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id="toc-Writing_and_storyboarding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_and_storyboarding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Writing and storyboarding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_and_storyboarding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voice_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voice_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Voice recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voice_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design,_timing,_and_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design,_timing,_and_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Design, timing, and layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design,_timing,_and_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Animatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ink_and_paint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ink_and_paint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Ink and paint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ink_and_paint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_ink_and_paint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_ink_and_paint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Digital ink and paint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_ink_and_paint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cel_overlay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cel_overlay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Cel overlay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cel_overlay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-cel_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-cel_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Pre-cel animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-cel_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limited_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limited_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Limited animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limited_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Shooting_on_twos"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Shooting_on_twos""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>"Shooting on twos"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Shooting_on_twos"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation_loops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation_loops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Animation loops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation_loops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiplane_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiplane_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Multiplane process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiplane_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xerography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xerography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Xerography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xerography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_APT_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_APT_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>The APT process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_APT_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotoscoping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotoscoping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Rotoscoping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotoscoping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live-action_hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live-action_hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Live-action hybrids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live-action_hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_effects_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_effects_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Special effects animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_effects_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computers_and_digital_video_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computers_and_digital_video_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Computers and digital video cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computers_and_digital_video_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional animation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="تحريك تقليدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحريك تقليدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fn%C9%99n%C9%99vi_animasiya" title="Ənənəvi animasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ənənəvi animasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রথাগত অ্যানিমেশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথাগত অ্যানিমেশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaci%C3%B3_tradicional" title="Animació tradicional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Animació tradicional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicia_animacio" title="Tradicia animacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tradicia animacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سل انیمیشن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سل انیمیشن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%80_%EC%95%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="셀 애니메이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셀 애니메이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նկարված մուլտիպլիկացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նկարված մուլտիպլիկացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animasi_tradisional" title="Animasi tradisional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Animasi tradisional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הנפשה מסורתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנפשה מסורתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტრადიციული ანიმაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრადიციული ანიმაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicin%C4%97_animacija" title="Tradicinė animacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tradicinė animacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animasi_tradisional" title="Animasi tradisional – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Animasi tradisional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionele_animatie" title="Traditionele animatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Traditionele animatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1" title="セルアニメ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルアニメ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradisjonell_animasjon" title="Tradisjonell animasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tradisjonell animasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima%C3%A7%C3%A3o_tradicional" title="Animação tradicional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Animação tradicional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyuchisqa_siq%27isqa" title="Kuyuchisqa siq'isqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuyuchisqa siq'isqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рисованная анимация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рисованная анимация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Traditional animation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piirrosanimaatio" title="Piirrosanimaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piirrosanimaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geleneksel_animasyon" title="Geleneksel animasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Geleneksel animasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Traditional_animation" title="Special:EditPage/Traditional animation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Traditional+animation%22">"Traditional animation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Traditional+animation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Traditional+animation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Traditional+animation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Traditional+animation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Traditional+animation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File-Inkandpaint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/File-Inkandpaint.jpg/220px-File-Inkandpaint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/File-Inkandpaint.jpg/330px-File-Inkandpaint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/File-Inkandpaint.jpg/440px-File-Inkandpaint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Painting with <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic paint</a> on the reverse side of an already <a href="/wiki/Inking_(comic_book_production)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inking (comic book production)">inked</a> animation <a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cel</a>, here placed over the original drawing</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Traditional animation</b> (or <b>classical animation</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cel</a> animation</b>, or <b>hand-drawn animation</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> technique in which each frame is <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawn</a> by hand. The technique was the dominant form of animation of the 20th century, until there was a shift to <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> in the industry, such as <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Modern_process">digital ink and paint</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="3D computer animation">3D computer animation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_and_storyboarding">Writing and storyboarding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writing and storyboarding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animation production usually begins after a story is converted into an animation film script, from which a <a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">storyboard</a> is derived. A storyboard has an appearance somewhat similar to comic book panels, and is a shot by shot breakdown of the staging, acting and any camera moves that will be present in the film. The images allow the animation team to plan the flow of the <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a> and the composition of the imagery. <a href="/wiki/Storyboard_artist" title="Storyboard artist">Storyboard artists</a> will have regular meetings with the <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">director</a> and may redraw or "re-board" a sequence many times before it meets final approval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice_recording">Voice recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Voice recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before animation begins, a preliminary <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scratch_track_(studio_recording)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scratch track (studio recording)">scratch track</a> is recorded so that the animation may be more precisely <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronized</a> to the soundtrack. Given the slow manner in which traditional animation is produced, it is almost always easier to synchronize animation to a preexisting soundtrack than it is to synchronize a soundtrack to pre-existing animation. A completed cartoon soundtrack will feature <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound effects">sound effects</a>, and dialogue performed by <a href="/wiki/Voice_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice actor">voice actors</a>. The scratch track used during animation typically contains only the voices, any songs to which characters must sing-along, and temporary musical score tracks; the final score and sound effects are added during <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a>. </p><p>In the case of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> and most pre-1930 sound animated cartoons, the sound was <i>post-synched</i>; the soundtrack was recorded after the film elements were finished by watching the film and performing the dialogue, music, and sound effects required. Some studios, most notably <a href="/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a>, continued to post-synch their cartoons through most of the 1930s, which allowed for the presence of the "muttered ad-libs" present in many <i><a href="/wiki/Popeye_the_Sailor" class="mw-redirect" title="Popeye the Sailor">Popeye the Sailor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Betty_Boop" title="Betty Boop">Betty Boop</a></i> cartoons.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design,_timing,_and_layout"><span id="Design.2C_timing.2C_and_layout"></span>Design, timing, and layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design, timing, and layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When storyboards are sent to the design departments, <a href="/wiki/Character_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Character designer">character designers</a> prepare <a href="/wiki/Model_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Model sheets">model sheets</a> for any characters and props that appear in the film; and these are used to help standardize appearance, poses, and gestures. The model sheets will often include "turnarounds" which show how a character or object looks in three-dimensions along with standardized special poses and expressions so that the artists have a guide to refer to. Small <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statues</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Maquette" title="Maquette">maquettes</a></i> may be produced so that an animator can see what a character looks like in three dimensions. <i>Background stylists</i> will do similar work for any settings and locations present in the storyboard, and the <a href="/wiki/Art_director" title="Art director">art directors</a> and <i>color stylists</i> will determine the art style and color schemes to be used. </p><p>A <i>timing director</i> (who in many cases will be the main director) will take the <a href="/wiki/Animatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animatic">animatic</a> and analyze exactly what poses, drawings, and lip movements will be needed on what frames. An <i><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">exposure sheet</a></i> (or <i>X-sheet</i>) is created; this is a printed table that breaks down the action, dialogue, and sound frame-by-frame as a guide for the animators. If a film is based more strongly in music, a <i>bar sheet</i> may be prepared in addition to or instead of an X-sheet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998202–203_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998202–203-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bar sheets show the relationship between the on-screen action, the dialogue, and the actual <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> used in the score. </p><p><i>Layout</i> begins after the designs are completed and approved by the director. It is here that the background layout artists determine the camera angles, camera paths, lighting, and shading of the scene. Character layout artists will determine the major poses for the characters in the scene and will make a drawing to indicate each pose. For short films, character layouts are often the responsibility of the director. The layout drawings and storyboards are then spliced, along with the audio and an animatic is formed (not to be confused with its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Leica_reel" title="Leica reel">leica reel</a>). </p><p>While the animation is being done, the <i><a href="/wiki/Background_artist" title="Background artist">background artists</a></i> will <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paint</a> the sets over which the action of each animated sequence will take place. These backgrounds are generally done in <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic paint</a>, although some animated productions have used backgrounds done in <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paint</a>. Background artists follow very closely the work of the background layout artists and color stylists (which is usually compiled into a workbook for their use) so that the resulting backgrounds are harmonious in tone with the character designs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animatic">Animatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="story_reel"></span> Usually, an <i>animatic</i> or <i>story reel</i> is created after the soundtrack is recorded and before full animation begins. The term "animatic" was originally coined by <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a>. An animatic typically consists of pictures of the storyboard timed and cut together with the soundtrack. This allows the animators and directors to work out any script and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed with the director until the storyboard meets the users' requirements. Editing the film at the animatic stage prevents the animation of scenes that would be edited out of the film. Creating scenes that will eventually be edited out of the completed cartoon is avoided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation">Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegbars.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pegbars.gif/220px-Pegbars.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pegbars.gif/330px-Pegbars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pegbars.gif/440px-Pegbars.gif 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of an animation peg bar, and measurements of three types, Acme being the most common</figcaption></figure> <p>In the traditional animation process, animators will begin by drawing sequences of animation on sheets of transparent paper perforated to fit the peg bars in their desks, often using <a href="/wiki/Colored_pencil" title="Colored pencil">colored pencils</a>, one picture or "frame" at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998xv_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998xv-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>peg bar</i> is an animation tool used in traditional animation to keep the drawings in place. A <i>key animator</i> or <i>lead animator</i> will draw the <a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">key frames</a> or key drawings in a scene, using the character layouts as a guide. The key animator draws enough of the frames to get across the major poses within a character performance. </p><p>While working on a scene, a key animator will usually prepare a <i>pencil test</i> of the scene. A pencil test is a much rougher version of the final animated scene (often devoid of many character details and color); the pencil drawings are quickly photographed or scanned and synced with the necessary soundtracks. This allows the animation to be reviewed and improved upon before passing the work on to their <i>assistant animators</i>, who will add details and some of the missing frames in the scene. The work of the assistant animators is reviewed, pencil-tested, and corrected until the lead animator is ready to meet with the director and have their scene <i><a href="/wiki/Sweat_box" title="Sweat box">sweatboxed</a></i>. </p><p>Once the key animation is approved, the lead animator forwards the scene on to the <i>clean-up department</i>, made up of the <i>clean-up animators</i> and the <i>inbetweeners</i>. The clean-up animators take the lead and assistant animators' drawings and trace them onto a new sheet of paper, making sure to include all of the details present on the original model sheets, so that the film maintains a cohesiveness and consistency in art style. The <i>inbetweeners</i> will draw in whatever frames are still missing <i>in-between</i> the other animators' drawings. This procedure is called <a href="/wiki/Tweening" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweening">tweening</a>. The resulting drawings are again pencil-tested and sweatboxed until they meet approval. </p><p>At each stage during pencil animation, approved artwork is spliced into the leica reel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998105–107_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998105–107-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This process is the same for both <i><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">character animation</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Special_effects_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects animation">special effects animation</a></i>, which on most high-budget productions are done in separate departments. Often, each major character will have an animator or group of animators solely dedicated to drawing that character. The group will be made up of one supervising animator, a small group of key animators, and a larger group of assistant animators. Effects animators animate anything that moves and are not a character, including props, vehicles, <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machinery</a> and phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a>. Sometimes, instead of drawings, a number of special processes are used to produce special effects in animated films; rain, for example, has been created in Disney animated films since the late 1930s by filming <a href="/wiki/Slow-motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow-motion">slow-motion</a> footage of water in front of a black background, with the resulting film superimposed over the animation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ink_and_paint">Ink and paint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ink and paint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the clean-ups and in-between drawings for a sequence are completed, they are prepared for a process known as <i>ink and paint.</i> Each drawing is transferred from paper to a thin, clear sheet of plastic called a <i><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cel</a></i>, a contraction of the material name <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>. (The original flammable <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose nitrate">cellulose nitrate</a> was later replaced with the more stable <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a>.) The outline of the drawing is inked or <a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">photocopied</a> onto the cel, and <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic</a> or a similar type of paint is used on the reverse sides of the cels to add colors in the appropriate shades. The transparent quality of the cel allows for each character or object in a frame to be animated on different cels, as the cel of one character can be seen underneath the cel of another; and the opaque background will be seen beneath all of the cels. </p><p>Disney experienced a setback to its ink-and-paint department due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. When peacetime resumed, much of the original equipment went to waste as more economic solutions were sought, leading to the <a href="#Xerography">xerography</a> process pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Ub_Iwerks" title="Ub Iwerks">Ub Iwerks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJohnston1995280–281_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJohnston1995280–281-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera">Camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When an entire sequence has been transferred to cels, the photography process begins. Each cel involved in a frame of a sequence is laid on top of each other, with the background at the bottom of the stack. A piece of glass is lowered onto the artwork in order to flatten any irregularities, and the composite image is then photographed in <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> by a special <a href="/wiki/Animation_camera" title="Animation camera">animation camera</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_camera" title="Rostrum camera">rostrum camera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998302–313_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998302–313-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cels are removed, and the process repeats for the next frame until each frame in the sequence has been photographed. Each cel has <i>registration holes,</i> small holes along the top or bottom edge of the cel, which allow the cel to be placed on corresponding peg bars<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the camera to ensure that each cel aligns with the one before it; if the cels are not aligned in such a manner, the animation, when played at full speed, will appear "jittery." Sometimes, frames may need to be photographed more than once, in order to implement superimpositions and other camera effects. Pans are created by either moving the cels or backgrounds 1 step at a time over a succession of frames (the camera does not pan; it only zooms in and out). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animationcamera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Animationcamera.jpg/140px-Animationcamera.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Animationcamera.jpg/210px-Animationcamera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Animationcamera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>A camera used for shooting traditional animation. See also <a href="/wiki/Aerial_image" title="Aerial image">Aerial image</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Dope sheets</a> are created by the animators and used by the camera operator to transfer each animation drawing into the number of film frames specified by the animators, typically 1 (1s, ones) or 2 (2s, twos) and sometimes 3 (3s, threes). </p><p>As the scenes come out of final photography, they are spliced into the animatic or leica reel, taking the place of the pencil animation. Once every sequence in the production has been photographed, the final film is sent for development and processing, while the final music and <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a> are added to the soundtrack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_process">Modern process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_ink_and_paint">Digital ink and paint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Digital ink and paint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current process, termed "digital ink and paint", is the same as traditional ink and paint until after the animation drawings are completed;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998233_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998233-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of being transferred to cels, the animators' drawings are either <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanned</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> or drawn directly onto a computer monitor via <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablets</a>, where they are colored and processed using one or more of a variety of software packages. The resulting drawings are composited in the computer over their respective backgrounds, which have also been scanned into the computer (if not digitally painted), and the computer outputs the final film by either exporting a digital <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> file, using a <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">video cassette recorder</a> or printing to <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> using a high-resolution output device. Use of computers allows for easier exchange of artwork between departments, studios, and even countries and continents (in most low-budget American animated productions, the bulk of the animation is <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">actually done by animators working in other countries</a>, including <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>). As the cost of both inking and painting new cels for animated films and TV programs and the repeated usage of older cels for newer animated TV programs and films went up and the cost of doing the same thing digitally went down<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (February 2024)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>, eventually, the digital ink-and-paint process became the standard for future animated movies and TV programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implementation">Implementation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> was the first American animation studio to implement a computer animation system for digital ink-and-paint usage.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_ink_and_paint_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital_ink_and_paint-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a commitment to the technology in 1979, computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Marc_Levoy" title="Marc Levoy">Marc Levoy</a> led the Hanna-Barbera Animation Laboratory from 1980 to 1983, developing an ink-and-paint system that was used in roughly a third of Hanna-Barbera's domestic production, starting in 1984 and continuing until replaced with third-party software in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_ink_and_paint_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital_ink_and_paint-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first tested in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pac-Man_(TV_series)" title="Pac-Man (TV series)">Pac-Man</a></i> episodes "Nighty Nightmares" and "The Pac-Mummy". In addition to a cost savings compared to traditional cel painting of 5 to 1, the Hanna-Barbera system also allowed for <a href="/wiki/Multiplane_camera" title="Multiplane camera">multiplane camera</a> effects evident in H-B productions such as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Pup_Named_Scooby-Doo" title="A Pup Named Scooby-Doo">A Pup Named Scooby-Doo</a></i> (1988).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The computer files for these projects were not archived and the shows themselves were printed to videotape, making <a href="/wiki/Remaster" title="Remaster">remastering</a> difficult due to their lack of high resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-h206_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h206-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital ink and paint has been in use at <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a> since 1989, where it was used for the final rainbow shot in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i>. All subsequent traditional Disney animated features were digitally inked-and-painted (starting with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under" title="The Rescuers Down Under">The Rescuers Down Under</a></i>, which was also the first major feature film to entirely use digital ink and paint), using Disney's proprietary <a href="/wiki/Computer_Animation_Production_System" title="Computer Animation Production System">CAPS</a> (Computer Animation Production System) technology, developed primarily by <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar Animation Studios</a>. The CAPS system allowed the Disney artists to make use of colored ink-line techniques mostly lost during the xerography era, as well as multiplane effects, blended shading, and easier integration with 3D CGI backgrounds (as in the ballroom sequence in the 1991 film <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i>), props, and characters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rival studios in the 1990s also adapted to digipaint processes, using softwares like <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Animation_Systems" title="Cambridge Animation Systems">Animo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-v430_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v430-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/USAnimation" title="USAnimation">USAnimation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-t849_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t849-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toonz" title="Toonz">Toonz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-w119_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w119-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pegs%27n_Co" title="Pegs'n Co">Pixibox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p021_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, many studios switched over to digital ink and paint, though many television projects took longer. Many filmmakers and studios did not want to shift to the digital ink-and-paint process because they felt that the digitally colored animation would look too synthetic and would lose the aesthetic appeal of the non-computerized cel for their projects. Many animated television series were still animated in other countries by using the traditionally inked-and-painted cel process as late as 2004, though most of them switched over to the digital process at some point during their run. The last major feature film to use traditional ink and paint was <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Kon" title="Satoshi Kon">Satoshi Kon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Actress" title="Millennium Actress">Millennium Actress</a></i> (2001); the last major animation productions in the west to use the traditional process were <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a></i>, both <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Hill" title="King of the Hill">King of the Hill</a></i>, both <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls" title="The Powerpuff Girls">The Powerpuff Girls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dexter%27s_Laboratory" title="Dexter's Laboratory">Dexter's Laboratory</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy" title="Ed, Edd n Eddy">Ed, Edd n Eddy</a></i>, the latter of which is also the last cartoon to switch to Digital Ink and Paint in the west, and <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Tales" title="Dragon Tales">Dragon Tales</a></i>, all of which switched to digital paint between 2000 and 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the last major animated production overall to abandon cel animation was the television adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Sazae-san" title="Sazae-san">Sazae-san</a></i>, which remained stalwart with the technique until September 29, 2013, when it switched to fully digital animation on October 6, 2013. Prior to this, the series adopted digital animation solely for its opening credits in 2009, but retained the use of traditional cels for the main content of each episode.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor productions, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hair_High" title="Hair High">Hair High</a></i> (2004) by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Plympton" title="Bill Plympton">Bill Plympton</a>, have used traditional cels long after the introduction of digital techniques. Most studios today use one of a number of other high-end software packages, such as <a href="/wiki/Toon_Boom#Harmony" title="Toon Boom">Toon Boom Harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toonz" title="Toonz">Toonz</a> (OpenToonz), Animo, and <a href="/wiki/RETAS" title="RETAS">RETAS</a>, or even consumer-level applications such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toon_Boom" title="Toon Boom">Toon Boom Technologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/TVPaint_Animation" title="TVPaint Animation">TV Paint</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cels">Cels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Ink_and_paint">§ Ink and paint</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_cells.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Animation_cells.png" decoding="async" width="283" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>This image shows how two transparent cels, each with a different character drawn on them, and an opaque background are photographed together to form the composite image.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cel animation process was invented by <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hurd" title="Earl Hurd">Earl Hurd</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._R._Bray" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Bray">John Bray</a> in 1915. The <a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cel</a> is an important innovation to traditional animation, as it allows some parts of each frame to be repeated from frame to frame, thus saving labor. A simple example would be a scene with two characters on screen, one of which is talking and the other standing silently. Since the latter character is not moving, it can be displayed in this scene using only one drawing, on one cel, while multiple drawings on multiple cels are used to animate the speaking character. </p><p>For a more complex example, consider a sequence in which a person sets a plate upon a table. The table stays still for the entire sequence, so it can be drawn as part of the background. The plate can be drawn along with the character as the character places it on the table. However, after the plate is on the table, the plate no longer moves, although the person continues to move as they draw their arm away from the plate. In this example, after the person puts the plate down, the plate can then be drawn on a separate cel from them. Further frames feature new cels of the person, but the plate does not have to be redrawn as it is not moving; the same cel of the plate can be used in each remaining frame that it is still upon the table. The cel paints were actually manufactured in shaded versions of each color to compensate for the extra layer of cel added between the image and the camera; in this example, the still plate would be painted slightly brighter to compensate for being moved one layer down. </p><p>In TV and other low-budget productions, cels were often "cycled" (i.e., a sequence of cels was repeated several times), and even archived and reused in other episodes. After the film was completed, the cels were either thrown out or, especially in the early days of animation, washed clean and reused for the next film. In some cases, some of the cels were put into the "archive" to be used again and again for future purposes in order to save money. Some studios saved a portion of the cels and either sold them in studio stores or presented them as gifts to visitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cel_overlay">Cel overlay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cel overlay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>cel overlay</i> is a cel with inanimate objects used to give the impression of a foreground when laid on top of a ready frame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998168_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998168-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This creates the illusion of depth, but not as much as a multiplane camera would. A special version of cel overlay is called <i>line overlay</i>, made to complete the background instead of making the foreground, and was invented to deal with the sketchy appearance of xeroxed drawings. The background was first painted as shapes and figures in flat colors, containing rather few details. Next, a cel with detailed black lines was laid directly over it, each line is drawn to add more information to the underlying shape or figure and give the background the complexity it needed. In this way, the visual style of the background will match that of the xeroxed character cels. As the xerographic process evolved, line overlay was left behind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-cel_animation">Pre-cel animation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pre-cel animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm/220px--How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="593" data-mwtitle="How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_(1919).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_(1919).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm/How_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_Animated_Cartoons_Are_Made_%281919%29.webm&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /></video></span><figcaption><i>How Animated Cartoons Are Made</i> (1919), showing characters made from cut-out paper</figcaption></figure> <p>In very early cartoons made before the use of the cel, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gertie_the_Dinosaur" title="Gertie the Dinosaur">Gertie the Dinosaur</a></i> (1914), the entire frame, including the background and all characters and items, were drawn on a single sheet of paper, then photographed. Everything had to be redrawn for each frame containing movements. This led to a "jittery" appearance; imagine seeing a sequence of drawings of a mountain, each one slightly different from the one preceding it. The pre-cel animation was later improved by using techniques like the slash and tear system invented by <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Barr%C3%A9" title="Raoul Barré">Raoul Barré</a>; the background and the animated objects were drawn on separate papers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJohnston199530_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJohnston199530-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A frame was made by removing all the blank parts of the papers where the objects were drawn before being placed on top of the backgrounds and finally photographed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limited_animation">Limited animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Limited animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In lower-budget productions, shortcuts available through the cel technique are used extensively. For example, in a scene in which a person is sitting in a chair and talking, the chair and the body of the person may be the same in every frame; only their head is redrawn, or perhaps even their head stays the same while only their mouth moves. This is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">limited animation</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulhane1989212_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulhane1989212-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was popularized in theatrical cartoons by <a href="/wiki/United_Productions_of_America" title="United Productions of America">United Productions of America</a> and used in most <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> animation, especially that of <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a>. The end result does not look very lifelike, but is inexpensive to produce, and therefore allows cartoons to be made on small television budgets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Shooting_on_twos""><span id=".22Shooting_on_twos.22"></span>"Shooting on twos"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Shooting on twos""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moving characters are often shot "on twos". One drawing is shown for every two frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998180_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998180-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quick movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately. A blend of the two techniques keeps the eye fooled without unnecessary production costs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>–nominated animator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Plympton" title="Bill Plympton">Bill Plympton</a> is noted for his style of animation that uses very few in-betweens and sequences that are done "on threes" or "on fours", holding each drawing on the screen from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">6</span></span> of a second.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Plympton uses near-constant three-frame holds, sometimes animation that simply averages eight drawings per second is also termed "on threes" and is usually done to meet budget constraints, along with other cost-cutting measures, like holding the same drawing of a character for a prolonged time or panning over a still image,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaMarre2009187_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaMarre2009187-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> techniques often used in low-budget TV productions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltin1987277_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltin1987277-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also common in <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, where fluidity is sacrificed in lieu of a shift towards complexity in the designs and shading (in contrast with the more functional and optimized designs in the Western tradition); even high-budget theatrical features such as <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>'s employ the full range: from smooth animation "on ones" in selected shots (usually quick action accents) to common animation "on threes" for regular dialogue and slow-paced shots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation_loops">Animation loops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Animation loops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animhorse.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Animhorse.gif/200px-Animhorse.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Animhorse.gif/300px-Animhorse.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Animhorse.gif 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>A horse animated by <a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">rotoscoping</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>'s 19th-century photos. The animation consists of 8 drawings which are "looped", i.e. repeated over and over. This example is also "shot on twos", i.e. shown at 12 drawings per second.</figcaption></figure> <p>Creating <i>animation loops</i> or <i>animation cycles</i> is a labor-saving technique for animating repetitive motions, such as a character walking or a breeze blowing through the trees. In the case of walking, the character is animated taking a step with its right foot, then a step with its left foot. The loop is created so that, when the sequence repeats, the motion is seamless. In general, they are used only sparingly by productions with moderate or high budgets. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Larkin" title="Ryan Larkin">Ryan Larkin</a>'s 1969 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Animated_Short_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Animated Short Film">Academy Award</a>-nominated <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> short <i>Walking</i> makes creative use of loops. In addition, a promotional music video from <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>'s Groovies featuring the <a href="/wiki/Soul_Coughing" title="Soul Coughing">Soul Coughing</a> song "Circles" poked fun at animation loops as they are often seen in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a></i>, in which Fred and Barney (along with various Hanna-Barbera characters that aired on Cartoon Network), supposedly walking in a house, wonder why they keep passing the same table and vase over and over again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplane_process">Multiplane process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multiplane process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The multiplane process is a technique primarily used to give a sense of depth or <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> to two-dimensional animated films. To use this technique in traditional animation, the artwork is painted or placed onto separate layers called planes. These planes, typically constructed of planes of transparent glass or plexiglass, are then aligned and placed with specific distances between each plane.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order in which the planes are placed, and the distance between them, is determined by what element of the scene is on the plane as well as the entire scene's intended depth.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A camera, mounted above or in front of the planes, moves its focus toward or away from the planes during the capture of the individual animation frames. In some devices, the individual planes can be moved toward or away from the camera. This gives the viewer the impression that they are moving through the separate layers of art as though in a three-dimensional space. </p><p>The most famous device used for multiplane animation was the <a href="/wiki/Multiplane_camera" title="Multiplane camera">multiplane camera</a>. This device, originally designed by former <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Studios</a> <a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">animator</a>/<a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">director</a> <a href="/wiki/Ub_Iwerks" title="Ub Iwerks">Ub Iwerks</a>, is a vertical, top-down camera crane that shot scenes painted on multiple, individually adjustable glass planes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movable planes allowed for changeable depth within individual animated scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years Disney Studios would adopt this technology for their own uses. Designed in 1937 by <a href="/wiki/William_Garity" title="William Garity">William Garity</a>, the multiplane camera used for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i> utilized artwork painted on up to seven separate, movable planes, as well as a vertical, top-down camera.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Predecessors of this technique and the equipment used to implement it began appearing in the late 19th century. Painted glass panes were often used in <a href="/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)" title="Matte (filmmaking)">matte</a> shots and glass shots,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as seen in the work of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Dawn" title="Norman Dawn">Norman Dawn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Reiniger" title="Lotte Reiniger">Lotte Reiniger</a> and her animation team constructed one of the first multiplane animation structures, a device called a <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricktisch" class="extiw" title="de:Tricktisch">Tricktisch</a>.</i> Its top-down, vertical design allowed for overhead adjusting of individual, stationary planes. The <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricktisch" class="extiw" title="de:Tricktisch">Tricktisch</a></i> was used in the filming of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed" title="The Adventures of Prince Achmed">The Adventures of Prince Achmed</a>,</i> one of Reiniger's most well-known works.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Future multiplane animation devices would generally use the same vertical design as Reiniger's device. One notable exception to this trend was the <i>Setback Camera,</i> developed and used by <a href="/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a>. This device used miniature three-dimensional models of sets, with animated <a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cels</a> placed at various positions within the set. This placement gave the appearance of objects moving in front of and behind the animated characters, and was often referred to as the Tabletop Method.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact">Impact</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spread and development of multiplane animation helped animators tackle problems with motion tracking and scene depth, and reduced production times and costs for animated works.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1957 recording,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walt Disney explained why motion tracking was an issue for animators, as well as what multiplane animation could do to solve it. Using a two-dimensional still of an animated farmhouse at night, Disney demonstrated that zooming in on the scene, using traditional animation techniques of the time, increased the size of the moon. In real-life experience, the moon would not increase in size as a viewer approached a farmhouse. Multiplane animation solved this problem by separating the moon, farmhouse, and farmland into separate planes, with the moon being farthest away from the camera. To create the zoom effect, the first two planes were moved closer to the camera during filming, while the plane with the moon remained at its original distance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provided a depth and fullness to the scene that was closer in resemblance to real life, which was a prominent goal for many animation studios at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xerography">Xerography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Xerography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Applied to animation by <a href="/wiki/Ub_Iwerks" title="Ub Iwerks">Ub Iwerks</a> at the Walt Disney studio during the late 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> copying technique called <a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">xerography</a> allowed the drawings to be copied directly onto the cels, eliminating much of the "inking" portion of the ink-and-paint process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998213_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998213-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This saved time and money, and it also made it possible to put in more details and to control the size of the xeroxed objects and characters. At first, it resulted in a more sketchy look, but the technique was improved upon over time. </p><p>Disney animator and engineer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Justice" title="Bill Justice">Bill Justice</a> had patented a forerunner of the Xerox process in 1944, where drawings made with a special pencil would be transferred to a cel by pressure, and then fixing it. It is not known if the process was ever used in animation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The xerographic method was first tested by Disney in a few scenes of <i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)" title="Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)">Sleeping Beauty</a></i> and was first fully used in the short film <i><a href="/wiki/Goliath_II" title="Goliath II">Goliath II</a></i>, while the first feature entirely using this process was <i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians" title="One Hundred and One Dalmatians">One Hundred and One Dalmatians</a></i> (1961). The graphic style of this film was strongly influenced by the process. Some hand inking was still used together with xerography in this and subsequent films when distinct colored lines were needed. Later, colored <a href="/wiki/Toner_(printing)" title="Toner (printing)">toners</a> became available, and several distinct line colors could be used, even simultaneously. For instance, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rescuers" title="The Rescuers">The Rescuers</a></i> the characters' outlines are gray. White and blue toners were used for special effects, such as snow and water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_APT_process">The APT process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The APT process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/APT_process" class="mw-redirect" title="APT process">APT process</a></div> <p>Invented by Dave Spencer for the 1985 Disney film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cauldron_(film)" title="The Black Cauldron (film)">The Black Cauldron</a></i>, the APT (Animation Photo Transfer) process was a technique for transferring the animators' art onto cels. Basically, the process was a modification of a repro-photographic process; the artists' work was photographed on high-contrast "litho" film, and the image on the resulting negative was then transferred to a <a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cel</a> covered with a layer of light-sensitive dye. The cel was exposed through the negative. Chemicals were then used to remove the unexposed portion. Small and delicate details were still inked by hand if needed. Spencer received an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Technical_Achievement" title="Academy Award for Technical Achievement">Academy Award for Technical Achievement</a> for developing this process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rotoscoping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a> is a method of traditional animation invented by <a href="/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a> in 1915, in which animation is "traced" over actual film footage of actors and scenery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998172_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998172-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the live-action will be printed out frame by frame and registered. Another piece of paper is then placed over the live-action printouts and the action is traced frame by frame using a lightbox. The end result still looks hand-drawn but the motion will be remarkably lifelike. The films <i><a href="/wiki/Waking_Life" title="Waking Life">Waking Life</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/American_Pop" title="American Pop">American Pop</a></i> are full-length rotoscoped films. Rotoscoped animation also appears in the music videos for <a href="/wiki/A-ha" title="A-ha">A-ha</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Take_On_Me#Music_video" title="Take On Me">Take On Me</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Heartless_(Kanye_West_song)" title="Heartless (Kanye West song)">Heartless</a>". In most cases, rotoscoping is mainly used to aid the animation of realistically rendered human beings, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)" title="Peter Pan (1953 film)">Peter Pan</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)" title="Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)">Sleeping Beauty</a></i>. </p><p>A method related to conventional rotoscoping was later invented for the animation of solid inanimate objects, such as cars, boats, or doors. A small live-action model of the required object was built and painted white, while the edges of the model were painted with thin black lines. The object was then filmed as required for the animated scene by moving the model, the camera, or a combination of both, in real-time or using stop-motion animation. The film frames were then printed on paper, showing a model made up of the painted black lines. After the artists had added details to the object not present in the live-action photography of the model, it was xeroxed onto cels. A notable example is Cruella de Vil's car in Disney's <i>One Hundred and One Dalmatians</i>. The process of transferring 3D objects to cels was greatly improved in the 1980s when computer graphics advanced enough to allow the creation of 3D computer-generated objects that could be manipulated in any way the animators wanted, and then printed as outlines on paper before being copied onto cels using Xerography or the APT process. This technique was used in Disney films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver and Company">Oliver and Company</a></i> (1988) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (1989). This process has more or less been superseded by the use of cel-shading. </p><p>Related to rotoscoping are the methods of <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vectorizing</a> live-action footage, in order to achieve a very graphical look, like in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Linklater" title="Richard Linklater">Richard Linklater</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Scanner_Darkly_(film)" title="A Scanner Darkly (film)">A Scanner Darkly</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live-action_hybrids">Live-action hybrids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Live-action hybrids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Live-action_animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-action animated film">Live-action animated film</a></div> <p>Similar to the computer animation and traditional animation hybrids described above, occasionally a production will combine both live-action and animated footage. The live-action parts of these productions are usually filmed first, the actors pretending that they are interacting with the animated characters, props, or scenery; animation will then be added into the footage later to make it appear as if it has always been there. Like rotoscoping, this method is rarely used, but when it is, it can be done to terrific effect, immersing the audience in a fantasy world where <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and cartoons co-exist. Early examples include the silent <i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Inkwell" title="Out of the Inkwell">Out of the Inkwell</a></i> (begun in 1919) cartoons by <a href="/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_Comedies" title="Alice Comedies">Alice Comedies</a></i> (begun in 1923). Live-action and animation were later combined in features such as <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_South" title="Song of the South">Song of the South</a></i> (1946), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Mr._Limpet" title="The Incredible Mr. Limpet">The Incredible Mr. Limpet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a></i> (both in 1964), <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit" title="Who Framed Roger Rabbit">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a></i> (1988), <i><a href="/wiki/Cool_World" title="Cool World">Cool World</a></i> (1992), <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Jam" title="Space Jam">Space Jam</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes:_Back_in_Action" title="Looney Tunes: Back in Action">Looney Tunes: Back in Action</a></i> (2003), <i><a href="/wiki/The_SpongeBob_SquarePants_Movie" title="The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie">The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie</a></i> (2004), and <i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_(2007_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanted (2007 film)">Enchanted</a></i> (2007), among many others. The technique has also seen significant use in television commercials, especially for breakfast <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> marketed to children to interest them and boost sales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_effects_animation">Special effects animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Special effects animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Special_effect#Special_effects_animation" title="Special effect">Special effect § Special effects animation</a></div> <p>Besides traditionally animated characters, objects, and backgrounds, many other techniques are used to create special elements such as smoke, lightning and "magic", and to give the animation, in general, a distinct visual appearance. Today <a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">special effects</a> are mostly done with computers, but earlier they had to be done by hand. To produce these effects, the animators used different techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Drybrush" title="Drybrush">drybrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbrush" title="Airbrush">airbrush</a>, charcoal, <a href="/wiki/Grease_pencil" title="Grease pencil">grease pencil</a>, backlit animation, diffusing screens, <a href="/wiki/Filter_(photography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (photography)">filters</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Color_gel" title="Color gel">gels</a>. For instance, the <i><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutcracker Suite">Nutcracker Suite</a></i> segment in <i>Fantasia</i> has a fairy sequence where <a href="/wiki/Stipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipple">stippled</a> cels are used, creating a soft pastel look. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_techniques">Modern techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Modern techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The methods mentioned above describe the techniques of an animation process that originally depended on cels in its final stages, but painted cels are rare today as the <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> moves into the animation studio, and the outline drawings are usually scanned into the computer and filled with digital paint instead of being transferred to cels and then colored by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne199830,_67_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne199830,_67-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drawings are composited in a computer program on many transparent "layers" much the same way as they are with cels,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998176_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998176-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made into a sequence of images which may then be transferred onto film or converted to a <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> format.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998354,_368_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998354,_368-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is now also possible for animators to draw directly into a computer using a <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablet</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Cintiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Cintiq">Cintiq</a> or a similar device, where the outline drawings are done in a similar manner as they would be on paper. The <a href="/wiki/Goofy" title="Goofy">Goofy</a> short <i><a href="/wiki/How_To_Hook_Up_Your_Home_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="How To Hook Up Your Home Theater">How To Hook Up Your Home Theater</a></i> (2007) represented Disney's first project based on the paperless technology available today. Some of the advantages are the possibility and potential of controlling the size of the drawings while working on them, drawing directly on a multiplane background and eliminating the need for photographing line tests and scanning. </p><p>Though traditional animation is now commonly done with computers, it is distinct from <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer animation</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Neutron:_Boy_Genius" title="Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius">Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_(2002_film)" title="Ice Age (2002 film)">Ice Age</a>.</i> Traditional animation and 3D computer animation can be used together, as in <a href="/wiki/Don_Bluth" title="Don Bluth">Don Bluth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Titan_A.E." title="Titan A.E.">Titan A.E.</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)" title="Hercules (1997 film)">Hercules</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_(1999_film)" title="Tarzan (1999 film)">Tarzan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Lost_Empire" title="Atlantis: The Lost Empire">Atlantis: The Lost Empire</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Planet" title="Treasure Planet">Treasure Planet</a>.</i> Some recent <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and western animated series, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell" title="Ghost in the Shell">Ghost in the Shell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion" title="Neon Genesis Evangelion">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop" title="Cowboy Bebop">Cowboy Bebop</a></i>, have applied both animation techniques. <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks</a> executive <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a> coined the term "tradigital animation" to describe animated films produced by his studio which incorporated elements of traditional and computer animation equally, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_El_Dorado" title="The Road to El Dorado">The Road to El Dorado</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit:_Stallion_of_the_Cimarron" title="Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron">Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sinbad:_Legend_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas">Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas</a></i>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Viewtiful_Joe_(video_game)" title="Viewtiful Joe (video game)">Viewtiful Joe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Wind_Waker" title="The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker">The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ico_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ico (video game)">Ico</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckami" title="Ōkami">Ōkami</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mirror%27s_Edge" title="Mirror's Edge">Mirror's Edge</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cel-shaded_video_games" title="List of cel-shaded video games">others</a> use "<a href="/wiki/Cel-shaded_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cel-shaded animation">cel-shading</a>" animation filters or lighting systems to make their full 3D animation appear as though it were drawn in a traditional cel-style. This technique was also used in the animated movie <i><a href="/wiki/Appleseed_(2004_film)" title="Appleseed (2004 film)">Appleseed</a>,</i> and cel-shaded 3D animation is typically integrated with cel animation in Disney films and in many television shows, such as <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/American_Dad!" title="American Dad!">American Dad!</a></i> and both <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a> animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Invader_Zim" title="Invader Zim">Invader Zim</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairly_OddParents" title="The Fairly OddParents">The Fairly OddParents</a></i>. In one scene of the 2007 Pixar movie <i><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille_(film)" title="Ratatouille (film)">Ratatouille</a></i>, an illustration of Gusteau (in his cookbook), speaks to Remy (who, in that scene, was lost in the sewers of Paris) as a figment of Remy's imagination; this scene is also considered an example of cel-shading in an animated feature. More recently, animated shorts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Paperman" title="Paperman">Paperman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Feast_(2014_film)" title="Feast (2014 film)">Feast</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dam_Keeper" title="The Dam Keeper">The Dam Keeper</a></i> have used a more distinctive style of cel-shaded 3D animation, capturing a look and feel similar to a 'moving painting'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computers_and_digital_video_cameras">Computers and digital video cameras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Computers and digital video cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the most common types of animation rostrum cameras was the Oxberry. Such cameras were always made of black anodized aluminum, and commonly had 2 peg bars, 1 at the top and 1 at the bottom of the lightbox. The Oxberry Master Series had 4 peg bars, 2 above and 2 below, and sometimes used a "floating peg bar" as well. The height of the column on which the camera was mounted determined the amount of zoom achievable on a piece of artwork. Such cameras were massive mechanical affairs that might weigh close to a ton and take hours to break down or set up. </p><p>In the later years of the animation rostrum camera, stepper motors controlled by computers were attached to the various axes of movement of the camera, thus saving many hours of hand cranking by human operators. Gradually, motion control techniques were adopted throughout the industry. </p><p>Digital ink and paint processes gradually made these traditional animation techniques and equipment obsolete. </p><p>Computers and digital video cameras can also be used as tools in traditional cel animation without affecting the film directly, assisting the animators in their work and making the whole process faster and easier. Doing the layouts on a computer is much more effective than doing it by traditional methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998241_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998241-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, video cameras give the opportunity to see a "preview" of the scenes and how they will look when finished, enabling the animators to correct and improve upon them without having to complete them first. This can be considered a digital form of <i>pencil testing</i>. </p><p>The final animated film by Disney that featured the use of their multiplane camera was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i>, though the work was outsourced as Disney's equipment was inoperative at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage of the multiplane camera or similar devices declined due to production costs and the rise of digital animation. Beginning largely with the use of <a href="/wiki/Computer_Animation_Production_System" title="Computer Animation Production System">CAPS</a>, digital multiplane cameras would help streamline the process of adding layers and depth to animated scenes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History of animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_generated_imagery" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer generated imagery">Computer generated imagery</a> (CGI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_feature-length_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated feature-length films">List of animated feature-length films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">List of animated short series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated television series">List of animated television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List of animation studios</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSfetcu2014" class="citation book cs1">Sfetcu, Nicolae (7 May 2014). <i>Animation & Cartoons</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANIMATO+Animation+Equipment&rft.atitle=Peg+bars%2C+Animation+Disk+%26+Desk&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saunalahti.fi%2Fanimato%2Fpegbar%2Fpegs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998233-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998233_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaybourne1998">Laybourne 1998</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digital_ink_and_paint-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digital_ink_and_paint_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital_ink_and_paint_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Angie.2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Angie. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228168598"><i>Thinking animation : bridging the gap between 2D and CG</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harry+Ransom+Center+Digital+Collections&rft.atitle=Norman+O.+Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrc.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp15878coll15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalczyk2008" class="citation journal cs1">Malczyk, K. (2008-09-01). "Practicing Modernity: Female Creativity in the Weimar Republic. Edited by Christiane Schonfeld. Würzburg: Konigshausen & Neumann, 2006. 353 pages. 48,00". <i>Monatshefte</i>. <b>100</b> (3): 439–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmon.0.0033">10.1353/mon.0.0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-9271">0026-9271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142450235">142450235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte&rft.atitle=Practicing+Modernity%3A+Female+Creativity+in+the+Weimar+Republic.+Edited+by+Christiane+Schonfeld.+W%C3%BCrzburg%3A+Konigshausen+%26+Neumann%2C+2006.+353+pages.+48%2C00.&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-440&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142450235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-9271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmon.0.0033&rft.aulast=Malczyk&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobchack2000" class="citation book cs1">Sobchack, Vivian Carol (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ly3FpXOy-jUC&q=fleischer+tabletop&pg=PA26"><i>Meta Morphing: Visual Transformation and the Culture of Quick-change</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816633197" title="Special:BookSources/9780816633197"><bdi>9780816633197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meta+Morphing%3A+Visual+Transformation+and+the+Culture+of+Quick-change&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780816633197&rft.aulast=Sobchack&rft.aufirst=Vivian+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dly3FpXOy-jUC%26q%3Dfleischer%2Btabletop%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFfreedogshampoo2007" class="citation web cs1">freedogshampoo (Jun 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d4-AUwkKAw">"The MultiPlane Camera"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523071049/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d4-AUwkKAw">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+MultiPlane+Camera&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft.au=freedogshampoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8d4-AUwkKAw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the-take.com/read/how-did-the-multiplane-camera-invented-for-snow-white-and-the-seven-dwarfs-redefine-animation">"How Did the Multiplane Camera Invented for "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" Redefine Animation?"</a>. <i>The Take</i>. 23 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927012037/https://the-take.com/read/how-did-the-multiplane-camera-invented-for-snow-white-and-the-seven-dwarfs-redefine-animation">Archived</a> from the original on Sep 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Take&rft.atitle=How+Did+the+Multiplane+Camera+Invented+for+%22Snow+White+and+the+Seven+Dwarfs%22+Redefine+Animation%3F&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe-take.com%2Fread%2Fhow-did-the-multiplane-camera-invented-for-snow-white-and-the-seven-dwarfs-redefine-animation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998213-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998213_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaybourne1998">Laybourne 1998</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016235121/http://afilmla.blogspot.com/2008/07/nice-try-bill_26.html">"Nice Try, Bill..."</a> <i>A. Film L.A</i>. July 26, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afilmla.blogspot.com/2008/07/nice-try-bill_26.html">the original</a> on Oct 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A.+Film+L.A.&rft.atitle=Nice+Try%2C+Bill...&rft.date=2008-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafilmla.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F07%2Fnice-try-bill_26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998172-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998172_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaybourne1998">Laybourne 1998</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne199830,_67-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne199830,_67_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaybourne1998">Laybourne 1998</a>, pp. 30, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998176-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998176_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaybourne1998">Laybourne 1998</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998354,_368-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998354,_368_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaybourne1998">Laybourne 1998</a>, pp. 354, 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998241-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne1998241_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaybourne1998">Laybourne 1998</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuskerClements2010" class="citation journal cs1">Musker, John; Clements, Ron (2010). "Aladdin". <i>100 Animated Feature Films</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781838710514.0007">10.5040/9781838710514.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838710514" title="Special:BookSources/9781838710514"><bdi>9781838710514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=100+Animated+Feature+Films&rft.atitle=Aladdin&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781838710514.0007&rft.isbn=9781838710514&rft.aulast=Musker&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Clements%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Blair" title="Preston Blair">Blair, Preston</a> (1994). <i>Cartoon Animation</i>. Laguana Hills, CA: Walter Foster Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/156-010084-2" title="Special:BookSources/156-010084-2"><bdi>156-010084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartoon+Animation&rft.place=Laguana+Hills%2C+CA&rft.pub=Walter+Foster+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=156-010084-2&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Preston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulhane1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shamus_Culhane" title="Shamus Culhane">Culhane, Shamus</a> (1989). <i>Animation from Script to Screen</i>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/031-205052-6" title="Special:BookSources/031-205052-6"><bdi>031-205052-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animation+from+Script+to+Screen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=031-205052-6&rft.aulast=Culhane&rft.aufirst=Shamus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaMarre2009" class="citation book cs1">LaMarre, Thomas (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anime_Machine" title="The Anime Machine">The Anime Machine</a></i>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5154-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5154-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-5154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anime+Machine&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5154-2&rft.aulast=LaMarre&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaybourne1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kit_Laybourne" title="Kit Laybourne">Laybourne, Kit</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animationbookcom00layb"><i>The Animation Book : A Complete Guide to Animated Filmmaking—From Flip-Books to Sound Cartoons to 3-D Animation</i></a></span>. New York: Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/051-788602-2" title="Special:BookSources/051-788602-2"><bdi>051-788602-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Animation+Book+%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Animated+Filmmaking%E2%80%94From+Flip-Books+to+Sound+Cartoons+to+3-D+Animation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=051-788602-2&rft.aulast=Laybourne&rft.aufirst=Kit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimationbookcom00layb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltin1987" class="citation book cs1">Maltin, Leonard (1987). <i>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4522-5993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4522-5993-5"><bdi>978-0-4522-5993-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Mice+and+Magic%3A+A+History+of+American+Animated+Cartoons&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-4522-5993-5&rft.aulast=Maltin&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasJohnston1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Thomas_(animator)" title="Frank Thomas (animator)">Thomas, Frank</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ollie_Johnston" title="Ollie Johnston">Johnston, Ollie</a> (1995) [1981]. <i><a href="/wiki/Disney_Animation:_The_Illusion_of_Life" title="Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life">Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life</a></i>. Los Angeles: Disney Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/078-686070-7" title="Special:BookSources/078-686070-7"><bdi>078-686070-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disney+Animation%3A+The+Illusion+of+Life&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Disney+Editions&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=078-686070-7&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Ollie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Williams_(animator)" title="Richard Williams (animator)">Williams, Richard</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Animator%27s_Survival_Kit" title="The Animator's Survival Kit"><i>The Animator's Survival Kit: A Manual of Methods, Principles, and Formulas for Classical, Computer, Games, Stop Motion, and Internet Animators</i></a>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/057-120228-4" title="Special:BookSources/057-120228-4"><bdi>057-120228-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Animator%27s+Survival+Kit%3A+A+Manual+of+Methods%2C+Principles%2C+and+Formulas+for+Classical%2C+Computer%2C+Games%2C+Stop+Motion%2C+and+Internet+Animators&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=057-120228-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraditional+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Traditional_animation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Traditional animation">Traditional animation</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation" title="Template:Animation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation" title="Template talk:Animation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_animation" title="Bhutanese animation">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_animation" title="Czech animation">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_animation" title="Estonian animation">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_animation" title="Mexican animation">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_animation" title="Filipino animation">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_animation" title="Portuguese animation">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation#History" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian animation">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British animation">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animators" title="List of animators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">Animation studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_simulation" title="Category:Anatomical simulation">Biologist simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animation_film_festivals" title="Category:Animation film festivals">Animation film festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">Flip book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_animation" title="SVG animation">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-pose" title="T-pose">T-pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live2D" title="Live2D">Live2D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_to_pose_animation" title="Pose to pose animation">Pose to pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_animation" title="Sand animation">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_animation" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">Cel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">Cartoon physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">Cartoon violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">anime series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">anime franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animation" title="Category:Animation">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animation" title="Portal:Animation">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_animation" title="Outline of animation">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" 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