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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theological approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theological_approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theological approaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theological_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_God_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_God_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Death of God theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_God_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmodern_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmodern_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Postmodern theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmodern_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_theologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_theologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other theologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_theologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dealing_with_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealing_with_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dealing with culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dealing_with_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centrality_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centrality_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Centrality of Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centrality_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_denomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_denomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>By denomination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_denomination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By denomination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_denomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theologians_and_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theologians_and_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Theologians and philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theologians_and_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian atheism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="إلحاد مسيحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلحاد مسيحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme_cristi%C3%A0" title="Ateisme cristià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ateisme cristià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_ateisme" title="Kristen ateisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kristen ateisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristlik_ateism" title="Kristlik ateism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kristlik ateism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χριστιανικός αθεϊσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανικός αθεϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo_cristiano" title="Ateísmo cristiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ateísmo cristiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristana_ateismo" title="Kristana ateismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristana ateismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="خداناباوری مسیحی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خداناباوری مسیحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C3%A9isme_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Athéisme chrétien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Athéisme chrétien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90_%EB%AC%B4%EC%8B%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="기독교 무신론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교 무신론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Քրիստոնեական աթեիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոնեական աթեիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anski_ateizam" title="Kršćanski ateizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršćanski ateizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme_Kristen" title="Ateisme Kristen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ateisme Kristen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo_cristiano" title="Ateismo cristiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ateismo cristiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ქრისტიანული ათეიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტიანული ათეიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C4%ABgais_ateisms" title="Kristīgais ateisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristīgais ateisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%89" title="الحاد مسيحى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحاد مسيحى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="キリスト教無神論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト教無神論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo_crist%C3%A3o" title="Ateísmo cristão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ateísmo cristão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="بێخواییی مەسیحی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێخواییی مەسیحی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хришћански атеизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хришћански атеизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hri%C5%A1%C4%87anski_ateizam" title="Hrišćanski ateizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hrišćanski ateizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_ateism" title="Kristen ateism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristen ateism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_v%C3%B4_th%E1%BA%A7n_Kit%C3%B4_gi%C3%A1o" title="Chủ nghĩa vô thần Kitô giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa vô thần Kitô giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory 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title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">Dogmatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_theology" title="Fundamental theology">Fundamental/foundational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the 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href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal  •  Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">in Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopoetics" 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<p><b>Christian atheism</b> is an ideology that embraces the teachings, narratives, symbols, practices, or communities associated with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> without accepting the literal existence of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. It often overlaps with <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">nontheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-theism" title="Post-theism">post-theism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_beliefs">Common beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005-11-20_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Hyde_Park_-_Speakers%27_Corner_4887898959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2005-11-20_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Hyde_Park_-_Speakers%27_Corner_4887898959.jpg/220px-2005-11-20_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Hyde_Park_-_Speakers%27_Corner_4887898959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2005-11-20_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Hyde_Park_-_Speakers%27_Corner_4887898959.jpg/330px-2005-11-20_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Hyde_Park_-_Speakers%27_Corner_4887898959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2005-11-20_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Hyde_Park_-_Speakers%27_Corner_4887898959.jpg/440px-2005-11-20_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Hyde_Park_-_Speakers%27_Corner_4887898959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A man promoting Christian atheism at <a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner" title="Speakers' Corner">Speakers' Corner</a>, London, in 2005. One of his placards reads "To follow Jesus, reject God."</figcaption></figure> <p>There are different schools of thought among Christian atheists. Thomas Ogletree, Frederick Marquand Professor of Ethics and Religious Studies at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a>, lists these four common beliefs:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ogletree_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogletree-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>the assertion of the unreality of God for our age, including the understandings of God that have been a part of traditional Christian theology;</li> <li>the insistence upon coming to grips with contemporary culture as a necessary feature of responsible theological work;</li> <li>varying degrees and forms of alienation from the church as it is now constituted, and;</li> <li>recognition of the centrality of the person of Jesus in theological reflection.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_approaches">Theological approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theological approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_God_theology">Death of God theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death of God theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God theology</a>, which had brief public prominence in the mid-1960s, refers to a range of views aiming to account for the rise of secularity and emphasizing that God has either ceased to exist or never did. According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Buren" title="Paul van Buren">Paul van Buren</a>, a Death of God theologian, the word <i>God</i> itself is "either meaningless or misleading".<sup id="cite_ref-Ogletree_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogletree-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren contended that it is impossible to think about God and said, "We cannot identify anything which will count for or against the truth of our statements concerning 'God'."<sup id="cite_ref-Ogletree_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogletree-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Christian atheists believe that God never existed, but a few take the death of God literally.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._J._Altizer" title="Thomas J. J. Altizer">Thomas J. J. Altizer</a> spoke of Jesus' death on the cross as a redemptive event that passed the baton to humanity. In <i>The Gospel of Christian Atheism</i>, he stated, "Every man today who is open to experience knows that God is absent, but only the Christian knows that God is dead, that the death of God is a final and irrevocable event and that God's death has actualized in our history a new and liberated humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-Gospel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gospel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some death of God theologians favor separation from the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>. Altizer stated that "the radical Christian believes that the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> tradition has ceased to be Christian" and indeed that faith "can never identify itself with an ecclesiastical tradition or with a given doctrinal or ritual form."<sup id="cite_ref-Gospel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gospel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, he believed orthodox Christianity failed in rejecting modern culture and contemporary theology, and that it should instead seek the sacred by embracing the radical profanity of the modern age.<sup id="cite_ref-Ham_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ham-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altizer saw God as the enemy of man because mankind could never reach its fullest potential while God existed – and to cling to God was "to evade the human situation of our century and to renounce the inevitable suffering which is its lot."<sup id="cite_ref-Gospel_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gospel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmodern_theology">Postmodern theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postmodern theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Postmodern theology</a> emphasizes that God, or the idea of God, is subject to human interpretation. It is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Deconstructionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deconstructionists">deconstructionists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_idealist" class="mw-redirect" title="German idealist">German idealist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian existentialists">Christian existentialists</a> including <a href="/wiki/Soren_Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Soren Kierkegaard">Soren Kierkegaard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a>, and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Caputo" class="mw-redirect" title="John Caputo">John Caputo</a>, a leading figure in postmodern theology, advocates "weak theology," which denies the existence of a supernatural, powerful God that reigns over the world in favor of a God that represents the call for people to embrace "unconditionals" such as justice, hospitality, and forgiveness. These unconditionals are never fully reachable or even conceivable. Accordingly, Caputo says, "God doesn't exist; God insists," and "the existence of our response is the only way the insistence of the call acquires existence or makes an appearance in the world." Caputo, who distances himself from death of God theology, asserts that atheism is the beginning of theology rather than the point of it, as he stresses the role of <a href="/wiki/Theopoetics" title="Theopoetics">theopoetics</a> in which people respond to the call of "God" through things such as metaphors, narratives, songs, poems, and parables rather than propositions and arguments. Caputo accepts the postmodern label but also uses the terms "radical theology," <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-theism" title="Post-theism">post-theism</a>. He identifies with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Don_Cupitt" title="Don Cupitt">Don Cupitt</a> pioneered Christian non-realism, which rejects a "realistic ontology, the notion that there is something out there prior to and independent of our language and theories, and against which they can be checked."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cupitt came to associate with <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> over time and advocates for "solar living" that says religion can offer a moral philosophy suited to our times, rooted in both cosmology and secular culture, and, like the sun, "simply is its own outpouring of self-expression."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_theologies">Other theologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other theologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosopher and cultural theorist <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> says, "The only way to be an atheist is through Christianity." He claims traditional atheism does not go far enough: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Christianity is much more atheist than the usual atheism, which can claim there is no God and so on, but nonetheless retains a certain trust into the Big Other. This Big Other can be called natural necessity, evolution, or whatever. We humans are nonetheless reduced to a position within the harmonious whole of evolution, whatever, but the difficult thing to accept is again that there is no Big Other, no point of reference which guarantees meaning.</p></blockquote> <p>According to Žižek, the idea of Jesus' death on the cross addresses this tension by serving as an act of love and a "resolution of radical anxiety." Indeed, Žižek says that Jesus himself became an atheist on the cross when crying out, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" (Mark 15:34)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rollins" title="Peter Rollins">Peter Rollins</a> says the distinction between theology and atheism is "artificial," and he extols the "profoundly theological dimensions of atheism and the deeply atheistic dimensions of theology."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rollins says that "when you take Christianity seriously," the belief in a metaphysical God "of necessity goes."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rollins instead advocates pyrotheology: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pyrotheology involves a deep critique of any religious/ideological system that promises an escape from doubt and anxiety.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Pyrotheology helps to transform the doubts and difficulties of daily life into a fuel that ignites a journey into the depth and density of life. Pyrotheology offers an incendiary understanding of faith that has nothing to do with the tired debates between theists and atheists. It uncovers how faith helps us resolutely confront our brokenness, joyfully embrace unknowing, and courageously face the difficulties of life.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dealing_with_culture">Dealing with culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dealing with culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theologians including Altizer and Colin Lyas, a philosophy lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>, have written about religion's place in a scientific, empirical culture. In Altizer's words, "[n]o longer can faith and the world exist in mutual isolation<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] the radical Christian condemns all forms of faith that are disengaged with the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Gospel_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gospel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adds that mankind's response to atheism should be one of "acceptance and affirmation".<sup id="cite_ref-Gospel_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gospel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyas writes, "Christian atheists are united also in the belief that any satisfactory answer to these problems must be an answer that will make life tolerable in this world, here and now and which will direct attention to the social and other problems of this life."<sup id="cite_ref-Lyas_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centrality_of_Jesus">Centrality of Jesus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Centrality of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg/170px-Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg/255px-Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg/340px-Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1471" /></a><figcaption>6th-century <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a> at <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></div> <p>Although Jesus is still a central feature of Christian atheism, Hamilton said that to the Christian atheist, Jesus as a historical or supernatural figure is not the foundation of faith; instead, Jesus is a "place to be, a standpoint".<sup id="cite_ref-Ham_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ham-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Christian atheists look to Jesus as an example of what a Christian should be, but they do not see him as God, nor as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>; merely as an influential <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>. Hamilton wrote that following Jesus means being "alongside the neighbor, being for him",<sup id="cite_ref-Ham_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ham-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that to follow Jesus means to be human, to help other humans, and to further humankind. Other Christian atheists such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Altizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Altizer">Thomas Altizer</a> preserve the divinity of Jesus, arguing that through him God negates God's transcendence of being. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_denomination">By denomination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By denomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of Americans who do not believe in God, 5% identified as Catholic, while 9% identified as Protestant and other Christian, according to the 2007 Pew Religious Landscape survey.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of Americans who identify as unaffiliated, including atheists and agnostics, 41% were raised Protestant and 28% were raised Catholic, according to the 2014 Pew Religious Landscape survey.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Netherlands, 42% of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (PKN) are <a href="/wiki/Nontheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontheists">nontheists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nederland'_2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nederland'_2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-belief among clergymen is not always seen as a problem. Some follow the tradition of "Christian non-realism", most famously expounded in the United Kingdom by <a href="/wiki/Don_Cupitt" title="Don Cupitt">Don Cupitt</a> in the 1980s, which holds that God is a symbol or metaphor and that religious language is not matched by a transcendent reality. According to an investigation of 860 pastors in seven Dutch Protestant denominations, 1 in 6 clergy are either agnostic or atheist. In one of those denominations, the <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a>, the number of doubters was 42%.<sup id="cite_ref-PKN-Hendrikse_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKN-Hendrikse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Klaas_Hendrikse" title="Klaas Hendrikse">Klaas Hendrikse</a>, a PKN minister, has called God "a word for experience, or human experience", and said that Jesus may not have existed. Hendrikse gained attention with his 2007 book <i>Believing in a God Who Does Not Exist: Manifesto of An Atheist Pastor</i>, in which he said that it was not necessary to believe in God's existence in order to believe in God. Hendrikse writes: "God is for me not a being but a word for what can happen between people. Someone says to you, for example, 'I will not abandon you', and then makes those words come true. It would be perfectly alright to call that [relationship] God". A General Synod found that clergy and church members widely shared Hendrikse's views. The 2010 decision to allow Hendrikse to continue working as a pastor followed the advice of a regional supervisory panel that Hendrikse's statements "are not of sufficient weight to damage the foundations of the Church. The ideas of Hendrikse are theologically not new, and are in keeping with the liberal tradition that is an integral part of our church", the panel concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-PKN-Hendrikse_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKN-Hendrikse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2003 <a href="/wiki/The_Harris_Poll" title="The Harris Poll">Harris Interactive</a> survey found that 90% of self-identified <a href="/wiki/Protestants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants in the United States">Protestants in the United States</a> believe in God and about 4% believe there is no God.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the WIN-Gallup International Association (WIN/GIA) poll found that Sweden, a majority Christian country, had second highest percentage (76%) of people who call themselves atheist or irreligious, after China.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A substantial portion of Quakers are <a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">nontheist Quakers</a>. Among British Quakers, 14.5% identified as atheists and 43% felt "unable to profess belief in God" in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catholic atheists accept the culture, traditions, rituals and norms of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, but deny the existence of God. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>'s 1930 novel <i><a href="/wiki/San_Manuel_Bueno,_M%C3%A1rtir" title="San Manuel Bueno, Mártir">San Manuel Bueno, Mártir</a></i> depicts Catholic atheism. According to research in 2007, only 27% of Catholics in the Netherlands considered themselves <a href="/wiki/Theist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theist">theist</a>; 55% were <a href="/wiki/Ietsist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ietsist">ietsist</a> or agnostic <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a> and 17% were <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>. Many Dutch people still affiliate with the term <i>Catholic</i> and use it within certain traditions as a basis of their cultural identity, rather than as a religious identity. The vast majority of the Dutch Catholic population is now largely irreligious in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Nederland'_2006_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nederland'_2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Mere_Christianity" title="Mere Christianity">Mere Christianity</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologist">apologist</a> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> objected to Hamilton's version of Christian atheism and the claim that Jesus was merely a moral guide: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am trying here to prevent anyone saying the really foolish thing that people often say about Him: 'I'm ready to accept Jesus as a great moral teacher, but I don't accept his claim to be God.' That is the one thing we must not say. A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic—on the level with the man who says he is a poached egg—or else he would be the Devil of Hell. You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God, or else a madman or something worse. You can shut him up for a fool, you can spit at him and kill him as a demon or you can fall at his feet and call him Lord and God, but let us not come with any patronising nonsense about his being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us. He did not intend to.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Now it seems to me obvious that He was neither a lunatic nor a fiend: and consequently, however strange or terrifying or unlikely it may seem, I have to accept the view that He was and is God.</p></blockquote> <p>Lewis's argument, now known as <a href="/wiki/Lewis%27s_trilemma" title="Lewis's trilemma">Lewis's trilemma</a>, has been criticized for constituting a <a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">false dilemma</a>, since it does not deal with other options such as Jesus being mistaken, misrepresented, or simply <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">mythical</a>. Philosopher John Beversluis argues that Lewis "deprives his readers of numerous alternate interpretations of Jesus that carry with them no such odious implications".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> stated that it is a mere legend the historical Jesus called himself God; this would have been unknown to Lewis since he was never a professional Bible scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Bart_Ehrman_Blog_2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Bart_Ehrman_Blog_2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPR.org_2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR.org_2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theologians_and_philosophers">Theologians and philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theologians and philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._J._Altizer" title="Thomas J. J. Altizer">Thomas J. J. Altizer</a> (1927–2018): American theologian noted for his incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">death of God theology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a> (1942–2015): American <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> scholar, theologian, and leader in <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">progressive Christianity</a> who rejected "supernatural theism" while still embracing God in the form of <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Brown" title="William Montgomery Brown">William Montgomery Brown</a> (1855–1937): American Episcopal bishop, communist author, and atheist activist.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Caputo" title="John D. Caputo">John D. Caputo</a> (born 1940): American philosopher and a leading figure in <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">postmodern theology</a>. He writes, "God doesn't exist; God insists."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a> (born 1934): Irish-American New Testament scholar and former priest who says he is "absolutely" a Christian while not believing in a literal God.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkild_Grosb%C3%B8ll" title="Thorkild Grosbøll">Thorkild Grosbøll</a> (1948–2020): Danish Lutheran priest who announced in 2003 that he did not believe in a higher power, in particular a creating or upholding God. He continued to function as a priest until 2008 when he retired.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a> (born 1954): American writer who argues in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a> and identifies as a Christian atheist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rollins" title="Peter Rollins">Peter Rollins</a> (born 1973): Northern Irish theologian who advocates "pyrotheology," which posits faith as a way of engaging with the world rather than a set of beliefs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a> (1863–1952): Spanish-American philosopher, writer, and novelist. Although a life-long atheist, he held Spanish Catholic culture in deep regard.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would describe himself as an "aesthetic Catholic."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Schaeffer" title="Frank Schaeffer">Frank Schaeffer</a>, son of theologian <a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Francis Schaeffer</a> describes himself as "an atheist who believes in God."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong" title="John Shelby Spong">John Shelby Spong</a> (1931–2021): American Episcopal bishop and theologian who offered "Twelve Theses" to renew Christianity, the first of which is that "[t]heism, as a way of defining God, is dead. So most theological God-talk is today meaningless. A new way to speak of God must be found."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Buren" title="Paul van Buren">Paul van Buren</a> (1924–1998): Episcopal priest, theologian, and author associated with Death of God theology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> (born 1949): Slovenian philosopher who self-identifies as a Christian atheist in the opening line of his book <i><a href="/wiki/Pandemic!:_COVID-19_Shakes_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemic!: COVID-19 Shakes the World">Pandemic!: COVID-19 Shakes the World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_notable_people">Other notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> (born 1954): president of Belarus, who describes himself as "an Orthodox atheist".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubo%C5%A1_Motl" title="Luboš Motl">Luboš Motl</a> (born 1973): Czech theoretical physicist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Douglas Murray</a> (born 1979): British author, journalist, and political commentator. He is a former <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> who believes Christianity to be an important influence on British and European culture.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a> (1829–1894): Russian <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>. Although he was raised as a Christian, Rubinstein later became a Christian atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Savage" title="Dan Savage">Dan Savage</a> (born 1964): American author, media <a href="/wiki/Pundit_(expert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundit (expert)">pundit</a>, journalist, and activist for the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT community</a>. While he has stated that he is now an atheist,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also said that he still identifies as "culturally Catholic".<sup id="cite_ref-After_Elton_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-After_Elton-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a> (born 1978): American <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> personality, says that he is an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but described himself as a "cultural Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tompkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Tompkins">Andrew Tompkins</a>, lead singer and bassist of the Australian Christian-themed <a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Paramaecium" title="Paramaecium">Paramaecium</a>. Tompkins responded to questions of his faith by stating "...As to whether I'm a practicing Christian, I usually tell people I'm a practicing Christian but not a believing Christian."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretta_Vosper" title="Gretta Vosper">Gretta Vosper</a> (born 1958): <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a> minister who is an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_Wolniewicz" title="Bogusław Wolniewicz">Bogusław Wolniewicz</a> (1927–2017): Polish right-wing philosopher, who called himself as a "Roman Catholic nonbeliever".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asimov%27s_Guide_to_the_Bible" title="Asimov's Guide to the Bible">Asimov's Guide to the Bible</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Christianity" title="Atheism in Christianity">Atheism in Christianity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_agnosticism" title="Christian agnosticism">Christian agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demythologization" title="Demythologization">Demythologization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Geering" title="Lloyd Geering">Lloyd Geering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-Building" title="God-Building">God-Building</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">Jefferson Bible</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism_and_Christianity" title="Materialism and Christianity">Materialism and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a> (previously titled here "Nontheist Friends")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postchristianity" title="Postchristianity">Postchristianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jensen" title="Robert Jensen">Robert Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Faith" title="Sea of Faith">Sea of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOgletree" class="citation web cs1">Ogletree, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religiousstudies.yale.edu/people/thomas-ogletree">"professor at Yale University"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Abingdon Press, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyas-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyas_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyas_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyas, Colin. "On the Coherence of Christian Atheism." <i>The Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy</i> 45(171): 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gospel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gospel_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gospel_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gospel_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gospel_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gospel_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Altizer, Thomas J. J. <i>The Gospel of Christian Atheism</i>. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ham-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ham_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ham_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ham_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Altizer, Thomas J. J. and William Hamilton. <i>Radical Theology and The Death of God</i>. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caputo, John (2015).<i>The Folly of God: A Theology of the Unconditional</i>. Salem, OR: Polebridge Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keller, John. "Theological Anti-Realism," <i>Journal of Analytic Theology</i>, Vol. 2, May 2014, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Ian. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odt.co.nz/opinion/solar-living-offers-better-approach-new-year-resolutions">'Solar living' offers a better approach to new year resolutions</a>". <i>Otago Daily Times</i>, January 11, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiennes, Sophie (Director). <i>The Pervert's Guide to Ideology</i> (Motion Picture). United Kingdom, 2012: P Guide Productions, Zeitgeist Films.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peterrollins.com/atheism-for-lent">"Atheism for Lent Welcome (2020)"</a>. <i>PETER ROLLINS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 28, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Rollins personal website: peterrollins.com, retrieved September 17, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/07/atheists.gif">https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/07/atheists.gif</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this image file is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL image file</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/05/PR_15.05.12_RLS_chapter2-05.png">https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/05/PR_15.05.12_RLS_chapter2-05.png</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this image file is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL image file</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/05/12/chapter-2-religious-switching-and-intermarriage/">"Chapter 2: Religious Switching and Intermarriage"</a>. 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December 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studying+Islam+has+made+me+an+atheist&rft.date=2008-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2F3194231%2Fstudying-islam-has-made-me-an-atheist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XpEjVlPFrs">"This House Believes Religion Has No Place In The 21st Century"</a>. The Cambridge Union Society. January 31, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/-XpEjVlPFrs">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=This+House+Believes+Religion+Has+No+Place+In+The+21st+Century&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-XpEjVlPFrs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115002/https://samharris.org/podcasts/on-the-maintenance-of-civilization//">"On the Maintenance of Civilization"</a>. November 22, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samharris.org/podcast/item/on-the-maintenance-of-civilization/">the original</a> on October 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Maintenance+of+Civilization&rft.date=2015-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fpodcast%2Fitem%2Fon-the-maintenance-of-civilization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2017" class="citation news cs1">Holloway, Richard (May 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507110217/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08pgz87">"Sunday Morning With..."</a> BBC Radio Scotland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08pgz87">the original</a> on May 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sunday+Morning+With...&rft.date=2017-05-07&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb08pgz87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXcN3IBMyYk">Alt URL</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2003">Taylor</a>, 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If Osama bin Laden were in charge, he would slit my throat; my God, I'm an atheist, a hedonist, and a faggot." <i>Skipping Towards Gomorrah: The Seven Deadly Sins and the Pursuit of Happiness in America</i> Dan Savage, Plume, 2002, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-After_Elton-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-After_Elton_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson-Minshall,_Diane2005" class="citation web cs1">Anderson-Minshall, Diane (September 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afterelton.com/archive/elton/print/2005/9/dansavage.html">"Interview with Dan Savage"</a>. AfterElton.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Dan+Savage&rft.pub=AfterElton.com&rft.date=2005-09-13&rft.au=Anderson-Minshall%2C+Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afterelton.com%2Farchive%2Felton%2Fprint%2F2005%2F9%2Fdansavage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527031424/http://altright.com/2017/01/23/the-alt-right-and-secular-humanism/">"The Alt Right and Secular Humanism"</a>. <i>AltRight.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altright.com/2017/01/23/the-alt-right-and-secular-humanism/">the original</a> on May 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>. <q>McAfee: Are you religious? Do you support the Separation of Church and State? Spencer: I'm an atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AltRight.com&rft.atitle=The+Alt+Right+and+Secular+Humanism&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altright.com%2F2017%2F01%2F23%2Fthe-alt-right-and-secular-humanism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2016" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Richard (November 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yr5BQS79H7g&t=8m9s">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We're Not Going Anywhere:' Watch Roland Martin Challenge White Nationalist Richard Spencer"</a>. <i>YouTube.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/yr5BQS79H7g">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Martin: Are you a Christian? Spencer: I'm an cultural Christian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube.com&rft.atitle=%27We%27re+Not+Going+Anywhere%3A%27+Watch+Roland+Martin+Challenge+White+Nationalist+Richard+Spencer&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dyr5BQS79H7g%26t%3D8m9s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vibrationsofdoom.com/issues/doom55.htm#paramaecium">"Paramaecium"</a>. Vibrations of Doom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paramaecium&rft.pub=Vibrations+of+Doom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvibrationsofdoom.com%2Fissues%2Fdoom55.htm%23paramaecium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew-Gee2015" class="citation news cs1">Andrew-Gee, Eric (March 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/03/16/atheist-minister-praises-the-glory-of-good-at-scarborough-church.html">"Atheist minister praises the glory of good at Scarborough church"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. <q>Vosper herself is a bit heterodox on the question of Christ. Asked if she believes that Jesus was the son of God, she said, 'I don't think Jesus <i>was.</i> ' That is, she doesn't think He existed at all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Atheist+minister+praises+the+glory+of+good+at+Scarborough+church&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.aulast=Andrew-Gee&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2015%2F03%2F16%2Fatheist-minister-praises-the-glory-of-good-at-scarborough-church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.A.2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">S.A., Wirtualna Polska Media (February 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/radio-maryja-znow-skrytykowane-za-antysemityzm-6036283806704769a">"Radio Maryja znów skrytykowane za antysemityzm"</a>. <i>wiadomosci.wp.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=wiadomosci.wp.pl&rft.atitle=Radio+Maryja+zn%C3%B3w+skrytykowane+za+antysemityzm&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft.aulast=S.A.&rft.aufirst=Wirtualna+Polska+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.wp.pl%2Fradio-maryja-znow-skrytykowane-za-antysemityzm-6036283806704769a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoury1910" class="citation book cs1">Soury, M. Joles (1910). <i>Un athée catholique</i>. E. Vitte. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001BQPY7G">B001BQPY7G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+ath%C3%A9e+catholique&rft.pub=E.+Vitte&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001BQPY7G%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Soury&rft.aufirst=M.+Joles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltizer2002" class="citation book cs1">Altizer, Thomas J. J. (2002). <i>The New Gospel of Christian Atheism</i>. The Davies Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888570-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-888570-65-2"><bdi>1-888570-65-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Gospel+of+Christian+Atheism&rft.pub=The+Davies+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-888570-65-2&rft.aulast=Altizer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hamilton, William, <i>A Quest for the Post-Historical Jesus</i>, (London, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1994). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0641-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0641-5">978-0-8264-0641-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennettLaScola2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dennett, Daniel; LaScola, Linda (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/dennett/papers/Preachers_who_are_not_believers.pdf">"Preachers Who Are Not Believers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Evolutionary Psychology</i>. <b>1</b> (8): 122–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147470491000800113">10.1177/147470491000800113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10426861">10426861</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22947786">22947786</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Psychology&rft.atitle=Preachers+Who+Are+Not+Believers&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=122-150&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10426861%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22947786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F147470491000800113&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=LaScola%2C+Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fase.tufts.edu%2Fcogstud%2Fdennett%2Fpapers%2FPreachers_who_are_not_believers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+atheism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_atheism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christian_atheism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atheists-for-jesus.com/">Atheists for Jesus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220001331/http://www.atheists-for-jesus.com/">Archived</a> 2020-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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