CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Monotheism: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"19982a7b-9e66-4e54-9518-28824c42e305","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Monotheism","wgTitle":"Monotheism","wgCurRevisionId":1259142181,"wgRevisionId":1258864322,"wgArticleId":19522,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Articles containing Mongolian-language text","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages", "Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2017","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009","Articles containing Punjabi-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Kurdish-language text","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles prone to spam from June 2012","Monotheism","Philosophy of religion","Religion in ancient Israel and Judah"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Monotheism","wgRelevantArticleId":19522,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1259142181,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"extRevisionSliderTimeOffset":0,"wgDiffOldId":1258779736,"wgDiffNewId":1258864322,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9159","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-editing-advanced":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","mediawiki.diff.styles":"ready", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyJs","mediawiki.diff","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming" ,"ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.diff.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility%2Cicons-editing-advanced%2Cindicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Monotheism: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mw-article-diff skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Monotheism rootpage-Monotheism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Monotheism&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1258864322" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Monotheism&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1258864322" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Monotheism&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1258864322" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Monotheism&returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1258864322" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_African_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_African_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Indigenous African religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_African_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Atenism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_monotheistic_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_monotheistic_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Other monotheistic traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_monotheistic_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_American_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Native American religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.1</span> <span>Chinese religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tengrism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tengrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.2</span> <span>Tengrism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tengrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1.1</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1.4</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1.5</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rastafari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastafari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1.6</span> <span>Rastafari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rastafari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yazidism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yazidism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.2</span> <span>Yazidism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yazidism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.3</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_proto-Indo-European_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_proto-Indo-European_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Ancient proto-Indo-European religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_proto-Indo-European_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Ancient Greek religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2.1</span> <span>Classical Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2.2</span> <span>Hellenistic religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aboriginal_Australian_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aboriginal_Australian_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Aboriginal Australian religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aboriginal_Australian_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andaman_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andaman_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Andaman Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andaman_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Monotheism: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monote%C3%AFsme" title="Monoteïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Monoteïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismus" title="Monotheismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Monotheismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="एकेश्वरवाद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="एकेश्वरवाद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديانات توحيدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديانات توحيدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monote%C3%ADsmo" title="Monoteísmo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Monoteísmo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="একেশ্বৰবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="একেশ্বৰবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monote%C3%ADsmu" title="Monoteísmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monoteísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%A3_pete%C4%A9re_jerovia" title="Tupã peteĩre jerovia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tupã peteĩre jerovia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizm" title="Monoteizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monoteizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="تک تانریچیلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تک تانریچیلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="একেশ্বরবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="একেশ্বরবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/It-s%C3%AEn-l%C5%ABn" title="It-sîn-lūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="It-sîn-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монатэізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Монатэізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монатэізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Монатэізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="एक ईश्वर वाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एक ईश्वर वाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Монотеизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монотеизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismus" title="Monotheismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Monotheismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷ་གཅིག་ཆོས་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷ་གཅིག་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizam" title="Monoteizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Monoteizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undoueegezh" title="Undoueegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Undoueegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monoteisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismus" title="Monoteismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Monoteismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undduwiaeth" title="Undduwiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Undduwiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monoteisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="توحيد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="توحيد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismus" title="Monotheismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monotheismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އެއްކައުވަންތަކަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެއްކައުވަންތަކަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Monoteism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μονοθεϊσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μονοθεϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monote%C3%ADsmo" title="Monoteísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monoteísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="یکتاپرستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یکتاپرستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Monotheism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoth%C3%A9isme" title="Monothéisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monothéisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monote%C3%AFsme" title="Monoteïsme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Monoteïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisim" title="Monoteisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Monoteisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monote%C3%ADsmo" title="Monoteísmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monoteísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D3%80_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Даьла цаӀ вар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Даьла цаӀ вар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%8B%A0%EA%B5%90" title="일신교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일신교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միաստվածություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միաստվածություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="एकेश्वरवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकेश्वरवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizam" title="Monoteizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Monoteizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monoteisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismo" title="Monotheismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monotheismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingy%C3%B0istr%C3%BA" title="Eingyðistrú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eingyðistrú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מונותאיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונותאיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ಏಕೀಶ್ವರವಾದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಏಕೀಶ್ವರವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მონოთეიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონოთეიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undhuwieth" title="Undhuwieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Undhuwieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoja_wa_Mungu" title="Umoja wa Mungu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umoja wa Mungu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteyis" title="Monoteyis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Monoteyis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotey%C3%AEzm" title="Monoteyîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Monoteyîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizmo" title="Monoteizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Monoteizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismus" title="Monotheismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monotheismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisms" title="Monoteisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Monoteisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismus" title="Monotheismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Monotheismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizmas" title="Monoteizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Monoteizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monothe%C3%AFsme" title="Monotheïsme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Monotheïsme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolandi_nz%C3%A1mbe_m%C9%94%CC%81k%C9%94%CC%81" title="Bolandi nzámbe mɔ́kɔ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bolandi nzámbe mɔ́kɔ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Monoteisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Monoteism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyistenhit" title="Egyistenhit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyistenhit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Еднобоштво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еднобоштво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4n%C3%B4teisma" title="Mônôteisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mônôteisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഏകദൈവവിശ്വാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏകദൈവവിശ്വാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="एकेश्वरवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एकेश्वरवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მონოთეიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მონოთეიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ديانات توحيديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديانات توحيديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monoteisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A7%E1%80%80%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="ဧကဒေဝဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဧကဒေဝဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monothe%C3%AFsme" title="Monotheïsme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monotheïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="一神教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一神教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Monoteisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Monoteisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monote%C3%AFsme" title="Monoteïsme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Monoteïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizm" title="Monoteizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Monoteizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਇੱਕ ਈਸ਼ਵਰਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੱਕ ਈਸ਼ਵਰਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%88%DA%BA_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7" title="اک اللہ نوں مننا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اک اللہ نوں مننا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%AF%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98" title="សាសនាឯកទេវនិយម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាសនាឯកទេវនិយម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Monoteism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismus" title="Monotheismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Monotheismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizm" title="Monoteizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monoteizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monote%C3%ADsmo" title="Monoteísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monoteísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monoteism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Монотеізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Monotheism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizmi" title="Monoteizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Monoteizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismu" title="Monoteismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Monoteismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ඒක දේවවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඒක දේවවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monotheism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizmus" title="Monoteizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Monoteizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizem" title="Monoteizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Monoteizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%AFnotejizm" title="Můnotejizm – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Můnotejizm" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="یەکتاپەرستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکتاپەرستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Монотеизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монотеизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizam" title="Monoteizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Monoteizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismi" title="Monoteismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monoteismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monoteism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="ஒரு கடவுட் கொள்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒரு கடவுட் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="ఏకేశ్వరవాదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఏకేశ్వరవాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เอกเทวนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอกเทวนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%96%E1%89%B4%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%9D" title="ሞኖቴይዝም – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሞኖቴይዝም" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizm" title="Monoteizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Monoteizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwuak_a%CC%B1cucuk_da%CC%B1_A%CC%B1gwaza_a%CC%B1nyiung" title="Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеизм – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Монотеизм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монотеїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монотеїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="توحیدیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="توحیدیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizm" title="Monoteizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Monoteizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Thuyết độc thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyết độc thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Monoteism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilidjon_%C3%A5_Bon_Diu" title="Rilidjon å Bon Diu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rilidjon å Bon Diu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Monoteismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="一神论 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="一神论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מאנאטעיזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנאטעיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="一神論 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="一神論" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteizm" title="Monoteizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Monoteizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monote%C4%97zmos" title="Monoteėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Monoteėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="一神論 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="一神論" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoteisme" title="Monoteisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Monoteisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9159#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Monotheism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Monotheism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=edit&oldid=1258864322" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Monotheism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=edit&oldid=1258864322" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Monotheism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Monotheism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&oldid=1258864322" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Monotheism&id=1258864322&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMonotheism%26diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1258864322"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMonotheism%26diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1258864322"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Monotheism&returnto=Monotheism&oldid=1258864322&writer=rl" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monotheism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Monotheism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9159" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Help</a></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-revslider-container"><span style='width: 100%; text-align: center;' id='ooui-php-1' class='mw-revslider-toggle-button oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-indicatorElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ButtonWidget","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"indicator":"down","label":"Browse history interactively","title":"Open revision slider","classes":["mw-revslider-toggle-button"]}'><a role='button' title='Open revision slider' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-iconElement-noIcon'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Browse history interactively</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicator-down'></span></a></span><div class="mw-revslider-slider-wrapper" style="display: none;"><div class="mw-revslider-placeholder"><div class="mw-revslider-spinner"><div class="mw-revslider-bounce"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="mw-fr-diff-headeritems"><form id="mw-fr-diff-dataform"><input type="hidden" value="1258779736" name="oldid"><input type="hidden" value="1258864322" name="newid"></form> <table class='fr-diff-ratings'><tr><td style='text-align: center; width: 50%;'><span class='flaggedrevs-color-1'>[accepted revision]</span></td><td style='text-align: center; width: 50%;'><span class='flaggedrevs-color-1'>[accepted revision]</span></td></tr></table> </div><div class="mw-diff-revision-history-links"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&diff=prev&oldid=1258779736" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-previous" title="Monotheism">← Previous edit</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&diff=next&oldid=1258864322" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-next" title="Monotheism">Next edit →</a></div><div class="mw-diff-table-prefix" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-inline-legend oo-ui-element-hidden"><span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-del">Content deleted</span> <span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-ins">Content added</span></div><div class="ve-init-mw-diffPage-diffMode"><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonGroupWidget'><span aria-disabled='true' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-disabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget'><a role='button' tabindex='-1' aria-disabled='true' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-eye oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Visual</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget oo-ui-buttonElement-active'><a role='button' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-wikiText oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Wikitext</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span></span></div><div class="mw-diffPage-inlineToggle-container"><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch-layout' class='oo-ui-layout oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-fieldLayout oo-ui-fieldLayout-align-left' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.FieldLayout","fieldWidget":{"tag":"mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch"},"$overlay":true,"label":"Inline","title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-body'><span class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-header'><label title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' id='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Inline</label></span><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-field'><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch' title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' aria-checked='false' tabindex='0' role='switch' aria-labelledby='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-toggleWidget oo-ui-toggleWidget-off oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ToggleSwitchWidget","href":"\/w\/index.php?title=Monotheism&diff=prev&oldid=1258864322&diff-type=inline","value":false,"title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-glow'></span><a href='/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&diff=prev&oldid=1258864322&diff-type=inline'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-grip'></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&oldid=1258779736" title="Monotheism">Revision as of 16:09, 21 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=edit&oldid=1258779736" title="Monotheism">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-21T16:09:07Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:NotPomade" class="mw-userlink" title="User:NotPomade" data-mw-revid="1258779736"><bdi>NotPomade</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:NotPomade" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:NotPomade">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/NotPomade" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/NotPomade">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>148</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#History">→<bdi dir="ltr">History</bdi></a>: </span> Modifier "as early as" added to reflect controversy in <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster#Date" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster#Date</a></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&diff=prev&oldid=1258779736" title="Monotheism" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&oldid=1258864322" title="Monotheism">Revision as of 01:37, 22 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=edit&oldid=1258864322" title="Monotheism">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-22T01:37:06Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&action=edit&undoafter=1258779736&undo=1258864322" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Arty37d8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Arty37d8 (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1258864322"><bdi>Arty37d8</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Arty37d8" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Arty37d8">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Arty37d8" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Arty37d8">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>1</span> edit</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#History">→<bdi dir="ltr">History</bdi></a>: </span>Neutral wording</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit">Mobile edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_web_edit">Mobile web edit</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&diff=next&oldid=1258864322" title="Monotheism" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 38:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 38:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Since the sixth century BCE, [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] have believed in the supremacy of one God above all: [[Ahura Mazda]] as the "Maker of All"<ref>Yasna, XLIV.7</ref> and the first being before all others.<ref>"First and last for all Eternity, as the Father of the Good Mind, the true Creator of Truth and Lord over the actions of life." (Yasna 31.8)</ref><ref>"Vispanam Datarem", ''Creator of All'' (Yasna 44.7)</ref><ref>"Data Angheush", ''Creator of Life'' (Yasna 50.11)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe23/sbe2330.htm|title=The Zend Avesta, Part II (SBE23): Nyâyis: I. Khôrshêd Nyâyis|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2022-08-05|archive-date=2023-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203140005/https://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe23/sbe2330.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The prophet [[Zoroaster]] is credited with the founding of the first monotheistic religion in history sometime as early as the middle of the second millennium BCE, leaving a lasting influence on other belief systems such as Second Temple Judaism and, through it, on later monotheistic religions.<ref name="Fe" /> Scholars are conflicted whether Zoroastrianism is best characterized as monotheistic, polytheistic, or henotheistic religion<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hintze |first=Almut |date=2013-12-19 |title=Monotheism the Zoroastrian Way |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/monotheism-the-zoroastrian-way/925F1529DE3FC40C540D29EFF1CFEC7B |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=225–249 |doi=10.1017/S1356186313000333 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref> due to the centrality of [[Ahriman]] as a component or opposite force of Ahura Mazda.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Since the sixth century BCE, [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] have believed in the supremacy of one God above all: [[Ahura Mazda]] as the "Maker of All"<ref>Yasna, XLIV.7</ref> and the first being before all others.<ref>"First and last for all Eternity, as the Father of the Good Mind, the true Creator of Truth and Lord over the actions of life." (Yasna 31.8)</ref><ref>"Vispanam Datarem", ''Creator of All'' (Yasna 44.7)</ref><ref>"Data Angheush", ''Creator of Life'' (Yasna 50.11)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe23/sbe2330.htm|title=The Zend Avesta, Part II (SBE23): Nyâyis: I. Khôrshêd Nyâyis|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2022-08-05|archive-date=2023-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203140005/https://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe23/sbe2330.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The prophet [[Zoroaster]] is credited with the founding of the first monotheistic religion in history sometime as early as the middle of the second millennium BCE, leaving a lasting influence on other belief systems such as Second Temple Judaism and, through it, on later monotheistic religions.<ref name="Fe" /> Scholars are conflicted whether Zoroastrianism is best characterized as monotheistic, polytheistic, or henotheistic religion<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hintze |first=Almut |date=2013-12-19 |title=Monotheism the Zoroastrian Way |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/monotheism-the-zoroastrian-way/925F1529DE3FC40C540D29EFF1CFEC7B |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=225–249 |doi=10.1017/S1356186313000333 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref> due to the centrality of [[Ahriman]] as a component or opposite force of Ahura Mazda.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Post-exilic<ref name="Wells2010"/> Judaism, after the late 6th century BCE, was the first religion to conceive the notion of a personal monotheistic God within a monist context.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBSJNDndGjwC&pg=PA225|title=No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel|first=Robert Karl|last=Gnuse|date=1 May 1997|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|isbn=1-85075-657-0|page=225}}</ref> The concept of [[ethical monotheism]], which holds that morality stems from God alone and that its laws are unchanging,<ref name=EncyclopediaBritannica>{{cite web|title=Ethical monotheism|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1770434/ethical-monotheism|website=britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226042648/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1770434/ethical-monotheism|url-status=live}}</ref> first occurred in [[Judaism]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fischer|first1=Paul|title=Judaism and Ethical Monotheism|url=https://blog.uvm.edu/pfischer/2013/10/27/judaism-and-ethical-monotheism/|website=platophilosophy|publisher=The University of Vermont Blogs|access-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730233906/https://blog.uvm.edu/pfischer/2013/10/27/judaism-and-ethical-monotheism/|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but</del> is now a core tenet of most modern monotheistic religions, including Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and Baháʼí Faith.<ref>Nikiprowetzky, V. (1975). Ethical monotheism. (2 ed., Vol. 104, pp. 69-89). New York: The MIT Press Article Stable. {{JSTOR|20024331}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Post-exilic<ref name="Wells2010"/> Judaism, after the late 6th century BCE, was the first religion to conceive the notion of a personal monotheistic God within a monist context.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBSJNDndGjwC&pg=PA225|title=No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel|first=Robert Karl|last=Gnuse|date=1 May 1997|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|isbn=1-85075-657-0|page=225}}</ref> The concept of [[ethical monotheism]], which holds that morality stems from God alone and that its laws are unchanging,<ref name=EncyclopediaBritannica>{{cite web|title=Ethical monotheism|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1770434/ethical-monotheism|website=britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226042648/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1770434/ethical-monotheism|url-status=live}}</ref> first occurred in [[Judaism]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fischer|first1=Paul|title=Judaism and Ethical Monotheism|url=https://blog.uvm.edu/pfischer/2013/10/27/judaism-and-ethical-monotheism/|website=platophilosophy|publisher=The University of Vermont Blogs|access-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730233906/https://blog.uvm.edu/pfischer/2013/10/27/judaism-and-ethical-monotheism/|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</ins> is now a core tenet of most modern monotheistic religions, including Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and Baháʼí Faith.<ref>Nikiprowetzky, V. (1975). Ethical monotheism. (2 ed., Vol. 104, pp. 69-89). New York: The MIT Press Article Stable. {{JSTOR|20024331}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Also from the 6th century BCE, [[Thales]] (followed by other Monists, such as [[Anaximander]], [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Parmenides]]) proposed that nature can be explained by reference to a single unitary principle that pervades everything.<ref name="Wells2010">{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Colin |title=How Did God Get Started? |journal=Arion |date=2010 |volume=18.2 |issue=Fall |url=https://www.bu.edu/arion/archive/volume-18/colin_wells_how_did_god_get-started/ |quote=...as any student of ancient philosophy can tell you, we see the first appearance of a unitary God not in Jewish scripture, but in the thought of the Greek philosopher Plato... |access-date=2020-12-26 |archive-date=2021-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508121449/https://www.bu.edu/arion/archive/volume-18/colin_wells_how_did_god_get-started/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Numerous ancient Greek philosophers, including [[Xenophanes of Colophon]] and [[Antisthenes]], believed in a similar polytheistic monism that bore some similarities to monotheism.<ref name="auto" /> The first known reference to a unitary God is [[Plato]]'s [[Demiurge]] (divine Craftsman), followed by [[Aristotle]]'s [[unmoved mover]], both of which would profoundly influence Jewish and Christian theology.<ref name="Wells2010"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Also from the 6th century BCE, [[Thales]] (followed by other Monists, such as [[Anaximander]], [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Parmenides]]) proposed that nature can be explained by reference to a single unitary principle that pervades everything.<ref name="Wells2010">{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Colin |title=How Did God Get Started? |journal=Arion |date=2010 |volume=18.2 |issue=Fall |url=https://www.bu.edu/arion/archive/volume-18/colin_wells_how_did_god_get-started/ |quote=...as any student of ancient philosophy can tell you, we see the first appearance of a unitary God not in Jewish scripture, but in the thought of the Greek philosopher Plato... |access-date=2020-12-26 |archive-date=2021-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508121449/https://www.bu.edu/arion/archive/volume-18/colin_wells_how_did_god_get-started/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Numerous ancient Greek philosophers, including [[Xenophanes of Colophon]] and [[Antisthenes]], believed in a similar polytheistic monism that bore some similarities to monotheism.<ref name="auto" /> The first known reference to a unitary God is [[Plato]]'s [[Demiurge]] (divine Craftsman), followed by [[Aristotle]]'s [[unmoved mover]], both of which would profoundly influence Jewish and Christian theology.<ref name="Wells2010"/></div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 01:37, 22 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belief that there is only one god</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Monotheist" redirects here. For the death metal band, see <a href="/wiki/Monotheist_(band)" title="Monotheist (band)">Monotheist (band)</a>. For the album by Celtic Frost, see <a href="/wiki/Monotheist_(album)" title="Monotheist (album)"><i>Monotheist</i> (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Monotheism</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> that one <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a> is the only, or at least the dominant <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopædiaBritannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopædiaBritannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odccmono_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odccmono-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinction may be made between exclusive monotheism, in which the one God is a singular existence, and both inclusive and pluriform monotheism, in which multiple gods or godly forms are recognized, but each are postulated as extensions of the same God.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopædiaBritannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopædiaBritannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monotheism is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>, a religious system in which the believer worships one god without denying that others may worship different gods with equal validity, and <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatrism</a>, the recognition of the existence of many gods but with the consistent worship of only one deity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatry</a></i> was perhaps first used by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monotheism characterizes the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Monotheism_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monotheism-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Druze_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Druze-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seicho-no-Ie" title="Seicho-no-Ie">Seicho-no-Ie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fe_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fe-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of monotheistic thought are found in early religions such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">ancient Chinese religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopædiaBritannica_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopædiaBritannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayes_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monotheism" class="extiw" title="wikt:monotheism">monotheism</a></i> was coined from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:μόνος">μόνος</a></span></span> (<i>monos</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "single" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:θεός">θεός</a></span></span> (<i>theos</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">god</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was coined by <a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a> (1614–1687).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monotheism is a complex and nuanced concept. The biblical authors had various ways of understanding God and the divine, shaped by their historical and cultural contexts. The notion of monotheism that is used today was developed much later, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and Christian views. Many definitions of monotheism are too modern, western, and Christian-centered to account for the diversity and complexity of the ancient sources, which include not only the biblical texts, but also other writings, inscriptions, and material remains that help reconstruct the ancient beliefs and practices of the people of Judah and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "monotheism" is often contrasted with "<a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>", but many scholars prefer other terms such as monolatry, henotheism, or one-god discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Monotheism%22+history">"Monotheism" history</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Monotheism%22+history+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Monotheism%22+history&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Monotheism%22+history+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Monotheism%22+history">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Monotheism%22+history&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Quasi-monotheistic claims of the existence of a universal deity date to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></i> from the 14th century BCE. </p><p>In the Iron-Age South Asian <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a possible inclination towards monotheism emerged. The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> exhibits notions of <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, particularly in the comparatively late <a href="/wiki/Mandala_10" title="Mandala 10">tenth book</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is dated to the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a>. Later, ancient Hindu theology was <a href="/wiki/Monist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monist">monist</a>, but was not strictly monotheistic in worship because it still maintained the existence of many gods, who were envisioned as aspects of one supreme God, Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, the orthodox faith system held by most dynasties since at least the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (1766 BCE) until the modern period centered on the worship of <i><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></i> (literally "Above Sovereign", generally translated as "God") or <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Heaven</a> as an omnipotent force.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this faith system was not truly monotheistic since other lesser gods and spirits, which varied with locality, were also worshipped along with <i>Shangdi</i>. Still, later variants such as <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a> (470 BCE–c.391 BCE) approached true monotheism, teaching that the function of lesser gods and ancestral spirits is merely to carry out the will of <i>Shangdi</i>, akin to the angels in Abrahamic religions which in turn counts as only one god. </p><p>Since the sixth century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a> have believed in the supremacy of one God above all: <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> as the "Maker of All"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first being before all others.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prophet <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> is credited with the founding of the first monotheistic religion in history sometime as early as the middle of the second millennium BCE, leaving a lasting influence on other belief systems such as Second Temple Judaism and, through it, on later monotheistic religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Fe_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fe-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars are conflicted whether Zoroastrianism is best characterized as monotheistic, polytheistic, or henotheistic religion<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the centrality of <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a> as a component or opposite force of Ahura Mazda. </p><p>Post-exilic<sup id="cite_ref-Wells2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaism, after the late 6th century BCE, was the first religion to conceive the notion of a personal monotheistic God within a monist context.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">ethical monotheism</a>, which holds that morality stems from God alone and that its laws are unchanging,<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaBritannica_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaBritannica-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first occurred in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is now a core tenet of most modern monotheistic religions, including Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and Baháʼí Faith.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also from the 6th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a> (followed by other Monists, such as <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>) proposed that nature can be explained by reference to a single unitary principle that pervades everything.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous ancient Greek philosophers, including <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes_of_Colophon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophanes of Colophon">Xenophanes of Colophon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a>, believed in a similar polytheistic monism that bore some similarities to monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known reference to a unitary God is <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a> (divine Craftsman), followed by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">unmoved mover</a>, both of which would profoundly influence Jewish and Christian theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells2010_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to contemporary Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition, monotheism was the original religion of humanity; this original religion is sometimes referred to as "the Adamic religion", or, in the terms of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a>". Scholars of religion largely abandoned that view in the 19th and 20th centuries in favour of an <a href="/wiki/Development_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of religion">evolutionary progression</a> from <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> via <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> to monotheism. </p><p>Austrian anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)">Wilhelm Schmidt</a> had postulated an <i><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></i>, "original" or "primitive monotheism" in the 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was objected<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2017)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> had grown up in opposition to polytheism as had Greek philosophical monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-odccmono_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odccmono-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other authors have returned to the idea of an evolutionary progression beginning with <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatry</a>, which developed into true monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_African_religion">Indigenous African religion</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> have a traditional spirituality that emphasizes the worship of a single god, Nyuy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Himba_people" title="Himba people">Himba people</a> of Namibia practice a form of monotheistic <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>, and worship the god <a href="/wiki/Mukuru_(deity)" title="Mukuru (deity)">Mukuru</a>. The deceased ancestors of the Himba and Herero are subservient to him, acting as intermediaries.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> practice a form of monotheism called <a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odinani has monotheistic and panentheistic attributes, having a single God as the source of all things. Although a pantheon of spirits exists, these are lesser spirits prevalent in Odinani expressly serving as elements of Chineke (or <a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a>), the supreme being or high god. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Waaq" title="Waaq">Waaq</a> is the name of a singular <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> in the traditional religion of many <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, denoting an early monotheistic religion. However this religion was mostly replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. Some (approximately 3%) of <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> still follow this traditional monotheistic religion called <a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Atenism">Atenism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_salle_dAkhenaton_(1356-1340_av_J.C.)_(Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire)_(2076972086).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg/180px-La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg/270px-La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg/360px-La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> and his family adoring the Aten</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenhotep IV">Amenhotep IV</a> initially introduced <a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a> in Year 5 of his reign (1348/1346 BCE) during the <a href="/wiki/18th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="18th dynasty">18th dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>. He raised <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>, once a relatively obscure Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">solar deity</a> representing the disk of the sun, to the status of Supreme God in the Egyptian pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To emphasise the change, Aten's name was written in the <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> form normally reserved for Pharaohs, an innovation of Atenism. This religious reformation appears to coincide with the proclamation of a <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a>, a sort of royal jubilee intended to reinforce the Pharaoh's divine powers of kingship. Traditionally held in the thirtieth year of the Pharaoh's reign, this possibly was a festival in honour of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>, who some Egyptologists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> think had a <a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">coregency</a> with his son Amenhotep IV of two to twelve years. </p><p>Year 5 is believed to mark the beginning of Amenhotep IV's construction of a new capital, <a href="/wiki/Akhetaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhetaten">Akhetaten</a> (<i>Horizon of the Aten</i>), at the site known today as <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of this appears on three of the boundary <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> used to mark the boundaries of this new capital.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At this time, Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten (<i>Agreeable to Aten</i>) as evidence of his new worship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date given for the event has been estimated to fall around January 2 of that year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Year 7 of his reign (1346/1344 BCE), the capital was moved from <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> to Akhetaten (near modern Amarna), though construction of the city seems to have continued for two more years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In shifting his court from the traditional ceremonial centres Akhenaten was signalling a dramatic transformation in the focus of religious and political power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The move separated the Pharaoh and his court from the influence of the priesthood and from the traditional centres of worship, but his decree had deeper religious significance too—taken in conjunction with his name change, it is possible that the move to Amarna was also meant as a signal of Akhenaten's symbolic death and rebirth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It may also have coincided with the death of his father and the end of the coregency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition to constructing a new capital in honor of Aten, Akhenaten also oversaw the construction of some of the most massive <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temple</a> complexes in ancient Egypt, including one at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> and one at Thebes, close to the old temple of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Year 9 (1344/1342 BCE), Akhenaten declared a more radical version of his new religion, declaring Aten not merely the supreme god of the Egyptian pantheon, but the only God of Egypt, with himself as the sole intermediary between the Aten and the Egyptian people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Key features of Atenism included a ban on <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idols</a> and other images of the Aten, with the exception of a rayed solar disc, in which the rays (commonly depicted ending in hands) appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Akhenaten made it however clear that the image of the Aten only represented the god, but that the god transcended creation and so could not be fully understood or represented.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aten was addressed by Akhenaten in prayers, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></i>: "O Sole God beside whom there is none". </p><p>The details of Atenist theology are still unclear. The exclusion of all but one god and the prohibition of idols was a radical departure from Egyptian tradition, but scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> see Akhenaten as a practitioner of monolatry rather than monotheism, as he did not actively deny the existence of other gods; he simply refrained from worshiping any but Aten.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Akhenaten associated Aten with Ra and put forward the eminence of Aten as the renewal of the kingship of Ra.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Akhenaten's successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional religion, and Akhenaten himself came to be reviled as a heretic.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_monotheistic_traditions">Other monotheistic traditions</h5></div> <p>Some Egyptian ethical text authors believed in only a single god ruling over the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_American_religion">Native American religion</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religions</a> may be monotheistic, polytheistic, henotheistic, animistic, or some combination thereof. <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee religion</a>, for example, is monotheist as well as pantheist.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></i> among the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ostler_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostler-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a>, is a conception of universal spiritual force, or <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">supreme being</a> prevalent among some <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nation</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Russell_Means" title="Russell Means">Russell Means</a> a better translation of <i>Wakan Tanka</i> is the Great Mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, "Wanka Tanka" among the Lakota was considered a "council of gods" in pre-columbian times, and their religion is not monotheistic.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers have interpreted <a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec philosophy</a> as fundamentally monotheistic or panentheistic. While the populace at large believed in a polytheistic pantheon, Aztec priests and nobles might have come to an interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Teotl" title="Teotl">Teotl</a> as a single universal force with many facets.<sup id="cite_ref-iepMaffie_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iepMaffie-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been criticism to this idea, however, most notably that many assertions of this supposed monotheism might actually come from post-Conquistador bias, imposing an Antiquity pagan model onto the Aztec.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Hindu views on monotheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnuvishvarupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Vishnuvishvarupa.jpg/170px-Vishnuvishvarupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Vishnuvishvarupa.jpg/255px-Vishnuvishvarupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Vishnuvishvarupa.jpg/340px-Vishnuvishvarupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> displaying his <i><a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">Vishvarupa</a></i> (universal form) to <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> on the battlefield of Kurukshetra</figcaption></figure> <p>As an old religion, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> inherits religious concepts spanning monotheism, <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">atheism</a> among others;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBpolytheism_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBpolytheism-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its concept of God is complex and depends upon each individual and the tradition and philosophy followed. </p><p>Hindu views are broad and range from monism, through pantheism and panentheism (alternatively called monistic theism by some scholars) to monotheism and even atheism. Hinduism cannot be said to be purely polytheistic. Hindu religious leaders have repeatedly stressed that while God's forms are many and the ways to communicate with him are many, God is one. The <i><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a></i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a></i> is a way to communicate with the abstract one god (<i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i>) which creates, sustains and dissolves creation.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> 1.164.46, </p> <dl><dd><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Indraṃ mitraṃ varuṇamaghnimāhuratho divyaḥ sa suparṇo gharutmān,</i></span></i></dd> <dd><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ekaṃ sad viprā bahudhā vadantyaghniṃ yamaṃ mātariśvānamāhuḥ</i></span></i></dd> <dd>"They call him Indra, Mitra, Varuṇa, Agni, and he is heavenly nobly-winged Garuda.</dd> <dd>To what is One, sages give many a title they call it Agni, Yama, Mātariśvan." (trans. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_T.H._Griffith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph T.H. Griffith">Griffith</a>)</dd></dl> <p>Traditions of Gaudiya Vaishnavas, the <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> and followers of <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a> consider Krishna to be the source of all <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jsn_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsn-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the source of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> himself, or to be the same as <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>. As such, he is therefore regarded as <i><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Delmonico2004_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delmonico2004-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elkman1986_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkman1986-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dimock1989_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimock1989-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is recognized to be <i>Svayam Bhagavan</i>, it can be understood that this is the belief of <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy1925_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1925-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Vallabha_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabha Sampradaya">Vallabha Sampradaya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-flood_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flood-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a>, where Krishna is accepted to be the source of all other avatars, and the source of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> himself. This belief is drawn primarily "from the famous statement of the Bhagavatam"<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2007_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1.3.28).<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A viewpoint differing from this theological concept is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as an <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. It should be however noted that although it is usual to speak of Vishnu as the source of the avataras, this is only one of the names of the God of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, who is also known as Narayana, <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> and Krishna and behind each of those names there is a divine figure with attributed supremacy in Vaishnavism.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna4_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rig Veda discusses monotheistic thought, as do the <a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yajur_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajur Veda">Yajur Veda</a>: "Devas are always looking to the supreme abode of Vishnu" (<i>tad viṣṇoḥ paramaṁ padaṁ sadā paśyanti sṻrayaḥ</i> <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> 1.22.20) </p><p>"The One Truth, sages know by many names" (<a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda 1">Rig Veda 1</a>.164.46)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"When at first the unborn sprung into being, He won His own dominion beyond which nothing higher has been in existence" (<a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a> 10.7.31)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"There is none to compare with Him. There is no parallel to Him, whose glory, verily, is great." (<a href="/wiki/Yajur_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajur Veda">Yajur Veda</a> 32.3)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of auspicious qualities of God are countless, with the following six qualities (<i>bhaga</i>) being the most important: </p> <ul><li><i>Jñāna</i> (omniscience), defined as the power to know about all beings simultaneously</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></i> (sovereignty, derived from the word <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>), which consists in unchallenged rule over all</li> <li><i>Shakti</i> (energy), or power, which is the capacity to make the impossible possible</li> <li><i>Bala</i> (strength), which is the capacity to support everything by will and without any fatigue</li> <li><i>Vīrya</i> (vigor), which indicates the power to retain immateriality as the supreme being in spite of being the material cause of mutable creations</li> <li><i>Tejas</i> (splendor), which expresses His self-sufficiency and the capacity to overpower everything by His spiritual effulgence<sup id="cite_ref-Tapasyananda_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tapasyananda-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Shaivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivite">Shaivite</a> tradition, the <i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Rudram" title="Shri Rudram">Shri Rudram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> श्रि रुद्रम्), to which the Chamakam (चमकम्) is added by scriptural tradition, is a Hindu <i><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">stotra</a></i> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> (an epithet of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>), taken from the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> (TS 4.5, 4.7).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shri Rudram is also known as <i>Sri Rudraprasna</i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śatarudrīya</i></span></i>, and <i>Rudradhyaya</i>. The text is important in <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> where <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is equated to the Universal supreme God. The hymn is an early example of enumerating the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">names of a deity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a tradition developed extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Sahasranama" title="Sahasranama">sahasranama</a> literature of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> school of Hinduism has made several arguments regarding a monotheistic view. The Naiyanikas have given an argument that such a god can only be one. In the <i>Nyaya Kusumanjali</i>, this is discussed against the proposition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></i> school that let us assume there were many demigods (<i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a></i>) and sages (<i><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishis</a></i>) in the beginning, who wrote the Vedas and created the world. Nyaya says that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[If they assume such] omniscient beings, those endowed with the various superhuman faculties of assuming infinitesimal size, and so on, and capable of creating everything, then we reply that the <i>law of parsimony</i> bids us assume only one such, namely Him, the adorable Lord. There can be no confidence in a non-eternal and non-omniscient being, and hence it follows that according to the system which rejects God, the tradition of the Veda is simultaneously overthrown; there is no other way open.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In other words, Nyaya says that the polytheist would have to give elaborate proofs for the existence and origin of his several celestial spirits, none of which would be logical, and that it is more logical to assume one eternal, omniscient god. </p><p>Many other Hindus, however, view polytheism as far preferable to monotheism. The famous Hindu revitalist leader <a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a>, for example, points to the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> as being specifically polytheistic,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and states that, "only some form of polytheism alone can do justice to this variety and richness."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Sita Ram Goel</a>, another 20th-century Hindu historian, wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I had an occasion to read the typescript of a book [Ram Swarup] had finished writing in 1973. It was a profound study of Monotheism, the central dogma of both Islam and Christianity, as well as a powerful presentation of what the monotheists denounce as Hindu Polytheism. I had never read anything like it. It was a revelation to me that Monotheism was not a religious concept but an imperialist idea. I must confess that I myself had been inclined towards Monotheism till this time. I had never thought that a multiplicity of Gods was the natural and spontaneous expression of an evolved consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Temple_Manning_Drive_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sikh_Temple_Manning_Drive_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg/220px-Sikh_Temple_Manning_Drive_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sikh_Temple_Manning_Drive_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg/330px-Sikh_Temple_Manning_Drive_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sikh_Temple_Manning_Drive_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg/440px-Sikh_Temple_Manning_Drive_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>A Sikh temple, known as <i>Nanaksar <a href="/wiki/Gurudwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudwara">Gurudwara</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Sikhi is a monotheistic<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Revealed_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Revealed religion">revealed religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nesbitt2005_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nesbitt2005-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">God in Sikhism</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Akal_Purakh" title="Akal Purakh">Akal Purakh</a> (which means "The Immortal Being") or <i><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Vāhigurū</a></i> (Wondrous Enlightener). However, other names like <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Sikhism" title="Names of God in Sikhism">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, etc. are also used to refer to the same God, who is <a href="/wiki/Nirankar" title="Nirankar">shapeless</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akaal (page does not exist)">timeless</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alakh_Niranjan" title="Alakh Niranjan">sightless</a>: <i>niraṅkār</i>, <i>akaal</i>, and <i>alakh</i>. Sikhi presents a unique perspective where God is present (<i><a href="/wiki/Sarav_vi%C4%81pak" title="Sarav viāpak">sarav viāpak</a></i>) in all of its creation and does not exist outside of its creation. God must be seen from "the inward eye", or the "heart". Sikhs follow the Aad Guru Granth Sahib and are instructed to <a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">meditate</a> on the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ma" title="Nāma">Naam</a> (Name of God - <i><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Vāhigurū</a></i>) to progress towards enlightenment, as its rigorous application permits the existence of communication between God and human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-p252_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p252-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sikhism is a monotheistic faith<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that arose in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> during the 16th and 17th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> believe in one, timeless, omnipresent, supreme creator. The opening verse of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mul Mantra">Mul Mantra</a>, signifies this: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a>: ikk ōankār sat(i)-nām(u) karatā purakh(u) nirabha'u niravair(u) akāla mūrat(i) ajūnī saibhan<small>(g)</small> gur(a) prasād(i).</dd> <dd>One Universal creator God, The supreme Unchangeable Truth, The Creator of the Universe, Beyond Fear, Beyond Hatred, Beyond Death, Beyond Birth, Self-Existent, by Guru's Grace.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ek_onkar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/170px-Ek_onkar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/255px-Ek_onkar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/340px-Ek_onkar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkār</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> symbol representing "the One Supreme Reality"</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "ੴ" ("Ik ōaṅkār") has two components. The first is ੧, the digit "1" in <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> signifying the singularity of the creator. Together the word means: "One Universal creator God". </p><p>It is often said that the 1430 pages of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> are all expansions on the Mul Mantra. Although the Sikhs have many names for God, some derived from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, they all refer to the same Supreme Being. </p><p>The Sikh holy scriptures refer to the One God who pervades the whole of space and is the creator of all beings in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>. The following quotation from the Guru Granth Sahib highlights this point: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Chant, and meditate on the One God, who permeates and pervades the many beings of the whole Universe. God created it, and God spreads through it everywhere. Everywhere I look, I see God. The Perfect Lord is perfectly pervading and permeating the water, the land and the sky; there is no place without Him.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Granth Sahib, Page 782</cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, there is a strong case for arguing that the Guru Granth Sahib teaches <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> due to its non-dualistic tendencies: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਸਹਸ ਪਦ ਬਿਮਲ ਨਨ ਏਕ ਪਦ ਗੰਧ ਬਿਨੁ ਸਹਸ ਤਵ ਗੰਧ ਇਵ ਚਲਤ ਮੋਹੀ ॥੨॥</span></p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p> You have thousands of Lotus Feet, and yet You do not have even one foot. You have no nose, but you have thousands of noses. This Play of Yours entrances me.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, Page 13</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Sikhs believe that God has been given many names, but they all refer to the One God, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81hiGur%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="VāhiGurū">VāhiGurū</a>. Sikh holy scripture (Guru Granth Sahib) speaks to all faiths and Sikhs believe that members of other religions such as Islam, Hinduism and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> all worship the same God, and the names <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ar-Rahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar-Rahim">Rahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Karim" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Karim">Karim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Sikhism" title="Names of God in Sikhism">Hari</a>, Raam and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Paarbrahm</a> are, therefore, frequently mentioned in the Sikh holy scripture (Guru Granth Sahib) . God in Sikhism is most commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Akal_Purakh" title="Akal Purakh">Akal Purakh</a> (which means "The Immortal Being") or <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a>, the Wondrous Enlightener. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chinese_religion">Chinese religion</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg/170px-%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg/255px-%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg/340px-%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze script">bronze script</a> character for <i>tian</i> (天), which translates to Heaven and sky</figcaption></figure> <p>The orthodox faith system held by most dynasties of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> since at least the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (1766 BCE) until the modern period centered on the worship of <i><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></i> (literally "Above Sovereign", generally translated as "High-god") or <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Heaven</a> as a supreme being, standing above other gods.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This faith system pre-dated the development of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. It has some features of monotheism in that Heaven is seen as an omnipotent entity, a <a href="/wiki/Incorporeality" title="Incorporeality">noncorporeal</a> force with a <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personality</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcendent_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendent reality">transcending</a> the world. However, this faith system was not truly monotheistic since other lesser gods and spirits, which varied with locality, were also worshiped along with <i>Shangdi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, later variants such as <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a> (470 BCE–c.391 BCE) approached true monotheism, teaching that the function of lesser gods and ancestral spirits is merely to carry out the will of <i>Shangdi.</i> In <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a>'s <i>Will of Heaven</i> (天志), he writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I know Heaven loves men dearly not without reason. Heaven ordered the sun, the moon, and the stars to enlighten and guide them. Heaven ordained the four seasons, Spring, Autumn, Winter, and Summer, to regulate them. Heaven sent down snow, frost, rain, and dew to grow the five grains and flax and silk that so the people could use and enjoy them. Heaven established the hills and rivers, ravines and valleys, and arranged many things to minister to man's good or bring him evil. He appointed the dukes and lords to reward the virtuous and punish the wicked, and to gather metal and wood, birds and beasts, and to engage in cultivating the five grains and flax and silk to provide for the people's food and clothing. This has been so from antiquity to the present. </p><p>且吾所以知天之愛民之厚者有矣，曰以磨為日月星辰，以昭道之；制為四時春秋冬夏，以紀綱之；雷降雪霜雨露，以長遂五穀麻絲，使民得而財利之；列為山川谿谷，播賦百事，以臨司民之善否；為王公侯伯，使之賞賢而罰暴；賊金木鳥獸，從事乎五穀麻絲，以為民衣食之財。自古及今，未嘗不有此也。 </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Will of Heaven</i>, Chapter 27, Paragraph 6, ca. 5th century BCE</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Worship of <i>Shangdi</i> and Heaven in ancient China includes the erection of shrines, the last and greatest being the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a> in Beijing, and the offering of prayers. The ruler of China in every Chinese dynasty would perform annual sacrificial rituals to <i>Shangdi</i>, usually by slaughtering a completely healthy bull as sacrifice. Although its popularity gradually diminished after the advent of Taoism and Buddhism, among other religions, its concepts remained in use throughout the pre-modern period and have been incorporated in later religions in China, including terminology used by early Christians in China. Despite the rising of non-theistic and pantheistic spirituality contributed by Taoism and Buddhism, Shangdi was still praised up until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> as the last ruler of the Qing declared himself <a href="/wiki/Son_of_heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of heaven">son of heaven</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century in the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> region, monotheist influences led to the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tengrism">Tengrism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></div> <p>Tengrism or Tangrism (sometimes stylized as Tengriism), occasionally referred to as Tengrianism, is a modern term<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia#Religions" title="Central Asia">religion</a> characterized by features of <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totemism" class="mw-redirect" title="Totemism">totemism</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> and monotheism,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PolyMono_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolyMono-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>. Historically, it was the prevailing religion of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Books.google.com_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Books.google.com-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the state religion of the six ancient Turkic states: <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazaria">Eastern Tourkia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Irk Bitig</a></i>, Tengri is mentioned as <i>Türük Tängrisi</i> (God of Turks).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is perceived among <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> as a <i>national</i> religion. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tengriism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengriism">Turco-Mongol</a> traditions, the Supreme God is commonly referred to as the ruler of Heaven, or the Sky Lord granted with omnipotent powers, but it has largely diminished in those regions due to <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pantheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a> views and Buddhism's <a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">rejection of a creator God</a>. On some occasions in the mythology, the Sky Lord as identified as a male has been associated to mate with an Earth Mother, while some traditions kept the omnipotence of the Sky Lord unshared.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God in Abrahamic religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h6></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">God in the Baháʼí Faith</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Worship_Germany_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/House_of_Worship_Germany_2007.jpg/220px-House_of_Worship_Germany_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/House_of_Worship_Germany_2007.jpg/330px-House_of_Worship_Germany_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/House_of_Worship_Germany_2007.jpg/440px-House_of_Worship_Germany_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Baháʼí House of Worship, <a href="/wiki/Langenhain" title="Langenhain">Langenhain</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>God in the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> is taught to be the Imperishable, uncreated Being Who is the source of existence, too great for humans to fully comprehend. Human primitive understanding of God is achieved through his revelations via his divine intermediary <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hatcher_huri_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatcher_huri-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-manifestation_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manifestation-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Baháʼí faith, such Christian doctrines as the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> are seen as compromising the Baháʼí view that God is single and has no equal,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the very existence of the Baháʼí Faith is a challenge to the Islamic doctrine of the finality of Muhammad's revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God in the Baháʼí Faith communicates to humanity through divine intermediaries, known as <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestations of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Psmith107-108_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psmith107-108-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Manifestations establish religion in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-manifestation_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manifestation-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is through these divine intermediaries that humans can approach God, and through them God brings divine revelation and law.<sup id="cite_ref-BFaith-115-123_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFaith-115-123-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Oneness of God is one of the core teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Obligatory_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_prayers" title="Obligatory Baháʼí prayers">obligatory prayers</a> in the Baháʼí Faith involve explicit monotheistic testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God is the imperishable, uncreated being who is the source of all existence.<sup id="cite_ref-BFaith-74_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFaith-74-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is described as "a personal God, unknowable, inaccessible, the source of all Revelation, eternal, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">almighty</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Psmith106_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psmith106-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although transcendent and inaccessible directly, his image is reflected in his creation. The purpose of creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator.<sup id="cite_ref-Psmith111_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psmith111-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through intermediaries, known as <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestations of God</a>, who are the prophets and messengers that have founded religions from prehistoric times up to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Psmith107-108_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psmith107-108-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Christianity">Christianity</h6></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/200px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/300px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/400px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> is the Christian belief that God is one God in essence but three persons: <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>), and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Holy Spirit">God the Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-def-lateran_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-lateran-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Among <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a>, there was considerable debate over the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a>, with some denying the incarnation but not the deity of Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a>) and others later calling for an <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> conception of God. Despite at least one earlier local <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Alexandria">synod</a> rejecting the claim of Arius, this <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> issue was to be one of the items addressed at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>. </p><p>The First Council of Nicaea, held in <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), convoked by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperors">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine I</a> in 325, was the first <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> council of <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>. With the creation of the creed, a precedent was established for subsequent general ecumenical councils of bishops (<a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a>) to create statements of belief and <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canons</a> of doctrinal <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>—the intent being to define a common creed for the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> and address <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> ideas. </p><p>One purpose of the council was to resolve <a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">disagreements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Alexandria</a> over the nature of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in relationship to the Father; in particular, whether Jesus was of the <a href="/wiki/Homoousia" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousia">same substance</a> as <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> or merely of <a href="/wiki/Homoiousia" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoiousia">similar substance</a>. All but two bishops took the first position; while <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>' argument failed. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg/229px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg/344px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg/458px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>God in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i>, fresco by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> (c. 1508–1512)</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian orthodox traditions (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and most Protestants) follow this decision, which was reaffirmed in 381 at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> and reached its full development through the work of the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a>. They consider God to be a triune entity, called the Trinity, comprising three "<a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">persons</a>", <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Holy Spirit">God the Holy Spirit</a>. These three are described as being "of the same substance" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ὁμοούσιος</a></span></span>). </p><p>Christians overwhelmingly assert that monotheism is central to the Christian faith, as the Nicene Creed (and others), which gives the orthodox Christian definition of the Trinity, begins: "I believe in one God". From earlier than the times of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, 325 CE, various Christian figures advocated<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the triune <a href="/wiki/Holy_Mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Mystery">mystery</a>-nature of God as a normative profession of faith. According to <a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Roger E. Olson</a> and Christopher Hall, through prayer, meditation, study and practice, the Christian community concluded "that God must exist as both a unity and trinity", codifying this in ecumenical council at the end of the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern Christians believe the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a> is triune, meaning that the three persons of the Trinity are in one union in which each person is also wholly God. They also hold to the doctrine of a <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">man-god</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Jesus">Christ Jesus</a> as <a href="/wiki/God_incarnate#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="God incarnate">God incarnate</a>. These Christians also do not believe that one of the three divine figures is God alone and the other two are not but that all three are mysteriously God and one. Other Christian religions, including <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> and others, <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">do not share those views on the Trinity</a>. </p><p>Some Christian faiths, such as <a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, argue that the Godhead is in fact three separate individuals which include God the Father, His Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each individual having a distinct purpose in the grand existence of human kind.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Mormons believe that before the Council of Nicaea, the predominant belief among many early Christians was that the Godhead was three separate individuals. In support of this view, they cite early Christian examples of belief in <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">subordinationism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> is a theological movement, named for its understanding of God as one person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some in Judaism and some in Islam do not consider Trinitarian Christianity to be a pure form of monotheism due to the pluriform monotheistic Christian doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, classifying it as <i><a href="/wiki/Shituf" title="Shituf">shituf</a></i> in Judaism and as <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i> in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trinitarian Christians, on the other hand, argue that the doctrine of the Trinity is a valid expression of monotheism, citing that the Trinity does not consist of three separate <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a>, but rather the three <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">persons</a>, who exist <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantially</a> (as one <a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">substance</a>) within a single <a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Islam">Islam</h6></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hanif" title="Hanif">Hanif</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allah1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Allah1.png/170px-Allah1.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Allah1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>Arabic calligraphy reading "Allah, may his glory be glorified"</figcaption></figure> <p>In Islam, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> (<a href="/wiki/All%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Allāh">Allāh</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">all-powerful</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">all-knowing</a>, the Creator, Sustainer, Ordainer and Judge of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-Quran_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-Quran-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esp22_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esp22-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> is strictly singular (<i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito199888_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito199888-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unique (<i>wahid</i>) and inherently One (<i>ahad</i>), all-merciful and omnipotent.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allāh exists on the <i><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God#Islam" title="Throne of God">Al-'Arsh</a></i> <sup>[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=54">7:54</a>]</sup>, but the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> states that "No vision can encompass Him, but He encompasses all vision. For He is the Most Subtle, All-Aware." (Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/6?startingVerse=103">6:103</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-esp22_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esp22-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allāh is the only God and the same God worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>(Q<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/29?startingVerse=46">29:46</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam emerged in the 7th century CE in the context of both Christianity and Judaism, with some thematic elements similar to <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic belief states that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> did not bring a new religion from God, but rather the same religion as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> and all the other <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophets</a> of God.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assertion of Islam is that the message of God had been corrupted, distorted or lost over time, and the Quran was sent to Muhammad in order to correct the lost message of the <a href="/wiki/Tawrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">Tawrat</a> (Torah), <a href="/wiki/Injil" class="mw-redirect" title="Injil">Injil</a> (Gospel) and <a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito19986,_12_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito19986,_12-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito20024–5_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito20024–5-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters20039_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters20039-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quran asserts the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world; a unique and indivisible being who is independent of the creation.<sup id="cite_ref-EncRel_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncRel-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran rejects binary modes of thinking such as the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">duality</a> of God by arguing that both <a href="/wiki/Goodness_and_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodness and evil">good and evil</a> generate from God's creative act. God is a universal god rather than a local, tribal or parochial one; an absolute who integrates all affirmative values and brooks no evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlas96_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlas96-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> theology, which dominated Sunni Islam from the tenth to the nineteenth century, insists on ultimate divine transcendence and holds that divine unity is not accessible to human reason. Ash'arism teaches that human knowledge regarding it is limited to what has been revealed through the prophets, and on such paradoxes as God's creation of evil, revelation had to accept <i>bila kayfa</i> (without [asking] how).<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Tawhid</i> constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">profession of faith</a>, "There is no god but <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a>, Muhammad is the messenger of God.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To attribute divinity to a created entity is the only unpardonable sin mentioned in the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlas96_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlas96-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of <i>tawhid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamadan2005230_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamadan2005230-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval Islamic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> offered a proof of monotheism from <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a>, asserting there can only be one omnipotent being. For if there were two omnipotent beings, the first would either have power over the second (meaning the second is not omnipotent) or not (meaning the first is not omnipotent); thus implying that there could only be one omnipotent being.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As they traditionally profess a concept of monotheism with a singular entity as God, Judaism<sup id="cite_ref-RebShmuleyKosherJoshkel_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RebShmuleyKosherJoshkel-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Islam reject the Christian idea of monotheism. Judaism uses the term <a href="/wiki/Shituf" title="Shituf">Shituf</a> to refer to non-monotheistic ways of worshiping God. Although Muslims <a href="/wiki/Veneration#Islam" title="Veneration">venerate</a> Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a> in Arabic) as a prophet and messiah, they do not accept the doctrine that he was a begotten son of God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Judaism">Judaism</h6></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/137px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/206px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/274px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption>The tetragrammaton in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a> (10th century BCE to 135 CE), old <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> (10th century BCE to 4th century CE), and square <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> (3rd century BCE to present) scripts</figcaption></figure> <p>Judaism is traditionally considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although up to the 8th century BCE the Israelites were <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>, with their worship including the gods <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albertz_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albertz-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yahweh was originally the <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 8th century BCE, the worship of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> in Israel was in competition with many other cults, described by the Yahwist faction collectively as <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baals</a>. The oldest books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> reflect this competition,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a>, whose authors lament the "<a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>" of the people of Israel, threatening them with the wrath of God if they do not give up their polytheistic cults.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As time progressed, the <a href="/wiki/Henotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Henotheistic">henotheistic</a> cult of Yahweh grew increasingly militant in its opposition to the worship of other gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Albertz_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albertz-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars date the start of widespread monotheism to the late 8th century BCE, and view it as a response to <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the reforms of <a href="/wiki/King_Josiah" class="mw-redirect" title="King Josiah">King Josiah</a> imposed a form of strict <a href="/wiki/Monolatrism#In_ancient_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolatrism">monolatrism</a>. After the fall of Judah and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, a small circle of priests and scribes gathered around the exiled royal court, where they first developed the concept of Yahweh as the sole God of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> became strictly monotheistic.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> references other, "foreign gods" as non-existent entities to whom humans mistakenly ascribe reality and power.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the best-known statements of Rabbinic Judaism on monotheism is the Second of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' <a href="/wiki/13_principles_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="13 principles of faith">13 Principles of faith</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>God, the Cause of all, is one. This does not mean one as in one of a pair, nor one like a species (which encompasses many individuals), nor one as in an object that is made up of many elements, nor as a single simple object that is infinitely divisible. Rather, God is a unity, unlike any other possible unity.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some in Judaism and Islam reject the Christian idea of monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-RebShmuleyKosherJoshkel_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RebShmuleyKosherJoshkel-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Judaism uses the term <i><a href="/wiki/Shituf" title="Shituf">shituf</a></i> to refer to the worship of God in a manner which Judaism deems to be neither purely monotheistic (though still permissible for non-Jews) nor polytheistic (which would be prohibited).<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h6></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_darfash_mandaean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_darfash_mandaean.jpg/170px-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_darfash_mandaean.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_darfash_mandaean.jpg/255px-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_darfash_mandaean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_darfash_mandaean.jpg/340px-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_darfash_mandaean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3524" /></a><figcaption>Mandaean pendant</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></div> <p>Mandaeism or Mandaeanism (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مندائية</span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mandāʼīyah</i></span></i>), sometimes also known as Sabianism, is a monotheistic, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ginza_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginza-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> Mandaeans consider <a href="/wiki/Adam#In_Mandaeism" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seth#Mandaeism" title="Seth">Seth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah#Gnosticism" title="Noah">Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shem#In_Mandaeism" title="Shem">Shem</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Mandaeism" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> to be prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and <a href="/wiki/Last_prophet" title="Last prophet">final prophet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BSN_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSN-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> The Mandaeans believe in one God commonly named <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a> meaning 'The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God'.<sup id="cite_ref-Nashmi_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nashmi-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mandaeans speak a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>. The name 'Mandaean' comes from the Aramaic <i><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">manda</a></i> meaning "knowledge", as does Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term 'Sabianism' is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الصابئة</span>, <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Ṣābiʾa</i></span>), a mysterious religious group mentioned three times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> alongside the Jews, the Christians and the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a> as a '<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_book" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the book">people of the book</a>', and whose name was historically claimed by the Mandaeans as well as by several other religious groups in order to gain the legal protection (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dhimma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimma">dhimma</a></i></span>) offered by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandaeans recognize God to be the eternal, creator of all, the one and only in domination who has no partner.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Rastafari">Rastafari</h6></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, sometimes termed Rastafarianism, is classified as both a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>. It developed in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> during the 1930s. It lacks any centralised authority and there is much heterogeneity among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas. </p><p>Rastafari refer to their beliefs, which are based on a specific interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, as "Rastalogy". Central is a monotheistic belief in a single God—referred to as <a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a>—who partially resides within each individual. The former emperor of Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, is given central importance. Many Rastas regard him as an incarnation of Jah on Earth and as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Second Coming of Christ</a>. Others regard him as a human prophet who fully recognised the inner divinity within every individual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Yazidism">Yazidism</h5></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tausi-Malek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tausi-Malek.png/250px-Tausi-Malek.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tausi-Malek.png/375px-Tausi-Malek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tausi-Malek.png/500px-Tausi-Malek.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melek_Ta%C3%BBs" class="mw-redirect" title="Melek Taûs">Melek Taûs</a> (<i>Tawûsê Melek</i>), the Peacock Angel, functions as the ruler of the world and leader of the other Angels.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></div> <p>God in Yazidism created the world and entrusted it into the care of seven <a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">Holy</a> Beings, known as <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birgül_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birgül-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allison_2017_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allison_2017-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yazidis believe in a divine Triad.<sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allison_2017_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allison_2017-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original, hidden God of the Yazidis is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Deus_otiosus" title="Deus otiosus">remote and inactive</a> in relation to his creation, except to contain and bind it together within his essence.<sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanation</a> is the Angel <a href="/wiki/Melek_Taus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melek Taus">Melek Taûs</a> (<span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Tawûsê Melek</i></span>), who functions as the ruler of the world and leader of the other Angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allison_2017_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allison_2017-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostasis</a> of the divine Triad is the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Adi_ibn_Musafir" title="Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir">Sheikh 'Adī ibn Musafir</a>. The third is <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ezid" title="Sultan Ezid">Sultan Ezid</a>. These are the three hypostases of the one God. The identity of these three is sometimes blurred, with Sheikh 'Adī considered to be a manifestation of Tawûsê Melek and vice versa; the same also applies to Sultan Ezid.<sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yazidis are called <i><span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Miletê Tawûsê Melek</i></span></i> ("the nation of Tawûsê Melek").<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God is referred to by Yazidis as <i><span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Xwedê</i></span></i>, <span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Xwedawend</i></span>, <i><span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Êzdan</i></span></i>, and <i><span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Pedsha</i></span></i> ('King'), and, less commonly, <i><span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Ellah</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Heq</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birgül_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birgül-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some Yazidi hymns (known as <i>Qewls</i>), God has 1,001 names, or 3,003 names according to other Qewls.<sup id="cite_ref-Kreyenbroek_2005_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreyenbroek_2005-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar-Gold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/220px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/330px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/440px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a> (or Ferohar) is one of the primary symbols of Zoroastrianism, believed to be the depiction of a Fravashi (guardian spirit).</figcaption></figure> <p>By some scholars, the Zoroastrians ("Parsis" or "Zartoshtis") are sometimes credited with being some of the first monotheists and having had influence on other world religions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zoroastrianism combines <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmogonic</a> dualism and <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> monotheism which makes it unique among the religions of the world. There are two issues that have long made it problematic to identify Zoroastrianism as true monotheism: the presence of lesser deities and dualism. But before hastening to conclude that the Amesha Spentas and the other yazatas compromise the purity of monotheism, we should consider that the other historical monotheisms too made room for other figures endowed with supernatural powers to bridge the gulf between the exalted, remote Creator God and the human world: the angels in all of them (whose conception in post-exilic Judaism was apparently developed after the pattern of the Amesha Spentas; Boyce and Grenet, 1991, 404–405), the saints and the Virgin Mary in several Christian churches, and the other persons of the Trinity in all of Christianity. Despite the vast differences with Zoroastrian theology, the common thread is that all these beings are subordinate to the Godhead as helpers or (in the case of the persons of the Trinity) co-equals, hence they do not pursue different interests and are worshiped jointly with the Godhead, not separately; therefore the supplicant’s dilemma does not arise.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_155_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_155-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_water_worshippersnone"><a href="#endnote_water_worshippersnone">[ε]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_proto-Indo-European_religion">Ancient proto-Indo-European religion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a></div> <p>The head deity of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a> was the god <a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">*<i>Dyḗus Pḥ<sub>a</sub>tḗr </i></a>. A number of words derived from the name of this prominent deity are used in various <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> to denote a monotheistic God. Nonetheless, in spite of this, Proto-Indo-European religion itself was not monotheistic.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the ancient traditions of the Slavic religion contained elements of monotheism. In the sixth century AD, the Byzantine chronicler <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> recorded that the Slavs "acknowledge that one god, creator of lightning, is the only lord of all: to him do they sacrifice an ox and all sacrificial animals."<sup id="cite_ref-katicic2008_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katicic2008-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deity to whom Procopius is referring is the storm god <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Perún">Perún</a>, whose name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Perkwunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkwunos">*<i>Perk<sup>w</sup>unos</i></a>, the Proto-Indo-European god of lightning. The ancient Slavs syncretized him with the Germanic god <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> and the Biblical prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greek_religion">Ancient Greek religion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Classical_Greece">Classical Greece</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/150px-Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/225px-Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/300px-Xenophanes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Fictionalized portrait of <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> from a 17th-century engraving</figcaption></figure> <p>The surviving fragments of the poems of the classical Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes_of_Colophon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophanes of Colophon">Xenophanes of Colophon</a> suggest that he held views very similar to those of modern monotheists.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poems harshly criticize the traditional notion of anthropomorphic gods, commenting that "...if cattle and horses and lions had hands or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,... [they] also would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodies of such a sort as the form they themselves have."<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Xenophanes declares that there is "...one god, greatest among gods and humans, like mortals neither in form nor in thought."<sup id="cite_ref-osborne62_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osborne62-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xenophanes's theology appears to have been monist, but not truly monotheistic in the strictest sense.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some later philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a>, believed in doctrines similar to those expounded by Xenophanes, his ideas do not appear to have become widely popular.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> himself was a polytheist, in his writings, he often presents <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> as speaking of "the god" in the singular form. He does, however, often speak of the gods in the plural form as well. The <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a>, for example, is formulated as "Is that which is holy loved by the gods because it is holy, or is it holy because it is loved by the gods?"<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hellenistic_religion">Hellenistic religion</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></div> <p>The development of pure (philosophical) monotheism is a product of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. During the 2nd to 3rd centuries, <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">early Christianity</a> was just one of several competing religious movements advocating monotheism. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Henology" title="Henology">The One</a>" (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Τὸ Ἕν</span></span>) is a concept that is prominent in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonists">Neoplatonists</a>, especially those of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the writings of Plotinus, "The One" is described as an inconceivable, transcendent, all-embodying, permanent, eternal, causative entity that permeates throughout all of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi,_Greece.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg/220px-Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg/330px-Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg/440px-Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo</a> at Delphi, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of oracles of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarus">Clarus</a>, the so-called "theological oracles", dated to the 2nd and 3rd century CE, proclaim that there is only one highest god, of whom the gods of polytheistic religions are mere manifestations or servants.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4th century CE Cyprus had, besides Christianity, an apparently monotheistic cult of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hypsistarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsistarian">Hypsistarians</a> were a religious group who believed in a most high god, according to Greek documents. Later revisions of this Hellenic religion were adjusted towards monotheism as it gained consideration among a wider populace. The worship of Zeus as the head-god signaled a trend in the direction of monotheism, with less honour paid to the fragmented powers of the lesser gods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aboriginal_Australian_religion">Aboriginal Australian religion</h4></div> <p>Aboriginal Australians are typically described as <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some researchers shy from referring to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_mythological_figures" title="List of Australian Aboriginal mythological figures">Dreamtime figures</a> as "gods" or "deities", they are broadly described as such for the sake of simplicity.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Southeastern Australian cultures, the sky father <a href="/wiki/Baiame" title="Baiame">Baiame</a> is perceived as the creator of the universe (though this role is sometimes taken by other gods like <a href="/wiki/Yhi" title="Yhi">Yhi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bunjil" title="Bunjil">Bunjil</a>) and at least among the <a href="/wiki/Gamilaraay" title="Gamilaraay">Gamilaraay</a> traditionally revered above other mythical figures.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equation between him and the Christian god is common among both missionaries and modern Christian Aboriginals.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a> <a href="/wiki/Makassan_contact_with_Australia" title="Makassan contact with Australia">had extensive contact with the Makassans</a> and adopted religious practises inspired by those of Islam. The god Walitha'walitha is based on Allah (specifically, with the <i>wa-Ta'ala</i> suffix), but while this deity had a role in funerary practises it is unclear if it was "Allah-like" in terms of functions.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Andaman_Islands">Andaman Islands</h4></div> <p>The religion of the <a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" title="Andamanese peoples">Andamanese peoples</a> has at times been described as "animistic monotheism", believing foremost in a single deity, <a href="/wiki/P%C5%ABluga" title="Pūluga">Pūluga</a>, who created the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Pūluga is not worshipped, and anthropomorphic personifications of natural phenomena are also known.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div> <p>Critics have described monotheism as a cause of ignorance, oppression, and violence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (1711–1776) said that monotheism is less pluralistic and thus less <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerant</a> than <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, because monotheism stipulates that people pigeonhole their beliefs into one tenet.<sup id="cite_ref-Hume_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hume-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same vein, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> said that "Monotheism is irreconcilable with the existence in our nature of the instincts of benevolence" because it compels followers to devote themselves to a single Creator.<sup id="cite_ref-Comte_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comte-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Mark S. Smith</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholar">biblical scholar</a> and ancient historian, wrote that monotheism has been a "totalizing discourse", often co-opting all aspects of a social belief system, resulting in the exclusion of "others".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2001_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2001-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob Neusner suggests that "the logic of monotheism ... yields little basis for tolerating other religions".<sup id="cite_ref-Berchman2008_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berchman2008-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient monotheism is described <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">as the instigator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> in its early days because it inspired the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> to wage war upon the <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a> who believed in multiple gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz1997_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz1997-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> regarded monotheism as a cause of violence, saying: "The intolerance of narrow monotheism is written in letters of blood across the history of man from the time when first the tribes of Israel burst into the land of Canaan. The worshippers of the one jealous God are egged on to aggressive wars against people of alien [beliefs and cultures]. They invoke divine sanction for the cruelties inflicted on the conquered. The spirit of old Israel is inherited by Christianity and Islam, and it might not be unreasonable to suggest that it would have been better for Western civilization if Greece had moulded it on this question rather than Palestine."<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma2006_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma2006-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seicho_no_Ie" class="mw-redirect" title="Seicho no Ie">Seicho no Ie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-monotheism" title="Post-monotheism">Post-monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Solano_Community_College/SOC_002%3A_Social_Issues_and_Problems/14%3A_Religion/14.02%3A_Types_of_Religions#:~:text=The%20most%20prominent%20modern%20day,original%20plan%20for%20the%20universe">"14.2: Types of Religions"</a>. 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14.2%3A+Types+of+Religions&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FSolano_Community_College%2FSOC_002%253A_Social_Issues_and_Problems%2F14%253A_Religion%2F14.02%253A_Types_of_Religions%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520most%2520prominent%2520modern%2520day%2Coriginal%2520plan%2520for%2520the%2520universe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopædiaBritannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopædiaBritannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopædiaBritannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopædiaBritannica_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/monotheism">"Monotheism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 24 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fmonotheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Monotheism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Encyclopedia" title="Hutchinson Encyclopedia">Hutchinson Encyclopedia</a> (12th edition). p. 644.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monotheism&rft.pages=644&rft.pub=Hutchinson+Encyclopedia+%2812th+edition%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odccmono-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odccmono_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odccmono_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F.L.</a>; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Wainwright2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">William Wainwright (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monotheism/">"Monotheism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018&rft.au=William+Wainwright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmonotheism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank E. Eakin, Jr. <i>The Religion and Culture of Israel</i> (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1971), 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh1916" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mackintosh, Robert (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfReligionAndEthics.Hastings-selbie-gray.13Vols">"Monolatry and Henotheism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics">Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics</a></i>. Vol. VIII. p. 810<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jan 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monolatry+and+Henotheism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=810&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Mackintosh&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEncyclopaediaOfReligionAndEthics.Hastings-selbie-gray.13Vols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monotheism-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monotheism_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christianity's status as monotheistic is affirmed in, among other sources, the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (article "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10499a.htm">Monotheism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704060440/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10499a.htm">Archived</a> 2018-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"); <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a>, <i>From the Stone Age to Christianity</i>; <a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a>; About.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/monotheisticreligions/"><i>Monotheistic Religion resources</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060521180942/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/monotheisticreligions/">Archived</a> 2006-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Kirsch, <i>God Against the Gods</i>; Woodhead, <i>An Introduction to Christianity</i>; <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0833762.html"><i>Monotheism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225321/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0833762.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; The New Dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Literacy">Cultural Literacy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212011435/http://www.bartleby.com/59/5/monotheism.html"><i>monotheism</i></a>; New Dictionary of Theology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_NDCT_Paul.htm"><i>Paul</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704060440/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10499a.htm">Archived</a> 2018-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 496–499; Meconi. "Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity". pp. 111ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Druze-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Druze_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeid2006" class="citation book cs1">Obeid, Anis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FejqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1"><i>The Druze & Their Faith in Tawhid</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5257-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5257-1"><bdi>978-0-8156-5257-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+%26+Their+Faith+in+Tawhid&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-5257-1&rft.aulast=Obeid&rft.aufirst=Anis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFejqBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fe-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fe_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fe_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrero2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ferrero, Mario (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41412-021-00113-4">"From Polytheism to Monotheism: Zoroaster and Some Economic Theory"</a>. <i>Homo Oeconomicus</i>. <b>38</b> (1–4): 77–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41412-021-00113-4">10.1007/s41412-021-00113-4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homo+Oeconomicus&rft.atitle=From+Polytheism+to+Monotheism%3A+Zoroaster+and+Some+Economic+Theory&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=77-108&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs41412-021-00113-4&rft.aulast=Ferrero&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs41412-021-00113-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes_2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Hayes" title="Christine Hayes">Hayes, Christine</a> (2012). "Understanding Biblical Monotheism". <i>Introduction to the Bible</i>. The Open Yale Courses Series. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 15–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300181791" title="Special:BookSources/9780300181791"><bdi>9780300181791</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bxpm.6">j.ctt32bxpm.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+Biblical+Monotheism&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.series=The+Open+Yale+Courses+Series&rft.pages=15-28&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bxpm.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780300181791&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">References: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2013" class="citation journal cs1">McDaniel, J. (2013-09-20). "A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as 'People of the Book'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 333–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit030">10.1093/jhs/hit030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-4255">1756-4255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Modern+Hindu+Monotheism%3A+Indonesian+Hindus+as+%27People+of+the+Book%27&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-362&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit030&rft.issn=1756-4255&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zoroastrian Studies: The Iranian Religion and Various Monographs, 1928 – Page 31, <a href="/wiki/A._V._Williams_Jackson" title="A. V. Williams Jackson">A. V. Williams Jackson</a> – 2003</li> <li>Global Institutions of Religion: Ancient Movers, Modern Shakers – Page 88, Katherine Marshall – 2013</li> <li>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia – Page 348, James B. Minahan – 2012</li> <li>Introduction To Sikhism – Page 15, Gobind Singh Mansukhani – 1993</li> <li>The Popular Encyclopedia of World Religions – Page 95, Richard Wolff – 2007</li> <li>Focus: Arrogance and Greed, America's Cancer – Page 102, Jim Gray – 2012</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2368642">Monos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526171732/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2368642">Archived</a> 2007-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Liddell">Henry George Liddell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Robert Scott</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i>, at Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348292">Theos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526153128/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348292">Archived</a> 2007-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, at Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The compound <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">μονοθεισμός</span></span> is current only in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. There is a single attestation of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μονόθεον</span></span> in a Byzantine hymn (<i>Canones Junii</i> 20.6.43; A. Acconcia Longo and G. Schirò, <i>Analecta hymnica graeca, vol. 11 e codicibus eruta Italiae inferioris</i>. Rome: Istituto di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici. <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Università di Roma</a>, 1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMore1660" class="citation book cs1">More, Henry (1660). <i>An Explanation of the Grand Mystery of Godliness</i>. London: Flesher & Morden. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Explanation+of+the+Grand+Mystery+of+Godliness&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Flesher+%26+Morden&rft.date=1660&rft.aulast=More&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallentine2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ballentine, Debra Scoggins (2021-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12425">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Monotheism" and the Hebrew Bible"</a>. <i>Religion Compass</i>. <b>16</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12425">10.1111/rec3.12425</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-8171">1749-8171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244280953">244280953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=%22Monotheism%22+and+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244280953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1749-8171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12425&rft.aulast=Ballentine&rft.aufirst=Debra+Scoggins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Frec3.12425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chandradhar_Sharma_Guleri" title="Chandradhar Sharma Guleri">Sharma, Chandradhar</a> (1962). "Chronological Summary of History of Indian Philosophy". <i>Indian Philosophy: A Critical Survey</i>. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. vi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronological+Summary+of+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Indian+Philosophy%3A+A+Critical+Survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Chandradhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10190.htm">"Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 10: HYMN CXC. Creation"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720072656/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10190.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Rig+Veda%3A+Rig-Veda%2C+Book+10%3A+HYMN+CXC.+Creation.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Frigveda%2Frv10190.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse1997" class="citation book cs1">Gnuse, Robert Karl (1 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBSJNDndGjwC&pg=PA225"><i>No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-657-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-657-0"><bdi>1-85075-657-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Gods%3A+Emergent+Monotheism+in+Israel&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997-05-01&rft.isbn=1-85075-657-0&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBSJNDndGjwC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer H. Dubs, "Theism and Naturalism in Ancient Chinese Philosophy", <i>Philosophy of East and West</i>, Vol. 9, No. 3/4, 1959</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yasna, XLIV.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"First and last for all Eternity, as the Father of the Good Mind, the true Creator of Truth and Lord over the actions of life." (Yasna 31.8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Vispanam Datarem", <i>Creator of All</i> (Yasna 44.7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Data Angheush", <i>Creator of Life</i> (Yasna 50.11)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe23/sbe2330.htm">"The Zend Avesta, Part II (SBE23): Nyâyis: I. Khôrshêd Nyâyis"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203140005/https://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe23/sbe2330.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Zend+Avesta%2C+Part+II+%28SBE23%29%3A+Ny%C3%A2yis%3A+I.+Kh%C3%B4rsh%C3%AAd+Ny%C3%A2yis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fzor%2Fsbe23%2Fsbe2330.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHintze2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hintze, Almut (2013-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/monotheism-the-zoroastrian-way/925F1529DE3FC40C540D29EFF1CFEC7B">"Monotheism the Zoroastrian Way"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 225–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186313000333">10.1017/S1356186313000333</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Monotheism+the+Zoroastrian+Way&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-249&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186313000333&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft.aulast=Hintze&rft.aufirst=Almut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmonotheism-the-zoroastrian-way%2F925F1529DE3FC40C540D29EFF1CFEC7B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells2010_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells2010_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells2010_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, Colin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508121449/https://www.bu.edu/arion/archive/volume-18/colin_wells_how_did_god_get-started/">"How Did God Get Started?"</a>. <i>Arion</i>. <b>18.2</b> (Fall). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/arion/archive/volume-18/colin_wells_how_did_god_get-started/">the original</a> on 2021-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-26</span></span>. <q>...as any student of ancient philosophy can tell you, we see the first appearance of a unitary God not in Jewish scripture, but in the thought of the Greek philosopher Plato...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arion&rft.atitle=How+Did+God+Get+Started%3F&rft.volume=18.2&rft.issue=Fall&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Farion%2Farchive%2Fvolume-18%2Fcolin_wells_how_did_god_get-started%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaBritannica-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaBritannica_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1770434/ethical-monotheism">"Ethical monotheism"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226042648/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1770434/ethical-monotheism">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ethical+monotheism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1770434%2Fethical-monotheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer" class="citation web cs1">Fischer, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730233906/https://blog.uvm.edu/pfischer/2013/10/27/judaism-and-ethical-monotheism/">"Judaism and Ethical Monotheism"</a>. <i>platophilosophy</i>. The University of Vermont Blogs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.uvm.edu/pfischer/2013/10/27/judaism-and-ethical-monotheism/">the original</a> on 30 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=platophilosophy&rft.atitle=Judaism+and+Ethical+Monotheism&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.uvm.edu%2Fpfischer%2F2013%2F10%2F27%2Fjudaism-and-ethical-monotheism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikiprowetzky, V. (1975). Ethical monotheism. (2 ed., Vol. 104, pp. 69-89). New York: The MIT Press Article Stable. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024331">20024331</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (1994). <i>A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam</i>. New York City, New York: Ballantine Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345384560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0345384560"><bdi>978-0345384560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+God%3A+The+4%2C000-Year+Quest+of+Judaism%2C+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0345384560&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1994" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Karen (1994). <i>A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam</i>. New York City, New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345384560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0345384560"><bdi>978-0345384560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+God%3A+The+4%2C000-Year+Quest+of+Judaism%2C+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0345384560&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Theissen, Gerd</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalfaithevo0000thei">"III: Biblical Monotheism in an Evolutionary Perspective"</a></span>. <i>Biblical Faith: An Evolutionary Approach</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Bowden_(theologian)" title="John Bowden (theologian)">Bowden, John</a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press (published 2007). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalfaithevo0000thei/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451408614" title="Special:BookSources/9781451408614"><bdi>9781451408614</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-13</span></span>. <q>Evolutionary interpretations of the history of religion are usually understood to be an explanation of the phenomenon of religion as a result of a continuous development. The model for such development is the growth of living beings which leads to increasingly subtle differentiation and integration. Within such a framework of thought, monotheism would be interpreted as the result of a continuous development from animism, polytheism, henotheism and monolatry to belief in the one and only God. Such a development cannot be proved. Monotheism appeared suddenly, though not without being prepared for.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III%3A+Biblical+Monotheism+in+an+Evolutionary+Perspective&rft.btitle=Biblical+Faith%3A+An+Evolutionary+Approach&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9781451408614&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblicalfaithevo0000thei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsanteMazama2009" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of African religion</i>. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-3636-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185031292">185031292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+religion&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185031292&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-3636-1&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft.au=Mazama%2C+Ama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 18. 95, 103, 748.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrandall2000" class="citation book cs1">Crandall, David P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-aow7Sb0JgC"><i>The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees: A Year in the Lives of the Cattle-Herding Himba of Namibia</i></a>. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-aow7Sb0JgC&pg=PA47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1270-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1270-X"><bdi>0-8264-1270-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+Stunted+Ironwood+Trees%3A+A+Year+in+the+Lives+of+the+Cattle-Herding+Himba+of+Namibia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8264-1270-X&rft.aulast=Crandall&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-aow7Sb0JgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAcOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Ikenga International Journal of African Studies</i></a>. Institute of African Studies, University of Nigeria. 1972. p. 103<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ikenga+International+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Institute+of+African+Studies%2C+University+of+Nigeria.&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAcOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1998" class="citation book cs1">David, Rosalie (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein00aros"><i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. Facts on File. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816033126" title="Special:BookSources/9780816033126"><bdi>9780816033126</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780816033126&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Rosalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbooktolifein00aros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2017" class="citation web cs1">McLaughlin, Elsie (22 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1110/the-art-of-the-amarna-period/">"The Art of the Amarna Period"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502235323/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1110/the-art-of-the-amarna-period/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>In Regnal Year 5, the pharaoh dropped all pretense and declared Aten the official state deity of Egypt, directing focus and funding away from the Amun priesthood to the cult of the sun disk. He even changed his name from Amenhotep ('Amun is Satisfied') to Akhenaten ('Effective for the Aten,') and ordered the construction of a new capital city, Akhetaten ('The Horizon of Aten') in the desert. Located at the modern site of Tell el-Amarna, Akhetaten was situated between the ancient Egyptian cities of Thebes and Memphis on the east bank of the Nile.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+the+Amarna+Period&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Elsie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F1110%2Fthe-art-of-the-amarna-period%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Amarna_Period_of_Egypt/">"Amarna Period of Egypt"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217140606/https://www.worldhistory.org/Amarna_Period_of_Egypt/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Amarna+Period+of+Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FAmarna_Period_of_Egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/amarnareligion/">"The Aten | Ancient Egypt Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220821132419/https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/amarnareligion/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aten+%26%23124%3B+Ancient+Egypt+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fancientegyptonline.co.uk%2Famarnareligion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2005" class="citation book cs1">Hart, George (2005). <i>The Routledge dictionary of Egyptian gods and goddesses</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34495-1"><bdi>978-0-415-34495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+dictionary+of+Egyptian+gods+and+goddesses&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34495-1&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arce.org/resource/akhenaten-mysteries-religious-revolution/">"Akhenaten: The Mysteries of Religious Revolution"</a>. <i>ARCE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARCE&rft.atitle=Akhenaten%3A+The+Mysteries+of+Religious+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farce.org%2Fresource%2Fakhenaten-mysteries-religious-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Pinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldine Pinch">Pinch, Geraldine</a> (2004). "The gods themselves, deities and myth". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/134979181"><i>Egyptian Myth: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280346-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280346-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280346-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+gods+themselves%2C+deities+and+myth&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Myth%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280346-7&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F134979181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuskirk2007" class="citation web cs1">Buskirk, Kathy Van (2007-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2007/04/cherokee-language-dances-songs">"The Cherokee religion"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Cherokee+religion&rft.date=2007-04-04&rft.aulast=Buskirk&rft.aufirst=Kathy+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fculture%2F2007%2F04%2Fcherokee-language-dances-songs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostler-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ostler_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostler, Jeffry. The Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee. Cambridge University Press, Jul 5, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521605903" title="Special:BookSources/0521605903">0521605903</a>, pg 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Robert Murray. Manitou and God: North-American Indian Religions and Christian Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313347794" title="Special:BookSources/0313347794">0313347794</a> pg 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Means-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Means_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Means, Robert. Where White Men Fear to Tread: The Autobiography of Russell Means. Macmillan, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312147619" title="Special:BookSources/0312147619">0312147619</a> pg 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice, Julian (1998). Before the great spirit: the many faces of Sioux spirituality. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1868-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iepMaffie-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iepMaffie_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Maffie2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">James Maffie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aztec.htm">"Aztec Philosophy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aztec+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2005&rft.au=James+Maffie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fa%2Faztec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Maffie, Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion, University Press of Colorado, 15/03/2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2009" class="citation cs2">Rogers, Peter (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3kf6GtwaT0C&pg=PA109"><i>Ultimate Truth, Book 1</i></a>, AuthorHouse, p. 109, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-7968-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-7968-7"><bdi>978-1-4389-7968-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Truth%2C+Book+1&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4389-7968-7&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3kf6GtwaT0C%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1991" class="citation cs2">Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71"><i>Hinduism, a way of life</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., p. 71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0899-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+a+way+of+life&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0899-7&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Sitansu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_-rASTgw8wC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBpolytheism-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBpolytheism_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38143/polytheism">"Polytheism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polytheism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-38143%2Fpolytheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2002" class="citation cs2">Pattanaik, Devdutt (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Odsk9xfOp6oC&pg=PA38"><i>The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore</i></a>, Routledge, p. 38, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-181-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-181-3"><bdi>978-1-56023-181-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+man+who+was+a+woman+and+other+queer+tales+of+Hindu+lore&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56023-181-3&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdsk9xfOp6oC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam101.com/religions/hinduism/conceptOfGod.htm">"Concept Of God In Hinduism By Dr Naik"</a>. Islam101.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429092129/http://www.islam101.com/religions/hinduism/conceptOfGod.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concept+Of+God+In+Hinduism+By+Dr+Naik&rft.pub=Islam101.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam101.com%2Freligions%2Fhinduism%2FconceptOfGod.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jsn-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jsn_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> Swaminarayan bicentenary commemoration volume, 1781-1981.</i> p. 154: ...Shri Vallabhacharya [and] Shri Swaminarayan... Both of them designate the highest reality as Krishna, who is both the highest avatara and also the source of other avataras. To quote R. Kaladhar Bhatt in this context. "In this transcendental devotieon (Nirguna Bhakti), the sole Deity and only" is Krishna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q0YAAAAIAAJ&q=Avatara+Swaminarayan+Krishna+origina%3B">New Dimensions in Vedanta Philosophy - Page 154</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420040419/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q0YAAAAIAAJ&q=Avatara+Swaminarayan+Krishna+origina;">Archived</a> 2023-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sahajānanda, Vedanta. 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delmonico2004-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Delmonico2004_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelmonico,_N.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Delmonico, N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&q=Vaisnava+monotheism&pg=PA31">"The History Of Indic Monotheism And Modern Chaitanya Vaishnavism"</a>. <i>The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12256-6"><bdi>978-0-231-12256-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hare+Krishna+Movement%3A+The+Postcharismatic+Fate+of+a+Religious+Transplant&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Indic+Monotheism+And+Modern+Chaitanya+Vaishnavism&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12256-6&rft.au=Delmonico%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBMxPdgrBhoC%26q%3DVaisnava%2Bmonotheism%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkman1986-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elkman1986_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkman,_S.M.Gosvami,_J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Elkman, S.M.; Gosvami, J. (1986). <i>Jiva Gosvamin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gaudiya Vaishnava Movement</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jiva+Gosvamin%27s+Tattvasandarbha%3A+A+Study+on+the+Philosophical+and+Sectarian+Development+of+the+Gaudiya+Vaishnava+Movement&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Pub&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Elkman%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Gosvami%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimock1989-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dimock1989_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimock_Jr,_E.C.Dimock,_E.C.1989" class="citation book cs1">Dimock Jr, E.C.; Dimock, E.C. (1989). <i>The Place of the Hidden Moon: Erotic Mysticism in the Vaisnava-Sahajiya Cult of Bengal</i>. University Of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+the+Hidden+Moon%3A+Erotic+Mysticism+in+the+Vaisnava-Sahajiya+Cult+of+Bengal&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Dimock+Jr%2C+E.C.&rft.au=Dimock%2C+E.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAYa1BtUTm0C&dq=Svayam+bhagavan&pg=PA132">page 132</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420040421/https://books.google.com/books?id=EAYa1BtUTm0C&dq=Svayam+bhagavan&pg=PA132">Archived</a> 2023-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy1925-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1925_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_M.T.1925" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, M.T. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.24847"><i>The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal</i></a>. H. Milford, Oxford university press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chaitanya+Movement%3A+A+Study+of+the+Vaishnavism+of+Bengal&rft.pub=H.+Milford%2C+Oxford+university+press&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+M.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpli.kerala.rare.24847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flood-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flood_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood,_Gavin_D.1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/341">341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0"><bdi>0-521-43878-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-21</span></span>. <q>gavin flood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-43878-0&rft.au=Flood%2C+Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span> "Early Vaishnava worship focuses on three deities who become fused together, namely Vasudeva-Krishna, Krishna-Gopala, and Narayana, who in turn all become identified with Vishnu. Put simply, Vasudeva-Krishna and Krishna-Gopala were worshiped by groups generally referred to as Bhagavatas, while Narayana was worshipped by the Pancaratra sect."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2007-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2007_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_Ravi_M.2007" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Ravi M. (2007). <i>Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40548-5"><bdi>978-0-415-40548-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caitanya+Vaisnava+Vedanta+of+Jiva+Gosvami&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40548-5&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Ravi+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Essential <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></i> S. Rosen, 2006, Greenwood Publishing Group <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlhX1h135DMC&dq=Krishna+is+the+original+Personality+of+Godhead&pg=PA124">p.124</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225031/https://books.google.com/books?id=VlhX1h135DMC&dq=Krishna+is+the+original+Personality+of+Godhead&pg=PA124">Archived</a> 2023-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99006-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99006-0">0-275-99006-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna4-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishna4_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett,_Freda2000" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda (2000). <i>Krsna, Lord or Avatara? the relationship between Krsna and Visnu: in the context of the Avatara myth as presented by the Harivamsa, the Visnupurana and the Bhagavatapurana</i>. Surrey: Routledge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1281-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1281-X"><bdi>0-7007-1281-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krsna%2C+Lord+or+Avatara%3F+the+relationship+between+Krsna+and+Visnu%3A+in+the+context+of+the+Avatara+myth+as+presented+by+the+Harivamsa%2C+the+Visnupurana+and+the+Bhagavatapurana&rft.place=Surrey&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7007-1281-X&rft.au=Matchett%2C+Freda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedavid.org/1sb/1.164c.html">"Rig Veda: A Metrically Restored Text with an Introduction and Notes, HOS, 1994"</a>. Vedavid.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143106/http://www.vedavid.org/1sb/1.164c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rig+Veda%3A+A+Metrically+Restored+Text+with+an+Introduction+and+Notes%2C+HOS%2C+1994&rft.pub=Vedavid.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedavid.org%2F1sb%2F1.164c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007123304/http://www.vedah.com/org2/literature/atharva_veda/spritual_hymns.html">"Atharva Veda: Spiritual & Philosophical Hymns"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedah.com/org2/literature/atharva_veda/spritual_hymns.html">the original</a> on October 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atharva+Veda%3A+Spiritual+%26+Philosophical+Hymns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedah.com%2Forg2%2Fliterature%2Fatharva_veda%2Fspritual_hymns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011220748/http://www.vedah.com/org2/literature/yajur_veda/the_transcendent.html">"Shukla Yajur Veda: The transcendental "That"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedah.com/org2/literature/yajur_veda/the_transcendent.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shukla+Yajur+Veda%3A+The+transcendental+%22That%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedah.com%2Forg2%2Fliterature%2Fyajur_veda%2Fthe_transcendent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tapasyananda-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tapasyananda_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapasyananda1991" class="citation book cs1">Tapasyananda (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_VtAAAACAAJ"><i>Bhakti Schools of Vedānta</i></a>. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7120-226-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7120-226-8"><bdi>81-7120-226-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Schools+of+Ved%C4%81nta&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=81-7120-226-8&rft.au=Tapasyananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_VtAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of the Śatarudriya see: Kramrisch, pp. 71-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a full translation of the complete hymn see: Sivaramamurti (1976)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śatarudrīya</i></span> as an early example of enumeration of divine names, see: Flood (1996), p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoel1987" class="citation book cs1">Goel, Sita Ram (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181337/http://voi.org/books/hindusoc/ch5.htm"><i>Defence of Hindu Society</i></a>. New Delhi, India: Voice of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voi.org/books/hindusoc/ch5.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-23</span></span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"In the Vedic approach, there is no single God. This is bad enough. But the Hindus do not have even a supreme God, a fuhrer-God who presides over a multiplicity of Gods." – Ram Swarup</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defence+of+Hindu+Society&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Goel&rft.aufirst=Sita+Ram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoi.org%2Fbooks%2Fhindusoc%2Fch5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoel1987" class="citation book cs1">Goel, Sita Ram (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181337/http://voi.org/books/hindusoc/ch5.htm"><i>Defence of Hindu Society</i></a>. New Delhi, India: Voice of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voi.org/books/hindusoc/ch5.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defence+of+Hindu+Society&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Goel&rft.aufirst=Sita+Ram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoi.org%2Fbooks%2Fhindusoc%2Fch5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoel1982" class="citation book cs1">Goel, Sita Ram (1982). <i>How I became a Hindu</i>. New Delhi, India: Voice of India. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+I+became+a+Hindu&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Goel&rft.aufirst=Sita+Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Juergensmeyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Mark Juergensmeyer, Gurinder Singh Mann (2006). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions</i>. US: Oxford University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513798-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513798-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Global+Religions&rft.place=US&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513798-9&rft.aulast=Mark+Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Gurinder+Singh+Mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdinger2006" class="citation book cs1">Ardinger, Barbara (2006). <i>Pagan Every Day: Finding the Extraordinary in Our Ordinary Lives</i>. Weisfer. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-332-6"><bdi>978-1-57863-332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Every+Day%3A+Finding+the+Extraordinary+in+Our+Ordinary+Lives&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Weisfer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57863-332-6&rft.aulast=Ardinger&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nesbitt2005-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nesbitt2005_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (15 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC&pg=PP6"><i>Sikhi: a very short introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280601-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280601-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhi%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280601-7&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfvTK_CfkeasC%26pg%3DPP6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p252-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p252_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Parrinder, Geoffrey</a> (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldreligions00edwa"><i>World Religions:From Ancient History to the Present</i></a></span>. USA: Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldreligions00edwa/page/252">252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7"><bdi>978-0-87196-129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3AFrom+Ancient+History+to+the+Present&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Hamlyn+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87196-129-7&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldreligions00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/beliefs.htm">"Sikh Beliefs and Doctrine"</a>. ReligionFacts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612050928/http://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/beliefs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikh+Beliefs+and+Doctrine&rft.pub=ReligionFacts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fsikhism%2Fbeliefs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727101929/http://www.multifaithcentre.org/sikhism/71-a-short-introduction-to-sikhism-">"A Short Introduction to Sikhism"</a>. Multifaithcentre.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multifaithcentre.org/sikhism/71-a-short-introduction-to-sikhism-">the original</a> on 2011-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+Introduction+to+Sikhism&rft.pub=Multifaithcentre.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multifaithcentre.org%2Fsikhism%2F71-a-short-introduction-to-sikhism-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubs1959" class="citation journal cs1">Dubs, Homer H. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397096">"Theism and Naturalism in Ancient Chinese Philosophy"</a>. <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>9</b> (3/4): 163–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397096">10.2307/1397096</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8221">0031-8221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397096">1397096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220041158/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397096">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-20</span></span>. <q>It does not necessarily imply monotheism, however, since, in addition to the Supreme High-god or Heaven, there were also the ordinary gods (shen) and the ancestral spirits (guei), all of whom were worshipped in the Jou royal cult.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Theism+and+Naturalism+in+Ancient+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=163-172&rft.date=1959&rft.issn=0031-8221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397096&rft.aulast=Dubs&rft.aufirst=Homer+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iris_Chang" title="Iris Chang">Chang, Iris</a> (2003). <i>The Chinese in America: A Narrative History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03123-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03123-8"><bdi>978-0-670-03123-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+America%3A+A+Narrative+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03123-8&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Iris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The spelling <i>Tengrism</i> is found in the 1960s, e.g. Bergounioux (ed.), <i>Primitive and prehistoric religions</i>, Volume 140, Hawthorn Books, 1966, p. 80. <i>Tengrianism</i> is a reflection of the Russian term, <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Тенгрианство</span></span>. It is reported in 1996 ("so-called Tengrianism") in Shnirelʹman (ed.), <i>Who gets the past?: competition for ancestors among non-Russian intellectuals in Russia</i>, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5221-3">978-0-8018-5221-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iwHp8asmsdEC&pg=PA31">p. 31</a> in the context of the nationalist rivalry over <a href="/wiki/Bulgars#Legacy" title="Bulgars">Bulgar legacy</a>. The spellings <i>Tengriism</i> and <i>Tengrianity</i> are later, reported (deprecatingly, in scare quotes) in 2004 in <i>Central Asiatic journal</i>, vol. 48-49 (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GeRVAAAAYAAJ&q=Tengriism">p. 238</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164813/https://books.google.com/books?id=GeRVAAAAYAAJ&q=Tengriism">Archived</a> 2023-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Turkish term <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Tengricilik</i></span> is also found from the 1990s. Mongolian <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Тэнгэр шүтлэг</span></span> is used in a 1999 biography of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> (Boldbaatar et al., <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Чингис хаан, 1162-1227</span></span>, <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Хаадын сан</span></span>, 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMIMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80+%D1%88%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%22">p. 18</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420034412/https://books.google.com/books?id=OMIMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80+%D1%88%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%22">Archived</a> 2023-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Meserve, Religions in the central Asian environment. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001204/120455e.pdf">History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221846/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001204/120455e.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, Part Two: The achievements, p. 68: <ul><li>"<i>[...] The 'imperial' religion was more monotheistic, centred around the all-powerful god Tengri, the sky god.</i>"</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-PolyMono-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PolyMono_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Fergus, Janar Jandosova, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAu9ttUqiJoC">Kazakhstan: Coming of Age</a>, Stacey International, 2003, p.91: <ul><li>"<i>[...] a profound combination of monotheism and polytheism that has come to be known as Tengrism.</i>"</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. B. Paksoy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=783">Tengri in Eurasia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911134633/http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=783">Archived</a> 2017-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Napil Bazylkhan, Kenje Torlanbaeva in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcQuAQAAIAAJ">Central Eurasian Studies Society</a>, Central Eurasian Studies Society, 2004, p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is no doubt that between the 6th and 9th centuries Tengrism was the religion among the nomads of the steppes" Yazar András Róna-Tas, <i>Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history</i>, Yayıncı Central European University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-48-1">978-963-9116-48-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&dq=hungarians+tengrism&pg=PA151">p. 151</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406145756/https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&dq=hungarians+tengrism&pg=PA151">Archived</a> 2023-04-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Books.google.com-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Books.google.com_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRona-TasAndrás1999" class="citation book cs1">Rona-Tas, Andras; András, Róna-Tas (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&q=huns+tengrism&pg=PA151"><i>Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early ... - András Róna-Tas - Google Kitaplar</i></a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639116481" title="Special:BookSources/9789639116481"><bdi>9789639116481</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarians+%26+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+An+Introduction+to+Early+...+-+Andr%C3%A1s+R%C3%B3na-Tas+-+Google+Kitaplar&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999-03&rft.isbn=9789639116481&rft.aulast=Rona-Tas&rft.aufirst=Andras&rft.au=Andr%C3%A1s%2C+R%C3%B3na-Tas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-RTt0Q6AcYC%26q%3Dhuns%2Btengrism%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Paul Roux, Die alttürkische Mythologie, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hatcher_huri-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hatcher_huri_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcher2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hatcher, John S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31581%2Fjbs-15.1-4.1%282005%29">"Unveiling the Hurí of Love"</a>. <i>Journal of Baháʼí Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 1–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31581%2Fjbs-15.1-4.1%282005%29">10.31581/jbs-15.1-4.1(2005)</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Studies&rft.atitle=Unveiling+the+Hur%C3%AD+of+Love&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31581%2Fjbs-15.1-4.1%282005%29&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31581%252Fjbs-15.1-4.1%25282005%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manifestation-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manifestation_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manifestation_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1982" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Juan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation">"The Concept of Manifestation in the Bahá'í Writings"</a>. <i>Bahá'í Studies</i>. Vol. 9. pp. 1–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517105145/http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Manifestation+in+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Writings&rft.btitle=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Studies&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fcole_concept_manifestation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockman" class="citation journal cs1">Stockman, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/articles/stockman.jesus.html">"Jesus Christ in the Baha'i Writings"</a>. <i>Baháʼí Studies Review</i>. <b>2</b> (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003150622/http://bahai-library.com/articles/stockman.jesus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ+in+the+Baha%27i+Writings&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Stockman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Farticles%2Fstockman.jesus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1984" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1984). <a href="/wiki/The_Jews_of_Islam" title="The Jews of Islam"><i>The Jews of Islam</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00807-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00807-8"><bdi>0-691-00807-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Islam&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-691-00807-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psmith107-108-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Psmith107-108_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psmith107-108_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, pp. 107–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFaith-115-123-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFaith-115-123_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcher1985" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher, William (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahfaithemer00hatc/page/115"><i>The Baháʼí Faith</i></a>. San Francisco: Harper & Row. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahfaithemer00hatc/page/115">115–123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060654414" title="Special:BookSources/0060654414"><bdi>0060654414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=115-123&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0060654414&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbahfaithemer00hatc%2Fpage%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, P. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit"><i>A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith</i></a></span>. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1"><bdi>1-85168-184-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85168-184-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1997" class="citation book cs1">Momen, M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahaifaith00mooj"><i>A Short Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith</i></a>. Oxford, UK: One World Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-209-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-209-0"><bdi>1-85168-209-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Introduction+to+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=One+World+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85168-209-0&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbahaifaith00mooj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFaith-74-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFaith-74_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatcher1985">Hatcher 1985</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psmith106-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Psmith106_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEffendi1944">Effendi 1944</a>, p. 139<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEffendi1944 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psmith111-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Psmith111_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def-lateran-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-def-lateran_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Definition of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> quoted in <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P17.HTM#1FT">§253</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329042425/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P17.HTM#1FT">Archived</a> 2020-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ecumenical</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Oikoumene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikoumene">oikoumenikos</a>, literally meaning worldwide the earliest extant uses of the term for a council are in Eusebius's <i>Life of Constantine</i> 3.6 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/eusebius/vc/gr/index.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707114759/http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/eusebius/vc/gr/index.htm">Archived</a> 2007-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> around 338 "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύνοδον οἰκουμενικὴν συνεκρότει</span></span>" (he convoked an Ecumenical council), Athanasius's Ad Afros Epistola Synodica in 369 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2819.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130122828/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2819.htm">Archived</a> 2018-11-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and the Letter in 382 to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a> and the Latin bishops from the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-63.htm#TopOfPage">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613083149/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-63.htm#TopOfPage">Archived</a> 2006-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Examples of ante-Nicene statements</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hence all the power of magic became dissolved; and every bond of wickedness was destroyed, men's ignorance was taken away, and the old kingdom abolished God Himself appearing in the form of a man, for the renewal of eternal life.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>St. Ignatius of Antioch in <i>Letter to the Ephesians</i>, ch.4, shorter version, Roberts-Donaldson translation</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have also as a Physician the Lord our God Jesus the Christ the only-begotten Son and Word, before time began, but who afterwards became also man, of Mary the virgin. For 'the Word was made flesh.' Being incorporeal, He was in the body; being impassible, He was in a passable body; being immortal, He was in a mortal body; being life, He became subject to corruption, that He might free our souls from death and corruption, and heal them, and might restore them to health, when they were diseased with ungodliness and wicked lusts</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>St. Ignatius of Antioch in <i>Letter to the Ephesians</i>, ch.7, shorter version, Roberts-Donaldson translation</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Church, though dispersed throughout the whole world, even to the ends of the earth, has received from the apostles and their disciples this faith: ...one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all things that are in them; and in one Christ Jesus, the Son of God, who became incarnate for our salvation; and in the Holy Spirit, who proclaimed through the prophets the dispensations of God, and the advents, and the birth from a virgin, and the passion, and the resurrection from the dead, and the ascension into heaven in the flesh of the beloved Christ Jesus, our Lord, and His manifestation from heaven in the glory of the Father 'to gather all things in one,' and to raise up anew all flesh of the whole human race, in order that to Christ Jesus, our Lord, and God, and Savior, and King, according to the will of the invisible Father, 'every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth, and that every tongue should confess; to him, and that He should execute just judgment towards all...'</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>St. Irenaeus in <i>Against Heresies</i>, ch.X, v.I, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1950" class="citation cs2">Donaldson, Sir James (1950), <i>Ante Nicene Fathers, Volume 1: Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802880871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802880871"><bdi>978-0802880871</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ante+Nicene+Fathers%2C+Volume+1%3A+Apostolic+Fathers%2C+Justin+Martyr%2C+Irenaeus&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0802880871&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Sir+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For, in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Savior Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, they then receive the washing with water</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Justin Martyr in <i>First Apology</i>, ch. LXI, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1950" class="citation cs2">Donaldson, Sir James (1950), <i>Ante Nicene Fathers, Volume 1: Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802880871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802880871"><bdi>978-0802880871</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ante+Nicene+Fathers%2C+Volume+1%3A+Apostolic+Fathers%2C+Justin+Martyr%2C+Irenaeus&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0802880871&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Sir+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2002" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUAidAp8AgEC&q=the+trinity"><i>The Trinity</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802848277" title="Special:BookSources/9780802848277"><bdi>9780802848277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780802848277&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUAidAp8AgEC%26q%3Dthe%2Btrinity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/comeuntochrist/article/articles-of-faith">"The Articles of Faith: 13 Beliefs | ComeUntoChrist"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805174338/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/comeuntochrist/article/articles-of-faith">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=The+Articles+of+Faith%3A+13+Beliefs+%26%23124%3B+ComeUntoChrist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fcomeuntochrist%2Farticle%2Farticles-of-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/comeuntochrist/believe/jesus">"Jesus Christ Is Our Savior | ComeUntoChrist"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805174339/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/comeuntochrist/believe/jesus">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ+Is+Our+Savior+%26%23124%3B+ComeUntoChrist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fcomeuntochrist%2Fbelieve%2Fjesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210010625/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1105&index=3">"Offenders for a Word"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1105&index=3">the original</a> on 2015-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Offenders+for+a+Word&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Ffullscreen%2F%3Fpub%3D1105%26index%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15154b.htm">Unitarians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705011058/http://newadvent.org/cathen/15154b.htm">Archived</a> 2014-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> at 'Catholic Encyclopedia', ed. Kevin Knight at New Advent website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Amin" class="citation web cs1">Mohammed Amin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohammedamin.com/Community_issues/Triangulating-the-Abrahamic-faiths.html">"Triangulating the Abrahamic faiths – measuring the closeness of Judaism, Christianity and Islam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222121459/http://mohammedamin.com/Community_issues/Triangulating-the-Abrahamic-faiths.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-20</span></span>. <q>Christians were seen as polytheists, due to the doctrine of the Trinity. In the last few hundred years, rabbis have moderated this view slightly, but they still do not regard Christians as being fully monotheistic in the same manner as Jews or Muslims. Muslims were acknowledged as monotheists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triangulating+the+Abrahamic+faiths+%E2%80%93+measuring+the+closeness+of+Judaism%2C+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.au=Mohammed+Amin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohammedamin.com%2FCommunity_issues%2FTriangulating-the-Abrahamic-faiths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1995" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Louis, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-views-on-christianity/"><i>The Jewish Religion: A Companion 1st Edition</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198264637" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198264637"><bdi>978-0198264637</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521064902/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-views-on-christianity/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Religion%3A+A+Companion+1st+Edition&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0198264637&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fjewish-views-on-christianity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulc.org/training-education/guide-to-divinity/22-religions-of-the-world/134-practicing-islam/">"Islamic Practices"</a>. Universal Life Church Ministries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307144019/http://www.ulc.org/training-education/guide-to-divinity/22-religions-of-the-world/134-practicing-islam/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-20</span></span>. <q>It is the Islamic belief that Christianity is not monotheistic, as it claims, but rather polytheistic with the trinity-the father, son and the Holy Ghost.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Practices&rft.pub=Universal+Life+Church+Ministries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulc.org%2Ftraining-education%2Fguide-to-divinity%2F22-religions-of-the-world%2F134-practicing-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icucourses.com/pages/025-10-three-persons-are-subsistent-relations">Lesson 10: Three Persons are Subsistent Relations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731154530/https://icucourses.com/pages/025-10-three-persons-are-subsistent-relations">Archived</a> 2017-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Catholic_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Catholic University (page does not exist)">International Catholic University</a>: "The fatherhood constitutes the Person of the Father, the sonship constitutes the Person of the Son, and the passive aspiration constitutes the Person of the Holy Spirit. But in God "everything is one where there is no distinction by relative opposition." Consequently, even though in God there are three Persons, there is only one consciousness, one thinking and one loving. The three Persons share equally in the internal divine activity because they are all identified with the divine essence. For, if each divine Person possessed his own distinct and different consciousness, there would be three gods, not the one God of Christian revelation. So you will see that in this regard there is an immense difference between a divine Person and a human person."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trinity-Christianity">Trinity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430124922/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trinity-Christianity">Archived</a> 2021-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>: "The Council of Nicaea in 325 stated the crucial formula for that doctrine in its confession that the Son is "of the same substance [homoousios] as the Father", even though it said very little about the Holy Spirit. Over the next half century, Athanasius defended and refined the Nicene formula, and, by the end of the 4th century, under the leadership of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus (the Cappadocian Fathers), the doctrine of the Trinity took substantially the form it has maintained ever since. It is accepted in all of the historic confessions of Christianity, even though the impact of the Enlightenment decreased its importance."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-Quran-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-Quran_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Böwering, <i>God and his Attributes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of the Quran">Encyclopedia of the Quran</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esp22-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esp22_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esp22_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1998" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (1998). <i>Islam: The Straight Path</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito199888-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito199888_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsposito1998">Esposito 1998</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Allah." <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2003" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F.E. (2003). <i>Islam</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2011" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Todd (2011). <i>Gnostic Apocalypse and Islam: Qurʼan, Exegesis, Messianism and the Literary Origins of the Babi Religion</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415495394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415495394"><bdi>978-0415495394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnostic+Apocalypse+and+Islam%3A+Qur%CA%BCan%2C+Exegesis%2C+Messianism+and+the+Literary+Origins+of+the+Babi+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415495394&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTisdall1911" class="citation book cs1">Tisdall, William (1911). <i>The Sources of Islam: A Persian Treatise</i>. London: Morrison and Gibb. pp. 46–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sources+of+Islam%3A+A+Persian+Treatise&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46-74&rft.pub=Morrison+and+Gibb&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Tisdall&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph2001" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Kurt (2001). <i>Gnosis: The Nature And History of Gnosticism</i>. London: T&T Clark Int'l. pp. 367–390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567086402" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567086402"><bdi>978-0567086402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosis%3A+The+Nature+And+History+of+Gnosticism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=367-390&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+Int%27l&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0567086402&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoeller2002" class="citation book cs1">Hoeller, Stephan A. (2002). <i>Gnosticism: New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing</i>. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. pp. 155–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0835608169" title="Special:BookSources/978-0835608169"><bdi>978-0835608169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosticism%3A+New+Light+on+the+Ancient+Tradition+of+Inner+Knowing&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=155-174&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0835608169&rft.aulast=Hoeller&rft.aufirst=Stephan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008a" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew (2008a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gnosticshistoryt00smit"><i>The Gnostics: History, Tradition, Scriptures, Influence</i></a>. Watkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905857784" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905857784"><bdi>978-1905857784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostics%3A+History%2C+Tradition%2C+Scriptures%2C+Influence.&rft.pub=Watkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1905857784&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgnosticshistoryt00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew (2006). <i>The Lost Sayings of Jesus: Teachings from Ancient Christian, Jewish, Gnostic, and Islamic Sources--Annotated & Explained</i>. Skylight Paths Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594731723" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594731723"><bdi>978-1594731723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Sayings+of+Jesus%3A+Teachings+from+Ancient+Christian%2C+Jewish%2C+Gnostic%2C+and+Islamic+Sources--Annotated+%26+Explained&rft.pub=Skylight+Paths+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1594731723&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Den_Broek1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roel_van_den_Broek" title="Roel van den Broek">Van Den Broek, Roelof</a> (1998). <i>Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times</i>. State University of New York Press. pp. 87–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791436110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791436110"><bdi>978-0791436110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosis+and+Hermeticism+from+Antiquity+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=87-108&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0791436110&rft.aulast=Van+Den+Broek&rft.aufirst=Roelof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillman2000" class="citation book cs1">Tillman, Nagel (2000). <i>The History of Islamic Theology from Muhammad to the Present</i>. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 215–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558762039" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558762039"><bdi>978-1558762039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Islamic+Theology+from+Muhammad+to+the+Present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=215-234&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1558762039&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Nagel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html">"People of the Book"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Islam:_Empire_of_Faith" title="Islam: Empire of Faith">Islam: Empire of Faith</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213312/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam%3A+Empire+of+Faith&rft.atitle=People+of+the+Book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fislam%2Ffaithpeople.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito19986,_12-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito19986,_12_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsposito1998">Esposito 1998</a>, pp. 6, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito20024–5-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito20024–5_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsposito2002">Esposito 2002</a>, pp. 4–5.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEsposito2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters20039-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters20039_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters2003">Peters 2003</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._BuhlA._T._Welch" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">F. Buhl; A. T. Welch. "Muhammad". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muhammad&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.au=F.+Buhl&rft.au=A.+T.+Welch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHava_Lazarus-Yafeh" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hava_Lazarus-Yafeh" title="Hava Lazarus-Yafeh">Hava Lazarus-Yafeh</a>. "Tahrif". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tahrif&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.au=Hava+Lazarus-Yafeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncRel-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncRel_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent J. Cornell, <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>, Vol 5, pp.3561-3562</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barlas96-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barlas96_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barlas96_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Asma Barlas, Believing Women in Islam, p.96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamara_Sonn2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tamara Sonn (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0788?rskey=y8ZWqZ">"Tawḥīd"</a></span>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305135"><bdi>9780195305135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taw%E1%B8%A5%C4%ABd&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195305135&rft.au=Tamara+Sonn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001%2Facref-9780195305135-e-0788%3Frskey%3Dy8ZWqZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoI-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoI_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Gimaret, <i>Tawhid</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamadan2005230-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamadan2005230_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamadan2005">Ramadan 2005</a>, p. 230.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRamadan2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wainwright, William, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/monotheism">Monotheism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318100216/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/monotheism/">Archived</a> 2019-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (Fall 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RebShmuleyKosherJoshkel-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RebShmuleyKosherJoshkel_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RebShmuleyKosherJoshkel_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoteach2012" class="citation book cs1">Boteach, Shmuley (2012) [5772]. <i><a href="/wiki/Kosher_Jesus" title="Kosher Jesus">Kosher Jesus</a></i>. Springfield, NJ: Gefen Books. pp. 47ff, 111ff, 152ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652295781" title="Special:BookSources/9789652295781"><bdi>9789652295781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosher+Jesus&rft.place=Springfield%2C+NJ&rft.pages=47ff%2C+111ff%2C+152ff&rft.pub=Gefen+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789652295781&rft.aulast=Boteach&rft.aufirst=Shmuley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/">"Religion: Judaism"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805174338/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+Judaism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albertz-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albertz_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albertz_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GJS7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy</i></a>. Westminster John Knox. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227197" title="Special:BookSources/9780664227197"><bdi>9780664227197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+End+of+the+Monarchy&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780664227197&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGJS7BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalls2015" class="citation book cs1">Walls, Neal (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGWzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261">"The Gods of Israel in Comparative Ancient Near Eastern Context"</a>. In Niditch, Susan (ed.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 261–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77392-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77392-5"><bdi>978-1-118-77392-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gods+of+Israel+in+Comparative+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Context&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=261-277&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-77392-5&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGWzCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/monotheism/">Monotheism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412164007/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/monotheism/">Archived</a> 2022-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>My Jewish Learning</i>, "Many critical scholars think that the interval between the Exodus and the proclamation of monotheism was much longer. Outside of Deuteronomy the earliest passages to state that there are no gods but the Lord are in poems and prayers attributed to Hannah and David, one and a half to two and a half centuries after the Exodus at the earliest. Such statements do not become common until the seventh century B.C.E., the period to which Deuteronomy is dated by the critical view."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. 1 Kings 18, Jeremiah 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, Baruch A. (2005). "Assyrian Ideology and Israelite Monotheism". <i>IRAQ</i>. <b>67</b> (1): 411–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021088900001455">10.1017/S0021088900001455</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0889">0021-0889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IRAQ&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Ideology+and+Israelite+Monotheism&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=411-427&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021088900001455&rft.issn=0021-0889&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Baruch+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287">"Monotheism and the Redefinition of Divinity in Ancient Israel"</a>. In Niditch, Susan (ed.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65677-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65677-8"><bdi>978-0-470-65677-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism+and+the+Redefinition+of+Divinity+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65677-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eMACgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/13_Principles_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="13 Principles of Faith">13 principles of faith</a>, Second Principle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e. g., Babylonian Talmud, Megilla 7b-17a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yesode Ha-Torah</i> 1:7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation cs2">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf"><i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Oxford University Press, p. 4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195153859" title="Special:BookSources/9780195153859"><bdi>9780195153859</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011181602/http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780195153859&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmandaeannetwork.com%2FMandaean%2Fbooks%2Fenglish%2F2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf%3Fbcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80%3D0%26bcsi_scan_filename%3D2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginza-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ginza_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></i>. Translated by Al-Saadi, Qais; Al-Saadi, Hamed (2nd ed.). Germany: Drabsha. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginza+Rabba&rft.place=Germany&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Drabsha&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSN-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSN_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrikhah_S._Nasoraia2012" class="citation web cs1">Brikhah S. Nasoraia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D201813/2012_I/2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf">"Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D201813/2012_I/2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Text+and+Esoteric+Praxis+in+Sabian+Mandaean+Religion&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Brikhah+S.+Nasoraia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisamveri.org%2Fpdfdrg%2FD201813%2F2012_I%2F2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nashmi-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nashmi_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashmi2013" class="citation cs2">Nashmi, Yuhana (24 April 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith">"Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith"</a>, <i>Mandaean Associations Union</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031155605/http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith">archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mandaean+Associations+Union&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Issues+for+the+Mandaean+Faith&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.aulast=Nashmi&rft.aufirst=Yuhana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandaeanunion.com%2Fhistory-english%2Fitem%2F488-mandaean-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph1978" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Kurt (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1kWzSxecUQC&q=kurt%20rudolph%20mandaeism&pg=PA15"><i>Mandaeism</i></a>. BRILL. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004052529" title="Special:BookSources/9789004052529"><bdi>9789004052529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandaeism&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789004052529&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1kWzSxecUQC%26q%3Dkurt%2520rudolph%2520mandaeism%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Light and the Dark: Dualism in ancient Iran, India, and China Petrus Franciscus Maria Fontaine – 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Blois1960–2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">De Blois, François (1960–2007). "Ṣābiʾ". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W.P.</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0952">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%A2%C4%81bi%CA%BE&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0952&rft.aulast=De+Blois&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Bladel2017" class="citation book cs1">Van Bladel, Kevin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/34389"><i>From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004339460">10.1163/9789004339460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9"><bdi>978-90-04-33943-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601074236/https://brill.com/view/title/34389">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sasanian+Mandaeans+to+%E1%B9%A2%C4%81bians+of+the+Marshes&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004339460&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33943-9&rft.aulast=Van+Bladel&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F34389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span> p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2019" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Paul S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOF1DwAAQBAJ&q=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East"><i>Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317233794" title="Special:BookSources/9781317233794"><bdi>9781317233794</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730071808/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Routledge_Handbook_of_Minorities_in_the/bOF1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781317233794&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOF1DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRoutledge%2BHandbook%2Bof%2BMinorities%2Bin%2Bthe%2BMiddle%2BEast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_163-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrianArakelova2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garnik_Asatrian" title="Garnik Asatrian">Asatrian, Garnik S.</a>; Arakelova, Victoria (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1RsBAAAQBAJ">"Part I: The One God - Malak-Tāwūs: The Leader of the Triad"</a>. <i>The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World</i>. Gnostica. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abingdon, Oxfordshire">Abingdon, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315728896">10.4324/9781315728896</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-761-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-761-2"><bdi>978-1-84465-761-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931029996">931029996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+The+One+God+-+Malak-T%C4%81w%C5%ABs%3A+The+Leader+of+the+Triad&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Peacock+Angel%3A+The+Yezidis+and+Their+Spirit+World&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.series=Gnostica&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931029996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315728896&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-761-2&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=Garnik+S.&rft.au=Arakelova%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1RsBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birgül-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birgül_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birgül_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAçikyildiz2014" class="citation book cs1">Açikyildiz, Birgül (2014-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql4BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71"><i>The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857720610" title="Special:BookSources/9780857720610"><bdi>9780857720610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yezidis%3A+The+History+of+a+Community%2C+Culture+and+Religion&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.isbn=9780857720610&rft.aulast=A%C3%A7ikyildiz&rft.aufirst=Birg%C3%BCl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dql4BAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allison_2017-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_2017_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_2017_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_2017_165-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allison, Christine (25 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-254">"The Yazidis"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.254">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311065225/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-254">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yazidis&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.254&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrianArakelova2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garnik_Asatrian" title="Garnik Asatrian">Asatrian, Garnik S.</a>; Arakelova, Victoria (January 2003). Asatrian, Garnik S. (ed.). "Malak-Tāwūs: The Peacock Angel of the Yezidis". <i><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Caucasus" title="Iran and the Caucasus">Iran and the Caucasus</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a> in collaboration with the Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies (<a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>): 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338403X00015">10.1163/157338403X00015</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-384X">1573-384X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030968">4030968</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001227055">2001227055</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233145721">233145721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Malak-T%C4%81w%C5%ABs%3A+The+Peacock+Angel+of+the+Yezidis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4030968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.eissn=1573-384X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338403X00015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233145721&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001227055&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=Garnik+S.&rft.au=Arakelova%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrianArakelova2014" class="citation book cs1">Asatrian, Garnik S.; Arakelova, Victoria (2014-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1RsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23"><i>The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54428-9"><bdi>978-1-317-54428-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Peacock+Angel%3A+The+Yezidis+and+Their+Spirit+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54428-9&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=Garnik+S.&rft.au=Arakelova%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1RsBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreyenbroek1995" class="citation book cs1">Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTQqAQAAMAAJ&q=Ancient+iranian"><i>Yezidism: its Background, Observances, and Textual Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-9004-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-9004-8"><bdi>978-0-7734-9004-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yezidism%3A+its+Background%2C+Observances%2C+and+Textual+Tradition&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-9004-8&rft.aulast=Kreyenbroek&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTQqAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DAncient%2Biranian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmarkhali,_Khanna2017" class="citation book cs1">Omarkhali, Khanna (2017). <i>The Yezidi religious textual tradition, from oral to written : categories, transmission, scripturalisation, and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts: with samples of oral and written religious texts and with audio and video samples on CD-ROM</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10856-0"><bdi>978-3-447-10856-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994778968">994778968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yezidi+religious+textual+tradition%2C+from+oral+to+written+%3A+categories%2C+transmission%2C+scripturalisation%2C+and+canonisation+of+the+Yezidi+oral+religious+texts%3A+with+samples+of+oral+and+written+religious+texts+and+with+audio+and+video+samples+on+CD-ROM&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994778968&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10856-0&rft.au=Omarkhali%2C+Khanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmarkhali2009" class="citation journal cs1">Omarkhali, Khanna (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7918282">"Names of God and Forms of Address to God in Yezidism. With the Religious Hymn of the Lord"</a>. <i>Manuscripta Orientalia International Journal for Oriental Manuscript Research</i>. <b>15</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032900/https://www.academia.edu/7918282">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manuscripta+Orientalia+International+Journal+for+Oriental+Manuscript+Research&rft.atitle=Names+of+God+and+Forms+of+Address+to+God+in+Yezidism.+With+the+Religious+Hymn+of+the+Lord&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009-12&rft.aulast=Omarkhali&rft.aufirst=Khanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7918282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreyenbroek_2005-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kreyenbroek_2005_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreyenbroek2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_G._Kreyenbroek" title="Philip G. Kreyenbroek">Kreyenbroek, Philip</a> (2005). <i>God and Sheikh Adi are perfect: sacred poems and religious narratives from the Yezidi tradition</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05300-6"><bdi>978-3-447-05300-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63127403">63127403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Sheikh+Adi+are+perfect%3A+sacred+poems+and+religious+narratives+from+the+Yezidi+tradition&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63127403&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05300-6&rft.aulast=Kreyenbroek&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartal2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kartal, Celalettin (2016-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=45N4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76"><i>Deutsche Yeziden: Geschichte, Gegenwart, Prognosen</i></a> (in German). Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783828864887" title="Special:BookSources/9783828864887"><bdi>9783828864887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Yeziden%3A+Geschichte%2C+Gegenwart%2C+Prognosen&rft.pub=Tectum+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.isbn=9783828864887&rft.aulast=Kartal&rft.aufirst=Celalettin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D45N4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrero2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ferrero, Mario (2021-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41412-021-00113-4">"From Polytheism to Monotheism: Zoroaster and Some Economic Theory"</a>. <i>Homo Oeconomicus</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 77–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41412-021-00113-4">10.1007/s41412-021-00113-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2366-6161">2366-6161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homo+Oeconomicus&rft.atitle=From+Polytheism+to+Monotheism%3A+Zoroaster+and+Some+Economic+Theory&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-108&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs41412-021-00113-4&rft.issn=2366-6161&rft.aulast=Ferrero&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs41412-021-00113-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckert2023" class="citation web cs1">Heckert, Jason (May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1151&context=graduatetheses">"Reflections Across Religions: A Historical Examination of Common Themes in Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity"</a>. <i>digitalcommons.winthrop.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcommons.winthrop.edu&rft.atitle=Reflections+Across+Religions%3A+A+Historical+Examination+of+Common+Themes+in+Zoroastrianism%2C+Judaism%2C+and+Christianity&rft.date=2023-05&rft.aulast=Heckert&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.winthrop.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1151%26context%3Dgraduatetheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Buddhism in China: A Historical Sketch", <i>The Journal of Religion</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+China%3A+A+Historical+Sketch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_155-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_155_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975a">Boyce 1975a</a>, p. 155<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBoyce1975a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006). <i>The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 408–411 and 423–434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=408-411+and+423-434&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929668-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-katicic2008-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-katicic2008_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Katičić_2008" class="citation book cs1">Katičić, Radoslav (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018000746/http://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/120570/96db5654f2d3025b46454ace91716506.pdf"><i>Božanski boj: Tragovima svetih pjesama naše pretkršćanske starine</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Zagreb: IBIS GRAFIKA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6927-41-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6927-41-8"><bdi>978-953-6927-41-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/120570/96db5654f2d3025b46454ace91716506.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bo%C5%BEanski+boj%3A+Tragovima+svetih+pjesama+na%C5%A1e+pretkr%C5%A1%C4%87anske+starine&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=IBIS+GRAFIKA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-953-6927-41-8&rft.aulast=Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radoslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.nmu.org.ua%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F120570%2F96db5654f2d3025b46454ace91716506.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuhvel1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Puhvel" title="Jaan Puhvel">Puhvel, Jaan</a> (1987), <i>Comparative Mythology</i>, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 234–235, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-3938-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-3938-6"><bdi>0-8018-3938-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Mythology&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=234-235&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8018-3938-6&rft.aulast=Puhvel&rft.aufirst=Jaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKirahan, Richard D. "Xenophanes of Colophon. <i>Philosophy Before Socrates</i>. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1994. 61. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diels-Kranz, <i>Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</i>, Xenophanes frr. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osborne62-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osborne62_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne, Catherine. "Chapter 4." <i>Presocratic Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford UP. 62. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb" class="citation web cs1">Lamb, W. R. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DEuthyph.%3Asection%3D10a">"Euthyphro"</a>. <i>Perseus</i>. Tufts University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150823015053/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DEuthyph.%3Asection%3D10a">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus&rft.atitle=Euthyphro&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=W.+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0170%253Atext%253DEuthyph.%253Asection%253D10a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyller1997" class="citation book cs1">Wyller, Egil A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbMAMtaJWIIC&q=Henology&pg=PA5"><i>Henologische Perspektiven II: zu Ehren Egil A. Wyller, Internales Henologie-Symposium</i></a>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0357-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0357-X"><bdi>90-420-0357-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henologische+Perspektiven+II%3A+zu+Ehren+Egil+A.+Wyller%2C+Internales+Henologie-Symposium&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-420-0357-X&rft.aulast=Wyller&rft.aufirst=Egil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbMAMtaJWIIC%26q%3DHenology%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchürmannLily2003" class="citation book cs1">Schürmann, Reiner; Lily, Reginald (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eRv1DTW_KoC&q=Henology&pg=PA109"><i>Broken Hegemonies</i></a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34144-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34144-2"><bdi>0-253-34144-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken+Hegemonies&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-253-34144-2&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCrmann&rft.aufirst=Reiner&rft.au=Lily%2C+Reginald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eRv1DTW_KoC%26q%3DHenology%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a>, s.v. "Apollo".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Kessler, <i>Dionysian Monotheism in Nea Paphos, Cyprus</i>: "two monotheistic religions, Dionysian and Christian, existed contemporaneously in Nea Paphos during the 4th century C.E. [...] the particular iconography of Hermes and Dionysos in the panel of the Epiphany of Dionysos [...] represents the culmination of a pagan iconographic tradition in which an infant divinity is seated on the lap of another divine figure; this pagan motif was appropriated by early Christian artists and developed into the standardized icon of the Virgin and Child. Thus the mosaic helps to substantiate the existence of pagan monotheism." [(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huss.ex.ac.uk/classics/conferences/pagan_monotheism/abstracts.html">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421032154/http://www.huss.ex.ac.uk/classics/conferences/pagan_monotheism/abstracts.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aboriginalculture.com.au/religion.html">"Aboriginal Culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306020837/https://www.aboriginalculture.com.au/religion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboriginalculture.com.au%2Freligion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Isaacs (2005). Australian Dreaming: 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History. New South Wales: New Holland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwayHoneryMcDonaldRowley1878" class="citation journal cs1">Greenway, Charles C.; Honery, Thomas; McDonald, Mr.; Rowley, John; Malone, John; Creed, Dr. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1574076">"Australian Languages and Traditions"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>7</b>. JSTOR: 232–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2841001">10.2307/2841001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-5295">0959-5295</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2841001">2841001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407024453/https://zenodo.org/record/1574076">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Australian+Languages+and+Traditions&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=232-274&rft.date=1878&rft.issn=0959-5295&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2841001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2841001&rft.aulast=Greenway&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft.au=Honery%2C+Thomas&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Mr.&rft.au=Rowley%2C+John&rft.au=Malone%2C+John&rft.au=Creed%2C+Dr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1574076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/aboriginal-christians-christianity">"Aboriginal Christians & Christianity"</a>. 14 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814144738/https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/aboriginal-christians-christianity">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Christians+%26+Christianity&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativespirits.info%2Faboriginalculture%2Fspirituality%2Faboriginal-christians-christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, Janak (24 June 2014). "When Islam came to Australia". BBC News. Retrieved 25 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (14 November 2013). The Andaman Islanders. Cambridge University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-107-62556-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webindia123.com/territories/andaman/people/intro.htm">"PEOPLE of Andaman and Nicobar Islands"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622142857/https://www.webindia123.com/territories/andaman/people/intro.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PEOPLE+of+Andaman+and+Nicobar+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webindia123.com%2Fterritories%2Fandaman%2Fpeople%2Fintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hume-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hume_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hume said that unlike monotheism, polytheism is pluralistic in nature, unbound by doctrine, and therefore far more tolerant than monotheism, which tends to force people to believe in one faith.(David Hume, <i>Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and the Natural History of Religion</i>, ed. J. C. A. Gaskin, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, pp. 26-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comte-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comte_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catechismpositi00conggoog/page/n263"><i>The Catechism of Positive Religion</i>, page 251</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2001-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2001_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark S. Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1tQ5Larst0C">"The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts</a>", (August 2001). p. 11. Oxford University Press. (Google Books).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berchman2008-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berchman2008_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerchman2008" class="citation book cs1">Berchman, Robert M. (May 2008). "The Political Foundations of Tolerance in the Greco-Roman Period". In <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Chilton, Bruce</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9P4TU-0zEs8C"><i>Religious Tolerance in World Religions</i></a>. Templeton Foundation Press (published 2008). p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599471365" title="Special:BookSources/9781599471365"><bdi>9781599471365</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-03</span></span>. <q>Jacob Neusner [...] claims that 'the logic of monotheism ... yields little basis for tolerating other religions.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+Foundations+of+Tolerance+in+the+Greco-Roman+Period&rft.btitle=Religious+Tolerance+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Templeton+Foundation+Press&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=9781599471365&rft.aulast=Berchman&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9P4TU-0zEs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz1997-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz1997_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regina Schwartz, <i>The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism</i>, The University of Chicago Press, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74199-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74199-4">978-0-226-74199-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma2006-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma2006_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arvind Sharma, "A Primal Perspective on the Philosophy of Religion", Dordrecht, Springer, 2006, p.29.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Bernard" title="David K. Bernard">Bernard, David K.</a> (2019) [2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">"Monotheism in Paul's Rhetorical World"</a>. <i>The Glory of God in the Face of Jesus Christ: Deification of Jesus in Early Christian Discourse</i>. Journal of Pentecostal Theology: Supplement Series. Vol. 45. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 53–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39721-7"><bdi>978-90-04-39721-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-7393">0966-7393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism+in+Paul%27s+Rhetorical+World&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+God+in+the+Face+of+Jesus+Christ%3A+Deification+of+Jesus+in+Early+Christian+Discourse&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Journal+of+Pentecostal+Theology%3A+Supplement+Series&rft.pages=53-82&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0966-7393&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39721-7&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AD1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz2000" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA916">"Monotheism"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 916–917. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9053565035" title="Special:BookSources/9053565035"><bdi>9053565035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=916-917&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9053565035&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a>, <i>Who Were the Early Israelites?</i>, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 2003.</li> <li>William G. Dever, <i>Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel</i>, Eerdmans, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802828521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802828521">978-0802828521</a>.</li> <li>Jonthan Kirsch, <i>God Against The Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism.</i> Penguin Books. 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Hans Köchler</a>. <i>The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity</i>. Vienna: Braumüller, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7003-0339-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-7003-0339-4">3-7003-0339-4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMuipwd5MTEC">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051855/https://books.google.com/books?id=zMuipwd5MTEC">Archived</a> 2023-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiehr1995" class="citation book cs1">Niehr, Herbert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA45">"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion: Methodological and Religio-Historical Aspects"</a>. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.). <i>The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>. pp. 45–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9053565032" title="Special:BookSources/978-9053565032"><bdi>978-9053565032</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33819403">33819403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+YHWH+in+Judahite+and+Israelite+Religion%3A+Methodological+and+Religio-Historical+Aspects&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=45-72&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33819403&rft.isbn=978-9053565032&rft.aulast=Niehr&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatai1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Patai" title="Raphael Patai">Patai, Raphael</a> (1990) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0iRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA221">"Lilith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Goddess" title="The Hebrew Goddess">The Hebrew Goddess</a></i>. Raphael Patai Series in Jewish Folklore and Anthropology (3rd Enlarged ed.). <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>. pp. 221–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814322710" title="Special:BookSources/9780814322710"><bdi>9780814322710</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20692501">20692501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lilith&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Goddess&rft.place=Detroit&rft.series=Raphael+Patai+Series+in+Jewish+Folklore+and+Anthropology&rft.pages=221-251&rft.edition=3rd+Enlarged&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20692501&rft.isbn=9780814322710&rft.aulast=Patai&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0iRAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatzinger2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ratzinger">Ratzinger, Joseph</a> (2004) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LJlkwvExekkC&pg=PA116">"Part One: God – Chapter II: The Biblical Belief in God"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Christianity" title="Introduction to Christianity">Introduction to Christianity</a></i> (2nd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. pp. 116–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586170295" title="Special:BookSources/9781586170295"><bdi>9781586170295</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004103523">2004103523</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169456327">169456327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+One%3A+God+%E2%80%93+Chapter+II%3A+The+Biblical+Belief+in+God&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Christianity&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=116-136&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169456327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004103523&rft.isbn=9781586170295&rft.aulast=Ratzinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLJlkwvExekkC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Said_Reynolds" title="Gabriel Said Reynolds">Reynolds, Gabriel Said</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxHPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">"God of the Bible and the Qur'an"</a>. <i>Allah: God in the Qurʾān</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 203–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvxkn7q4">10.2307/j.ctvxkn7q4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24658-2"><bdi>978-0-300-24658-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxkn7q4">j.ctvxkn7q4</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2019947014">2019947014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226129509">226129509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+of+the+Bible+and+the+Qur%27an&rft.btitle=Allah%3A+God+in+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=203-253&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvxkn7q4%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvxkn7q4&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2019947014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226129509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24658-2&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxHPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRömer2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R%C3%B6mer" title="Thomas Römer">Römer, Thomas</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z59XCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Invention of God</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674915732">10.4159/9780674915732</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50497-4"><bdi>978-0-674-50497-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvjsf3qb">j.ctvjsf3qb</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170740919">170740919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+God&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674915732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170740919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvjsf3qb%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-674-50497-4&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ59XCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Silberman, Neil A. et al.; <i>The Bible Unearthed</i>, New York: Simon & Schuster 2001.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afkRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">"El, Yahweh, and the Original God of Israel and the Exodus"</a>. <i>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 133–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008">10.1093/019513480X.003.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195134803" title="Special:BookSources/9780195134803"><bdi>9780195134803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El%2C+Yahweh%2C+and+the+Original+God+of+Israel+and+the+Exodus&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Biblical+Monotheism%3A+Israel%27s+Polytheistic+Background+and+the+Ugaritic+Texts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=133-148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008&rft.isbn=9780195134803&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafkRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LtGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">"YHWH's Original Character: Questions about an Unknown God"</a>. In Van Oorschot, Jürgen; Witten, Markus (eds.). <i>The Origins of Yahwism</i>. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Vol. 484. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 23–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110448221-002">10.1515/9783110448221-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042538-3"><bdi>978-3-11-042538-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:187378834">187378834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=YHWH%27s+Original+Character%3A+Questions+about+an+Unknown+God&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yahwism&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.series=Beihefte+zur+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.pages=23-44&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A187378834%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110448221-002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042538-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8LtGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2002). <i>The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel</i> (2nd ed.). Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802839725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802839725"><bdi>978-0802839725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0802839725&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C"><i>An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86251-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7zdDFTzNr0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Van der Toorn, Karel</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA352">"God (I)"</a>. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter W. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 352–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi">10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0"><bdi>90-04-11119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+%28I%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=352-365&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi&rft.isbn=90-04-11119-0&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Horst1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">Van der Horst, Pieter W.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA365">"God (II)"</a>. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter W. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 365–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godii">10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0"><bdi>90-04-11119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+%28II%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=365-370&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godii&rft.isbn=90-04-11119-0&rft.aulast=Van+der+Horst&rft.aufirst=Pieter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonotheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Keith Whitelam, <i>The Invention of Ancient Israel</i>, Routledge, New York 1997.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Monotheism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Monotheism">Monotheism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Monotheism</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Monotheism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Monotheism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/monotheism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/monotheism"><i>monotheism</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monotheism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Monotheism">Monotheism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130211205636/http://atheism.about.com/od/theismtheists/a/Monolatry-Monotheism-Gods.htm">About.com "What is Monolatry?"</a> (Contains useful comparisons with henoteism etc.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monotheism/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianmonotheism.com/">Christian Monotheism (biblical unitarians)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deism.com/">World Union of Deists</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="God" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theism" title="Template:Theism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theism" title="Template talk:Theism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_theism" title="Agnostic theism">Agnostic theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism"><span class="wrap">Theological noncognitivism</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">Ceremonial deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Polydeism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipolar_theism" title="Dipolar theism">Dipolar theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_theism" title="Liberal theism">Liberal theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">Ethical monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-monotheism" title="Post-monotheism">Post-monotheism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-theism" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_pantheism" title="Classical pantheism">Classical pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylotheism" title="Hylotheism">Hylotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_pantheism" title="Naturalistic pantheism">Naturalistic pantheism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theism" title="Philosophical theism">Philosophical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physitheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physitheism">Physitheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_theism" title="Skeptical theism">Skeptical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritheism" title="Tritheism">Tritheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9159#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040107-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086976">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="monoteismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122974&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543537905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&oldid=1258864322">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&oldid=1258864322</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monotheism" title="Category:Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="Category:Religion in ancient Israel and Judah">Religion in ancient Israel and Judah</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mongolian-language text">Articles containing Mongolian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017">Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2017">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2020">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2019">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Punjabi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Punjabi-language text">Articles containing Punjabi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kurdish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kurdish-language text">Articles containing Kurdish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_prone_to_spam_from_June_2012" title="Category:Articles prone to spam from June 2012">Articles prone to spam from June 2012</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 01:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. Besides normal editing, the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies, vandalism, or material not compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>.</span></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotheism&diff=prev&oldid=1258864322&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qg7t2","wgBackendResponseTime":3495,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.730","walltime":"3.175","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17296,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":561664,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":74082,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":50,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":636176,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2713.014 1 -total"," 39.35% 1067.479 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.52% 448.276 81 Template:Cite_book"," 9.10% 246.857 29 Template:Cite_web"," 5.02% 136.299 20 Template:Lang"," 4.98% 135.207 1 Template:God"," 4.78% 129.783 5 Template:Sfn"," 4.76% 129.108 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.70% 127.587 14 Template:Fix"," 4.69% 127.303 1 Template:Primary_sources_section"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.650","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19518295,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlbertz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllison2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArdinger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAsanteMazama2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsatrianArakelova2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsatrianArakelova2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAçikyildiz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallentine2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerchman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoteach2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrikhah_S._Nasoraia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuskirk2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarti1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrandall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Blois1960–2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelmonico,_N.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimock_Jr,_E.C.Dimock,_E.C.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson1950\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDubs1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkman,_S.M.Gosvami,_J.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._BuhlA._T._Welch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrero2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFischer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood,_Gavin_D.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnuse1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoel1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoel1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwayHoneryMcDonaldRowley1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta,_Ravi_M.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatcher1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatcher2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHava_Lazarus-Yafeh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeckert2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHintze2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoeller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Maffie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKartal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy,_M.T.1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreyenbroek1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreyenbroek2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackintosh1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Juergensmeyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatchett,_Freda2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammed_Amin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMore1660\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNashmi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesbitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiehr1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObeid2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmarkhali,_Khanna2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmarkhali2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrinder1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatai1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattanaik2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuhvel1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatzinger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRona-TasAndrás1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolph1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolph2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRömer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchürmannLily2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamara_Sonn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTapasyananda1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheissen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTisdall1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Bladel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Den_Broek1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Horst1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalls2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Wainwright2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyller1997\"] = 1,\n [\"Katičić_2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 10,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 29,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"God\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"IAST\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 20,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Portalbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary sources section\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref_label\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Theism\"] = 1,\n [\"Theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 25,\n [\"Who\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","21.7"],["?","280","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","9.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","8.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","100","6.0"],["type","60","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.6"],["[others]","280","16.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qg7t2","timestamp":"20241125013337","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Monotheism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monotheism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9159","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9159","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-07T06:12:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T01:37:06Z","headline":"belief that there is only one god"}</script> </body> </html>