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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nodosauridae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9" title="عظايا مدملكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عظايا مدملكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodos%C3%A0urids" title="Nodosàurids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nodosàurids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برجسته‌خزندگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برجسته‌خزندگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%96%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נודוזאוריים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נודוזאוריים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%89%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E7%A7%91" title="ノドサウルス科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノドサウルス科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodozaury" title="Nodozaury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nodozaury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нодозавриды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нодозавриды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" title="Nodosauridae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nodosauridae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodosaury" title="Nodosaury – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nodosaury" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct family of armored dinosaurs</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Nodosaurids<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">155–66 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:167.53846153846px; width:30.123076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:167.53846153846px; width:30.123076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:168.53846153846px; width:28.123076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gargoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gargoy.jpg/220px-Gargoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gargoy.jpg/330px-Gargoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gargoy.jpg/440px-Gargoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1161" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i> skeleton cast </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Nodosauridae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Euankylosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Euankylosauria">Euankylosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nodosauridae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Marsh</a>, 1890</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopholis" title="Acanthopholis">Acanthopholis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anoplosaurus" title="Anoplosaurus">Anoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangopelta" title="Dongyangopelta">Dongyangopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_burgei" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastonia burgei">Gastonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptodontopelta" title="Glyptodontopelta">Glyptodontopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horshamosaurus" title="Horshamosaurus">Horshamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" title="Hylaeosaurus">Hylaeosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invictarx" title="Invictarx">Invictarx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mymoorapelta" title="Mymoorapelta">Mymoorapelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priconodon" title="Priconodon">Priconodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Propanoplosaurus" title="Propanoplosaurus">Propanoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhadinosaurus" title="Rhadinosaurus">Rhadinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroplites" title="Sauroplites">Sauroplites</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacanthinae" title="Polacanthinae">Polacanthinae</a>?</li> <li><b>Nodosaurinae</b>? <small><a href="/wiki/Othenio_Abel" title="Othenio Abel">Abel</a>, <a href="/wiki/1919_in_paleontology" title="1919 in paleontology">1919</a></small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acantholipan" title="Acantholipan">Acantholipan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borealopelta" title="Borealopelta">Borealopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niobrarasaurus" title="Niobrarasaurus">Niobrarasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus" title="Nodosaurus">Nodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peloroplites" title="Peloroplites">Peloroplites</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauropelta" title="Sauropelta">Sauropelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silvisaurus" title="Silvisaurus">Silvisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taohelong" title="Taohelong">Taohelong</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatankacephalus" title="Tatankacephalus">Tatankacephalus</a></i></li> <li><b>Panoplosaurini</b>? <br /><small>Madzia <i>et al.</i>, <a href="/wiki/2021_in_paleontology" title="2021 in paleontology">2021</a></small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animantarx" title="Animantarx">Animantarx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denversaurus" title="Denversaurus">Denversaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia" title="Edmontonia">Edmontonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus" title="Panoplosaurus">Panoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texasetes" title="Texasetes">Texasetes</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b>Struthiosaurini</b>? <br /><small>Madzia <i>et al.</i>, <a href="/wiki/2021_in_paleontology" title="2021 in paleontology">2021</a></small> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europelta" title="Europelta">Europelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hungarosaurus" title="Hungarosaurus">Hungarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niobrarasaurus" title="Niobrarasaurus">Niobrarasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawpawsaurus" title="Pawpawsaurus">Pawpawsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegopelta" title="Stegopelta">Stegopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus" title="Struthiosaurus">Struthiosaurus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><b>Acanthopholididae</b> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Nopcsa_von_Fels%C5%91-Szilv%C3%A1s" title="Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás">Nopcsa</a>, 1902</span><br /> <b>Acanthopholidae</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">Nopcsa, 1917</span><br /> ?<b>Hylaeosauridae</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">Nopcsa, 1902</span><br /> <b>Palaeoscincidae</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">Nopcsa, 1918</span><br /> <b>Panoplosauridae</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">Nopcsa, 1929</span><br /> <b>Struthiosauridae</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kuhn, 1966</span><br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Nodosauridae</b> is a family of <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">ankylosaurian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> known from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">periods</a> in what is now Asia, Europe, North America, and possibly South America. While traditionally regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> clade as the <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">Ankylosauridae</a>, some analyses recover it as a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> grade leading to the ankylosaurids. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodosauridae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nodosaur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nodosaur.jpg/220px-Nodosaur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nodosaur.jpg/330px-Nodosaur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nodosaur.jpg/440px-Nodosaur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The holotype of <i><a href="/wiki/Borealopelta_markmitchelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Borealopelta markmitchelli">Borealopelta markmitchelli</a></i> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology" title="Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology">Royal Tyrrell Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nodosaurids, like their sister group the ankylosaurids, were heavily armored dinosaurs adorned with rows of bony armor nodules and spines (<a href="/wiki/Osteoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoderms">osteoderms</a>), which were covered in keratin sheaths. Nodosaurids, like other ankylosaurians, were small- to large-sized, heavily built, <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadrupedal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, possessing small, leaf-shaped teeth. Unlike ankylosaurids, nodosaurids lacked mace-like tail clubs, instead having more flexible tail tips. Many nodosaurids had spikes projecting outward from their shoulders. One particularly well-preserved nodosaurid "mummy", the holotype of <i><a href="/wiki/Borealopelta" title="Borealopelta">Borealopelta markmitchelli</a></i>, preserves a nearly complete set of armor in life position, as well as the keratin covering and mineralized remains of the underlying skin, which indicate reddish pigments in a <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodosauridae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Nodosauridae was erected by <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> in 1890, and anchored on the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus" title="Nodosaurus">Nodosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kirkland_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirkland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MEB08_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEB08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> Nodosauridae was first informally defined by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sereno" title="Paul Sereno">Paul Sereno</a> in 1998 as "all ankylosaurs closer to <i>Panoplosaurus</i> than to <i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurus" title="Ankylosaurus">Ankylosaurus</a></i>," a definition followed by Vickaryous, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Marya%C5%84ska" title="Teresa Maryańska">Teresa Maryańska</a>, and Weishampel in 2004. Vickaryous et al. considered two <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> of nodosaurids to be of uncertain placement (<i>incertae sedis</i>): <i>Struthiosaurus</i> and <i>Animantarx</i>, and considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be <i>Cedarpelta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-vickaryous2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vickaryous2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the publication of the <a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a>, Nodosauridae needed to be formally defined following certain parameters, including that the type genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus" title="Nodosaurus">Nodosaurus</a></i> was required as an internal specifier. In formally defining Nodosauridae, Madzia and colleagues followed the previously established use for the clade, defining it as the largest clade including <i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus_textilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurus textilis">Nodosaurus textilis</a></i> but not <i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurus_magniventris" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurus magniventris">Ankylosaurus magniventris</a></i>. As all phylogenies referenced included both <i>Panoplosaurus</i> and <i>Nodosaurus</i> within the same group relative to <i>Ankylosaurus</i>, the addition of another internal specifier was deemed unnecessary. </p><p>Nodosauridae is traditionally composed of the basal clade <a href="/wiki/Polacanthinae" title="Polacanthinae">Polacanthinae</a> (sometimes recovered outside of the Nodosauridae), as well as the <b>Panoplosaurini</b> and <b>Struthiosaurini</b> within the <a href="/wiki/Nodosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurinae">Nodosaurinae</a>. <b>Nodosaurinae</b> is defined in the <i><a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a></i> as "the largest clade containing <i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus_textilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurus textilis">Nodosaurus textilis</a></i>, but not <i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus_armatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylaeosaurus armatus">Hylaeosaurus armatus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mymoorapelta_maysi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mymoorapelta maysi">Mymoorapelta maysi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthus_foxii" class="mw-redirect" title="Polacanthus foxii">Polacanthus foxii</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-madzia2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madzia2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Panoplosaurini</b> is defined in the <i>PhyloCode</i> as "the largest clade containing <i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus_mirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoplosaurus mirus">Panoplosaurus mirus</a></i>, but not <i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus_textilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurus textilis">Nodosaurus textilis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_austriacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus austriacus">Struthiosaurus austriacus</a></i>" while <b>Struthiosaurini</b> has a similar definition of "the largest clade containing <i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_austriacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus austriacus">Struthiosaurus austriacus</a></i>, but not <i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus_textilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurus textilis">Nodosaurus textilis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus_mirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoplosaurus mirus">Panoplosaurus mirus</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-madzia2021_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madzia2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topology A below demonstrates these relationships, following the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analyses">phylogenetic analyses</a> of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues (2018), with clade names added by definition from Madzia et al. (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-rivera2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivera2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-madzia2021_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madzia2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2023, Raven and colleagues proposed an alternate phylogeny for nodosaurids; instead of the traditional dichotomous split between nodosaurids and ankylosaurids, their analyses resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> grade of these taxa comprising the monophyletic clades Panoplosauridae, Polacanthidae and Struthiosauridae. These results are displayed in Topology B below.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven2023_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Datai_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datai-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corresponding clades are shown in matching colors for clarity, and ⊞ buttons can be clicked to expand nodes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216315873">.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery{display:table;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery>div{line-height:1.5em;padding:0.2em 0.4em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-caption{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-footer{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-content{display:table}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element{float:left!important;border:1px none;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;margin:1px;border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.gallery-element{float:left;border:1px none;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;margin:1px;border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery .no-border{border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element.vertical{float:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element caption.caption{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element th.header{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element td.cladogram{padding:10px;margin:-1px 0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element td.footer{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.header.shading{background-color:#eaecf0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.cladogram.shading{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.footer.shading{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><div class="clade-gallery"><div class="main-content no-border"><table class="gallery-element" style="width:450px;height:400px;"><caption class="caption">Topology A: Rivera-Sylva et al. (2018) dataset<sup id="cite_ref-rivera2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivera2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td class="cladogram" style="height:400px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria"><span style="color:dimgrey;">Ankylosauria</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Nodosauridae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroplites" title="Sauroplites">Sauroplites</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mymoorapelta" title="Mymoorapelta">Mymoorapelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangopelta" title="Dongyangopelta">Dongyangopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_burgei" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastonia burgei">Gastonia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polacanthinae" title="Polacanthinae"><span style="color:peru;">Polacanthinae</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r928595387">.mw-parser-output table.clade div.mw-collapsible>div>span:not(.mw-customtoggle){display:none}</style><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol1"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol1"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade1 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol1 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol1" style="font-size:100%;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade1"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hoplitosaurus" title="Hoplitosaurus">Hoplitosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthus" title="Polacanthus">Polacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol1"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol1"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol1 mw-customtoggle-myClade1 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol1" style="font-size:100%;">⊟</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurinae">Nodosaurinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Peloroplites" title="Peloroplites">Peloroplites</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Taohelong" title="Taohelong">Taohelong</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sauropelta" title="Sauropelta">Sauropelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Acantholipan" title="Acantholipan">Acantholipan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus" title="Nodosaurus">Nodosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Niobrarasaurus" title="Niobrarasaurus">Niobrarasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tatankacephalus" title="Tatankacephalus">Tatankacephalus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Silvisaurus" title="Silvisaurus">Silvisaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>CPC 273 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aguja_Formation" title="Aguja Formation">Aguja Formation</a> specimen)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurini"><span style="color:lightseagreen;">Struthiosaurini</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387"><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol2"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol2"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade2 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol2 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol2" style="font-size:100%;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade2"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hungarosaurus" title="Hungarosaurus">Hungarosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Europelta" title="Europelta">Europelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pawpawsaurus" title="Pawpawsaurus">Pawpawsaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Borealopelta" title="Borealopelta">Borealopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stegopelta" title="Stegopelta">Stegopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_languedocensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus languedocensis">Struthiosaurus languedocensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_transylvanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus">Struthiosaurus transylvanicus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_austriacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus austriacus">Struthiosaurus austriacus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol2"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol2"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol2 mw-customtoggle-myClade2 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol2" style="font-size:100%;">⊟</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoplosaurini"><span style="color:darkorchid;">Panoplosaurini</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387"><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol3"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol3"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade3 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol3 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol3" style="font-size:100%;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade3"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Animantarx" title="Animantarx">Animantarx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus" title="Panoplosaurus">Panoplosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Patagopelta" title="Patagopelta">Patagopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Texasetes" title="Texasetes">Texasetes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Denversaurus" title="Denversaurus">Denversaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia_longiceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmontonia longiceps">Edmontonia longiceps</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia_rugosidens" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmontonia rugosidens">Edmontonia rugosidens</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol3"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol3"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol3 mw-customtoggle-myClade3 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol3" style="font-size:100%;">⊟</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae"><span style="color:crimson;">Ankylosauridae</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387"><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol4"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol4"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade4 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol4 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol4" style="font-size:100%;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade4"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kunbarrasaurus" title="Kunbarrasaurus">Kunbarrasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paw_Paw_Formation" title="Paw Paw Formation">Paw Paw</a> juvenile </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" title="Hylaeosaurus">Hylaeosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoningosaurus" title="Liaoningosaurus">Liaoningosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Crichtonpelta" title="Crichtonpelta">Crichtonpelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chuanqilong" title="Chuanqilong">Chuanqilong</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cedarpelta" title="Cedarpelta">Cedarpelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aletopelta" title="Aletopelta">Aletopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Later-diverging ankylosaurids </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol4"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol4"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol4 mw-customtoggle-myClade4 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol4" style="font-size:100%;">⊟</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-element" style="width:450px;height:400px;"><caption class="caption">Topology B: Raven et al. (2023) dataset<sup id="cite_ref-Raven2023_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td class="cladogram" style="height:400px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria"><span style="color:dimgrey;">Ankylosauria</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcolestes" title="Sarcolestes">Sarcolestes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paw_Paw_Formation" title="Paw Paw Formation">Paw Paw</a> juvenile </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Animantarx" title="Animantarx">Animantarx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cedarpelta" title="Cedarpelta">Cedarpelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polacanthidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polacanthidae"><span style="color:peru;">Polacanthidae</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387"><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol1"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol1"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade1 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol1 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol1" style="font-size:100%;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade1"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hoplitosaurus" title="Hoplitosaurus">Hoplitosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Niobrarasaurus" title="Niobrarasaurus">Niobrarasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthus" title="Polacanthus">Polacanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Texasetes" title="Texasetes">Texasetes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Patagopelta" title="Patagopelta">Patagopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" title="Hylaeosaurus">Hylaeosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_burgei" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastonia burgei">Gastonia burgei</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_lorriemcwhinneyae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastonia lorriemcwhinneyae">Gastonia lorriemcwhinneyae</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Peloroplites" title="Peloroplites">Peloroplites</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol1"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol1"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol1 mw-customtoggle-myClade1 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol1" style="font-size:100%;">⊟</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sauropelta" title="Sauropelta">Sauropelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tatankacephalus" title="Tatankacephalus">Tatankacephalus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Invictarx" title="Invictarx">Invictarx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Struthiosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosauridae"><span style="color:lightseagreen;">Struthiosauridae</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387"><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol2"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol2"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade2 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol2 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol2" style="font-size:100%;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade2"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Silvisaurus" title="Silvisaurus">Silvisaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Taohelong" title="Taohelong">Taohelong</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Europelta" title="Europelta">Europelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_transylvanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus">Struthiosaurus transylvanicus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_languedocensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus languedocensis">Struthiosaurus languedocensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_austriacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus austriacus">Struthiosaurus austriacus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hungarosaurus" title="Hungarosaurus">Hungarosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pawpawsaurus" title="Pawpawsaurus">Pawpawsaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol2"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol2"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol2 mw-customtoggle-myClade2 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol2" style="font-size:100%;">⊟</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panoplosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoplosauridae"><span style="color:darkorchid;">Panoplosauridae</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387"><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol3"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol3"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade3 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol3 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol3" style="font-size:100%;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade3"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tianchisaurus" title="Tianchisaurus">Tianchisaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus" title="Panoplosaurus">Panoplosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Denversaurus" title="Denversaurus">Denversaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia_longiceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmontonia longiceps">Edmontonia longiceps</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus" title="Nodosaurus">Nodosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia_rugosidens" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmontonia rugosidens">Edmontonia rugosidens</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Anoplosaurus" title="Anoplosaurus">Anoplosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dracopelta" title="Dracopelta">Dracopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol3"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol3"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol3 mw-customtoggle-myClade3 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol3" style="font-size:100%;">⊟</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae"><span style="color:crimson;">Ankylosauridae</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387"><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol4"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol4"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade4 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol4 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol4" style="font-size:100%;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade4"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Borealopelta" title="Borealopelta">Borealopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mymoorapelta" title="Mymoorapelta">Mymoorapelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stegopelta" title="Stegopelta">Stegopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Vectipelta" title="Vectipelta">Vectipelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangopelta" title="Dongyangopelta">Dongyangopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zhejiangosaurus" title="Zhejiangosaurus">Zhejiangosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aletopelta" title="Aletopelta">Aletopelta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Talarurus" title="Talarurus">Talarurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Shamosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamosaurinae">Shamosaurinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurinae" title="Ankylosaurinae">Ankylosaurinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol4"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol4"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol4 mw-customtoggle-myClade4 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol4" style="font-size:100%;">⊟</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p><br /> Nodosaurinae is defined as the largest clade containing <i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus_textilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurus textilis">Nodosaurus textilis</a></i> but not <i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus_armatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylaeosaurus armatus">Hylaeosaurus armatus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mymoorapelta_maysi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mymoorapelta maysi">Mymoorapelta maysi</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthus_foxii" class="mw-redirect" title="Polacanthus foxii">Polacanthus foxii</a></i>, and was formally defined in <a href="/wiki/2021_in_paleontology" title="2021 in paleontology">2021</a> by Madzia and colleagues, who utilized the name of <a href="/wiki/Othenio_Abel" title="Othenio Abel">Othenio Abel</a> in <a href="/wiki/1919_in_paleontology" title="1919 in paleontology">1919</a>, who created the term to unite <i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurus" title="Ankylosaurus">Ankylosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hierosaurus" title="Hierosaurus">Hierosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Stegopelta" title="Stegopelta">Stegopelta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-madzia2021_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madzia2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abel1919_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abel1919-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name has been significantly refined in content since Abel first used it to unite all quadrupedal, plate-armoured ornithischians,<sup id="cite_ref-abel1919_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abel1919-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now including a significant number of taxa from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> through <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a> of Europe, North America, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Previous informal definitions of the group described the clade as all taxa closer to <i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus" title="Panoplosaurus">Panoplosaurus</a></i>, or <i>Panoplosaurus</i> and <i>Nodosaurus</i>, than to the early ankylosaurs <i><a href="/wiki/Sarcolestes" title="Sarcolestes">Sarcolestes</a></i>, <i>Hylaeosaurus</i>, <i>Mymoorapelta</i> or <i>Polacanthus</i>, which was reflected in the specifiers chosen by Madzia <i>et al.</i> when formalizing the clade following the <a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2018_in_paleontology" title="2018 in paleontology">2018</a> phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Panoplosaurini by Madzia <i>et al.</i>, in addition to the supplemental analyses of Thompson <i>et al.</i> (2012), Arbour and Currie (2016), Arbour <i>et al.</i> (2016), and Brown <i>et al.</i> (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-madzia2021_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madzia2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thompson2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arbourcurrie2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arbourcurrie2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rivera2018_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivera2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arbour2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arbour2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panoplosaurini is defined as the largest clade containing <i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus_mirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoplosaurus mirus">Panoplosaurus mirus</a></i>, but not <i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus_textilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurus textilis">Nodosaurus textilis</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_austriacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus austriacus">Struthiosaurus austriacus</a></i>, and was named in <a href="/wiki/2021_in_paleontology" title="2021 in paleontology">2021</a> by Madzia and colleagues for the group found in many previous analyses, both morphological and phylogenetic. Panoplosaurini includes not only the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> <i>Panoplosaurus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Denversaurus" title="Denversaurus">Denversaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia" title="Edmontonia">Edmontonia</a></i>, but also the mid <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Animantarx" title="Animantarx">Animantarx</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Texasetes" title="Texasetes">Texasetes</a></i>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Patagopelta" title="Patagopelta">Patagopelta</a></i>. However, in the study describing it, its authors only placed it as a nodosaurine outside Panoplosaurini.<sup id="cite_ref-Patagopelta_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patagopelta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approximately equivalent clade <b>Panoplosaurinae</b>, named in <a href="/wiki/1929_in_paleontology" title="1929 in paleontology">1929</a> by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Nopcsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Nopcsa">Franz Nopcsa</a>, but was not significantly used until <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bakker" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bakker">Robert Bakker</a> reused the name in <a href="/wiki/1988_in_paleontology" title="1988 in paleontology">1988</a>, alongside the new clades <b>Edmontoniinae</b> and <b>Edmontoniidae</b>, which were considered to unite <i>Panoplosaurus</i>, <i>Denversaurus</i> and <i>Edmontonia</i> to the exclusion of other ankylosaurs. As none of the clades were commonly used, or formally named following the <a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a>, Madzia <i>et al.</i> named Panoplosaurini instead, as the group of taxa fell within the clade <a href="/wiki/Nodosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurinae">Nodosaurinae</a>, and having the same <i>-inae</i> suffix on both parent and child taxon could be confusing in future.<sup id="cite_ref-madzia2021_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madzia2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2018_in_paleontology" title="2018 in paleontology">2018</a> phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Panoplosaurini by Madzia <i>et al.</i>, in addition to the supplemental analyses of Arbour <i>et al.</i> (2016), Brown <i>et al.</i> (2017), and Zheng <i>et al.</i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-madzia2021_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madzia2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rivera2018_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivera2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arbour2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arbour2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zheng2018_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zheng2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Struthiosaurini is defined as the largest clade containing <i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus_austriacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurus austriacus">Struthiosaurus austriacus</a></i>, but not <i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus_textilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurus textilis">Nodosaurus textilis</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus_mirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoplosaurus mirus">Panoplosaurus mirus</a></i>, and was named in <a href="/wiki/2021_in_paleontology" title="2021 in paleontology">2021</a> by Madzia and colleagues for the relatively stable group found in many previous analyses. Struthiosaurini includes not only the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> European <i>Struthiosaurus</i>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> European <i><a href="/wiki/Europelta" title="Europelta">Europelta</a></i>, the Late Cretaceous European <i><a href="/wiki/Hungarosaurus" title="Hungarosaurus">Hungarosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Stegopelta" title="Stegopelta">Stegopelta</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pawpawsaurus" title="Pawpawsaurus">Pawpawsaurus</a></i> from the mid Cretaceous of North America. The approximately equivalent clade <b>Struthiosaurinae</b>, named in <a href="/wiki/1923_in_paleontology" title="1923 in paleontology">1923</a> by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Nopcsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Nopcsa">Franz Nopcsa</a> was previously used to include European nodosaurids, but was never formally named following the <a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a>, so Madzia <i>et al.</i> named Struthiosaurini instead, as the group of taxa fell within the clade <a href="/wiki/Nodosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurinae">Nodosaurinae</a>, and having the same <i>-inae</i> suffix on both parent and child taxon could be confusing in future.<sup id="cite_ref-madzia2021_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madzia2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2018_in_paleontology" title="2018 in paleontology">2018</a> phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Struthiosaurini by Madzia <i>et al.</i>, in addition to the supplemental analyses of Arbour <i>et al.</i> (2016), Brown <i>et al.</i> (2017), and Zheng <i>et al.</i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-madzia2021_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madzia2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rivera2018_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivera2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arbour2016_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arbour2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown2017_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zheng2018_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zheng2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biogeography">Biogeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodosauridae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nodosaurids are known from diverse remains throughout Europe, Asia, and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> ankylosaurs, including the Antarctican <i><a href="/wiki/Antarctopelta" title="Antarctopelta">Antarctopelta</a></i> and Argentinian <i><a href="/wiki/Patagopelta" title="Patagopelta">Patagopelta</a></i>, were originally regarded as belonging to the Nodosauridae, but later analyses provided support for them belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Parankylosauria" title="Parankylosauria">Parankylosauria</a>, a separate lineage of basal ankylosaurs restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Chronostratigraphy of nodosaurid genera</b><sup id="cite_ref-brown2017_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kirkland_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirkland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vickaryous2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vickaryous2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arbourcurrie2016_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arbourcurrie2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDonald2018a_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald2018a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_nv6k13mjvypvu8j6fz3ligqj67rrj0v"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleogene" coords="1045,433,1144,457" title="Paleogene" alt="Paleogene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cretaceous" coords="615,433,720,457" title="Cretaceous" alt="Cretaceous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jurassic" coords="157,433,248,457" title="Jurassic" alt="Jurassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Oligocene" coords="1167,405,1245,429" title="Oligocene" alt="Oligocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Eocene" coords="1063,405,1121,429" title="Eocene" alt="Eocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleocene" coords="941,405,1019,429" title="Paleocene" alt="Paleocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" coords="795,405,860,429" title="Late Cretaceous" alt="Late Cretaceous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" coords="515,405,587,429" title="Early Cretaceous" alt="Early Cretaceous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" coords="304,405,369,429" title="Late Jurassic" alt="Late Jurassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" coords="192,405,271,429" title="Middle Jurassic" alt="Middle Jurassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" coords="62,405,133,429" title="Early Jurassic" alt="Early Jurassic" /><area 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alt="Peloroplites" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nodosaurus" coords="737,264,842,288" title="Nodosaurus" alt="Nodosaurus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Zhejiangosaurus" coords="737,250,875,274" title="Zhejiangosaurus" alt="Zhejiangosaurus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Borealopelta" coords="647,236,765,259" title="Borealopelta" alt="Borealopelta" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Silvisaurus" coords="695,221,807,245" title="Silvisaurus" alt="Silvisaurus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Priconodon" coords="640,207,745,231" title="Priconodon" alt="Priconodon" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Propanoplosaurus" coords="605,193,750,217" title="Propanoplosaurus" alt="Propanoplosaurus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tatankacephalus" coords="640,179,778,203" title="Tatankacephalus" alt="Tatankacephalus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sauropelta" coords="640,165,745,189" title="Sauropelta" alt="Sauropelta" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Acanthopholis" coords="730,94,855,118" title="Acanthopholis" alt="Acanthopholis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Anoplosaurus" coords="695,80,814,104" title="Anoplosaurus" alt="Anoplosaurus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Dongyangopelta" coords="737,66,869,90" title="Dongyangopelta" alt="Dongyangopelta" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hoplitosaurus" coords="514,94,639,118" title="Hoplitosaurus" alt="Hoplitosaurus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Horshamosaurus" coords="514,80,646,104" title="Horshamosaurus" alt="Horshamosaurus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gastonia_burgei" coords="514,66,606,90" title="Gastonia burgei" alt="Gastonia burgei" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sauroplites" coords="605,151,716,175" title="Sauroplites" alt="Sauroplites" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Polacanthus" coords="514,137,626,161" title="Polacanthus" alt="Polacanthus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" coords="458,122,577,146" title="Hylaeosaurus" alt="Hylaeosaurus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Taohelong" coords="695,108,794,132" title="Taohelong" alt="Taohelong" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mymoorapelta" coords="382,94,500,118" title="Mymoorapelta" alt="Mymoorapelta" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" coords="326,80,464,104" title="Gargoyleosaurus" alt="Gargoyleosaurus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sarcolestes" coords="249,66,361,90" title="Sarcolestes" alt="Sarcolestes" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Oligocene" coords="1167,38,1245,62" title="Oligocene" alt="Oligocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Eocene" coords="1063,38,1121,62" title="Eocene" alt="Eocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleocene" coords="941,38,1019,62" title="Paleocene" alt="Paleocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" coords="795,38,860,62" title="Late Cretaceous" alt="Late Cretaceous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" coords="515,38,587,62" title="Early Cretaceous" alt="Early Cretaceous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" coords="304,38,369,62" title="Late Jurassic" alt="Late Jurassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" coords="192,38,271,62" title="Middle Jurassic" alt="Middle Jurassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" coords="62,38,133,62" title="Early Jurassic" alt="Early Jurassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleogene" coords="1045,9,1144,33" title="Paleogene" alt="Paleogene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cretaceous" coords="615,9,720,33" title="Cretaceous" alt="Cretaceous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jurassic" coords="157,9,248,33" title="Jurassic" alt="Jurassic" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_nv6k13mjvypvu8j6fz3ligqj67rrj0v" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/nv6k13mjvypvu8j6fz3ligqj67rrj0v.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodosauridae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/32px-Tyrannoskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/48px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/64px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="3058" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs" title="Portal:Dinosaurs">Dinosaurs portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ankylosaur_research" title="Timeline of ankylosaur research">Timeline of ankylosaur research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodosauridae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6110256">"A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico"</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. <b>6</b>: 6:e5435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.5435">10.7717/peerj.5435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6110256">6110256</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30155354">30155354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=A+new+nodosaurid+ankylosaur+%28Dinosauria%3A+Thyreophora%29+from+the+Upper+Cretaceous+Menefee+Formation+of+New+Mexico&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=6%3Ae5435&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6110256%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30155354&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.5435&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=A.T.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6110256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANodosauridae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodosauridae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carpenter, K. (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria." In Carpenter, K., (ed.) 2001: <i>The Armored Dinosaurs</i>. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 2001, pp. xv-526</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonParishMaidmentBarrett2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, R.S.; Parish, J.C.; Maidment, S.C.R.; Barrett, P.M. (2012). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)". <i>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 301–312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JSPal..10..301T">2012JSPal..10..301T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2011.569091">10.1080/14772019.2011.569091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86002282">86002282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+the+ankylosaurian+dinosaurs+%28Ornithischia%3A+Thyreophora%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=301-312&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86002282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14772019.2011.569091&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JSPal..10..301T&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft.au=Parish%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Maidment%2C+S.C.R.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+P.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANodosauridae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbourZannoGates2016" class="citation journal cs1">Arbour, V.M.; Zanno, L.E.; Gates, T. (2016). "Ankylosaurian dinosaur palaeoenvironmental associations were influenced by extirpation, sea-level fluctuation, and geodispersal". <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>. <b>449</b>: 289–299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PPP...449..289A">2016PPP...449..289A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2016.02.033">10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Ankylosaurian+dinosaur+palaeoenvironmental+associations+were+influenced+by+extirpation%2C+sea-level+fluctuation%2C+and+geodispersal&rft.volume=449&rft.pages=289-299&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2016.02.033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PPP...449..289A&rft.aulast=Arbour&rft.aufirst=V.M.&rft.au=Zanno%2C+L.E.&rft.au=Gates%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANodosauridae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodosauridae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Ornithischia" title="Template:Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ankylosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">Ankylosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosaurus" title="Cryptosaurus">Cryptosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracopelta" title="Dracopelta">Dracopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minmi_paravertebra" title="Minmi paravertebra">Minmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priodontognathus" title="Priodontognathus">Priodontognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcolestes" title="Sarcolestes">Sarcolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serendipaceratops" title="Serendipaceratops">Serendipaceratops</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinankylosaurus" title="Sinankylosaurus">Sinankylosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spicomellus" title="Spicomellus">Spicomellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurides" title="Stegosaurides">Stegosaurides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianchisaurus" title="Tianchisaurus">Tianchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vectipelta" title="Vectipelta">Vectipelta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parankylosauria" title="Parankylosauria">Parankylosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antarctopelta" title="Antarctopelta">Antarctopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunbarrasaurus" title="Kunbarrasaurus">Kunbarrasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegouros" title="Stegouros">Stegouros</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euankylosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Euankylosauria">Euankylosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nodosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopholis" title="Acanthopholis">Acanthopholis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anoplosaurus" title="Anoplosaurus">Anoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangopelta" title="Dongyangopelta">Dongyangopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_(dinosaur)" title="Gastonia (dinosaur)">Gastonia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptodontopelta" title="Glyptodontopelta">Glyptodontopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horshamosaurus" title="Horshamosaurus">Horshamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" title="Hylaeosaurus">Hylaeosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invictarx" title="Invictarx">Invictarx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mymoorapelta" title="Mymoorapelta">Mymoorapelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthoides" title="Polacanthoides">Polacanthoides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priconodon" title="Priconodon">Priconodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Propanoplosaurus" title="Propanoplosaurus">Propanoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhadinosaurus" title="Rhadinosaurus">Rhadinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroplites" title="Sauroplites">Sauroplites</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polacanthinae" title="Polacanthinae">Polacanthinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastonia_(dinosaur)" title="Gastonia (dinosaur)">Gastonia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoplitosaurus" title="Hoplitosaurus">Hoplitosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peloroplites" title="Peloroplites">Peloroplites</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthus" title="Polacanthus">Polacanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taohelong" title="Taohelong">Taohelong</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodosaurinae">Nodosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acantholipan" title="Acantholipan">Acantholipan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borealopelta" title="Borealopelta">Borealopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niobrarasaurus" title="Niobrarasaurus">Niobrarasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodosaurus" title="Nodosaurus">Nodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagopelta" title="Patagopelta">Patagopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peloroplites" title="Peloroplites">Peloroplites</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauropelta" title="Sauropelta">Sauropelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silvisaurus" title="Silvisaurus">Silvisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatankacephalus" title="Tatankacephalus">Tatankacephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoplosaurini">Panoplosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animantarx" title="Animantarx">Animantarx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denversaurus" title="Denversaurus">Denversaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia" title="Edmontonia">Edmontonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panoplosaurus" title="Panoplosaurus">Panoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texasetes" title="Texasetes">Texasetes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthiosaurini">Struthiosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europelta" title="Europelta">Europelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hungarosaurus" title="Hungarosaurus">Hungarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawpawsaurus" title="Pawpawsaurus">Pawpawsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stegopelta" title="Stegopelta">Stegopelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiosaurus" title="Struthiosaurus">Struthiosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">Ankylosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta" title="Ahshislepelta">Ahshislepelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aletopelta" title="Aletopelta">Aletopelta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedarpelta" title="Cedarpelta">Cedarpelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuanqilong" title="Chuanqilong">Chuanqilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaxiazhoulong" title="Huaxiazhoulong">Huaxiazhoulong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylaeosaurus" title="Hylaeosaurus">Hylaeosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoningosaurus" title="Liaoningosaurus">Liaoningosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhejiangosaurus" title="Zhejiangosaurus">Zhejiangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shamosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamosaurinae">Shamosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobisaurus" title="Gobisaurus">Gobisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shamosaurus" title="Shamosaurus">Shamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuansaurus" title="Zhongyuansaurus">Zhongyuansaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurinae" title="Ankylosaurinae">Ankylosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bissektipelta" title="Bissektipelta">Bissektipelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crichtonpelta" title="Crichtonpelta">Crichtonpelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crichtonsaurus" title="Crichtonsaurus">Crichtonsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datai" title="Datai">Datai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinyunpelta" title="Jinyunpelta">Jinyunpelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minotaurasaurus" title="Minotaurasaurus">Minotaurasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinacosaurus" title="Pinacosaurus">Pinacosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saichania" title="Saichania">Saichania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanxia" title="Shanxia">Shanxia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarchia" title="Tarchia">Tarchia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianzhenosaurus" title="Tianzhenosaurus">Tianzhenosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsagantegia" title="Tsagantegia">Tsagantegia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaraapelta" title="Zaraapelta">Zaraapelta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurini">Ankylosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akainacephalus" title="Akainacephalus">Akainacephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurus" title="Ankylosaurus">Ankylosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anodontosaurus" title="Anodontosaurus">Anodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyoplosaurus" title="Dyoplosaurus">Dyoplosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euoplocephalus" title="Euoplocephalus">Euoplocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus" title="Nodocephalosaurus">Nodocephalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oohkotokia" title="Oohkotokia">Oohkotokia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platypelta" title="Platypelta">Platypelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scolosaurus" title="Scolosaurus">Scolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talarurus" title="Talarurus">Talarurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziapelta" title="Ziapelta">Ziapelta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuul" title="Zuul">Zuul</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauropelta_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauropelta edwardsorum"><img alt="Sauropelta edwardsorum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sauropelta_reconstruction.png/140px-Sauropelta_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sauropelta_reconstruction.png/210px-Sauropelta_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sauropelta_reconstruction.png/280px-Sauropelta_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankylosaurus magniventris"><img alt="Ankylosaurus magniventris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png/140px-Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png/210px-Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png/280px-Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ankylosaur_research" title="Timeline of ankylosaur research">Timeline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ankylosaurs" title="Category:Ankylosaurs">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Nodosauridae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134193" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q134193">Q134193</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nodosauridae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Nodosauridae">Nodosauridae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/3014675">3014675</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3238875">3238875</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=117084">117084</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38817">38817</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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