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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties_of_tricameralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties_of_tricameralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Varieties of tricameralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties_of_tricameralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icelandic_tricameralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icelandic_tricameralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Icelandic tricameralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icelandic_tricameralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_tricameralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_tricameralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indonesian tricameralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_tricameralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_tricameralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_tricameralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>South African tricameralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_tricameralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolívar's_tricameralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolívar's_tricameralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bolívar's tricameralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolívar's_tricameralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_tricameralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_tricameralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>French tricameralism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_tricameralism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle French tricameralism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-French_tricameralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Monarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consulate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Consulate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_tricameralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_tricameralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Chinese tricameralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_tricameralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Roman Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Former Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isle_of_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isle_of_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Isle of Man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isle_of_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Church of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Medieval Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Labor unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen's_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen's_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Queen's University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen's_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreikammersystem" title="Dreikammersystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dreikammersystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricameralidad" title="Tricameralidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tricameralidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_tricam%C3%A9ral" title="Parlement tricaméral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parlement tricaméral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%9C" title="삼원제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼원제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricameralismo" title="Tricameralismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tricameralismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driekamerstelsel" title="Driekamerstelsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Driekamerstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikameralizm" title="Trikameralizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trikameralizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricameralismo" title="Tricameralismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tricameralismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%91%D1%85%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Трёхпалатный парламент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трёхпалатный парламент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredhom%C3%ABsia" title="Tredhomësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tredhomësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekammarsystem" title="Trekammarsystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trekammarsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2" title="ระบบสามสภา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบสามสภา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_tam_vi%E1%BB%87n" title="Chế độ tam viện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế độ tam viện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6" title="三院制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="三院制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6" title="三院制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三院制" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Government practice of having three legislative chambers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li></ul> <div style="padding-top:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">Member of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(legislature)" title="Clerk (legislature)">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_parliament" title="International parliament">International parliament</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">Parliamentary procedure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">Quorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Motion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">no-confidence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_meeting" title="Mass meeting">Mass meeting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">Member of Congress</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">Municipal council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">Councillor</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Estates" title="The Estates">The Estates</a> (States-General)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">Legislatures by country</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legislature" title="Template:Legislature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legislature" title="Template talk:Legislature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legislature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legislature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tricameralism</b> is the practice of having three <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> chambers. It is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameralism</a>, which are both far more common. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_of_tricameralism">Varieties of tricameralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Varieties of tricameralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A disputed type of tricameralism is one where there are two legislative bodies, elected or appointed separately, and a third consisting of all members of the two, meeting together. In cases where this is considered tricameralism, such as the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Manx</a> <a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> (from 1874 to 1991), there is generally an explicit, routine role for the unified house, which distinguishes it from bicameral systems where a joint sitting of the two bodies is used to resolve deadlocks or for special sessions, which is true in several parliaments including Australia, Switzerland and India. Arguments over whether tricameralism should be construed to include this or not are primarily semantic. </p><p>Less ambiguous examples in which three bodies each are chosen separately and meet and debate separately have also existed. The word could describe the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> era French <a href="/wiki/French_Estates-General" class="mw-redirect" title="French Estates-General">Estates-General</a>, though similar semantic arguments are applied since it sometimes met in joint session. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">South African Parliament</a> established under the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime's <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1983" title="South African Constitution of 1983">1983 constitution</a> was tricameral, as was the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">1947 Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>'s model state. A common feature in these bodies, which also casts some doubt on the appropriateness of the name, is that in several cases one of the three legislatures is not principally concerned with legislating. </p><p>No national government is currently organized along tricameral lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Icelandic_tricameralism">Icelandic tricameralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Icelandic tricameralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Icelandic Parliament</a> was restored by royal decree in 1844, it operated unicamerally from 1845 to 1874 when it became principally bicameral with an additional third chamber, known as <i>Unified Parliament</i>. The third chamber consisted of the union of the other two and deliberated as a single body, which makes some scholars classify it as only a bicameral system. However, the third chamber did have its own <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker</a> distinct from the speakers for the other two chambers: </p> <ul><li><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Neðri deild</i></span>, the Lower Chamber, was coequal to the upper chamber. Its members were elected by the electorate.</li> <li><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Efri deild</i></span>, the Upper Chamber, was coequal to the lower chamber. Half its members were originally appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">King of Denmark</a> and had veto power until 1915 when all its members were elected democratically.</li> <li><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Sameinað Alþingi</i></span>, Unified Parliament. Its members were those of the lower and upper chambers. The third chamber originally only dealt with contentious matters but soon established its own standing committees, and starting in 1934, the third chamber had an exclusive role in amending and passing the annual budget bill. As the decades passed the third chamber took over many of the responsibilities of the lower and upper chambers.</li></ul> <p>The Icelandic Parliament followed the legislatures of Denmark and Sweden and became unicameral once more in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indonesian_tricameralism">Indonesian tricameralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indonesian tricameralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution of Indonesia</a> in the late 1990s and early 2000s, which became effective in 2004, the parliament of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> has three institutions (of which one consists of the members of the other two), similar to Icelandic and Isle of Man tricameralism: </p> <ul><li><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat</a></i></span> (DPR-RI; literally People's Representative Council; officially House of Representatives), the lower house, which exercises most legislative power;</li> <li><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Dewan Perwakilan Daerah</a></i></span> (DPD-RI; Regional Representative Council), the upper house, a consultative body responsible for laws concerning regional government, but without its own direct lawmaking powers;</li> <li><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat</a></i></span> (MPR-RI; People's Consultative Assembly). Its members are those of the DPR and DPD. Its only responsibilities are to amend the Constitution, to swear in the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice President</a>, to impeach the President and Vice President, and to fill Presidential and Vice Presidential vacancies between elections.</li></ul> <p>Like the Icelandic Unified Parliament, the Indonesian People's Consultative Assembly has its own <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker</a> and deputy speakers distinct from those of the DPR and DPD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_African_tricameralism">South African tricameralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: South African tricameralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tricameral_Parliament" title="Tricameral Parliament">Tricameral Parliament</a></div> <p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> government put forward a constitution providing for a tricameral legislature. On 2 November, around seventy percent of the country's White minority voted in favour of the changes – Black, Coloured and Indian South Africans were not consulted. </p><p>The South African tricameral parliament consisted of three <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>-based chambers: </p> <ul><li><b>House of Assembly</b> – 178 members, reserved for White people</li> <li><b>House of Representatives</b> – 85 members, reserved for <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a>, or mixed-race, people</li> <li><b>House of Delegates</b> – 45 members, reserved for <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian</a> people</li></ul> <p>Black South Africans, who made up a majority of the population, were considered citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">bantustans</a> and received no representation. </p><p>The creation of the tricameral parliament was controversial on two fronts. On the one hand, many White conservatives disliked the idea of non-Whites participating in Parliament at all. The dispute was a factor in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Conservative Party (South Africa)">Conservative Party</a>, a breakaway from the dominant <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>. On the other hand, many Coloured and Indian people rejected the system as a sham, saying that the chambers reserved for them were powerless. </p><p>The tricameral parliament was not particularly strong. The 1983 constitution significantly weakened the powers of parliament and abolished the position of Prime Minister. Most authorities were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President</a>, including the power to appoint the Cabinet. This was seen by many as an attempt to limit the power of Coloureds and Indians – not only were the non-White houses less powerful than the White one, but parliament itself was subordinate to a State President who was White. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bolívar's_tricameralism"><span id="Bol.C3.ADvar.27s_tricameralism"></span>Bolívar's tricameralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bolívar's tricameralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> revolutionary leader, included a tricameral legislature as part of his proposals for a model government. Bolívar described the three houses as follows: </p> <ul><li><b>Chamber of Tribunes</b>, holding powers relating to government finance, foreign affairs, and war. The tribunes would, unlike the other two houses, be popularly elected.</li> <li><b>Senate</b>, an apolitical body holding powers to enact law, supervise the judiciary, and appoint regional officials. Bolívar believed that the senate should be <a href="/wiki/Hereditary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary">hereditary</a>, saying that this was the only way to ensure its neutrality. There are parallels between Bolívar's Senate and other chambers such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.</li> <li><b>Censors</b>, a group who would act as a check against the powers of the other two. Bolívar described them as "prosecuting attorneys against the government in defense of the Constitution and popular rights". He also said that they should ensure that the executive was functioning satisfactorily, perhaps having powers of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Bolívar intended his model government to function as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, and so the tricameral parliament was expected to govern through the active administration of the cabinet ministers who would be accountable to it. Bolívar was explicit in many of his writings, particularly in his Message to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Angostura" title="Congress of Angostura">Congress of Angostura</a> on how his proposed system was meant to reflect the way the British parliamentary system works. His proposal for Censors was not for them to act as legislators but rather to act as an office similar to an <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a>. As such, some opinions differ on whether his system could truly be classified as a tricameral parliament, considering that the Censors were not true legislators, but seemed to represent a separate branch of government altogether. </p><p>Despite Bolívar's huge influence in South America, no country in the region employs his tricameral parliament. Early attempts to implement the model, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, were not successful, although the chaos of the period was likely a factor in this outcome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result of not adopting Bolívar's British-inspired parliamentary system, numerous celebrated political scientists like the late <a href="/wiki/Juan_Linz" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Linz">Juan Linz</a> and many others have observed that the decision of many Latin American countries to model their systems of government on the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> of the United States has led to numerous examples of political instability and subsequent descent into dictatorship or chaos.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="a a statement like this, especially one citing an author, needs an actual citation. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_tricameralism">French tricameralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French tricameralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchism">Monarchism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monarchism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians view the <a href="/wiki/French_States-General" class="mw-redirect" title="French States-General">French States-General</a> as an example of a tricameral legislature. The States-General gradually evolved as an advisory group for the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King</a> (including giving advice on legislation). The three States were simply labeled First (<a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>), Second (<a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>), and Third (<a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a>). </p><p>There are two distinct problems with regarding the States-General as a tricameral legislature. The States-General never had formal lawmaking powers, although it sometimes had a major role in the King's legislative activity. In addition, the tripartite arrangement was inconsistently applied, in that they would deliberate separately or jointly at various times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulate">Consulate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consulate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, when the lower two chambers had no power) had a tricameral legislature, consisting of: </p> <ul><li>the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_conservateur" title="Sénat conservateur">Sénat conservateur</a></i></span> (<i>Conservative Senate</i>), the highest chamber, whose duty was to guard the Constitution, and upon the Consul's proposal, enact special laws known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sénatus-consultes</i></span>;</li> <li>the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Corps_l%C3%A9gislatif" title="Corps législatif">Corps législatif</a></i></span> (<i>Legislative Body</i>), successor to the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory"><i>Directoire</i></a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients"><i>Conseil des Anciens</i></a> (upper house), which was to vote on laws without discussing them (after 1804, with only a strictly curtailed discussion); and</li> <li>the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tribunat" title="Tribunat">Tribunat</a></i></span> (<i>Tribunate</i>), successor of the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory"><i>Directoire</i></a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred"><i>Conseil des Cinq Cents</i></a> (lower house), which was to discuss laws and only vote on whether to “recommend” them to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Corps législatif</i></span>.</li></ul> <p>Whether the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sénat</i></span> was part of legislature, however, is open to doubt, for <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel-Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a> (the main instigator of the Consulate's Constitution and later president of this Senate) described it as belonging to an altogether different power beyond the executive, legislative and judiciary: the <i>conservative</i> power. In effect, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoléon</a> made the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sénat</i></span> a political élite to back his power as Consul and later Emperor, while the other two chambers were bent into submission. In 1807, the <i>Tribunat</i> was definitively abolished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_tricameralism">Chinese tricameralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chinese tricameralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">1947 Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> has three chambers of parliament that are elected. Governmental organs of the constitution follow the outline proposed by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> and supported by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Nationalist Party), while incorporating opinions of the <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> supporting <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> in the 1940s. The <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Carsun Chang</a>, a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">China Democratic League</a>. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a></b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">國民大會</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Directly elected</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" title="Counties of China">county</a>. It represented the entire nation and exercised the political rights thereof. It elected the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> and has the power to amend the constitution, but its legislative functions were considered “<a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a>” to be exercised only on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a></b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">立法院</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Directly elected</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">province</a>. It is the principal and standing legislative body. It approves the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a> and supervises the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a></b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">監察院</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">Indirectly elected</a> by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">provincial</a> legislatures. It is the <a href="/wiki/Government_performance_auditing" title="Government performance auditing">government performance auditing</a> body and approves grand justices of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" title="Judicial Yuan">Judicial Yuan</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_court" title="Constitutional court">Constitutional court</a>) and commissioners of the <a href="/wiki/Examination_Yuan" title="Examination Yuan">Examination Yuan</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a>).</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%AC76%E8%99%9F" class="extiw" title="wikisource:zh:釋字第76號">zh:釋字第76號</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>As the mechanism is significantly different from the Western <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers"><i>trias politica</i></a>, the grand justices has an interpretation which ruled that these three organs all bear characteristics equivalent to a "<a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">government of the Republic of China</a> lost the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1949 and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. A set of <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_against_the_Communist_Rebellion" title="Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion">temporary provisions</a> were passed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a> to gather more powers to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> and limit the functions of the tricameral parliament. Members of the tricameral parliament elected in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in 1947 and 1948 continued serving on <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> without reelection until 1991. </p><p>After a series of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendments</a> in the 1990s in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, a new set of temporary and separate <a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Additional Articles of the Constitution</a> changed the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral parliament</a>, although the tricameral parliament still nominally exists. The <a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a> was separated as a branch of government when the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a> was <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_National_Assembly_election,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese National Assembly election, 2005">entirely shut down</a> in June 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union">European Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is sometimes considered tricameral, comprising the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the chambers' powers differ and the Commission arguably functions as an executive branch, making it more of a bicameral system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Republic">Roman Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roman Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_constitution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roman_constitution.png/250px-Roman_constitution.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roman_constitution.png/375px-Roman_constitution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roman_constitution.png/500px-Roman_constitution.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Chart showing the checks and balances of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> had three legislative assemblies that worked with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> class. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Army">soldiers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal Assembly</a> (patricians and plebeians)</li></ul> <p>The Senate and the assemblies worked together to appoint magistrates, enact laws, and territorial holdings issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_Republic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_Republic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Former Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic of Croatia</a> and all other federal units of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, as per the 1974 Constitution, had three houses of the <i>Sabor Socijalističke republike Hrvatske</i> (now the <a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_sabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrvatski sabor">Hrvatski sabor</a>): the Socio-Political Council (<i>Društveno-političko vijeće</i>); the Council of Municipalities (<i>Vijeće općina</i>); and the Council of Associated Labor (<i>Vijeće udruženog rada</i>). </p><p>This was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">new constitution</a> as <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> gained <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">independence</a> in 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isle_of_Man">Isle of Man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Isle of Man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a>, the parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, is sometimes considered tricameral, although that description is not universally accepted. It has two branches, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">House of Keys</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_(Isle_of_Man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council (Isle of Man)">Legislative Council</a> as well as a third body, the <a href="/wiki/Tynwald_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Tynwald Court">Tynwald Court</a>, made up of the members from both branches, much like in the Icelandic and Indonesian systems. </p><p>Also like in the Icelandic and Indonesian systems, the classification of the <a href="/wiki/Tynwald_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Tynwald Court">Tynwald Court</a> as a third chamber in its own right is controversial. Because the Court has no members who are not also members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">House of Keys</a> or of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_(Isle_of_Man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council (Isle of Man)">Legislative Council</a>, the Court's status as an independent body rather than a combined body can be dubious. However, the island's government does claim that the Tynwald is in fact tri-cameral.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building itself which houses the Tynwald is literally "tri-cameral," containing three separate chambers for its sessions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_England">Church of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Church of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Synod_of_the_Church_of_England" title="General Synod of the Church of England">General Synod</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> is sometimes described as tricameral. It is divided into the House of <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a>, the House of <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> and the House of <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a>. </p><p>As the Church of England is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state church</a> of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> has given the General Synod power (subject to veto) to make laws concerning the Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Ireland">Medieval Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medieval Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the fifteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_Ireland" title="Dioceses of Ireland">each diocese</a> sent two proctors to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a>, who met separately from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">House of Commons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. In 1537, their right to membership was revoked after they opposed the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation in Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_unions">Labor unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Labor unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tricameral meeting arrangements are a growing trend in <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a> where some members will always be <a href="/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">working on one of three shifts</a>. Under such arrangements, each shift will have its own meeting, but the action of one meeting will have to be adopted by the other two.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen's_University"><span id="Queen.27s_University"></span>Queen's University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Queen's University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston#Administration" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston § Administration</a></div> <p>The governing authority of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a> principally follows a bicameral structure, split primarily between a Board of Trustees and a Senate, each of which has exclusive authority over non-academic and academic matters. Such arrangement is also common in several other Canadian universities, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>. </p><p>Queen's University additionally has a University Council with advisory and ceremonial functions, including appointing of the university <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> (a purely ceremonial role). Although the Council has no real power to govern the university, it has exclusive rights to determine its own composition and select its members, meaning it is not subordinate to the Board and/or Senate. The Council was made by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, which is thus the only body that can also dissolve it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Three estates">Three estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricameralism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cons.judicial.gov.tw/en/docdata.aspx?fid=100&id=310257">"J.Y. Interpretation No. 76"</a>. <i>www.judicial.gov.tw</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.judicial.gov.tw&rft.atitle=J.Y.+Interpretation+No.+76&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcons.judicial.gov.tw%2Fen%2Fdocdata.aspx%3Ffid%3D100%26id%3D310257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATricameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/institutions-and-bodies/types-institutions-and-bodies_en">"Types of institutions and bodies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union&rft.atitle=Types+of+institutions+and+bodies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-union.europa.eu%2Finstitutions-law-budget%2Finstitutions-and-bodies%2Ftypes-institutions-and-bodies_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATricameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman_Republic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roman_Republic_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/roman-republic/">"Roman Republic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Republic&rft.btitle=National+Geographic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Froman-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATricameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.im/about-the-government/council-of-ministers/tynwald/">"Tynwald"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tynwald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.im%2Fabout-the-government%2Fcouncil-of-ministers%2Ftynwald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATricameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1943" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, H. G. (October 1943). "The Irish Parliament Rolls of the Fifteenth Century". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>58</b> (232). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 448–461: 451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLVIII.CCXXXII.448">10.1093/ehr/LVIII.CCXXXII.448</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/553673">553673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Parliament+Rolls+of+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=232&rft.pages=448-461%3A+451&rft.date=1943-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLVIII.CCXXXII.448&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F553673%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATricameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2006" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Gerald Lewis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiPeYSgJTzEC&pg=PA18"><i>Ireland, 1101-1690</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 18, 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843832324" title="Special:BookSources/9781843832324"><bdi>9781843832324</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%2C+1101-1690&rft.pages=18%2C+52&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781843832324&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Gerald+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiPeYSgJTzEC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATricameralism" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXhaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102">"[1537 (28 Hen. 8) c. 12] An Act against proctors to be any member of the Parliament. Rot. Parl. cap. 19."</a>. <i>The Statutes at Large Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland</i>. Vol. 1: 1310–1612. B. Grierson. 1765. pp. 102–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5B1537+%2828+Hen.+8%29+c.+12%5D+An+Act+against+proctors+to+be+any+member+of+the+Parliament.+Rot.+Parl.+cap.+19.&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large+Passed+in+the+Parliaments+Held+in+Ireland&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=B.+Grierson&rft.date=1765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXhaAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATricameralism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliamentaryprocedure.org/pdf/ShiftMeetings.pdf">Meetings of Members Working in Shifts</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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