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<ul id="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dating</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dating-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dating subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-586_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#586_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>586 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-586_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-587_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#587_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>587 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-587_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archeological evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archeological_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archeological evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrounding_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrounding_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Surrounding areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrounding_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="حصار البابليون للقدس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار البابليون للقدس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7_(%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AD_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC)" title="জেরুসালেম অবরোধ (৫৮৭ খ্রিস্টপূর্ব) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেরুসালেম অবরোধ (৫৮৭ খ্রিস্টপূর্ব)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroberung_von_Jerusalem_(587/586_v._Chr.)" title="Eroberung von Jerusalem (587/586 v. Chr.) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eroberung von Jerusalem (587/586 v. Chr.)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BC_(587_%CF%80.%CE%A7.)" title="Πολιορκία της Ιερουσαλήμ (587 π.Χ.) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιορκία της Ιερουσαλήμ (587 π.Χ.)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asedio_de_Jerusal%C3%A9n_(587_a._C.)" title="Asedio de Jerusalén (587 a. C.) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asedio de Jerusalén (587 a. C.)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemgo_setioa_(k.a._587)" title="Jerusalemgo setioa (k.a. 587) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jerusalemgo setioa (k.a. 587)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_(%DB%B5%DB%B8%DB%B7_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="محاصره اورشلیم (۵۸۷ قبل از میلاد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره اورشلیم (۵۸۷ قبل از میلاد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_(587/586_av._J.-C.)" title="Siège de Jérusalem (587/586 av. J.-C.) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Jérusalem (587/586 av. J.-C.)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Yerusalem_(587_SM)" title="Pengepungan Yerusalem (587 SM) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Yerusalem (587 SM)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Gerusalemme_(587_a.C.)" title="Assedio di Gerusalemme (587 a.C.) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Gerusalemme (587 a.C.)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_(588_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%22%D7%A1)" title="המצור על ירושלים (588 לפנה"ס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור על ירושלים (588 לפנה"ס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_(587_%D0%BF.%D0%BD.%D0%B5.)" title="Опсада на Ерусалим (587 п.н.е.) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опсада на Ерусалим (587 п.н.е.)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Baitulmuqaddis_(587_SM)" title="Pengepungan Baitulmuqaddis (587 SM) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengepungan Baitulmuqaddis (587 SM)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Jeruzalem_(587_v.Chr.)" title="Beleg van Jeruzalem (587 v.Chr.) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beleg van Jeruzalem (587 v.Chr.)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%81_%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%85_(587_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD)" title="محاصرہ یروشلم (587 قبل مسیح) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محاصرہ یروشلم (587 قبل مسیح)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdobycie_Jerozolimy_przez_Babilo%C5%84czyk%C3%B3w_(587_p.n.e.)" title="Zdobycie Jerozolimy przez Babilończyków (587 p.n.e.) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zdobycie Jerozolimy przez Babilończyków (587 p.n.e.)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Jerusal%C3%A9m_(587_a.C.)" title="Cerco de Jerusalém (587 a.C.) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Jerusalém (587 a.C.)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Jerusalima_(587._pne.)" title="Opsada Jerusalima (587. pne.) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opsada Jerusalima (587. pne.)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A4gringen_av_Jerusalem_(587_f.Kr.)" title="Belägringen av Jerusalem (587 f.Kr.) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belägringen av Jerusalem (587 f.Kr.)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81_587)" title="எருசலேம் முற்றுகை (கிமு 587) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எருசலேம் முற்றுகை (கிமு 587)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kud%C3%BCs_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1_(M%C3%96_587)" title="Kudüs Kuşatması (MÖ 587) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kudüs Kuşatması (MÖ 587)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%81_%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%85_(587_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD)" title="محاصرہ یروشلم (587 قبل مسیح) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محاصرہ یروشلم (587 قبل مسیح)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1290590#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&params=31.783_N_35.217_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°13′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.783°N 35.217°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.783; 35.217</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Babylonian siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the siege that occurred in 589–587 BC. Not to be confused with Nebuchadnezzar II's earlier <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege of Jerusalem (disambiguation)">Siege of Jerusalem</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Jerusalem</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Babylonian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish–Babylonian War">Jewish–Babylonian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_art_Bible,_comprising_the_Old_and_new_Testaments_-_with_numerous_illustrations_(1896)_(14783032815).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_art_Bible%2C_comprising_the_Old_and_new_Testaments_-_with_numerous_illustrations_%281896%29_%2814783032815%29.jpg/300px-The_art_Bible%2C_comprising_the_Old_and_new_Testaments_-_with_numerous_illustrations_%281896%29_%2814783032815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_art_Bible%2C_comprising_the_Old_and_new_Testaments_-_with_numerous_illustrations_%281896%29_%2814783032815%29.jpg/450px-The_art_Bible%2C_comprising_the_Old_and_new_Testaments_-_with_numerous_illustrations_%281896%29_%2814783032815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_art_Bible%2C_comprising_the_Old_and_new_Testaments_-_with_numerous_illustrations_%281896%29_%2814783032815%29.jpg/600px-The_art_Bible%2C_comprising_the_Old_and_new_Testaments_-_with_numerous_illustrations_%281896%29_%2814783032815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1374" /></a></span><br />Jerusalem is on fire (The Art Bible, 1896)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>589–587 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Judah</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Babylonian victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>Destruction of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li>Destruction of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Judeans</a> exiled to Babylon; beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Judah becomes a <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian province</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Many slain, 4,200 others taken to captivity</td><td 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jerusalem" title="Category:Jerusalem">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/200px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/300px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/400px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">History</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538 BCE–70 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 130–325 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Byzantine_period" title="Jerusalem during the Byzantine period">Byzantine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 325–638 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Early_Muslim_period" title="History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period">Early Muslim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Jerusalem" title="Medieval Jerusalem">Late Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1187–1517</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Ottoman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1517–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Modern period <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sieges</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Before Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">701 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">597 BCE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">587 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">63 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">37 BCE</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">1099</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">1187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1834)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1834)">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">1948</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Jerusalem" title="List of places in Jerusalem">Places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Jerusalem" title="Synagogues of Jerusalem">Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Jerusalem" title="List of mosques in Jerusalem">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Biblical Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lazarus" title="Tomb of Lazarus">Tomb of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_University" title="Al-Quds University">Al-Quds University</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jerusalem" title="List of people from Jerusalem">People</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem" title="Demographic history of Jerusalem">Demographic history</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jerusalem" title="Mayor of Jerusalem">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem" title="Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem">Chief Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">Crusader kings</a></li></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Political status</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">Religious significance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization_of_Jerusalem" title="Judaization of Jerusalem">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Jerusalem" title="Islamization of Jerusalem">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">US recognition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Jerusalem" title="Names of Jerusalem">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Jerusalem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Municipality" title="Jerusalem Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Jerusalem" title="Greater Jerusalem">Greater Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Line_(Jerusalem)" title="City Line (Jerusalem)">City Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jerusalem" title="Transport in Jerusalem">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Jerusalem" title="List of songs about Jerusalem">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Jerusalem" title="Cartography of Jerusalem">Historical maps</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_Nabuchodonosor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_Nabuchodonosor.jpg/220px-Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_Nabuchodonosor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_Nabuchodonosor.jpg/330px-Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_Nabuchodonosor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_Nabuchodonosor.jpg/440px-Prise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_par_Nabuchodonosor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians, from the Nuremberg Chronicle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>siege of Jerusalem</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 589–587 BC) was the final event of the <a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judahite revolts against Babylon</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, besieged <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>. Jerusalem fell after a 30-month siege, following which the Babylonians systematically destroyed the city and <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Judah was dissolved and many of its inhabitants <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exiled to Babylon</a>. </p><p>During the late 7th century BC, Judah became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal kingdom</a> of Babylon. In 601 BC, <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>, king of Judah, revolted against Babylonian rule despite the strong remonstrances of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jehoiakim died for reasons unclear, and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 597 BC, the Babylonians <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">besieged Jerusalem</a>, and the city surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nebuchadnezzar pillaged Jerusalem and deported Jeconiah and other prominent citizens to Babylon; Jeconiah's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a>, was installed as king.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, encouraged by the Egyptians, Zedekiah launched a second revolt, and a Babylonian army was sent to retake Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, July 587 or 586 BC, the Babylonians took Jerusalem, destroyed the First Temple and burned down the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small settlements surrounding the city, and those close to the western border of the kingdom, were destroyed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Bible, Zedekiah attempted to escape, but was captured near <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a>. He was forced to watch the execution of his sons in <a href="/wiki/Riblah" title="Riblah">Riblah</a>, and his eyes were then put out.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The destruction of Jerusalem and its temple led to a religious, spiritual and political crisis, which left its mark in prophetic literature and biblical tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Judah was abolished and <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">annexed as a Babylonian province</a> with its center in <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Judean elite, including the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic dynasty</a>, were exiled to Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Babylon had fallen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Achaemenid Empire</a>, in 539 BC, he allowed the exiled Judeans to <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return to Zion</a> and rebuild Jerusalem. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> was completed in 516 BC. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_Chronicle" title="Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle">Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle</a> provides information about the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC</a>, the only known records of the siege that culminated in Jerusalem's destruction in 587 BC are found in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_story_of_the_greatest_nations;_a_comprehensive_history,_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present,_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities,_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_(14596663597).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_story_of_the_greatest_nations%3B_a_comprehensive_history%2C_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present%2C_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities%2C_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_%2814596663597%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_story_of_the_greatest_nations%3B_a_comprehensive_history%2C_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present%2C_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities%2C_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_%2814596663597%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_story_of_the_greatest_nations%3B_a_comprehensive_history%2C_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present%2C_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities%2C_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_%2814596663597%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>The Jews are led away into prison in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. The city is on fire, and the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> is taken. Wood engraving after the original painting by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bendemann" title="Eduard Bendemann">Eduard Bendemann</a> (1872)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 601 BC, during the fourth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar II unsuccessfully attempted to invade <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and was repulsed with heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure led to numerous rebellions among the Kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> which owed allegiance to Babylon, including the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, where King <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a> stopped paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar II and took a pro-Egyptian position. </p><p>In 597 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">siege to Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jehoiakim died during the siege and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> at an age of either eight or eighteen. The city fell about three months later, on 2 <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> (March 16) 597 BC. Nebuchadnezzar II pillaged both Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">Temple</a> and carted all of his spoils to Babylon. <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> and his court and other prominent citizens and craftsmen, along with a sizable portion of the Jewish population of Judah; According to the Book of Kings, about 10,000 were deported from the land and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">dispersed</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nebuchadnezzar II installed Jeconiah's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal</a> king of Judah, at the age of 21.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite the strong remonstrances of <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> and others, Zedekiah revolted against Nebuchadnezzar II by ceasing to pay tribute to him and entered an alliance with Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Hophra</a>. Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Judah, aiming to capture Jerusalem (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#1">2 Kings 25:1</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege">Siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nebuchadnezzar began a siege of Jerusalem in January 589 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jews fled to surrounding <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> and other kingdoms to seek refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bible describes the city as enduring horrible deprivation during the siege (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#3">2 Kings 25:3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3204.htm#4">Lamentations 4:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3205.htm#1">5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3209.htm#1">9</a>). The city fell after a siege, which lasted either eighteen or thirty months.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eleventh year of Zedekiah's reign (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#2">2 Kings 25:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1139.htm#2">Jeremiah 39:2</a>), Nebuchadnezzar broke through Jerusalem's walls, conquering the city. Zedekiah and his followers attempted to escape but were captured on the plains of <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> and taken to <a href="/wiki/Riblah" title="Riblah">Riblah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Zedekiah's followers, including his own sons, were executed. After being forced to watch their executions, Zedekiah had his eyes gouged out and was taken captive to Babylon (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#1">2 Kings 25:1–7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b36.htm#12">2 Chronicles 36:12</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1132.htm#4">Jeremiah 32:4–5</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1134.htm#2">34:2–3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1139.htm#1">39:1–7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#4">52:4–11</a>), where he remained a prisoner until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Bible, following the fall of Jerusalem, the Babylonian general <a href="/wiki/Nebuzaradan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuzaradan">Nebuzaradan</a> was sent to complete its destruction. The city and <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> were plundered and destroyed, and most of the Judeans were taken by Nebuzaradan into <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">captivity in Babylon</a>, with only a few people permitted to remain to tend to the land (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#16">Jeremiah 52:16</a>). Archaeological evidence confirms that the city was systematically destroyed by fire.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeological evidence also indicates that towns close to the kingdom's western border and small villages in Jerusalem's near vicinity were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a>, a Judean, was made governor of the remnant of Judah, the <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud Province</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> guard stationed at <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#22">2 Kings 25:22–24</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1140.htm#6">Jeremiah 40:6–8</a>). The Bible reports that, on hearing this news, Jews who had fled to <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, and in other countries returned to Judah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1140.htm#11">Jeremiah 40:11–12</a>). Gedaliah was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_son_of_Nethaniah" title="Ishmael son of Nethaniah">Ishmael son of Nethaniah</a> two months later, and the population that had remained and those who had returned then fled to Egypt for safety (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#25">2 Kings 25:25–26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1143.htm#5">Jeremiah 43:5–7</a>). In Egypt, they settled in <a href="/wiki/Migdol" title="Migdol">Migdol</a> (it is uncertain where the Bible is referring to here, probably somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> (called Noph), and <a href="/wiki/Pathros" title="Pathros">Pathros</a> in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1144.htm#1">Jeremiah 44:1</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Chronological_notes"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah#Synchronism_to_Gregorian_dating" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah § Synchronism to Gregorian dating</a></div> <p>There has been some debate as to when Nebuchadnezzar's second siege of Jerusalem took place. According to the Hebrew Bible, the city fell in the fourth month of Zedekiah's eleventh year. It is agreed that Jerusalem fell the second time in the summer month of <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a> (as recorded in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#6">Jeremiah 52:6</a>). However, scholars disagree as to whether this dates to 586 BC or 587 BC. <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> dated the end of Zedekiah's reign and the fall of Jerusalem to 587 BC whereas <a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._Thiele" title="Edwin R. Thiele">Edwin R. Thiele</a> offered 586 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Rodger Young published an analysis in which he identified 587 BC for the end of the siege, based on details from the Bible and neo-Babylonian sources for related events.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="586_BC">586 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 586 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_cuneiform_inscription_highlights_the_conquest_of_Jerusalem_and_the_surrender_of_Jehoiakim,_king_of_Judah,_in_597_BCE._From_Babylon,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_cuneiform_inscription_highlights_the_conquest_of_Jerusalem_and_the_surrender_of_Jehoiakim%2C_king_of_Judah%2C_in_597_BCE._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-The_cuneiform_inscription_highlights_the_conquest_of_Jerusalem_and_the_surrender_of_Jehoiakim%2C_king_of_Judah%2C_in_597_BCE._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_cuneiform_inscription_highlights_the_conquest_of_Jerusalem_and_the_surrender_of_Jehoiakim%2C_king_of_Judah%2C_in_597_BCE._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-The_cuneiform_inscription_highlights_the_conquest_of_Jerusalem_and_the_surrender_of_Jehoiakim%2C_king_of_Judah%2C_in_597_BCE._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_cuneiform_inscription_highlights_the_conquest_of_Jerusalem_and_the_surrender_of_Jehoiakim%2C_king_of_Judah%2C_in_597_BCE._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-The_cuneiform_inscription_highlights_the_conquest_of_Jerusalem_and_the_surrender_of_Jehoiakim%2C_king_of_Judah%2C_in_597_BCE._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2749" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The inscription on <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_Chronicle" title="Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle">this clay tablet</a> highlights the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">conquest of Jerusalem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> and the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a> in 597 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Thiele's reckoning is based on the presentation of Zedekiah's reign on an accession basis, which he asserts was occasionally used for the kings of Judah. In that case, the year that Zedekiah came to the throne would be his <i>zero</i>th year; his first full year would be 597/596 BC, and his eleventh year, the year that Jerusalem fell, would be 587/586 BC. Since Judah's regnal years were counted from <a href="/wiki/Tishri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tishri">Tishri</a> in autumn, that would place the end of his reign and the capture of Jerusalem in the summer of 586 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="587_BC">587 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 587 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_Chronicle" title="Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle">Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle</a> (BM 21946), published in 1956, indicates that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem the first time putting an end to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jehoaichin</a>, on 2 <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> (16 March) 597 BC, in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#28">Jeremiah 52:28–29</a> gives the relative periods for the end of the two sieges as Nebuchadnezzar's seventh and eighteenth years, respectively. (The same events are described at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b24.htm#12">2 Kings 24:12</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#8">2 Kings 25:8</a> as occurring in Nebuchadnezzar's eighth and nineteenth years, including his accession year.) Identification of Nebuchadnezzar's eighteenth year for the end of the siege places the event in the summer of 587 BC, which is consistent with all three relevant biblical sources—Jeremiah, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, and 2 Kings.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archeological_evidence">Archeological evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archeological evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological evidence supports the biblical account that Jerusalem was destroyed in 587 or 586 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological research has shown that the Babylonians systematically destroyed the city with fire and that the city wall was pulled down.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remains of three residential structures excavated in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a> (the Burnt Room, House of Ahiel, and House of Bullae) contain burned wooden beams from a fire started by the Babylonians in 586 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ash and burnt wood beams were also discovered at several structures in the <a href="/wiki/Givati_Parking_Lot" class="mw-redirect" title="Givati Parking Lot">Givati Parking Lot</a>, which were attributed by the archeologists to the destruction of the city in 586 BC. Arrowheads of the socketed bronze trilobate type, associated with the destruction of cities in the Assyrian heartland by the Babylonians and the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, likewise first appear in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> in the burnt layers associated with Nebuchadnezzar II's destruction of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samples of soil and fragments of a plaster floor recovered from one of the structures indicate that it was exposed to a temperature of at least 600°C.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of wine jars were found to contain remains of <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, indicating that the spice was used by the Jerusalemite elite before destruction of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrounding_areas">Surrounding areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Surrounding areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological investigations and surveys have also revealed that, about the time the Babylonians came to besiege Jerusalem, the majority of towns surrounding Jerusalem and along the kingdom's western frontier were also completely destroyed. However, it is unclear if the array of outlying communities to the east and south of the kingdom were destroyed at that time or if it was a continuous process that occurred after the collapse of the administrative structure of the kingdom and the loss of its military force.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, located in the northern <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judean hill country</a> was mostly unaffected by the invasion and became the center of the Babylonian province of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a> as its administrative center.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44509358"><i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i></a>. New York: Free Press. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4"><bdi>978-0-684-86912-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44509358">44509358</a>. <q>Intensive excavations throughout Jerusalem have shown that the city was indeed systematically destroyed by the Babylonians. The conflagration seems to have been general. When activity on the ridge of the City of David resumed in the Persian period, the-new suburbs on the western hill that had flourished since at least the time of Hezekiah were not reoccupied.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44509358&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86912-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44509358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerman2007" class="citation book cs1">Bickerman, E. J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789047420729/Bej.9789004152946.i-1242_044.xml"><i>Nebuchadnezzar And Jerusalem</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2072-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2072-9"><bdi>978-90-474-2072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nebuchadnezzar+And+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2072-9&rft.aulast=Bickerman&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789047420729%2FBej.9789004152946.i-1242_044.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malamat, A. (1975, January). The twilight of Judah: in the Egyptian-Babylonian maelstrom. In <i>Congress Volume Edinburgh 1974</i> (pp. 123–145). Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmit1994" class="citation journal cs1">Smit, E. J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA10318471_285">"So how did Jehoiakim die?"</a>. <i>Journal for Semitics</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 46–56. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520%2FAJA10318471_285">10520/AJA10318471_285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Semitics&rft.atitle=So+how+did+Jehoiakim+die%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-56&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10520%2FAJA10318471_285&rft.aulast=Smit&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.10520%2FAJA10318471_285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegg1996" class="citation journal cs1">Begg, C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/AJA10318471_366">"The end of King Jehoiakim: the afterlife of a problem"</a>. <i>Journal for Semitics</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 12–20. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520%2FAJA10318471_366">10520/AJA10318471_366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Semitics&rft.atitle=The+end+of+King+Jehoiakim%3A+the+afterlife+of+a+problem&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-20&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10520%2FAJA10318471_366&rft.aulast=Begg&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2F10.10520%2FAJA10318471_366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Wigoder, <i>The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible</i> Pub. by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>, ed. by Michael D Coogan. Published by Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lipschits, Oded (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.155">"The History of the Benjamin Region under Babylonian Rule"</a>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 155–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftav.1999.1999.2.155">10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.155</a>. <q>The destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians (586 B.C.) is the most traumatic event described in biblical historiography, and in its shadow the history of the people of Israel was reshaped. The harsh impression of the destruction left its mark on the prophetic literature also, and particular force is retained in the laments over the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in its midst. [...] most of Judah's inhabitants remained there after the destruction of Jerusalem. They concentrated chiefly in the Benjamin region and the northern Judean hill country. This area was hardly affected by the destruction, and became the centre of the Babylonian province with its capital at Mizpah. [...] The archaeological data reinforce the biblical account, and they indicate that Jerusalem and its close environs suffered a severe blow. Most of the small settlements near the city were destroyed, the city wall was demolished, and the buildings within were put to the torch. Excavation and survey data show that the western border of the kingdom also sustained a grave onslaught, seemingly at the time when the Babylonians went to besiege Jerusalem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Benjamin+Region+under+Babylonian+Rule&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-190&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftav.1999.1999.2.155&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1179%2Ftav.1999.1999.2.155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Christopher1997" class="citation cs2">Smith-Christopher, D. L. (1997-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004497719_008">"Reassessing the Historical and Sociological Impact of the Babylonian Exile"</a>, <i>Exile: Old Testament, Jewish, and Christian Conceptions</i>, Brill, pp. 7–21, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004497719_008">10.1163/9789004497719_008</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244932444">244932444</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exile%3A+Old+Testament%2C+Jewish%2C+and+Christian+Conceptions&rft.atitle=Reassessing+the+Historical+and+Sociological+Impact+of+the+Babylonian+Exile&rft.pages=7-21&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004497719_008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244932444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith-Christopher&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004497719_008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester_L._Grabbe2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester L. Grabbe</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OD0pz1kMm9kC&pg=PA216"><i>Did Moses Speak Attic?: Jewish Historiography and Scripture in the Hellenistic Period</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-155-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-155-2"><bdi>978-1-84127-155-2</bdi></a>. <q>It is so easy to forget that 587 BC is exclusively a biblical date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Moses+Speak+Attic%3F%3A+Jewish+Historiography+and+Scripture+in+the+Hellenistic+Period&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-155-2&rft.au=Lester+L.+Grabbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOD0pz1kMm9kC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Rodger C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcyoung.org/articles/jerusalem.pdf">"When Did Jerusalem Fall?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society</i>: 29. <q>The first date is taken from Ezek 24:1, where it is said that the final siege of Jerusalem began in the tenth month of the "ninth year." ... The tenth month of that year corresponds roughly to January 589 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Evangelical+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=When+Did+Jerusalem+Fall%3F&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Rodger+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcyoung.org%2Farticles%2Fjerusalem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalamat1968" class="citation journal cs1">Malamat, Abraham (1968). "The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Historical – Chronological Study". <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 137–156. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925138">27925138</a>. <q>The discrepancy between the length of the siege according to the regnal years of Zedekiah (years 9–11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (years 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled out only by supposing the former to have been reckoned on a Tishri basis, and the latter on a Nisan basis. The difference of one year between the two is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege fell in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the reckoning in Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th year which was to end only in Tishri.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Last+Kings+of+Judah+and+the+Fall+of+Jerusalem%3A+An+Historical+%E2%80%93+Chronological+Study&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=137-156&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27925138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Malamat&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1140.htm#11">Jeremiah 40:11–12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiele-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Thiele, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Numbers_of_the_Hebrew_Kings" title="The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings">The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings</a></i>, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3825-7">978-0-8254-3825-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3825-7">978-0-8254-3825-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Rodger C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcyoung.org/articles/jerusalem.pdf">"When Did Jerusalem Fall?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society</i>: 21–38. <q>The conclusions from the analysis are as follows. (1) Jerusalem fell in the fourth month (Tammuz) of 587 BC. All sources which bear on the question—Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and 2 Kings—are consistent in dating the event in that year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Evangelical+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=When+Did+Jerusalem+Fall%3F&rft.pages=21-38&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Rodger+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcyoung.org%2Farticles%2Fjerusalem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie McFall, "A Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles," <i>Bibliotheca Sacra</i> 148 (1991) 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">D. J. Wiseman</a>, <i>Chronicles of Chaldean Kings in the British Museum</i> (London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1956) 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2012" class="citation book cs1">Young, Robb Andrew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=autR6tfCb7wC&pg=PA18"><i>Hezekiah in History and Tradition</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 18–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21608-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21608-2</bdi></a>. <q>Simply put, the erroneous date of 586 B.C.E. stems from the biblical dating of the breaking down of the walls of Jerusalem and the exile of its populace "on the seventh day of the fifth month, which was the nineteenth year of king Nebuchadnezzar." ... The correct date of 587 B.C.E. for the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem may be further substantiated by examination of the end of the exile of Jehoiachin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezekiah+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pages=18-21&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21608-2&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robb+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DautR6tfCb7wC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2019" class="citation cs2">Lipschits, Oded (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567672698.0032">"Jerusalem between Two Periods of Greatness: The Size and Status of the City in the Babylonian, Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods"</a>, <i>The Hebrew Bible and History</i>, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9780567672698.0032">10.5040/9780567672698.0032</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-7269-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-7269-8"><bdi>978-0-5676-7269-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+and+History&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+between+Two+Periods+of+Greatness%3A+The+Size+and+Status+of+the+City+in+the+Babylonian%2C+Persian+and+Early+Hellenistic+Periods&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9780567672698.0032&rft.isbn=978-0-5676-7269-8&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5040%2F9780567672698.0032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalomVakninShaarBen-Yosef2023" class="citation journal cs1">Shalom, N.; Vaknin, Y.; Shaar, R.; Ben-Yosef, E.; Lipschits, O.; Shalev, Y.; Gadot, Y.; Boaretto, E. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2023.105823">"Destruction by fire: Reconstructing the evidence of the 586 BCE Babylonian destruction in a monumental building in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>157</b>: 105823. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JArSc.157j5823S">2023JArSc.157j5823S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2023.105823">10.1016/j.jas.2023.105823</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403">0305-4403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260106267">260106267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Destruction+by+fire%3A+Reconstructing+the+evidence+of+the+586+BCE+Babylonian+destruction+in+a+monumental+building+in+Jerusalem&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=105823&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2023.105823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260106267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-4403&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023JArSc.157j5823S&rft.aulast=Shalom&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Vaknin%2C+Y.&rft.au=Shaar%2C+R.&rft.au=Ben-Yosef%2C+E.&rft.au=Lipschits%2C+O.&rft.au=Shalev%2C+Y.&rft.au=Gadot%2C+Y.&rft.au=Boaretto%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2023.105823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiloh, Y. (1984). Excavations at the City of David I, 1978–1982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons. Qedem, 17–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugawLipschitsStiebel2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dugaw, Sean; Lipschits, Oded; Stiebel, Guy (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27100276">"A New Typology of Arrowheads from the Late Iron Age and Persian Period and its Historical Implications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal" title="Israel Exploration Journal">Israel Exploration Journal</a></i>. <b>70</b> (1): 64–89. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27100276">27100276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=A+New+Typology+of+Arrowheads+from+the+Late+Iron+Age+and+Persian+Period+and+its+Historical+Implications.&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-89&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27100276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dugaw&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Lipschits%2C+Oded&rft.au=Stiebel%2C+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27100276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmirFinkelsteinShalevUziel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Amir, Ayala; Finkelstein, Israel; Shalev, Yiftah; Uziel, Joe; Chalaf, Ortal; Freud, Liora; Neumann, Ronny; Gadot, Yuval (2022-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8963535">"Residue analysis evidence for wine enriched with vanilla consumed in Jerusalem on the eve of the Babylonian destruction in 586 BCE"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (3): e0266085. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1766085A">2022PLoSO..1766085A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0266085">10.1371/journal.pone.0266085</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8963535">8963535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35349581">35349581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Residue+analysis+evidence+for+wine+enriched+with+vanilla+consumed+in+Jerusalem+on+the+eve+of+the+Babylonian+destruction+in+586+BCE&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0266085&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8963535%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1766085A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35349581&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0266085&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Amir&rft.aufirst=Ayala&rft.au=Finkelstein%2C+Israel&rft.au=Shalev%2C+Yiftah&rft.au=Uziel%2C+Joe&rft.au=Chalaf%2C+Ortal&rft.au=Freud%2C+Liora&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Ronny&rft.au=Gadot%2C+Yuval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8963535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%28587+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bible_and_warfare" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Bible_and_warfare" title="Template:The Bible and warfare"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Bible_and_warfare" title="Template talk:The Bible and warfare"><abbr title="Discuss this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">Crossing the Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Refidim" title="Battle of Refidim">Battle of Refidim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf#Exclusion_of_the_Levites_and_mass_execution" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_31" title="Numbers 31">War against the Midianites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Jericho" title="Fall of Jericho">Fall of Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)#Biblical_narrative" title="Ai (Canaan)">Battle of Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor#Late_Bronze_Age" title="Tel Hazor">Battle of Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Waters_of_Merom" title="Battle of the Waters of Merom">Battle of the Waters of Merom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(biblical)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (biblical)">Battle of Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon#Biblical_narrative" title="Gideon">Gideon's campaign (Well of Harod)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah%27s_Idol" title="Micah's Idol">Micah's Idol / Sack of Laish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levite%27s_concubine" title="Levite's concubine">Benjamite War / Battle of Gibeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aphek" title="Battle of Aphek">Battle of Aphek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mizpah" title="Battle of Mizpah">Battle of Mizpah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United monarchy</a> period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Michmash" title="Battle of Michmash">Battle of Michmash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <i>or</i> <a href="/wiki/Elhanan,_son_of_Jaare-oregim" title="Elhanan, son of Jaare-oregim">Elhanan</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gilboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Gilboa">Battle of Mount Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Gibeon" title="Pool of Gibeon">Pool of Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jebus" title="Siege of Jebus">Siege of Jebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wood_of_Ephraim" title="Battle of the Wood of Ephraim">Battle of the Wood of Ephraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-perazim" title="Baal-perazim">Baal-perazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam%27s_Revolt" title="Jeroboam's Revolt">Jeroboam's Revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shishak" title="Shishak">Shishak's raid of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Zemaraim" title="Battle of Mount Zemaraim">Battle of Mount Zemaraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zephath" title="Battle of Zephath">Battle of Zephath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelite%E2%80%93Aramean_War" title="Israelite–Aramean War">Israelite–Aramean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Ephraimite_War" title="Syro-Ephraimite War">Syro-Ephraimite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_campaign_in_the_Levant" title="Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant">Sennacherib's campaign in Judah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish" title="Siege of Lachish">Siege of Lachish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">Assyrian siege of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(609_BC)" title="Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)">Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Exilic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> war (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/80px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, 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