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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_bin_Netanya" title="Ismael bin Netanya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ismael bin Netanya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="ישמעאל בן נתניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ישמעאל בן נתניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_(assassino_de_Gedalias)" title="Ismael (assassino de Gedalias) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ismael (assassino de Gedalias)" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ishmael</b> (Hebrew: ישמעאל <i>God shall hear</i>) <b>ben</b> (= 'son of') <b>Nethaniah</b> was a member of the royal household of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> who, according to biblical accounts in <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">II Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, assassinated <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a> after he was appointed governor of Judah by king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylon</a>. The biblical accounts suggest that Ishmael ben Nethaniah's actions were a key factor in the subsequent flight of the people of Judah to Egypt, something <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> counsels strongly against (Jeremiah 42 - 43). Nonetheless, the people, led by <a href="/wiki/Johanan#People_of_that_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanan">Johanan son of Kareah</a>, ignore his advice and depart for Egypt (Jeremiah 43:6). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ishmael’s_origins"><span id="Ishmael.E2.80.99s_origins"></span>Ishmael’s origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishmael_son_of_Nethaniah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ishmael’s origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ishmael ben Nethaniah is described in 2 Kings 25:25 as the son of Nethaniah, ‘son of <a href="/wiki/Elishama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Elishama (disambiguation)">Elishama</a> of the royal family’. Jeremiah describes him as one of the chief officers of the (former) king <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a> (Jeremiah 41:1). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_assassination_of_Gedaliah">The assassination of Gedaliah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishmael_son_of_Nethaniah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The assassination of Gedaliah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ishmael was a soldier, described as a ‘captain of the forces’ (2 Kings 25:23; and Jeremiah 41:3). Together with a number of other such captains, Ishmael emerges from the surrounding open country (Jeremiah 40:7) and makes his way to <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a>, a city in Benjamin, after Gedaliah is appointed governor. Although the forces were likely to have been those dispersed by the Babylonian army after the fall of Jerusalem (2 Kings 25:5), it is possible that these ‘captains’ had become local warlords or heads of semi-autonomous militia during the intervening period. </p><p>In Jeremiah's account, Johanan son of Kareah learns of the plot, and tries to warn Gedaliah. When his warning is ignored, he urges Gedaliah, in ‘private talks’ (Jeremiah 40:15-16), to let him kill Ishmael - a request the governor refuses, believing the rumours to be a lie. Commentators have noted<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gedaliah's lack of political acumen in the face of the looming threat, despite his seeming desire to do the best for his beleaguered people (Jeremiah 40:9). </p><p>Ishmael is described as approaching Gedaliah with ten men, and striking him down while a <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">New Year</a> feast is in progress (2 Kings 25:25) – a gross offence against prevailing customs of hospitality at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judeans and Chaldeans with him (whether the latter are officials or soldiers is unclear – the II Kings and Jeremiah accounts differ on this point) are also slaughtered. Jeremiah suggests Ishmael's offence is further compounded by his slaughter of another group of men, pilgrims who arrive shortly afterwards from towns in the centre of the former kingdom of Israel, and are apparently in mourning (Jeremiah 41:7), possibly for the destruction of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but ten of them are slaughtered and thrown into a <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a>, the ten being spared because they have access to otherwise scarce food supplies (Jeremiah 41:8). After this fresh slaughter, Ishmael and his band make their way towards <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, with hostages from Mizpah. But before they get there, they are engaged in battle by Johanan son of Kareah at <a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a>, a place which in the time of Jeremiah already resonated with previous acts of treachery for the Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ishmael's band releases the hostages, but he himself escapes with eight of his men (Jeremiah 41:15). At this point he disappears from the biblical narrative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishmael_son_of_Nethaniah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commentators are uncertain when the assassination took place, but it can be argued as having happened within a year or two of Gedaliah's appointment. It is suspected that they spared the 10 hostages because they offer access to a secret food store suggests that the rural economy has still not recovered following the Babylonian invasion, which would tend to confirm an early date. However, Robert Carroll draws attention to the feasting at Mizpah, arguing that this suggests that a degree of productivity remained – confirmation, perhaps, that Babylon's objective in invading Judah was removal of the king rather than devastation of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For other reasons (see below), he suggests a date for the assassination some five or six years after Gedaliah's appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_of_the_assassination">Aftermath of the assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishmael_son_of_Nethaniah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effect of Gedaliah's assassination is to reduce the people to a state of fear – probably out of concern at the revenge that Nebuchadnezzar would wreak for the attack (Jeremiah 41:17), though any such revenge is not clearly described in the biblical accounts. Carroll has suggested that the third deportation of Judahites recorded in Jeremiah 52:6-30, probably occurring in 583/2 BC, should be tied to the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that Jeremiah himself was part of the group taken captive by Ishmael, as they are camped near Bethlehem following the rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Carroll's study of Jeremiah sees the accounts in 40:7 – 41:18 and chapters 42 - 43 as distinct from each other, and argues that the Deuteronomist editor of Jeremiah has woven two independent strands together to highlight the chaos that ensues when the community is without access to a prophet,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, as in chapters 42 - 3, ignores his advice.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assassination may or may not have been the reason for the later commemorative fast referred to in Zechariah 7:5 and Zechariah 8:19 – the so-called <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedaliah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_motives">Possible motives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishmael_son_of_Nethaniah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Possible motives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some commentators have suggested<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Ishmael acts out of a sense of having been slighted when passed over for the governorship himself, despite being eligible by virtue of his royal familial connections. This is one possible interpretation of the statement that Ishmael slew Gedaliah ‘because Nebuchadnezzar had appointed him governor’ (Jeremiah 41:2). He may also have found Gedaliah's confident statement that ‘all will be well’ under Nebuchadnezzar (Jeremiah 40:9) tantamount to treason,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially given Babylon's earlier treatment of the royal household (Jeremiah 39:6). Robert Carroll describes the assassination as ‘armed revolt against Babylonian authority and the execution of a collaborationist’,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting also, however, that the tale hints at a residual factionalism that had bedevilled Judah in the period before the Babylonian invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, wider political machinations also seem to have played a part. Jeremiah (though not II Kings) makes clear that Ishmael has been sent by<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> king <a href="/wiki/Baalis" title="Baalis">Baalis</a> of the neighboring kingdom of Ammon to kill Gedaliah. The full name of the Ammonite King Baalis (Ba‘alyiša‘, ‘Baal is salvation’) has been attested for the first time on a seal impression dated to ca. 600 BC (see L. G. Herr, BA 48 [1985] 169-72<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Baalis may have seen an opportunity to grab power for himself in the power vacuum. The writer of Jeremiah clearly crafts the account to portray this as a significant motive for Ishmael's attack, though Carroll argues that it is not Ishamel's own reason for acting.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishmael_son_of_Nethaniah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison. R.K. (1973) <i>Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary</i>. Leicester: IVP, 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cawley, F. and A.R.Millard (1970) Article <i>Jeremiah</i> in New Bible Commentary (3rd Edition). Leicester: IVP, 651</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison. R.K. (1973) <i>Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary</i>. Leicester: IVP, 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison. R.K. (1973) <i>Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary</i>. Leicester: IVP, 162; but contra Carroll, Robert (1996) <i>From Chaos to Covenant: Use of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah</i>. London: Xpress Reprints (SCM Ltd), 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, Pat and David (2002) <i>Lion Handbook to the Bible</i> (3rd edition). Oxford: Lion, 452. See also 2 Samuel 2:12-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Robert (1996) <i>From Chaos to Covenant: Use of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah</i>. London: Xpress Reprints (SCM Ltd), 231. See also Jeremiah 40:7-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Robert (1996) <i>From Chaos to Covenant: Use of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah</i>. London: Xpress Reprints (SCM Ltd), 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Robert (1996) <i>From Chaos to Covenant: Use of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah</i>. London: Xpress Reprints (SCM Ltd), 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison. R.K. (1973) <i>Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary</i>. Leicester: IVP, 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Robert (1996) <i>From Chaos to Covenant: Use of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah</i>. London: Xpress Reprints (SCM Ltd), 234-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Robert (1996) <i>From Chaos to Covenant: Use of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah</i>. London: Xpress Reprints (SCM Ltd), 231, 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also Harrison. R.K. (1973) <i>Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary</i>. Leicester: IVP, 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cawley, F. and A.R.Millard (1970) Article <i>Jeremiah</i> in New Bible Commentary (3rd Edition). Leicester: IVP, 650 – 651; and Harrison. R.K. (1973) <i>Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary</i>. Leicester: IVP, 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cawley, F. and A.R.Millard (1970) Article <i>Jeremiah</i> in New Bible Commentary (3rd Edition). Leicester: IVP, 651</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Robert (1996) <i>From Chaos to Covenant: Use of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah</i>. London: Xpress Reprints (SCM Ltd), 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Robert (1996) <i>From Chaos to Covenant: Use of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah</i>. London: Xpress Reprints (SCM Ltd), 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison. R.K. (1973) <i>Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary</i>. Leicester: IVP, 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couturier, 1990, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Robert (1996) <i>From Chaos to Covenant: Use of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah</i>. 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