, of which 11 were active including a flying erase head for erasing individual video fields, and one was a dummy used for balancing the head drum.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The high tape-to-head speed created by the rotating head results in a far higher bandwidth than could be practically achieved with a stationary head. VHS machines record up to 3 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a> of baseband video <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> and 300 kHz of baseband chroma bandwidth.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luminance</a> (black and white) portion of the video is <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulated</a> and combined with a down-converted "<a href="/wiki/Heterodyne#Analog_videotape_recording" title="Heterodyne">color under</a>" <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chroma</a> (color) signal that is encoded using <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">quadrature amplitude modulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-poptronics-40">[40]</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Sideband" title="Sideband">side bands</a>, the signal on a VHS tape can use up to 10 MHz of RF bandwidth.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> VHS horizontal resolution is 240 <a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">TVL</a>, or about 320 lines across a scan line. The vertical resolution (number of scan lines) is the same as the respective analog TV standard (625 for <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> or 525 for <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>; somewhat fewer scan lines are actually visible due to <a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">overscan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a>). In modern-day digital terminology, NTSC VHS resolution is roughly equivalent to 333×480 pixels for luma and 40×480 pixels for chroma. 333×480=159,840 pixels or 0.16 MP (1/6 of a megapixel).<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> PAL VHS resolution is roughly 333×576 pixels for luma and 40×576 pixels for chroma (although when decoded PAL and SECAM half the vertical color resolution). JVC countered 1985's SuperBeta with VHS HQ, or High Quality. The frequency modulation of the VHS luminance signal is limited to 3 megahertz, which makes higher resolutions technically impossible even with the highest-quality recording heads and tape materials, but an HQ branded deck includes luminance noise reduction, chroma noise reduction, white clip extension, and improved sharpness circuitry. The effect was to increase the apparent horizontal resolution of a VHS recording from 240 to 250 analog (equivalent to 333 pixels from left-to-right, in digital terminology). The major VHS <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEMs</a> resisted HQ due to cost concerns, eventually resulting in JVC reducing the requirements for the HQ brand to white clip extension plus one other improvement. In 1987, JVC introduced a new format called <a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">Super VHS</a> (often known as S-VHS) which extended the bandwidth to over 5 megahertz, yielding 420 analog horizontal (560 pixels left-to-right). Most Super VHS recorders can play back standard VHS tapes, but not vice versa. S-VHS was designed for higher resolution, but failed to gain popularity outside Japan because of the high costs of the machines and tapes.<a href="#cite_note-Parekh-25">[25]</a> Because of the limited user base, Super VHS was never picked up to any significant degree by manufacturers of pre-recorded tapes, although it was used extensively in the low-end professional market for filming and editing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_recording">Audio recording</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Audio recording">edit</a>]</div> After leaving the head drum, the tape passes over the stationary audio and control head. This records a control track at the bottom edge of the tape, and one or two linear audio tracks along the top edge.<a href="#cite_note-poptronics-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_linear_audio_system">Original linear audio system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Original linear audio system">edit</a>]</div> In the original VHS specification, audio was recorded as <a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a> in a single linear track, at the upper edge of the tape, similar to how an audio <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassette</a> operates. The recorded frequency range was dependent on the linear tape speed. For the VHS SP mode, which already uses a lower tape speed than the compact cassette, this resulted in a mediocre frequency response<a href="#cite_note-poptronics-40">[40]</a> of roughly 100 Hz to 10 kHz for NTSC,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] frequency response for PAL VHS with its lower standard tape speed was somewhat worse of about 80 Hz to 8 kHz. The <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a> (SNR) was an acceptable 42 dB for NTSC and 41 dB for PAL. Both parameters degraded significantly with VHS's longer play modes, with EP/NTSC frequency response peaking at 4 kHz. S-VHS tapes can give better audio (and video) quality, because the tapes are designed to have almost twice the bandwidth of VHS at the same speed. Sound cannot be recorded on a VHS tape without recording a video signal because the video signal is used to generate the control track pulses which effectively regulate the tape speed on playback. Even in the audio dubbing mode, a valid video recording (control track signal) must be present on the tape for audio to be correctly recorded. If there is no video signal to the VCR input during recording, most later VCRs will record black video and generate a control track while the sound is being recorded. Some early VCRs record audio without a control track signal; this is of little use, because the absence of a signal from the control track means that the linear tape speed is irregular during playback.<a href="#cite_note-poptronics-40">[40]</a> More sophisticated VCRs offer stereo audio recording and playback. Linear stereo fits two independent channels in the same space as the original mono audiotrack. While this approach preserves acceptable backward compatibility with monoaural audio heads, the splitting of the audio track degrades the audio's signal-to-noise ratio, causing objectionable tape hiss at normal listening volume. To counteract the hiss, linear stereo VHS VCRs use <a href="/wiki/Dolby_noise-reduction_system" title="Dolby noise-reduction system">Dolby B noise reduction</a> for recording and playback. This dynamically boosts the high frequencies of the audio program on the recorded medium, improving its signal strength relative to the tape's background noise floor, then attenuates the high frequencies during playback. Dolby-encoded program material exhibits a high-frequency emphasis when played on non-Hi-Fi VCRs that are not equipped with the matching Dolby Noise Reduction decoder, although this may actually improve the sound quality of non-Hi-Fi VCRs, especially at the slower recording speeds. High-end consumer recorders take advantage of the linear nature of the audio track, as the audio track could be erased and recorded without disturbing the video portion of the recorded signal. Hence, "audio dubbing" and "video dubbing", where either the audio or video is re-recorded on tape (without disturbing the other), were supported features on <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosumer#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:prosumer">prosumer</a> <a href="/wiki/Linear_video_editing" title="Linear video editing">linear video editing</a>-decks. Without dubbing capability, an audio or video edit could not be done in-place on master cassette, and requires the editing output be captured to another tape, incurring generational loss. Studio film releases began to emerge with linear stereo audiotracks in 1982. From that point, nearly every home video release by Hollywood featured a Dolby-encoded linear stereo audiotrack. However, linear stereo was never popular with equipment makers or consumers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tracking_adjustment_and_index_marking">Tracking adjustment and index marking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tracking adjustment and index marking">edit</a>]</div> Another linear <a href="/wiki/Control_track" title="Control track">control track</a> at the tape's lower edge holds pulses that mark the beginning of every frame of video; these are used to fine-tune the tape speed during playback, so that the high speed rotating heads remained exactly on their helical tracks rather than somewhere between two adjacent tracks (known as "<a href="/wiki/Video_tape_tracking" title="Video tape tracking">tracking</a>"). Since good tracking depends on precise distances between the rotating drum and the fixed control/audio head reading the linear tracks, which usually varies by a couple of micrometers between machines due to manufacturing tolerances, most VCRs offer tracking adjustment, either manual or automatic, to correct such mismatches. The control track is also used to hold index marks, which were normally written at the beginning of each recording session, and can be found using the VCR's index search function: this will fast-wind forward or backward to the nth specified index mark, and resume playback from there. At times, higher-end VCRs provided functions for the user to manually add and remove these marks.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> By the late 1990s, some high-end VCRs offered more sophisticated indexing. For example, Panasonic's Tape Library system assigned an ID number to each cassette, and logged recording information (channel, date, time and optional program title entered by the user) both on the cassette and in the VCR's memory for up to 900 recordings (600 with titles).<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hi-Fi_audio_system">Hi-Fi audio system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hi-Fi audio system">edit</a>]</div> Around 1984, JVC added Hi-Fi audio to VHS (model HR-D725U, in response to Betamax's introduction of Beta Hi-Fi.) Both VHS Hi-Fi and Betamax Hi-Fi delivered flat full-range frequency response (20 Hz to 20 kHz), excellent 70 dB <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a> (in consumer space, second only to the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> of 90 dB, and <a href="/wiki/Professional_audio" title="Professional audio">professional audio</a>-grade channel separation (more than 70 dB). VHS Hi-Fi audio is achieved by using audio frequency modulation (AFM), modulating the two stereo channels (L, R) on two different frequency-modulated carriers and embedding the combined modulated audio signal pair into the video signal. To avoid crosstalk and interference from the primary video carrier, VHS's implementation of AFM relied on a form of magnetic recording called depth <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a>. The modulated <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">audio</a> carrier pair was placed in the hitherto-unused frequency range between the luminance and the color carrier (below 1.6 MHz), and recorded first. Subsequently, the video head erases and re-records the video signal (combined luminance and color signal) over the same tape surface, but the video signal's higher center frequency results in a shallower magnetization of the tape, allowing both the video and residual AFM audio signal to coexist on tape. (PAL versions of Beta Hi-Fi use this same technique). During playback, VHS Hi-Fi recovers the depth-recorded AFM signal by subtracting the audio head's signal (which contains the AFM signal contaminated by a weak image of the video signal) from the video head's signal (which contains only the video signal), then demodulates the left and right audio channels from their respective frequency carriers. The result of the complex process was audio of high fidelity, which was uniformly solid across all tape-speeds (EP, LP or SP.) Since JVC had gone through the complexity of ensuring Hi-Fi's backward compatibility with non-Hi-Fi VCRs, virtually all studio home video releases produced after this time contained Hi-Fi audio tracks, in addition to the linear audio track. Under normal circumstances, all Hi-Fi VHS VCRs will record Hi-Fi and linear audio simultaneously to ensure compatibility with VCRs without Hi-Fi playback, though only early high-end Hi-Fi machines provided linear stereo compatibility. The sound quality of Hi-Fi VHS stereo is comparable to some extent to the quality of <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a> audio, particularly when recordings were made on high-end or professional VHS machines that have a manual audio recording level control. This high quality compared to other consumer audio recording formats such as <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassette</a> attracted the attention of amateur and hobbyist recording artists. <a href="/wiki/Home_recording" title="Home recording">Home recording</a> enthusiasts occasionally recorded high quality stereo <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">mixdowns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_recordings" title="Master recordings">master recordings</a> from <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack</a> audio tape onto consumer-level Hi-Fi VCRs. However, because the VHS Hi-Fi recording process is intertwined with the VCR's video-recording function, advanced editing functions such as audio-only or video-only dubbing are impossible. A short-lived alternative to the HiFi feature for recording mixdowns of hobbyist audio-only projects was a <a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> so that high-bandwidth digital video could use a grid of black-and-white dots on an analog video carrier to give pro-grade digital sounds though <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a> tapes made this obsolete. Some VHS decks also had a "simulcast" switch, allowing users to record an external audio input along with off-air pictures. Some televised concerts offered a stereo simulcast soundtrack on FM radio and as such, events like <a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a> were recorded by thousands of people with a full stereo soundtrack despite the fact that stereo TV broadcasts were some years off (especially in regions that adopted <a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a>). Other examples of this included network television shows such as <a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_Videos" title="Friday Night Videos">Friday Night Videos</a> and <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> for its first few years in existence. Likewise, some countries, most notably <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, provided alternate language audio tracks for TV programming through an FM radio simulcast. The considerable complexity and additional hardware limited VHS Hi-Fi to high-end decks for many years. While linear stereo all but disappeared from home VHS decks, it was not until the 1990s that Hi-Fi became a more common feature on VHS decks. Even then, most customers were unaware of its significance and merely enjoyed the better audio performance of the newer decks. VHS Hi-Fi audio has been standardized in IEC 60774-2.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Issues_with_Hi-Fi_audio">Issues with Hi-Fi audio</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Issues with Hi-Fi audio">edit</a>]</div> Due to the path followed by the video and Hi-Fi audio heads being striped and discontinuous—unlike that of the linear audio track—head-switching is required to provide a continuous audio signal. While the video signal can easily hide the head-switching point in the invisible vertical retrace section of the signal, so that the exact switching point is not very important, the same is obviously not possible with a continuous audio signal that has no inaudible sections. Hi-Fi audio is thus dependent on a much more exact alignment of the head switching point than is required for non-HiFi VHS machines. Misalignments may lead to imperfect joining of the signal, resulting in low-pitched buzzing.<a href="#cite_note-stason-65">[64]</a> The problem is known as "head chatter", and tends to increase as the audio heads wear down. Another issue that made VHS Hi-Fi imperfect for music is the inaccurate reproduction of levels (softer and louder) which are not re-created as the original source.<a href="#cite_note-stason-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Variations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JVC-VHS_Cassette001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/JVC-VHS_Cassette001.JPG/220px-JVC-VHS_Cassette001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/JVC-VHS_Cassette001.JPG/330px-JVC-VHS_Cassette001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/JVC-VHS_Cassette001.JPG/440px-JVC-VHS_Cassette001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">Victor</a> S-VHS (left) and S-VHS-C (right)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super-VHS_/_ADAT_/_SVHS-ET">Super-VHS / ADAT / SVHS-ET</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Super-VHS / ADAT / SVHS-ET">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> and <a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></div> Several improved versions of VHS exist, most notably <a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">Super-VHS (S-VHS)</a>, an analog video standard with improved video bandwidth. S-VHS improved the horizontal luminance resolution to 400 lines (versus 250 for VHS/Beta and 500 for DVD). The audio system (both linear and AFM) is the same. S-VHS made little impact on the home market, but gained dominance in the camcorder market due to its superior picture quality. The <a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> format provides the ability to record multitrack digital audio using S-VHS media. JVC also developed SVHS-ET technology for its Super-VHS camcorders and VCRs, which simply allows them to record Super VHS signals onto lower-priced VHS tapes, albeit with a slight blurring of the image. Nearly all later JVC Super-VHS camcorders and VCRs have SVHS-ET ability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VHS-C_/_Super_VHS-C">VHS-C / Super VHS-C</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: VHS-C / Super VHS-C">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a></div> Another variant is <a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-Compact (VHS-C)</a>, originally developed for portable VCRs in 1982, but ultimately finding success in palm-sized <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a>. The longest tape available for NTSC holds 60 minutes in SP mode and 180 minutes in EP mode. Since VHS-C tapes are based on the same magnetic tape as full-size tapes, they can be played back in standard VHS players using a mechanical adapter, without the need of any kind of signal conversion. The magnetic tape on VHS-C cassettes is wound on one main spool and uses a gear wheel to advance the tape.<a href="#cite_note-Parekh-25">[25]</a> The adapter is mechanical, although early examples were motorized, with a battery. It has an internal hub to engage with the VCR mechanism in the location of a normal full-size tape hub, driving the gearing on the VHS-C cassette. Also, when a VHS-C cassette is inserted into the adapter, a small swing-arm pulls the tape out of the miniature cassette to span the standard tape path distance between the guide rollers of a full-size tape. This allows the tape from the miniature cassette to use the same loading mechanism as that from the standard cassette. Super VHS-C or <a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> Compact was developed by <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a> in 1987. S-VHS provided an improved luminance and chrominance quality, yet S-VHS recorders were compatible with VHS tapes.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Sony was unable to shrink its Betamax form any further, so instead developed Video8/Hi8 which was in direct competition with the VHS-C/S-VHS-C format throughout the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Ultimately neither format "won" and both have been superseded by digital high definition equipment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="W-VHS_/_Digital-VHS_(high-definition)">W-VHS / Digital-VHS (high-definition)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: W-VHS / Digital-VHS (high-definition)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> and <a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></div> <a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> allowed recording of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a> Hi-Vision analog high definition television, which was broadcast in Japan from 1989 until 2007. The other improved standard, called <a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">Digital-VHS (D-VHS)</a>, records digital high definition video onto a VHS form factor tape. D-VHS can record up to 4 hours of ATSC digital television in 720p or 1080i formats using the fastest record mode (equivalent to VHS-SP), and up to 49 hours of lower-definition video at slower speeds.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D9">D9</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: D9">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S</a></div> There is also a JVC-designed component digital professional production format known as <a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S</a>, or officially under the name D9, that uses a VHS form factor tape and essentially the same mechanical tape handling techniques as an S-VHS recorder. This format is the least expensive format to support a <a href="/wiki/Sel-Sync" title="Sel-Sync">Sel-Sync</a> pre-read for <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a>. This format competed with Sony's <a href="/wiki/Digital_Betacam" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Betacam">Digital Betacam</a> in the professional and broadcast market, although in that area Sony's Betacam family ruled supreme, in contrast to the outcome of the VHS/Betamax domestic format war. It has now been superseded by high definition formats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="V-Lite">V-Lite</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: V-Lite">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1990s, there was a disposable promotional variation of the VHS format called V-Lite. It was a cassette constructed largely with polystyrene, with only the rotating components like the tape reels being of hard plastic with glued casings without standard features like a protective cover for the exposed tape. Its purpose was to be as lightweight as possible for minimized mass delivery costs for the purpose of a media company's promotional campaign and intended for only a few viewings with a runtime of typically 2 to 3 minutes. One such production so promoted was the <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Network">A&E Network</a>'s 2000 adaptation of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(2000_film)" title="The Great Gatsby (2000 film)">The Great Gatsby</a>. The format arose concurrently and then rendered obsolete, with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> video format which eventually supplanted VHS, being lighter and less expensive still to mass-distribute, while <a href="/wiki/Video_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Video streaming">video streaming</a> would later supplant the use of physical media for video promotion.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessories">Accessories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Accessories">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS_tape_rewinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/VHS_tape_rewinder.jpg/220px-VHS_tape_rewinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/VHS_tape_rewinder.jpg/330px-VHS_tape_rewinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/VHS_tape_rewinder.jpg/440px-VHS_tape_rewinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2661" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption>A tape rewinder</figcaption></figure> Shortly after the introduction of the VHS format, <a href="/wiki/VHS_tape_rewinder" title="VHS tape rewinder">VHS tape rewinders</a> were developed. These devices served the sole purpose of rewinding VHS tapes. Proponents of the rewinders argued that the use of the rewind function on the standard VHS player would lead to wear and tear of the transport mechanism. The rewinder would rewind the tapes smoothly and also normally do so at a faster rate than the standard rewind function on VHS players. However, some rewinder brands did have some frequent abrupt stops, which occasionally led to tape damage. Some devices were marketed which allowed a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> to use a VHS recorder as a <a href="/wiki/Data_backup" class="mw-redirect" title="Data backup">data backup</a> device. The most notable of these was <a href="/wiki/ArVid" title="ArVid">ArVid</a>, widely used in Russia and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> states. Similar systems were manufactured in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Corvus_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (company)">Corvus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Microsystems" title="Alpha Microsystems">Alpha Microsystems</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> and in the UK by Backer from Danmere Ltd. The Backer system could store up to 4 GB of data with a transfer rate of 9 MB per minute.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signal_standards">Signal standards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Signal standards">edit</a>]</div> VHS can record and play back all varieties of <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">analog television signals</a> in existence at the time VHS was devised. However, a machine must be designed to record a given standard. Typically, a VHS machine can only handle signals using the same standard as the country it was sold in. This is because some parameters of analog broadcast TV are not applicable to VHS recordings, the number of VHS tape recording format variations is smaller than the number of broadcast TV signal variations—for example, analog TVs and VHS machines (except multistandard devices) are not interchangeable between the UK and Germany, but VHS tapes are. The following tape recording formats exist in conventional VHS (listed in the form of standard/lines/frames): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>/<a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625</a>/25 (SECAM, French variety)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM#MESECAM_(home_recording)" title="SECAM">MESECAM</a>/625/25 (most other SECAM countries, notably the former Soviet Union and Middle East)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>/<a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525</a>/30 (Most parts of Americas, Japan, South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>/525/30 (i.e., <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>, Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>/625/25 (most of Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, many parts of Asia such as China and India, some parts of South America such as Argentina, Uruguay and the Falklands, and Africa)</li></ul> PAL/625/25 VCRs allow playback of SECAM (and MESECAM) tapes with a <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> picture, and vice versa, as the line standard is the same. Since the 1990s, dual and multi-standard VHS machines, able to handle a variety of VHS-supported video standards, became more common. For example, VHS machines sold in Australia and Europe could typically handle PAL, MESECAM for record and playback, and NTSC for playback only on suitable TVs. Dedicated multi-standard machines can usually handle all standards listed, and some high-end models could convert the content of a tape from one standard to another <a href="/wiki/On_the_fly" title="On the fly">on the fly</a> during playback by using a built-in standards converter. S-VHS is only implemented as such in PAL/625/25 and NTSC/525/30; S-VHS machines sold in SECAM markets record internally in PAL, and convert between PAL and SECAM during recording and playback. S-VHS machines for the Brazilian market record in NTSC and convert between it and PAL-M. A small number of VHS decks are able to decode <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captions</a> on video cassettes before sending the full signal to the set with the captions. A smaller number still are able, additionally, to record <a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">subtitles</a> transmitted with world standard <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">teletext</a> signals (on pre-digital services), simultaneously with the associated program. S-VHS has a sufficient resolution to record teletext signals with relatively few errors,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> although for some years now it has been possible to recover teletext pages and even complete "page carousels" from regular VHS recordings using non-real-time computer processing.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_in_marketing">Uses in marketing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Uses in marketing">edit</a>]</div> VHS was popular for long-form content, such as feature films or documentaries, as well as short-play content, such as music videos, in-store videos, teaching videos, distribution of lectures and talks, and demonstrations. VHS instruction tapes were sometimes included with various products and services, including exercise equipment, kitchen appliances, and computer software. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_Betamax">Comparison to Betamax</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Comparison to Betamax">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Videotape_format_war" title="Videotape format war">Videotape format war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg/220px-VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg/330px-VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg/440px-VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="2428" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison between Betamax (top) and VHS (bottom) videocassettes</figcaption></figure> VHS was the winner of a protracted and somewhat bitter format war during the late 1970s and early 1980s against Sony's Betamax format as well as other formats of the time.<a href="#cite_note-jchyung-4">[4]</a> Betamax was widely perceived at the time as the better format, as the cassette was smaller in size, and Betamax offered slightly better video quality than VHS – it had lower video noise, less luma-chroma <a href="/wiki/Crosstalk" title="Crosstalk">crosstalk</a>, and was marketed as providing pictures superior to those of VHS. However, the sticking point for both consumers and potential licensing partners of Betamax was the total recording time.<a href="#cite_note-howells-21">[21]</a> To overcome the recording limitation, Beta II speed (two-hour mode, NTSC regions only) was released in order to compete with VHS's two-hour SP mode, thereby reducing Betamax's horizontal resolution to 240 lines (vs 250 lines).<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In turn, the extension of VHS to VHS HQ produced 250 lines (vs 240 lines), so that overall a typical Betamax/VHS user could expect virtually identical resolution. (Very high-end Betamax machines still supported recording in the Beta I mode and some in an even higher resolution Beta Is (Beta I Super HiBand) mode, but at a maximum single-cassette run time of 1:40 [with an L-830 cassette].) Because Betamax was released more than a year before VHS, it held an early lead in the format war. However, by 1981, United States' Betamax sales had dipped to only 25-percent of all sales.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> There was debate between experts over the cause of Betamax's loss. Some, including Sony's founder Akio Morita, say that it was due to Sony's licensing strategy with other manufacturers, which consistently kept the overall cost for a unit higher than a VHS unit, and that JVC allowed other manufacturers to produce VHS units license-free, thereby keeping costs lower.<a href="#cite_note-mediacollege-75">[74]</a> Others say that VHS had better marketing, since the much larger electronics companies at the time (Matsushita, for example) supported VHS.<a href="#cite_note-howells-21">[21]</a> Sony would make its first VHS players/recorders in 1988, although it continued to produce Betamax machines concurrently until 2002.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Used_VHSs_at_Rasputin_Music_(Fresno,_CA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Used_VHSs_at_Rasputin_Music_%28Fresno%2C_CA%29.jpg/170px-Used_VHSs_at_Rasputin_Music_%28Fresno%2C_CA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Used_VHSs_at_Rasputin_Music_%28Fresno%2C_CA%29.jpg/255px-Used_VHSs_at_Rasputin_Music_%28Fresno%2C_CA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Used_VHSs_at_Rasputin_Music_%28Fresno%2C_CA%29.jpg/340px-Used_VHSs_at_Rasputin_Music_%28Fresno%2C_CA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rasputin_Music" title="Rasputin Music">Rasputin Music</a> retailer (Fresno, California) selling used VHS cassettes from 50¢ to $1.98 each</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHSs_in_Fig_Garden_Regional_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/VHSs_in_Fig_Garden_Regional_Library.jpg/170px-VHSs_in_Fig_Garden_Regional_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/VHSs_in_Fig_Garden_Regional_Library.jpg/255px-VHSs_in_Fig_Garden_Regional_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/VHSs_in_Fig_Garden_Regional_Library.jpg/340px-VHSs_in_Fig_Garden_Regional_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Fig Garden Regional Library, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Fresno_County_Public_Library" title="Fresno County Public Library">Fresno County Public Library</a>, is giving away their weeded VHS collections for free.</figcaption></figure> VHS was widely used in <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>-equipped <a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">living rooms</a> for more than twenty years from its introduction in the late 1970s. The home television recording market, also known as the VHS market, as well as the camcorder market, has since transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> on solid-state <a href="/wiki/Memory_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory cards">memory cards</a>. The introduction of the DVD format to American consumers in March 1997 triggered the market share decline of VHS.<a href="#cite_note-wp-gonewiththerewind-11">[11]</a> DVD rentals surpassed those on the VHS format in the United States for the first time in June 2003.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a> said that <a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a>'s movie <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Violence" title="A History of Violence">A History of Violence</a>, sold on VHS in 2006, was "widely believed to be the last instance of a major motion picture to be released in that format".<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes-79">[78]</a> By December 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reported on "the final truckload of VHS tapes" being shipped from a warehouse in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Harbor,_Florida" title="Palm Harbor, Florida">Palm Harbor, Florida</a>, citing Ryan J. Kugler's Distribution Video Audio Inc. as "the last major supplier".<a href="#cite_note-latimes-79">[78]</a> Though 94.5 million Americans still owned VHS format <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCRs</a> in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-wp-gonewiththerewind-11">[11]</a> market share continued to drop. In the mid-2000s, several retail chains in the United States and Europe announced they would stop selling VHS equipment.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In the U.S., no major brick-and-mortar retailers stock VHS home-video releases, focusing only on DVD and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> media. <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment" title="Sony Pictures Home Entertainment">Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</a> along with other companies ceased production of VHS in late 2010 in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The last known company in the world to manufacture VHS equipment was <a href="/wiki/Funai" title="Funai">Funai</a> of Japan, who produced <a href="/wiki/Video_cassette_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Video cassette recorder">video cassette recorders</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a> brand in China and North America. Funai ceased production of VHS equipment (<a href="/wiki/VCR/DVD_combo" title="VCR/DVD combo">VCR/DVD combos</a>) in July 2016, citing falling sales and a <a href="/wiki/Shortage" title="Shortage">shortage</a> of components.<a href="#cite_note-lastVHS-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Modern use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molded_VHS_tape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Molded_VHS_tape.jpg/220px-Molded_VHS_tape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Molded_VHS_tape.jpg/330px-Molded_VHS_tape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Molded_VHS_tape.jpg/440px-Molded_VHS_tape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>A badly molded VHS tape. Mold can prevent modern use. See <a href="/wiki/Media_preservation" title="Media preservation">Media preservation</a>.</figcaption></figure> Despite the decline in both VHS players and programming on VHS machines, they are still owned in some households worldwide. Those who still use or hold on to VHS do so for a number of reasons, including <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgic</a> value, ease of use in recording, keeping personal videos or <a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">home movies</a>, watching content currently exclusive to VHS, and collecting. Some expatriate communities in the United States also obtain video content from their native countries in VHS format.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Although VHS has been discontinued in the United States, VHS recorders and blank tapes were still sold at stores in other developed countries prior to <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">digital television transitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> As an acknowledgement of the continued use of VHS, Panasonic announced the world's first dual deck VHS-Blu-ray player in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The last standalone JVC VHS-only unit was produced October 28, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> JVC, and other manufacturers, continued to make combination DVD+VHS units even after the decline of VHS. Countries like <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> released films on VHS until December 2010, with <a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a> being the last Hollywood film to be released on VHS in the country. A market for pre-recorded VHS tapes has continued, and some online retailers such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> still sell new and used pre-recorded VHS cassettes of movies and television programs. None of the major Hollywood studios generally issues releases on VHS. The last major studio film to be released in the format in the United States and Canada, other than as part of special marketing promotions, was <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Violence" title="A History of Violence">A History of Violence</a> in 2006. In October 2008, Distribution Video Audio Inc., the last major American supplier of pre-recorded VHS tapes, shipped its final truckload of tapes to stores in America.<a href="#cite_note-VHS_era_is_winding_down-13">[13]</a> However, there have been a few exceptions. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Devil" title="The House of the Devil">The House of the Devil</a> was released on VHS in 2010 as an Amazon-exclusive deal, in keeping with the film's intent to mimic 1980s horror films.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Paranormal_Activity" title="Paranormal Activity">Paranormal Activity</a> film, produced in 2007, had a VHS release in the Netherlands in 2010. The horror film <a href="/wiki/V/H/S/2" title="V/H/S/2">V/H/S/2</a> was released as a combo in North America that included a VHS tape in addition to a Blu-ray and a DVD copy on September 24, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> produced limited quantities of the 2018 film <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee_(film)" title="Bumblebee (film)">Bumblebee</a> to give away as promotional contest prizes.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> promotion <a href="/wiki/Impact_Wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact Wrestling">Impact Wrestling</a> released a limited run of VHS tapes containing that year's <a href="/wiki/Slammiversary_(2021)" title="Slammiversary (2021)">Slammiversary</a>, which quickly sold out. The company later announced future VHS runs of pay-per-view events.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The VHS medium has a cult following. For instance, in February 2021, it was reported that VHS was once again doing well as an underground market.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In January 2023, it was reported that VHS tapes were once again becoming valuable collectors items.<a href="#cite_note-collecting-97">[96]</a> VHS collecting would make a comeback in the 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-collecting-97">[96]</a> The 2024 horror film, <a href="/wiki/Alien:_Romulus" title="Alien: Romulus">Alien: Romulus</a>, will have a limited release on VHS, marking the first major Hollywood film to receive an official VHS release since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successors">Successors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Successors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VCD">VCD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: VCD">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a> (VCD) was created in 1993, becoming an alternative medium for video, in a CD-sized disc. Though occasionally showing <a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">compression artifacts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Color_banding" class="mw-redirect" title="Color banding">color banding</a> that are common discrepancies in digital media, the durability and longevity of a VCD depends on the production quality of the disc, and its handling. The data stored digitally on a VCD theoretically does not degrade (in the analog sense like tape). In the disc player, there is no physical contact made with either the data or label sides. When handled properly, a VCD will last a long time. Since a VCD can hold only 74 minutes of video, a movie exceeding that mark has to be divided into two or more discs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DVD">DVD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: DVD">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> format was introduced first on November 1, 1996, in Japan; to the United States on March 26, 1997 (test marketed); and mid-to-late 1998 in Europe and Australia. While the DVD was highly successful in the pre-recorded retail market, it failed to displace VHS for in home recording of video content (e.g. broadcast or cable television). A number of factors hindered the commercial success of the DVD in this regard, including: <ul><li>A reputation for being temperamental and unreliable, as well as the risk of scratches and hairline cracks.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></li> <li>Incompatibilities in playing discs recorded on a different manufacturer's machines to that of the original recording machine.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></li> <li>Compression artifacts: <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> video compression can result in visible artifacts such as <a href="/wiki/Macroblocking" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroblocking">macroblocking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito noise">mosquito noise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ringing_artifacts" title="Ringing artifacts">ringing</a> which become accentuated in extended recording modes (more than three hours on a <a href="/wiki/DVD-5" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-5">DVD-5</a> disc). Standard VHS will not suffer from any of these problems, all of which are characteristic of certain digital video compression systems (see <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a>) but VHS will result in reduced luminance and chroma resolution, which makes the picture look horizontally blurred (resolution decreases further with LP and EP recording modes).<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> VHS also adds considerable noise to both the luminance and chroma channels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-capacity_digital_recording_technologies">High-capacity digital recording technologies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: High-capacity digital recording technologies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">Digital video recorder</a></div> High-capacity digital recording systems are also gaining in popularity with home users. These types of systems come in several form factors: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">Hard disk</a>–based <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a></li> <li>Hard disk/<a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> combination set-top boxes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computer</a>–based <a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">media center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media players</a> with TV-out capability</li></ul> Hard disk-based systems include <a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorder (DVR)</a> offerings. These types of systems provide users with a no-maintenance solution for capturing video content. Customers of subscriber-based TV generally receive electronic program guides, enabling one-touch setup of a recording schedule. Hard disk–based systems allow for many hours of recording without user-maintenance. For example, a 120 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> system recording at an extended recording rate (XP) of 10 <a href="/wiki/Megabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabit per second">Mbit/s</a> <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> can record over 25 hours of video content. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Often considered an important medium of film history, the influence of VHS on art and cinema was highlighted in a retrospective staged at the Museum of Arts and Design in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> In 2015, the Yale University Library collected nearly 3,000 horror and exploitation movies on VHS tapes, distributed from 1978 to 1985, calling them "the cultural id of an era."<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The documentary film <a href="/wiki/Rewind_This!" title="Rewind This!">Rewind This!</a> (2013), directed by Josh Johnson, tracks the impact of VHS on film industry through various filmmakers and collectors.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(Bend,_Oregon)" title="Blockbuster (Bend, Oregon)">last Blockbuster franchise</a> is still renting out VHS tapes, and is based in Bend, Oregon, a town home to under 100,000 people as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The VHS aesthetic is also a central component of the <a href="/wiki/Analog_horror" title="Analog horror">analog horror</a> genre, which is largely known for imitating recordings of late 20th century TV broadcasts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog video">Analog video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_head_cleaner" title="Tape head cleaner">Tape head cleaner</a></li> <li>Analog video on discs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">Capacitance Electronic Disc</a> (CED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">Video High Density</a> (VHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The 1800 rpm tape head speed, and corresponding field period time, etc., quoted in this article for NTSC machines are based on the old black and white RS-170 standard. When this was adapted for color under the NTSC standard the actual field time was altered to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">60000⁄1001 of a second, so the actual VHS head rotation speed is accordingly 1798.2 rpm. The pre-color timings are quoted here for simplicity. The corresponding numbers here for PAL are, on the other hand, exact, as PAL's field rate is exactly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄50 of a second. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=VHS&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> ETHW (2006). IEEE History Center: Development of VHS. 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href="http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/vcr.htm">How VCRs Work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.totalrewind.org/">The 'Total Rewind' VCR museum</a> – A covering the history of VHS and other vintage formats.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.VHSCollector.com/">VHSCollector.com: Analog Video Cassette Archive</a> – A growing archive of commercially released <a href="/wiki/Video_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Video cassette">video cassettes</a> from <a href="#Initial_releases_of_VHS-based_devices">their dawn</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a>, and a guide to <a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">collecting</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formats" title="Template talk:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_storage_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video storage formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video#Analog_video" title="Video">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">VERA</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Ampex 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR#Joint_efforts_with_Sony_and_then_Toshiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Sony 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_videotape" title="Type A videotape">Type A</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_videotape_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai videotape format">Akai</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ-1" title="EIAJ-1">EIAJ-1</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartrivision" title="Cartrivision">Cartrivision</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">Philips VCR</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Cord" title="V-Cord">V-Cord</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(videocassette_format)" title="VX (videocassette format)">VX</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVC_videotape_format" title="IVC videotape format">IVC</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape" title="Type B videotape">Type B</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">Type C</a> (1976)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">VHS</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_VK" title="Akai VK">VK</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">SVR</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette" title="Compact Video Cassette">CVC</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(videocassette_format)" title="M (videocassette format)">M</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SP" title="Betacam">Betacam SP</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MII_(videocassette_format)" title="MII (videocassette format)">MII</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">S-VHS-C</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi8" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi8">Hi8</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvi" title="Ruvi">Ruvi</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-1_(Sony)" title="D-1 (Sony)">D1</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-2_(video)" title="D-2 (video)">D2</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-3_(video)" title="D-3 (video)">D3</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCT_(videocassette_format)" title="DCT (videocassette format)">DCT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Digital_Betacam" title="Betacam">Digital Betacam</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D5_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="D5 HD">D5</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S (D9)</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SX" title="Betacam">Betacam SX</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital8" title="Digital8">Digital8</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#MPEG_IMX" title="Betacam">MPEG IMX</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">UniHi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape#Special_BCN_units" title="Type B videotape">BCH 1000</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D6_HDTV_VTR" title="D6 HDTV VTR">D6 HDTV VTR</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM#HDCAM_SR" title="HDCAM">HDCAM SR</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videodisc" title="Videodisc">Videodisc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonovision" title="Phonovision">Phonovision</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex#HS-100_.26_HS-200_.22slo-mo.22_disc_recorder" title="Ampex">Ampex-HS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Electronic_Disc" title="Television Electronic Disc">TeD</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">CED</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">VHD</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserfilm" title="Laserfilm">Laserfilm</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">VSD</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD#CVD" title="Super Video CD">CVD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">EVD</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">PVD (Personal Video Disc)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">FVD</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">MUSE Hi-Vision LD</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc (PFD)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">VMD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD (Blu-ray Disc)</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">MiniBD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media agnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCAM" title="DV (video format)">DVCAM</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO50" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO50</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO_HD" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO HD</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tapeless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CamCutter" title="CamCutter">CamCutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Editcam" title="Editcam">Editcam</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video" title="Game Boy Advance Video">GBA-TV</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVC-Intra" title="AVC-Intra">AVC-Intra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">TOD</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFrame_(video_format)" title="IFrame (video format)">iFrame</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAVC" title="XAVC">XAVC</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">Solid state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2_(storage_media)" title="P2 (storage media)">P2</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM#SxS" title="XDCAM">SxS</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video recorded to film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_8_mm_film#Standard_8_mm_variants" title="Standard 8 mm film">8mm magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_8_film" title="Super 8 film">Super 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">Kinescope</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicam" title="Electronicam">Electronicam kinescope</a> (1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Video_Recording" title="Electronic Video Recording">Electronic Video Recording</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183976#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td 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