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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Karakteristik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Karakteristik </button> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sifat_fisika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_fisika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Sifat fisika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_fisika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Isotop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Sifat kimia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Etimologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Keterjadian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Produksi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aplikasi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Aplikasi </button> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Material_keras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_keras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Material keras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_keras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logam_paduan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logam_paduan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Logam paduan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logam_paduan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persenjataan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persenjataan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Persenjataan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persenjataan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Aplikasi kimia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_relung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_relung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Penggunaan relung </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_relung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengganti_emas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengganti_emas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Pengganti emas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengganti_emas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektronik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Elektronik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kawat_nano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kawat_nano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Kawat nano </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kawat_nano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peran_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peran_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Peran biologis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peran_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tindakan_pencegahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tindakan_pencegahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tindakan pencegahan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tindakan_pencegahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klaim_paten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klaim_paten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Klaim paten </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klaim_paten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Lihat juga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wolfram</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 146 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" > 146 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ተንግስተን – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተንግስተን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteno" title="Tungsteno – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tungsteno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="टंगस्टन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टंगस्टन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تنجستن – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنجستن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تونݣستين – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تونݣستين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تنجستن – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تنجستن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframiu" title="Volframiu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Volframiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wungel" title="Wungel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Wungel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%A9n" title="Tungstén – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tungstén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolpramyo" title="Wolpramyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Wolpramyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вальфрам – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вальфрам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вальфрам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вальфрам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Волфрам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="टंगस्टन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टंगस्टन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="টাংস্টেন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টাংস্টেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཊང་སི་ཊན། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཊང་སི་ཊན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_(tungsten)" title="Wolfram (tungsten) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wolfram (tungsten)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8" title="Tungstè – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tungstè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AC_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Ŭ (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭ (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframyo" title="Wolframyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Wolframyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تەنگستن – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەنگستن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenu" title="Tungstenu – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tungstenu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twngsten" title="Twngsten – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twngsten" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βολφράμιο – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βολφράμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframo" title="Volframo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Volframo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframio" title="Wolframio – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wolframio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تنگستن – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنگستن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframi" title="Volframi – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Volframi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8ne" title="Tungstène – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tungstène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wolfraam" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstan" title="Tungstan – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tungstan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstan" title="Tungstan – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tungstan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Volframio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%A8" title="ટંગસ્ટન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટંગસ્ટન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="טונגסטן – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונגסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="टंगस्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टंगस्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfr%C3%A1m" title="Volfrám – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Volfrám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Վոլֆրամ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոլֆրամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%83%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Վոլփրամ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վոլփրամ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframo" title="Wolframo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wolframo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteno" title="Tungsteno – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tungsteno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3" title="タングステン – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タングステン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jarjinme" title="jarjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jarjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვოლფრამი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოლფრამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94%C5%8Bk%C9%A9s%C9%A9t%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟಂಗ್‌ಸ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಂಗ್‌ಸ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%85%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%90" title="텅스텐 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텅스텐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongsten" title="Tongsten – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tongsten" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframium" title="Wolframium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Wolframium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wolfraam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteno" title="Tungsteno – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tungsteno" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframas" title="Volframas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Volframas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volframs" title="Volframs – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Volframs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вольфрама – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вольфрама" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongstena" title="Tongstena – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tongstena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волфрам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BA" title="ടങ്സ്റ്റൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടങ്സ്റ്റൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="टंगस्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टंगस्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="တန်စတင် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တန်စတင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टंग्स्टेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टंग्स्टेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wolfraam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8n" title="Tungstèn – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tungstèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%27framu" title="Vol'framu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vol'framu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8" title="ଟଙ୍ଗ୍‌ଷ୍ଟନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟଙ୍ଗ୍‌ଷ୍ଟନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟੰਗਸਟੰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੰਗਸਟੰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टंग्स्टेन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टंग्स्टेन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongsten" title="Tongsten – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tongsten" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ٹنگسٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹنگسٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%86" title="ټونگسټن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټونگسټن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungst%C3%AAnio" title="Tungstênio – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tungstênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulpharamyu" title="Wulpharamyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wulpharamyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframu" title="Wolframu – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Wolframu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टंग्स्टेन – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टंग्स्टेन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenu" title="Tungstenu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tungstenu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenu" title="Tungstenu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tungstenu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfr%C3%A1m" title="Volfrám – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Volfrám" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteni" title="Tungsteni – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tungsteni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Волфрам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframi" title="Wolframi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wolframi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தங்குதன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தங்குதன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="టంగ్‌స్టన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టంగ్‌స్టన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Волфрам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99" title="ทังสเตน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทังสเตน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olframyo" title="Olframyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Olframyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tungsten" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ۋولفرام – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋولفرام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ٹنگسٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹنگسٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Volfram" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%27fram" title="Vol'fram – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vol'fram" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wolfram" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsteno" title="Tungsteno – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tungsteno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Вольфрам" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="וואלפראם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלפראם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolframu" title="Wolframu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wolframu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%A2" title="鎢 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鎢" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" 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</nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333552">.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media only screen and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-station{width:25.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{width:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="background:lightgray;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="float:right;display:inline;background:lightgray;font-size:150%;">74W</div>Wolfram</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2988" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Batang wolfram yang teroksidasi sebagian dan kubus wolfram 1 cm3</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background:black"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png/220px-Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png/330px-Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png/440px-Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Garis spektrum wolfram</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sifat umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Pengucapan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin: 0; text-align: left;"><ul><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">/wolfram/<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">/tungstên/</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penampilan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">putih keabu-abuan, berkilau</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Wolfram dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:185px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Media:Electron_shell_074_Tungsten.svg" title="Media:Electron shell 074 Tungsten.svg"><img alt="Perbesar gambar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Electron_shell_074_Tungsten.svg/50px-Electron_shell_074_Tungsten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Electron_shell_074_Tungsten.svg/75px-Electron_shell_074_Tungsten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Electron_shell_074_Tungsten.svg/100px-Electron_shell_074_Tungsten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:140px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"> 74W</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Berilium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)">Clor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium">Potasium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Skandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Tembaga</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Seng</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)">Selen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Bromin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> ↑ W ↓ <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> ← wolfram → <a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">renium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_unsur_diperbesar" title="Templat:Navbox unsur diperbesar">Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">74</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan (tabel periodik)">Golongan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">golongan 6</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">Periode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)#Periode_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">periode 6</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Blok_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok (tabel periodik)">Blok</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nama_kategori_unsur_kimia#Kategori" title="Nama kategori unsur kimia">Kategori unsur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">  <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Berat_atom_standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom standar">Berat atom standar</a> (Ar)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>183,84±0,01</li><li>183,84±0,01 (diringkas)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d4 6s2<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Elektron per kelopak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sifat fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda">Fase</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STS</a> (0 °C dan 101,325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">kPa</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat">padat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik lebur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">3695 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (3422 °C, 6192 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik didih</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">6203 K (5930 °C, 10706 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Kepadatan</a> mendekati <a href="/wiki/Suhu_kamar" title="Suhu kamar">s.k.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">19,25 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">saat cair, pada <abbr title="titik lebur">t.l.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">17,6 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_kritis_(termodinamika)" title="Titik kritis (termodinamika)">Titik kritis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">13892 K,  MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kalor_peleburan" title="Kalor peleburan">Kalor peleburan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">52,31 <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mol" title="Joule per mol">kJ/mol</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC90-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tolias-4">[4]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">Kalor penguapan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">774 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kapasitas_kalor" title="Kapasitas kalor">Kapasitas kalor molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">24,27 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_uap" title="Tekanan uap">Tekanan uap</a><div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Suhu (Pascal)">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>pada <abbr title="Suhu (Kelvin)">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>3477 </td> <td>3773 </td> <td>4137 </td> <td>4579 </td> <td>5127 </td> <td>5823 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sifat atom</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (oksida agak <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">Skala Pauling: 2,36 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">ke-1: 770 kJ/mol ke-2: 1700 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">Jari-jari atom</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">empiris: 139 <a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_kovalen" title="Jari-jari kovalen">Jari-jari kovalen</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">162±7 pm </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Lain-lain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Kelimpahan alami</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal kubus">kubus berpusat badan</a> (bcc)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur kristal Body-centered cubic untuk wolfram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_suara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan suara">Kecepatan suara</a> batang ringan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">4620 m/s (pada <abbr title="suhu kamar">s.k.</abbr>) (teranil)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">Ekspansi kalor</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">4,5 µm/(m·K) (suhu 25 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">Konduktivitas termal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">173 W/(m·K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivitas listrik">Resistivitas listrik</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">52,8 nΩ·m (suhu 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Arah magnet</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme">paramagnetik</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Suseptibilitas_magnetik" title="Suseptibilitas magnetik">Suseptibilitas magnetik molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">+59,0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_Young" title="Modulus Young">Modulus Young</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">411 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_geser" title="Modulus geser">Modulus Shear</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">161 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_kompresi" title="Modulus kompresi">Modulus curah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">310 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Rasio_Poisson" title="Rasio Poisson">Rasio Poisson</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">0,28 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs">Skala Mohs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">7,5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Uji_kekerasan_Vickers" title="Uji kekerasan Vickers">Skala Vickers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">3430–4600 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Uji_kekerasan_Brinell" title="Uji kekerasan Brinell">Skala Brinell</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2000–4000 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_CAS" title="Nomor CAS">Nomor CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">7440-33-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0">Sejarah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan</a> dan isolasi pertama</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Elhuyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José Elhuyar (halaman belum tersedia)">Juan J. Elhuyar</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fausto_Elhuyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fausto Elhuyar (halaman belum tersedia)">F. Elhuyar</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> (1783)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Asal nama</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torbern_Bergman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torbern Bergman (halaman belum tersedia)">T. Bergman</a> (1781)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_wolfram" title="Isotop wolfram">Isotop wolfram</a> yang utama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">Kelimpahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">Waktu paruh</a> (t1/2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif#Mode_peluruhan" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">Mode peluruhan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">Produk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">180W </th> <td style="text-align:right;">0,12% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,8×1018 thn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium-176" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium-176">176Hf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">181W </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_sintetis" title="Radioisotop sintetis">sintetis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,2 hri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan elektron">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum-181" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum-181">181Ta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">182W </th> <td style="text-align:right">26,50% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">183W </th> <td style="text-align:right">14,31% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">stabil </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">184W </th> <td style="text-align:right">30,64% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">stabil </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">185W </th> <td style="text-align:center;">sintetis </td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,1 hri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Renium-185" class="mw-redirect" title="Renium-185">185Re</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">186W </th> <td style="text-align:right">28,43% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">stabil </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:1px dotted #ffc0c0; line-height:0.7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_wolfram" title="Templat:Kotak info wolfram">lihat</a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info wolfram (halaman belum tersedia)">bicara</a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_wolfram&action=edit">sunting</a></li></ul></div>| <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="en:List of data references for chemical elements">referensi</a> | <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743" class="extiw" title="d:Q743">di Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wolfram</a>, dikenal juga sebagai tungsten, adalah suatu <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a> yang memiliki lambang W dan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 74. Istilah tungsten berasal dari bahasa <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> tung sten, yang berarti batu berat.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Namanya dalam bahasa Swedia adalah volfram, namun untuk membedakan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scheelit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scheelit (halaman belum tersedia)">scheelit</a>, maka diberi nama alternatif tungsten dalam bahasa Swedia. Wolfram alami yang dijumpai di bumi hampir selalu sebagai senyawa kimia. Ia adalah <a href="/wiki/Logam_langka" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam langka">logam langka</a> yang keras pada kondisi standar jika tidak bergabung. Ia diidentifikasi sebagai unsur baru pada tahun 1781, dan diisolasi pertama kali pada tahun 1783. <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">Bijih</a> wolfram yang penting mencakup <a href="/wiki/Wolframit" title="Wolframit">wolframit</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scheelit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scheelit (halaman belum tersedia)">scheelit</a>. Ketahanan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_bebas" title="Unsur bebas">unsur bebasnya</a> luar biasa, terutama fakta bahwa ia memiliki <a href="/wiki/Titik_leleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Titik leleh">titik leleh</a> tertinggi di antara seluruh unsur yang ditemukan. Ia meleleh pada 3.422 °C (6.192 °F). Massa jenisnya yang tinggi mencapai 19,3 kali massa jenis air, sebanding dengan <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>, dan lebih tinggi (sekitar 1,7 kali) daripada <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-daintith-9">[9]</a> Wolfram polikristalin adalah bahan yang <a href="/wiki/Rapuh" title="Rapuh">rapuh</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kekerasan" title="Kekerasan">keras</a>, membuatnya sulit untuk <a href="/wiki/Pengolahan_logam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengolahan logam">diolah</a>. Namun, wolfram kristal tunggal yang murni lebih <a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">liat</a>, dan dapat dipotong menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Gergaji" title="Gergaji">gergaji</a> baja keras.<a href="#cite_note-albert-12">[12]</a> Banyak paduan wolfram mempunyai beragam aplikasi, termasuk filamen <a href="/wiki/Lampu_pijar" title="Lampu pijar">lampu pijar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabung_sinar-X" title="Tabung sinar-X">tabung sinar-X</a> (baik sebagai filamen maupun target), elektrode dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengelasan_WIG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengelasan WIG (halaman belum tersedia)">pengelasan WIG</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superalloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superalloy (halaman belum tersedia)">superalloy</a>, vaccum tube, dan <a href="/wiki/Proteksi_radiasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteksi radiasi">perisai radiasi</a>. Kekerasan dan <a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">massa jenis</a> wolfram yang tinggi memberikan aplikasi militer dalam <a href="/wiki/Proyektil" title="Proyektil">proyektil</a> penembus. Senyawa wolfram juga sering digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">katalis</a> industri. Wolfram adalah satu-satunya logam dari deret <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">transisi</a> ketiga yang diketahui terjadi dalam <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">biomolekul</a>, yang digunakan oleh beberapa spesies bakteri dan <a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">arkea</a>. Ia adalah unsur terberat yang diketahui esensial bagi organisme hidup.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Wolfram mengganggu metabolisme <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a> dan agak toksik untuk kehidupan hewan.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_fisika">Sifat fisika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat fisika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat fisika">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Dalam bentuk mentahnya, wolfram adalah logam abu-abu keras yang sering <a href="/wiki/Rapuh" title="Rapuh">rapuh</a> dan sulit untuk <a href="/wiki/Pengolahan_logam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengolahan logam">diolah</a>. Jika dibuat sangat murni, wolfram mempertahankan <a href="/wiki/Kekerasan" title="Kekerasan">kekerasannya</a> (yang melebihi kebanyakan baja), dan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">lunak</a> cukup sehingga mudah diolah.<a href="#cite_note-albert-12">[12]</a> Ia diolah melalui <a href="/wiki/Tempa_(metalurgi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempa (metalurgi)">penempaan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarik_(manufaktur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarik (manufaktur) (halaman belum tersedia)">penarikan</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Ekstrusi_(manufaktur)" title="Ekstrusi (manufaktur)">ekstrusi</a>. Objek wolfram juga biasa dibentuk melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintering (halaman belum tersedia)">sintering</a>. Dari seluruh logam dalam bentuk murni, wolfram memiliki <a href="/wiki/Titik_leleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Titik leleh">titik leleh</a> tertinggi (3.422 °C (6.192 °F)), <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_uap" title="Tekanan uap">tekanan uap</a> terendah (pada suhu di atas 1.650 °C (3.000 °F)) dan <a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_tarik" title="Kekuatan tarik">kekuatan tarik</a> tertinggi.<a href="#cite_note-desu-16">[16]</a> Meskipun <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> tetap padat pada suhu yang lebih tinggi daripada wolfram, karbon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sublimasi_(transisi_fase)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sublimasi (transisi fase) (halaman belum tersedia)">menyublim</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_atmosfer" title="Tekanan atmosfer">tekanan atmosfer</a> dan bukannya mencair, jadi tidak mempunyai titik lebur. Wolfram memiliki <a href="/wiki/Koefisien_ekspansi_termal" class="mw-redirect" title="Koefisien ekspansi termal">koefisien ekspansi termal</a> terendah daripada logam murni manapun. Ekspansi termal yang rendah dan titik lebur yang tinggi dan <a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_tarik" title="Kekuatan tarik">kekuatan tarik</a> wolfram berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan kovalen</a> yang kuat yang terbentuk antara atom wolfram oleh elektron 5d.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Memadu sejumlah kecil wolfram dengan <a href="/wiki/Baja" title="Baja">baja</a> sangat meningkatkan ketangguhannya.<a href="#cite_note-daintith-9">[9]</a> Wolfram ada dalam dua bentuk <a href="/wiki/Kristalinitas" title="Kristalinitas">kristal</a> utama: α dan β. Bentuk pertama memiliki struktur <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">kubus pusat badan</a> dan bentuknya lebih stabil. Struktur fase β disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasa_A15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasa A15 (halaman belum tersedia)">A15 kubik</a>; ia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metastabil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metastabil (halaman belum tersedia)">metastabil</a>, namun dapat berdampingan dengan fasa α pada kondisi ambien karena sintesis atau stabilisasi non-ekuilibrium oleh ketakmurnian. Bertentangan dengan fase α yang mengkristal dalam butir isometrik, bentuk β menunjukkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perawakan_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perawakan kristal (halaman belum tersedia)">perawakan</a> kolumnar. Fasa α memiliki sepertiga <a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivitas listrik">resistivitas listrik</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Superkonduktivitas" title="Superkonduktivitas">suhu transisi superkonduksi</a> TC yang jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan fase β: ca. 0,015 K vs 1-4 K; mencampur dua fase memungkinkan memperoleh nilai TC menengah.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Nilai TC juga dapat dinaikkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">memadukan</a> wolfram dengan logam lain (misalnya 7,9 K untuk W-<a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Paduan wolfram semacam itu kadang-kadang digunakan pada sirkuit superkonduksi suhu rendah.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotop">Isotop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Isotop">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop_wolfram" title="Isotop wolfram">Isotop wolfram</a></div> Wolfram alami terdiri dari lima <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> begitu lama sehingga bisa dianggap <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a>. Secara teoretis, kelimanya dapat meluruh menjadi isotop unsur 72 (<a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>] melalui <a href="/wiki/Emisi_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emisi alfa">emisi alfa</a>, namun hanya 180W yang telah diamati<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> dengan waktu paruh (1,8 ± 0,2)×1018 tahun; rata-rata, ini menghasilkan sekitar dua peluruhan alfa 180W dalam satu gram wolfram alami per tahun.<a href="#cite_note-isotopes-27">[27]</a> Isotop alami lainnya belum diamati peluruhannya, karena terkendala oleh waktu paruh mereka yang setidaknya 4×1021 tahun. Sebanyak 30 <a href="/wiki/Radioisotop" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotop">radioisotop</a> wolfram artifisial lainnya telah diidentifikasi, yang paling stabil adalah 181W dengan waktu paruh 121,2 hari, 185W dengan waktu paruh 75,1 hari, 188W dengan waktu paruh 69,4 hari, 178W dengan waktu paruh 21,6 hari, dan 187W dengan waktu paruh 23,72 jam.<a href="#cite_note-isotopes-27">[27]</a> Semua isotop <a href="/wiki/Radioaktif" class="mw-disambig" title="Radioaktif">radioaktif</a> yang tersisa memiliki waktu paruh kurang dari 3 jam, dan sebagian besar memiliki waktu paruh di bawah 8 menit.<a href="#cite_note-isotopes-27">[27]</a> Wolfram juga memiliki 4 isotop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metastabil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metastabil (halaman belum tersedia)">metastabil</a>, yang paling stabil adalah 179mW (t1/2 6,4 menit). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_kimia">Sifat kimia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat kimia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Unsur wolfram menahan <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">serangan oleh oksigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-28">[28]</a> Bentuk <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_oksidasi" title="Keadaan oksidasi">keadaan oksidasi</a> wolfram yang paling umum adalah +6, tetapi ia menunjukkan semua tingkat oksidasi mulai -2 hingga +6.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Wolfram biasanya bergabung dengan oksigen membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">wolframat oksida</a>, WO3, yang berwarna kuning dan larut dalam larutan alkali membentuk ion <a href="/wiki/Wolframat" title="Wolframat">wolframat</a>, WO. <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_karbida" title="Wolfram karbida">Wolfram karbida</a> (W dan WC) dibuat melalui pemanasan serbuk wolfram dengan <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>. W tahan terhadap serangan bahan kimia, meskipun ia mudah bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">klorin</a> membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_heksaklorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram heksaklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">wolfram heksaklorida</a> (WCl).<a href="#cite_note-daintith-9">[9]</a> Dalam larutan akuatik, wolframat memberikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_heteropoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam heteropoli (halaman belum tersedia)">asam heteropoli</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polioksometalat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polioksometalat (halaman belum tersedia)">polioksometalat</a> pada kondisi netral dan asam. Oleh karena <a href="/wiki/Wolframat" title="Wolframat">wolframat</a> secara progresif diberi perlakuan dengan asam, ia pertama menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a> "parawolframat A" yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metastabil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metastabil (halaman belum tersedia)">metastabil</a> dan mudah larut, W, yang seiring berjalannya waktu berubah menjadi anion "parawolframat B" yang kurang dapat larut, H.<a href="#cite_note-SmithBJ-30">[30]</a> Asidifikasi lebih lanjut menghasilkan anion metawolframat, H, yang sangat mudah larut setelah tercapai kesetimbangan. Ion metawolframat berada sebagai cluster simetris dari duabelas <a href="/wiki/Oktahedron" title="Oktahedron">oktahedra</a> wolfram-<a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> yan diketahui sebagai anion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_Keggin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur Keggin (halaman belum tersedia)">Keggin</a>. Banyak anion polioksometalat lainnya berada sebagai spesies metastabil. Dimasukkannya atom yang berbeda seperti <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a> sebagai pengganti dua atom <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> utama dalam metawolframat menghasilkan berbagai macam asam heteropoli, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_fosfowolframat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam fosfowolframat (halaman belum tersedia)">asam fosfowolframat</a> H. Wolfram trioksida dapat membentuk senyawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkalasi_(kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkalasi (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">interkalasi</a> dengan logam alkali. Ini dikenal sebagai perunggu; contohnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perunggu_natrium_wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perunggu natrium wolfram (halaman belum tersedia)">perunggu natrium wolfram</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada tahun 1781, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> menemukan bahwa suatu <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> baru, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_wolframat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam wolframat (halaman belum tersedia)">asam wolframat</a>, dapat dibuat dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scheelit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scheelit (halaman belum tersedia)">scheelit</a> (saat itu bernama tungsten). Scheele dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torbern_Bergman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torbern Bergman (halaman belum tersedia)">Torbern Bergman</a> menyarankan bahwa mungkin akan diperoleh logam baru dengan mereduksi asam ini.<a href="#cite_note-SaundersN-31">[31]</a> Pada tahun 1783, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Elhuyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José Elhuyar (halaman belum tersedia)">José</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fausto_Elhuyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fausto Elhuyar (halaman belum tersedia)">Fausto Elhuyar</a> menemukan suatu asam yang dibuat dari <a href="/wiki/Wolframit" title="Wolframit">wolframit</a> yang identik dengan asam wolframat. Pada akhir tahun tersebut, pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_Sociedad_Bascongada_de_Amigos_del_Pa%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal Basque Society</a> di kota <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergara (halaman belum tersedia)">Bergara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, Elhuyar bersaudara sukses mengisolasi wolfram dengan mereduksi asam ini dengan <a href="/wiki/Arang" title="Arang">arang</a>, dan mereka dianugerahi sebagai penemu unsur wolfram.<a href="#cite_note-ITIAnews_0605-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITIAnews_1205-33">[33]</a> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, wolfram memainkan peran signifikan dalam urusan berlatar belakang politik. Portugal, sebagai sumber wolfram utama di Eropa, berada di bawah tekanan kedua belah pihak, karena deposit bijih wolframitnya di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panasqueira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panasqueira (halaman belum tersedia)">Panasqueira</a>. Sifat wolfram yang diinginkan seperti ketahanannya terhadap suhu tinggi, kekerasan dan kepadatannya, dan sifatnya yang dapat menguatkan jika digunakan dalam logam paduan, membuat wolfram sebagai bahan mentah penting dalam industri senjata,<a href="#cite_note-portugal-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> baik sebagai konstituen senjata maupun peralatan yang digunakan untuk produksi senjata, misalnya alat pemotong <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_karbida" title="Wolfram karbida">wolfram karbida</a> untuk mesin-mesin baja. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Nama "tungsten" (dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Swedia" title="Bahasa Swedia">Swedia</a> tung sten, "batu berat") digunakan di Inggris, Prancis, dan banyak bahasa lainnya sebagai nama unsur ini, tetapi tidak di <a href="/wiki/Negara-negara_Nordik" title="Negara-negara Nordik">negara-negara Nordik</a>. Tungsten adalah nama Swedia kuno untuk mineral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scheelit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scheelit (halaman belum tersedia)">scheelit</a>. Nama lain "wolfram" (atau "volfram") digunakan di sebagian besar bahasa Eropa (terutama Jerman dan Slavia), dan diturunkan dari mineral <a href="/wiki/Wolframit" title="Wolframit">wolframit</a>, yang merupakan asal-usul lambang kimia wolfram, W.<a href="#cite_note-albert-12">[12]</a> Nama wolframit diturunkan dari bahasa Jerman "wolf rahm" ("jelaga serigala" atau "krim serigala"), namanya tungsten diberikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gottschalk_Wallerius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Gottschalk Wallerius (halaman belum tersedia)">Johan Gottschalk Wallerius</a> pada tahun 1747. Ini, pada gilirannya, diturunkan dari "lupi spuma", nama yang digunakan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Agricola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Agricola (halaman belum tersedia)">Georg Agricola</a> untuk unsur ini pada tahun 1546, yang diterjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris sebagai "wolf's froth" (busa serigala), dan ini merujuk pada jumlah konsumsi besar <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> oleh mineral ini selama ekstraksi.<a href="#cite_note-sweetums-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterjadian">Keterjadian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg/220px-Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg/330px-Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg/440px-Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Wolframit, dalam skala cm</figcaption></figure> Wolfram ditemukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Wolframit" title="Wolframit">wolframit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolframat" title="Wolframat">wolframat</a> (Fe,Mn)WO4 sebagai larutan padat mineral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferberit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferberit (halaman belum tersedia)">ferberit</a> FeWO4 dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCbnerite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hübnerite (halaman belum tersedia)">hübnerite</a> MnWO4), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scheelit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scheelit (halaman belum tersedia)">scheelit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> wolframat (CaWO4). Mineral wolfram lainnya relatif langka dan tidak memiliki nilai ekonomis. Mereka mencakup <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_alami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram alami (halaman belum tersedia)">wolfram alami</a> yang baru saja disetujui.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png/400px-Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png/600px-Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png/800px-Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Peta pertambangan wolfram tahun 2012</figcaption></figure> Sekitar 61.300 ton konsentrat wolfram diproduksi pada tahun 2009,<a href="#cite_note-production-38">[38]</a> dan pada tahun 2010, produksi wolfram dunia sekitar 68.000 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IndexMundi_2014-39">[39]</a> Produsen utamanya sebagai berikut (data dalam ton):<a href="#cite_note-USGS-40">[40]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Produsen utama wolfram<a href="#cite_note-IndexMundi_2014-39">[39]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Negara </th> <th colspan="4">Produksi (ton) </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-type="number">2009</th> <th data-sort-type="number">2010</th> <th data-sort-type="number">2011</th> <th data-sort-type="number">2012 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">China</a></td> <td>51.000</td> <td>59.000</td> <td>61.800</td> <td>64.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></td> <td>2665</td> <td>2785</td> <td>3314</td> <td>3537 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></td> <td>1964</td> <td>420</td> <td>1966</td> <td>2194 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>1023</td> <td>1204</td> <td>1124</td> <td>1247 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>725</td> <td>1150</td> <td>1635</td> <td>1050 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>823</td> <td>799</td> <td>819</td> <td>763 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>887</td> <td>977</td> <td>861</td> <td>706 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td> <td>380</td> <td>330</td> <td>520</td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a></td> <td>225</td> <td>240</td> <td>497</td> <td>542 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brazil</a></td> <td>192</td> <td>166</td> <td>244</td> <td>381 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>33</td> <td>18</td> <td>15</td> <td>290 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>502</td> <td>571</td> <td>439</td> <td>276 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></td> <td>110</td> <td>100</td> <td>165</td> <td>190 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td>874</td> <td>163</td> <td>140</td> <td>140 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a></td> <td>100</td> <td>110</td> <td>110</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo">Congo</a></td> <td>200</td> <td>25</td> <td>70</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>190</td> <td>300</td> <td>160</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>20</td> <td>13</td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>44</td> <td>8</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>61.200</th> <th>68.400</th> <th>73.900</th> <th>76.400 </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_(27072015764).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/220px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/330px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/440px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Penambangan wolfram di Rwanda membentuk bagian penting ekonomi negara.</figcaption></figure> Terdapat produksi tambahan di A.S., namun jumlahnya adalah informasi milik perusahaan. Cadangan A.S. adalah 140.000 ton.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-40">[40]</a> Penggunaan wolfram oleh industri AS adalah 20.000 ton: 15.000 ton diimpor dan sisanya 5.000 ton berasal dari daur ulang domestik.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Wolfram dianggap sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral_konflik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral konflik (halaman belum tersedia)">mineral konflik</a> karena praktik penambangan yang tidak etis yang diamati di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo" title="Republik Demokratik Kongo">Republik Demokratik Kongo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Terdapat deposit besar bijih wolfram di pinggiran <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> di <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a>, yang dieksploitasi selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">II</a> sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambang_Hemerdon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambang Hemerdon (halaman belum tersedia)">Tambang Hemerdon</a>. Dengan kenaikan harga wolfram akhir-akhir ini, sampai dengan 2014 tambang ini telah direaktivasi.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Wolfram diekstraksi dari bijihnya melalui beberapa tahap. Bijihnya akhirnya dikonversi menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(VI)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(VI) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">wolfram(VI) oksida</a> (WO3), yang dipanaskan dengan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> untuk menghasilkan serbuk wolfram.<a href="#cite_note-SaundersN-31">[31]</a> Secara komersial, tidak layak mengecor wolfram <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batang logam (halaman belum tersedia)">batangan</a>, karena tingginya titik leleh wolfram. Sebagai gantinya, bubuk wolfram dicampur dengan sejumlah kecil serbuk nikel atau logam lainnya, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintering (halaman belum tersedia)">disintering</a>. Selama proses sintering, nikel berdifusi ke dalam wolfram, menghasilkan suatu logam paduan. Wolfram dapat pula diekstraksi melalui reduksi hidrogen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_heksafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram heksafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">WF6</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 + 3H2 -> W + 6HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>WF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>W</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 + 3H2 -> W + 6HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/beaac228a8f51164051377ebda5915da8e95a7d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.284ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 + 3H2 -> W + 6HF}}}"></dd></dl> atau <a href="/wiki/Pirolisis" title="Pirolisis">dekomposisi pirolitik</a>:<a href="#cite_note-manny-45">[45]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 -> W + 3F2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>WF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>W</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 -> W + 3F2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ef3316808f043e80eb386b3c8f2821d3b65b995" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.408ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 -> W + 3F2}}}"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entalpi_standar_reaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entalpi standar reaksi (halaman belum tersedia)"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(\Delta H=+)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(\Delta H=+)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5147a374539650d4d892d85fd097dae62e13da0b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.105ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(\Delta H=+)}}}"></a></dd></dl> Wolfram tidak diperdagangkan sebagai kontrak berjangka dan tidak dapat dilacak pada bursa seperti <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a>. Harga biasanya dikutip untuk konsentrat wolfram atau WO3. Jika dikonversi menjadi setara logam, mereka berkisar US$19 per kilogram pada tahun 2009.<a href="#cite_note-production-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG/220px-Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG/330px-Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG/440px-Tungsten_filament_in_halogen_lamp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Ambilan dekat filamen wolfram di dalam <a href="/wiki/Lampu_halogen" title="Lampu halogen">lampu halogen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg/220px-Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg/330px-Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg/440px-Tungsten_ring-cropbright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Cincin <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_karbida" title="Wolfram karbida">wolfram karbida</a> (perhiasan)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tungsten_cylinder_1kg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/c/cd/Tungsten_cylinder_1kg.png/220px-Tungsten_cylinder_1kg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/c/cd/Tungsten_cylinder_1kg.png/330px-Tungsten_cylinder_1kg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/c/cd/Tungsten_cylinder_1kg.png/440px-Tungsten_cylinder_1kg.png 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>1 kilogram tabung wolfram (skala lihat di bawah)</figcaption></figure> Sekitar setengah dari wolfram dikonsumsi untuk produksi bahan (material) keras – sebut saja <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_karbida" title="Wolfram karbida">wolfram karbida</a> – dengan sisanya diutamakan dalam logam paduan dan baja. Hanya kurang dari 10% yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa kimia</a> lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_keras">Material keras</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Material keras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Material keras">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Penggunaan utama wolfram adalah dalam produksi material keras berbasis wolfram karbida, salah satu <a href="/wiki/Karbida" title="Karbida">karbida</a> terkeras, dengan titik lebur 2.770 °C (5.020 °F). WC adalah <a href="/wiki/Penghantar_listrik" title="Penghantar listrik">penghantar listrik</a> yang efisien, tetapi W2C kurang. WC digunakan untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Abrasif" title="Abrasif">abrasif</a> yang tahan aus, dan alat potong "karbida" seperti pisau, bor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gergai_lingkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gergai lingkar (halaman belum tersedia)">gergai lingkar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesin_giling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesin giling (halaman belum tersedia)">mesin giling</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesin_bubut_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesin bubut logam (halaman belum tersedia)">mesin bubut logam</a> yang digunakan pada pengolahan besi, pengolahan kayu, <a href="/wiki/Pertambangan" title="Pertambangan">pertambangan</a>, industri <a href="/wiki/Minyak_bumi" title="Minyak bumi">minyak bumi</a> dan konstruksi.<a href="#cite_note-daintith-9">[9]</a> Peralatan karbida sejatinya adalah komposit keramik/logam, dengan logam kobalt bertindak sebagai bahan pengikat (matriks) untuk menahan partikel WC tetap di tempatnya. Penggunaan industrial jenis ini menyumbang 60% konsumsi wolfram saat ini.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Industri <a href="/wiki/Perhiasan" title="Perhiasan">perhiasan</a> membuat cincin dari wolfram karbida yang disinter, komposit wolfram karbida/logam, dan juga logam wolfram.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Cincin komposit WC/logam menggunakan nikel sebagai logam matriks untuk menahan kobalt karena ia menghasilkan kilau yang lebih tinggi jika dipoles. Kadang-kadang pabrikan atau retailer merujuk wolfram karbida sebagai logam, tetapi sejatinya ia adalah keramik.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Cincin yang terbuat dari wolfram karbida sangat tahan abrasi (tahan gores), karena kekerasannya, dan akan memerlukan waktu penyelesaian lebih lama daripada cincin yang terbuat dari logam wolfram. Namun, cincin wolfram karbida bersifat rapuh, dan dapat retak di bawah pukulan tajam.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logam_paduan">Logam paduan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Logam paduan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Logam paduan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paduan_tantalum-wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paduan tantalum-wolfram (halaman belum tersedia)">Paduan tantalum-wolfram</a></div> Kekerasan dan kerapatan wolfram diterapkan dalam memperoleh <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">paduan</a> <a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">logam berat</a>. Contoh yang bagus adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baja_kecepatan_tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baja kecepatan tinggi (halaman belum tersedia)">baja kecepatan tinggi</a>, yang mengandung wolfram sebanyak 18%.<a href="#cite_note-w-apps-51">[51]</a> Tingginya titik leleh wolfram membuat wolfram bahan yang bagus untuk aplikasi seperti <a href="/wiki/Nosel_mesin_roket" title="Nosel mesin roket">nosel roket</a>, contohnya pada <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">UGM-27 Polaris</a>, suatu <a href="/wiki/Peluru_kendali_balistik_berbasis_kapal_selam" title="Peluru kendali balistik berbasis kapal selam">rudal balistik kapal selam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Paduan wolfram digunakan dalam beragam aplikasi yang berbeda, termasuk industri dirgantara dan otomotif serta pemerisaian radiasi.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superalloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superalloy (halaman belum tersedia)">Superalloy</a> yang mengandung wolfram, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastelloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hastelloy (halaman belum tersedia)">Hastelloy</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stellite (halaman belum tersedia)">Stellite</a>, digunakan dalam bilah <a href="/wiki/Turbin" title="Turbin">turbin</a> dan bagian yang tahan aus dan bahan penyalut. Baja wolfram kuensil (martensit) (sekitar 5,5% sampai 7,0% W dengan 0,5% sampai 0,7% C) digunakan untuk membuat magnet permanen yang keras, karena tingginya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Remanensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remanensi (halaman belum tersedia)">remanensi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koersivitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koersivitas (halaman belum tersedia)">koersivitas</a>, seperti dinyatakan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hopkinson (halaman belum tersedia)">John Hopkinson</a> (1849 - 1898) di awal tahun 1886. Sifat magnet suatu logam atau paduan sangat sensitif terhadap struktur mikro. Contohnya, sementara unsur wolfram tidak feromagnetik (tetapi <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> feromagnetik), ketika berada dalam baja sesuai proporsi masing-masing, ia akan menstabilkan fase <a href="/wiki/Martensit" title="Martensit">martensitnya</a>, yang memiliki feromagnetisme yang disempurnakan, sebagai bandingan dengan fasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferit_(besi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferit (besi) (halaman belum tersedia)">ferit (besi)</a>, karena resistensi terhadap gerakan dinding domain magnetiknya yang tinggi. Daya tahan panas wolfram membuatnya berguna dalam aplikasi <a href="/wiki/Las_listrik" title="Las listrik">las listrik</a> ketika digabung dengan logam penghantar lainnya seperti perak atau tembaga. Perak atau tembaga memberikan hantaran yang diperlukan sedangkan wolfram memungkinkan batang las bertahan pada tingginya suhu lingkungan pengelasan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persenjataan">Persenjataan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Persenjataan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Persenjataan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Wolfram, biasanya dibuat paduan dengan <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a> untuk membuat paduan berat, digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penetrator_energi_kinetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penetrator energi kinetik (halaman belum tersedia)">penetrator energi kinetik</a> sebagai alternatif pada <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a>, dalam aplikasi yang mempermasalahkan <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktivitas">radioaktivitas</a> uranium meski dalam bentuk depleted sekalipun, atau yang tidak memerlukan sifat <a href="/wiki/Piroforik" title="Piroforik">piroforik</a> tambahan (misalnya, dalam proyektil kecil yang dirancang untuk menembus lapis baja). Demikian pula, paduan wolfram telah pula digunakan pada selongsong kanon, <a href="/wiki/Granat" class="mw-disambig" title="Granat">granat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Peluru_kendali" title="Peluru kendali">peluru kendali</a>, untuk membuat pecahan peluru supersonik. Jerman menggunakan wolfram selama Perang Dunia II untuk membuat peluru senjata anti tank yang dirancang untuk menggunakan prinsip "remasan" Gerlich untuk meningkatkan kecepatan dan daya tembus dari artileri yang relatif ringan dan berkaliber kecil. Senjatanya sangat efektif, tetapi kekurangan wolfram yang digunakan dalam peluru membatasi efektivitasnya. Wolfram juga telah digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_Peledak_Logam_Inert_Rapat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan Peledak Logam Inert Rapat (halaman belum tersedia)">Bahan Peledak Logam Inert Rapat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: Dense Inert Metal Explosive, DIME), yang menggunakannya sebagai serbuk rapat untuk mengurangi kerusakan kolateral sementara letalitas ledakan dalam radius kecil ditingkatkan.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplikasi_kimia">Aplikasi kimia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi kimia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(IV)_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(IV) sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">Wolfram(IV) sulfida</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Pelumas" title="Pelumas">pelumas</a> bersuhu tinggi dan merupakan komponen katalis untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrodesulfurisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrodesulfurisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">hidrodesulfurisasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> MoS2 lebih umum digunakan untuk aplikasi semacam itu.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Wolfram <a href="/wiki/Oksida" title="Oksida">oksida</a> digunakan dalam glasir <a href="/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik">keramik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolframat" title="Wolframat">wolframat</a> banyak digunakan secara luas dalam <a href="/wiki/Lampu_pendar" title="Lampu pendar">lampu pendar</a>. Kristal <a href="/wiki/Wolframat" title="Wolframat">wolframat</a> digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Scintillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintillator">detektor scintilasi</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklir" title="Fisika nuklir">fisika nuklir</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengobatan_nuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengobatan nuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">pengobatan nuklir</a>. Garam lain yang mengandung wolfram digunakan dalam industri kimia dan <a href="/wiki/Penyamakan" title="Penyamakan">penyamakan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-desu-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tungsten_trioxide.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tungsten_trioxide.JPG/220px-Tungsten_trioxide.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tungsten_trioxide.JPG/330px-Tungsten_trioxide.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tungsten_trioxide.JPG/440px-Tungsten_trioxide.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Serbuk wolfram trioksida</figcaption></figure> Wolfram oksida (WO3) dimasukkan ke dalam katalis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduksi_katalitik_selektif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reduksi katalitik selektif (halaman belum tersedia)">reduksi katalitik selektif</a> (SCR) yang ditemukan dalam pembangkit listrik tenaga batubara. Katalis ini mengubah <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oksida">nitrogen oksida</a> (<a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a>) menjadi nitrogen (N2) dan air (H2O) menggunakan amonia (NH3). Wolfram oksida membantu kekuatan fisika katalis dan memperpanjang umum katalis.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggunaan_relung">Penggunaan relung</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan relung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggunaan relung">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Aplikasi yang membutuhkan kerapatan tinggi termasuk bobot, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_Mallory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam Mallory (halaman belum tersedia)">counterweights</a>, balast baja untuk yacht, balast ekor untuk pesawat komersial, dan sebagai balast pada mobil balap untuk <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Formula_Satu" title="Formula Satu">Formula Satu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> juga digunakan untuk tujuan ini, karena kepadatannya sama tingginya. Tujuh puluh lima kg blok wolfram digunakan sebagai "cruise balance mass devices" di bagian kendaraan masuk pesawat ruang angkasa <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> 2012. Ini adalah bahan yang ideal untuk digunakan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolly_(alat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolly (alat) (halaman belum tersedia)">dolly</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Paku_keling" title="Paku keling">paku keling</a>, di mana massa yang diperlukan untuk hasil yang baik dapat dicapai pada sebuah batang yang kompak. Paduan berkerapatan tinggi dari wolfram dengan nikel, tembaga atau besi digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dart (halaman belum tersedia)">dart</a> bermutu tinggi<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> (untuk memungkinkan diameter yang lebih kecil dan pengelompokan yang lebih ketat) atau untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umpan_pancing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umpan pancing (halaman belum tersedia)">umpan pancing</a> (manik-manik wolfram yang memungkinkan lalat umpan tenggelam dengan cepat). Beberapa senar C <a href="/wiki/Cello" class="mw-redirect" title="Cello">cello</a> dibalut dengan wolfram. Kepadatan ekstra memberikan senar ini proyeksi lebih banyak dan biasanya para pemain cello hanya akan membeli senar ini dan menggunakannya dengan tiga senar dari set yang berbeda.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Wolfram digunakan sebagai penyerap pada teleskop elektron pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_Sinar_Kosmik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem Sinar Kosmik (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem Sinar Kosmik</a> dari dua <a href="/wiki/Program_Voyager" title="Program Voyager">pesawat ruang angkasa Voyager</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_wolframat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium wolframat (halaman belum tersedia)">Natrium wolframat</a> digunakan dalam pereaksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folin-Ciocalteu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folin-Ciocalteu (halaman belum tersedia)">Folin-Ciocalteu</a>, campuran berbagai bahan kimia yang digunakan dalam "Pengujian Lowry" untuk analisis kandungan protein. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengganti_emas">Pengganti emas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Pengganti emas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengganti emas">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kepadatannya, mirip dengan emas, memungkinkan wolfram digunakan dalam perhiasan sebagai alternatif <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-albert-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Wolfram logam adalah <a href="/wiki/Hipoalergenik" title="Hipoalergenik">hipoalergenik</a>, dan lebih keras daripada paduan emas (meski tidak sekeras wolfram karbida), sehingga berguna untuk <a href="/wiki/Cincin" title="Cincin">cincin</a> yang akan menahan goresan, terutama pada penyelesaian desain dengan disikat. Wolfram juga bisa digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Pemalsuan" title="Pemalsuan">pemalsuan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batang emas (halaman belum tersedia)">batang emas</a>, karena kerapatannya sangat mirip dengan emas (wolfram hanya 0,36% kurang padat), seperti dengan melapisi batang wolfram menggunakan emas,<a href="#cite_note-popsci-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> yang telah diamati sejak tahun 1980an,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> atau mengambil batangan emas yang ada, dilubangi menggunakan bor, dan mengganti emas yang disingkirkan dengan batang wolfram.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Kepadatannya tidak persis sama, dan sifat lain dari emas dan wolfram berbeda, namun wolfram berlapis emas akan melewati uji superfisial.<a href="#cite_note-popsci-62">[62]</a> Wolfram berlapis emas tersedia secara komersial dari China (sumber utama wolfram), baik perhiasan maupun batangan.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronik">Elektronik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Elektronik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Elektronik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Wolfram elemental digunakan pada banyak aplikasi suhu tinggi, karena ia mempertahankan kekuatannya pada suhu tinggi dan memiliki <a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">titik lebur</a> tinggi,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Bola_lampu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bola lampu">bola lampu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabung_sinar_katode" title="Tabung sinar katode">tabung sinar katode</a>, dan filamen <a href="/wiki/Tabung_vakum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabung vakum">tabung vakum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemen_pemanas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemen pemanas (halaman belum tersedia)">elemen pemanas</a>, dan nosel <a href="/wiki/Mesin_roket" title="Mesin roket">mesin roket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-albert-12">[12]</a> Titik lelehnya yang tinggi juga membuat wolfram cocok untuk penggunaan dirgantara dan suhu tinggi seperti aplikasi elektrik, pemanasan, dan pengelasan, terutama pada proses pengelasan busur gas wolfram (juga disebut pengelasan tungsten inert gas (TIG)). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG/220px-TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG/330px-TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG/440px-TIG_torch_breakdown.JPG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Elektrode wolfram yang digunakan dalam obor <a href="/wiki/Las_busur_gas_wolfram" class="mw-redirect" title="Las busur gas wolfram">las busur gas wolfram</a></figcaption></figure> Karena sifat konduktif dan secara kimia relatif inert, wolfram juga digunakan pada <a href="/wiki/Elektrode" title="Elektrode">elektrode</a>, dan dalam ujung emitor pada instrumen berkas elektron yang menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senjata_emisi_medan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senjata emisi medan (halaman belum tersedia)">senjata emisi medan</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron">mikroskop elektron</a>. Dalam elektronik, wolfram digunakan sebagai bahan interkoneksi pada <a href="/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu">sirkuit terpadu</a>, antara material <a href="/wiki/Dielektrik" title="Dielektrik">dielektrik</a> <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">silikon dioksida</a> dan transistor. Ini digunakan dalam film logam, yang menggantikan kabel yang digunakan dalam elektronik konvensional dengan lapisan wolfram (atau <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a>) pada <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-manny-45">[45]</a> Struktur elektronik wolfram menjadikannya salah satu sumber utama target <a href="/wiki/Sinar-X" title="Sinar-X">sinar-X</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-patent-70">[70]</a> dan juga untuk melindungi dari radiasi energi tinggi (seperti dalam industri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiofarmaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiofarmaka (halaman belum tersedia)">radiofarmaka</a> untuk melindungi sampel radioaktif <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fludeoksiglukosa_(18F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fludeoksiglukosa (18F) (halaman belum tersedia)">FDG</a>). Ini juga digunakan dalam pencitraan gamma sebagai bahan pembuat apertur berkode, karena sifat perisai yang sangat baik. Serbuk wolfram digunakan sebagai bahan pengisi dalam komposit <a href="/wiki/Plastik" title="Plastik">plastik</a>, yang digunakan sebagai pengganti nontoksik untuk <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Peluru" title="Peluru">peluru</a>, dan perisai radiasi. Wolfram digunakan untuk membuat segel kaca-ke-logam, karena ekspansi termal unsur ini serupa dengan <a href="/wiki/Kaca_borosilikat" title="Kaca borosilikat">kaca borosilikat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-desu-16">[16]</a> Selain titik lelehnya yang tinggi, bila wolfram didoping dengan kalium, ia akan meningkatkan stabilitas bentuk (dibandingkan wolfram non-doping). Ini memastikan bahwa filamen tidak melorot, dan tidak ada perubahan yang tidak diinginkan terjadi.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kawat_nano">Kawat nano</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Kawat nano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kawat nano">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Melalui proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrikasi_nano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabrikasi nano (halaman belum tersedia)">fabrikasi nano</a> top-down, <a href="/wiki/Kawat_nano" title="Kawat nano">kawat nano</a> wolfram telah dibuat dan dipelajari sejak tahun 2002.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Karena rasio permukaan terhadap volume yang sangat tinggi, pembentukan lapisan oksida permukaan dan sifat kristal tunggal dari bahan semacam itu, sifat mekaniknya berbeda secara mendasar dari wolfram ruah.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Kawat nano wolfram memiliki aplikasi potensial dalam bidang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoelektronik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanoelektronik (halaman belum tersedia)">nanoelektronik</a> dan yang terpenting adalah sebagai probe pH dan sensor gas.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Kemiripannya dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawat_nano_silikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawat nano silikon (halaman belum tersedia)">kawat nano silikon</a>, kawat nano wolfram sering dibuat dari prekursor wolfram curah yang diikuti oleh tahap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksidasi_termal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksidasi termal (halaman belum tersedia)">oksidasi termal</a> untuk mengendalikan morfologi dalam hal panjang dan aspek rasio.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Dengan menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_Deal%E2%80%93Grove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model Deal–Grove (halaman belum tersedia)">model Deal–Grove</a>, dimungkinkan untuk memprediksi kinetika oksidasi kawat nano yang dibuat melalui proses oksidasi termal.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peran_biologis">Peran biologis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Peran biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peran biologis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Wolfram, dengan nomor atom 74, adalah unsur terberat yang diketahui memiliki fungsi biologis, dengan unsur terberat berikutnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Iodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodium">iodium</a> (Z = 53). Ia digunakan oleh beberapa bakteri, tetapi tidak dalam <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase" title="Oksidoreduktase">oksidoreduktase</a> menggunakan wolfram dengan cara yang mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a>, dengan menggunakannya dalam kompleks wolfram-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pterin (halaman belum tersedia)">pterin</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdopterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdopterin (halaman belum tersedia)">molibdopterin</a> (molibdopterin, terlepas dari namanya, tidak mengandung molibdenum, tetapi mungkin membentuk kompleks dengan molibdenum atau wolfram yang digunakan oleh organisme hidup). Enzim yang menggunakan wolfram biasanya mereduksi asam karboksilat menjadi aldehida.<a href="#cite_note-tungsten_orgs-77">[77]</a> Wolfram <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase" title="Oksidoreduktase">oksidoreduktase</a> mungkin juga mengkatalisis oksidasi. Enzim pertama yang membutuhkan wolfram diketahui juga memerlukan selenium, dan dalam kasus ini pasangan wolfram-selenium mungkin berfungsi analog dengan pasangan molibdenum-belerang dari beberapa enzim yang memerlukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kofaktor_molibdenum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kofaktor molibdenum (halaman belum tersedia)">kofaktor molibdenum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Salah satu enzim dalam keluarga oksidoreduktase yang kadang-kadang menggunakan wolfram (bakteri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format dehidrogenase (halaman belum tersedia)">format dehidrogenase</a> H) diketahui menggunakan molibdopterin versi molibdenum-selenium.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asetilen_hidratase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asetilen hidratase (halaman belum tersedia)">Asetilen hidratase</a> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloenzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaloenzim (halaman belum tersedia)">metaloenzim</a> yang tidak biasa yang mengkatalisis reaksi hidrasi. Dua mekanisme reaksi telah diajukan, yang salah satunya terdapat interaksi langsung antara atom wolfram dan ikatan rangkap tiga C≡C.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Meskipun xantin dehidrogenase yang mengandung wolfram dari bakteri telah ditemukan mengandung wolfram-molibdopterin, dan juga selenium berikatan non-protein, kompleks molibdopterin wolfram-selenium belum dijelaskan secara lengkap.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Dalam tanah, logam wolfram teroksidasi menjadi anion <a href="/wiki/Wolframat" title="Wolframat">wolframat</a>. Ia dapat secara selektif maupun tidak diimpor oleh beberapa <a href="/wiki/Prokariota" title="Prokariota">organisme porkariotik</a> dan mungkin mengganti <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdat</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> tertentu. Pengaruhnya pada aksi enzim ini dalam beberapa kasus menghambat, dan beberapa lainnya positif.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Kimia tanah menetukan cara wolfram berpolimerisasi; tanah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkalis (halaman belum tersedia)">alkalis</a> menyebabkan wolframat monomer; tanah <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> menyebabkan wolframat polimer.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_wolframat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium wolframat (halaman belum tersedia)">Natrium wolframat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> telah diteliti pengaruhnya terhadap <a href="/wiki/Cacing_tanah" title="Cacing tanah">cacing tanah</a>. Timbal ditemukan mematikan pada dosis rendah sementara natrium wolframat kurang beracun, tetapi wolframat menghambat total <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">kemampuan reproduksi</a> mereka.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Wolfram telah dipelajari sebagai <a href="/wiki/Antagonis_reseptor" title="Antagonis reseptor">antagonis</a> metabolik tembaga biologis, dalam peran yang serupa dengan aksi molibdenum. Telah ditemukan bahwa tetratiowolframat dapat digunakan sebagai bahan kimia <a href="/wiki/Khelat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khelat">pengkhelat</a> tembaga biologis, serupa dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetratiomolibdat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetratiomolibdat (halaman belum tersedia)">tetratiomolibdat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tindakan_pencegahan">Tindakan pencegahan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Tindakan pencegahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tindakan pencegahan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Efek wolfram pada lingkungan adalah terbatas, karena kelangkaannya dan senyawanya umumnya inert.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Median_dosis_letal" title="Median dosis letal">Median dosis letal</a> LD50 sangat bergantung pada hewan dan metode administrasi serta bervariasi antara 59 mg/kg (intravena, kelinci)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> dan 5000 mg/kg (serbuk logam wolfram, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Injeksi_intraperitonea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Injeksi intraperitonea (halaman belum tersedia)">intraperitoneal</a>, tikus).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Orang dapat terpapar wolfram di tempat kerja melalui pernapasan, pencernaan, kontak dengan kulit dan mata. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) telah menetapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batas_paparan_yang_direkomendasikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batas paparan yang direkomendasikan (halaman belum tersedia)">batas paparan yang direkomendasikan</a> (REL) sebagai 5 mg/m3 selama 8 jam kerja dan batas jangka pendek 10 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klaim_paten">Klaim paten</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Klaim paten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klaim paten">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Keunikan wolfram di antara unsur-unsur telah menjadikannya subyek proses paten. Pada tahun 1928, pengadilan AS menolak usaha <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> untuk mematenkannya, menjungkirbalikkan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/patents/US1082933">U.S. Patent 1.082.933</a> yang diberikan pada tahun 1913 kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_D._Coolidge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William D. Coolidge (halaman belum tersedia)">William D. Coolidge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat juga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senjata_emisi_medan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senjata emisi medan (halaman belum tersedia)">Senjata emisi medan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Wolfram oksida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_eponim_unsur_kimia" title="Daftar eponim unsur kimia">Daftar eponim unsur kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontroversi_penamaan_unsur_kimia" title="Kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia">Kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> (Indonesia) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/wolfram">"Wolfram"</a>. KBBI Daring. Diakses tanggal 17 Juli 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBBI+Daring&rft.atitle=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fentri%2Fwolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-02/951518136.Ch.r.html">"Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?"</a>. Diakses tanggal 31 Juli 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+does+Tungsten+not+%27Kick%27+up+an+electron+from+the+s+sublevel+%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madsci.org%2Fposts%2Farchives%2F2000-02%2F951518136.Ch.r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC90-3"><a href="#cite_ref-CRC90_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lide, David R., ed. (2009). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (edisi ke-90). <a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida" title="Boca Raton, Florida">Boca Raton, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. hlm. 6-134. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4200-9084-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4200-9084-0">978-1-4200-9084-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=6-134&rft.edition=90&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-9084-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolias-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Tolias_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tolias P. (2017). "Analytical expressions for thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten relevant for fusion applications". Nuclear Materials and Energy. 13: 42–57. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1703.06302">1703.06302</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv170306302T">2017arXiv170306302T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nme.2017.08.002">10.1016/j.nme.2017.08.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Materials+and+Energy&rft.atitle=Analytical+expressions+for+thermophysical+properties+of+solid+and+liquid+tungsten+relevant+for+fusion+applications&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=42-57&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1703.06302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nme.2017.08.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017arXiv170306302T&rft.au=Tolias+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">"Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds"</a> (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (edisi ke-86). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8493-0486-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8493-0486-6">978-0-8493-0486-6</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 3 Maret 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0486-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. hlm. E110. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8493-0464-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8493-0464-4">978-0-8493-0464-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/74/tungsten">"Tungsten"</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. Diakses tanggal 31 Juli 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Tungsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F74%2Ftungsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Tungsten" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Tungsten">"Tungsten"<img alt="Perlu langganan berbayar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/9px-Lock-red-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/14px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/18px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (edisi ke-Online). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tungsten&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fsearch%3FsearchType%3Ddictionary%26q%3DTungsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:OEDsub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:OEDsub (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:OEDsub</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-daintith-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daintith_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daintith_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daintith_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daintith_9-3">d</a> <cite class="citation book">Daintith, John (2005). Facts on File Dictionary of Chemistry (edisi ke-4th). New York: Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8160-5649-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8160-5649-8">0-8160-5649-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+on+File+Dictionary+of+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8160-5649-8&rft.aulast=Daintith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lassner, Erik; Schubert, Wolf-Dieter (1999). "low temperature brittleness". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=foLRISkt9gcC&pg=PA20">Tungsten: properties, chemistry, technology of the element, alloys, and chemical compounds</a>. Springer. hlm. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-306-45053-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-306-45053-2">978-0-306-45053-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=low+temperature+brittleness&rft.btitle=Tungsten%3A+properties%2C+chemistry%2C+technology+of+the+element%2C+alloys%2C+and+chemical+compounds&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-306-45053-2&rft.aulast=Lassner&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Schubert%2C+Wolf-Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DfoLRISkt9gcC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gludovatz, B.; Wurster, S.; Weingärtner, T.; Hoffmann, A.; Pippan, R. (2011). "Influence of impurities on the fracture behavior of tungsten". Philosophical Magazine. 91 (22): 3006–3020. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786435.2011.558861">10.1080/14786435.2011.558861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Influence+of+impurities+on+the+fracture+behavior+of+tungsten&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=3006-3020&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786435.2011.558861&rft.aulast=Gludovatz&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Wurster%2C+S.&rft.au=Weing%C3%A4rtner%2C+T.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+A.&rft.au=Pippan%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-albert-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-albert_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-albert_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-albert_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-albert_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-albert_12-4">e</a> <cite class="citation book">Stwertka, Albert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements0002stwe">A Guide to the elements</a> (edisi ke-2nd). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-515026-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-515026-0">0-19-515026-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-515026-0&rft.aulast=Stwertka&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoelements0002stwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Koribanics, N. M.; Tuorto, S. J.; Lopez-Chiaffarelli, N.; McGuinness, L. R.; Häggblom, M. M.; Williams, K. H.; Long, P. E.; Kerkhof, L. J. 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Chemosphere. 61 (2): 248–58. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2005.01.083">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16168748">16168748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Effects+of+tungsten+on+environmental+systems&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=248-58&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2005.01.083&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16168748&rft.au=Strigul%2C+N&rft.au=Koutsospyros%2C+A&rft.au=Arienti%2C+P&rft.au=Christodoulatos%2C+C&rft.au=Dermatas%2C+D&rft.au=Braida%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Koutsospyros, A.; Braida, W.; Christodoulatos, C.; Dermatas, D.; Strigul, N. (2006). "A review of tungsten: From environmental obscurity to scrutiny". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 136 (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2005.11.007">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16343746">16343746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.atitle=A+review+of+tungsten%3A+From+environmental+obscurity+to+scrutiny&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2005.11.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16343746&rft.aulast=Koutsospyros&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Braida%2C+W.&rft.au=Christodoulatos%2C+C.&rft.au=Dermatas%2C+D.&rft.au=Strigul%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lagarde, F.; Leroy, M. (2002). "Metabolism and toxicity of tungsten in humans and animals". Metal ions in biological systems. 39: 741–59. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780203909331.ch22">10.1201/9780203909331.ch22</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11913143">11913143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metal+ions+in+biological+systems&rft.atitle=Metabolism+and+toxicity+of+tungsten+in+humans+and+animals&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=741-59&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9780203909331.ch22&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11913143&rft.aulast=Lagarde&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Leroy%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  juga dilaporkan <cite class="citation book">Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=2yNCBzFQgMgC&pg=PA741&lpg=PA741">Molybdenum and tungsten: their roles in biological processes</a>. CRC Press. hlm. 741 ff. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8247-0765-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8247-0765-6">0-8247-0765-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molybdenum+and+tungsten%3A+their+roles+in+biological+processes&rft.pages=741+ff&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8247-0765-6&rft.au=Astrid+Sigel&rft.au=Helmut+Sigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2yNCBzFQgMgC%26pg%3DPA741%26lpg%3DPA741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Masten, Scott (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/tungsten_508.pdf">"Tungsten and Selected Tungsten Compounds – Review of Toxicological Literature"</a> (PDF). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tungsten+and+Selected+Tungsten+Compounds+%E2%80%93+Review+of+Toxicological+Literature&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Environmental+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Masten&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntp.niehs.nih.gov%2Fntp%2Fhtdocs%2Fchem_background%2Fexsumpdf%2Ftungsten_508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Marquet, P.; et al. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-forensic-sciences_1997-05_42_3/page/527">"Tungsten determination in biological fluids, hair and nails by plasma emission spectrometry in a case of severe acute intoxication in man"</a>. Journal of forensic sciences. 42 (3): 527–30. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9144946">9144946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+forensic+sciences&rft.atitle=Tungsten+determination+in+biological+fluids%2C+hair+and+nails+by+plasma+emission+spectrometry+in+a+case+of+severe+acute+intoxication+in+man&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=527-30&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9144946&rft.au=Marquet%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-forensic-sciences_1997-05_42_3%2Fpage%2F527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0645.html">"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Tungsten"</a>. www.cdc.gov. Diakses tanggal 2015-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Tungsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> General Electric Co. v. De Forest Radio Co., 28 F.2d 641, 643 (3rd Cir. 1928) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Guruswamy, Lakshman D.; McNeely, Jeffrey A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOJ5xJGCovYC&pg=PA333">Protection of global biodiversity: converging strategies</a>. Duke University Press. hlm. 333–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8223-2188-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8223-2188-0">978-0-8223-2188-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protection+of+global+biodiversity%3A+converging+strategies&rft.pages=333-&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2188-0&rft.au=Guruswamy%2C+Lakshman+D.&rft.au=McNeely%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOJ5xJGCovYC%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AWolfram" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" class="extiw" title="commons:Tungsten">Wolfram</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wolfram" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:wolfram">wolfram</a> di kamus bebas Wiktionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tungsten.com/mtstung.html">Properties, Photos, History, MSDS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0645.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/074.htm">Tungsten</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pniok.de/w.htm">Picture in the collection from Heinrich Pniok</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100318130416/http://www.pniok.de/w.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-03-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=W">Elementymology & Elements Multidict by Peter van der Krogt – Tungsten</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itia.info/">International Tungsten Industry Association</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">(besar)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W</a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senyawa_wolfram" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Senyawa_wolfram" title="Templat:Senyawa wolfram"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Senyawa_wolfram" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Senyawa wolfram"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Senyawa_wolfram&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senyawa_wolfram" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Senyawa_wolfram" title="Kategori:Senyawa wolfram">Senyawa</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">wolfram</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wolfram(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_heksakarbonil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram heksakarbonil (halaman belum tersedia)">W(CO)6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksakis(trimetilfosfib)wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksakis(trimetilfosfib)wolfram (halaman belum tersedia)">W(PMe3)6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wolfram(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_disilisida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram disilisida (halaman belum tersedia)">WSi2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(II)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(II) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">WCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram(II)_iodida" title="Wolfram(II) iodida">WI2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(II)_hidroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(II) hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">W(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diwolfram_tetra(hpp)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diwolfram tetra(hpp) (halaman belum tersedia)">W2(hpp)4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wolfram(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(III)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">W2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(III)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(III) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">WCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram(III)_iodida" title="Wolfram(III) iodida">WI3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksa(tert-butoksi)_diwolfram(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksa(tert-butoksi) diwolfram(III) (halaman belum tersedia)">W2(OtBu)6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wolfram(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_karbida" title="Wolfram karbida">WC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">WO2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(IV)_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(IV) sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">WS2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_diselenida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram diselenida (halaman belum tersedia)">WSe2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(IV)_telurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(IV) telurida (halaman belum tersedia)">WTe2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(IV)_fluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(IV) fluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">WF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram(IV)_klorida" title="Wolfram(IV) klorida">WCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(IV)_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(IV) bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">WBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram(IV)_iodida" title="Wolfram(IV) iodida">WI4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wolfram(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_pentoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram pentoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">W2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(V)_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(V) bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">WBr5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(V)_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(V) klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">W2Cl10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wolfram(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_diklorida_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram diklorida dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">WO2Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_heksabromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram heksabromida (halaman belum tersedia)">WBr6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_heksaklorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram heksaklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">WCl6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_heksafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram heksafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">WF6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_nitrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram nitrida (halaman belum tersedia)">WN2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">WO3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_trisulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram trisulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">WS3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_diarsenida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram diarsenida (halaman belum tersedia)">WAs2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(VI)_oksitetrabromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(VI) oksitetrabromida (halaman belum tersedia)">WOBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(VI)_oksitetraklorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(VI) oksitetraklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">WOCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(VI)_oksitetrafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(VI) oksitetrafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">WOF4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_tungstat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam tungstat (halaman belum tersedia)">H2WO4</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Senyawa_organowolfram(VI)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senyawa_organowolfram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senyawa organowolfram (halaman belum tersedia)">Senyawa organowolfram(VI)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksametilwolfram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksametilwolfram (halaman belum tersedia)">W(CH3)6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Perhiasan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C5B358;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Perhiasan" title="Templat:Perhiasan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Perhiasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Perhiasan (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Perhiasan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perhiasan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Perhiasan" title="Perhiasan">Perhiasan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_jenis_perhiasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar jenis perhiasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Bentuk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anting" title="Anting">Anting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bros" title="Bros">Bros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin" title="Cincin">Cincin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatelaine_(chain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatelaine (chain) (halaman belum tersedia)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelang" title="Gelang">Gelang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelang_kaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelang kaki (halaman belum tersedia)">Gelang kaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesper" title="Gesper">Gesper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam" title="Jam">Jam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jam_kantung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jam kantung (halaman belum tersedia)">jam kantung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamang" title="Jamang">Jamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalung" title="Kalung">Kalung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kancing_kerah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kancing kerah (halaman belum tersedia)">Kancing kerah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kancing_kerah_tangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kancing kerah tangan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kancing kerah tangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelat_bahu" title="Kelat bahu">Kelat bahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembang_goyang" title="Kembang goyang">Kembang goyang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapel_pin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapel pin (halaman belum tersedia)">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liontin" title="Liontin">Liontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahkota" title="Mahkota">Mahkota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pending" title="Pending">Pending</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjepit_dasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjepit dasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Penjepit dasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rantai_perut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rantai perut (halaman belum tersedia)">Rantai perut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger" title="Siger">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumping" title="Sumping">Sumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntiang" title="Suntiang">Suntiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameng_puting" title="Tameng puting">Tameng puting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusuk_konde" title="Tusuk konde">Tusuk konde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upawita" title="Upawita">Upawita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;">Pembuatan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;">Orang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bench_jeweler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bench jeweler (halaman belum tersedia)">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandai_emas" title="Pandai emas">Pandai emas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perancang_perhiasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perancang perhiasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perancang perhiasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapidary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapidary (halaman belum tersedia)">Lapidary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembuat_jam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembuat jam (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembuat jam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;">Proses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting_(metalworking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casting (metalworking) (halaman belum tersedia)">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing) (halaman belum tersedia)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lost-wax casting (halaman belum tersedia)">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casting_(filling)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casting (filling) (halaman belum tersedia)">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitreous_enamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitreous enamel (halaman belum tersedia)">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravir" title="Gravir">Gravir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filigree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filigree (halaman belum tersedia)">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_clay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal clay (halaman belum tersedia)">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plating (halaman belum tersedia)">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polishing_(metalworking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polishing (metalworking) (halaman belum tersedia)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repoussé and chasing (halaman belum tersedia)">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soldering (halaman belum tersedia)">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonesetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stonesetting (halaman belum tersedia)">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wire_sculpture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wire sculpture (halaman belum tersedia)">Wire wrapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;">Alat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draw_plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Draw plate (halaman belum tersedia)">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=File_(alat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File (alat) (halaman belum tersedia)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palu" title="Palu">Palu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandrel (halaman belum tersedia)">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang" title="Tang">Tang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;">Bahan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">Logam mulia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Emas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Paladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Aloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloi">Aloi</a> logam mulia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_Britannia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak Britannia (halaman belum tersedia)">Perak Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_berwarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas berwarna (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas berwarna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emas_mahkota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emas mahkota (halaman belum tersedia)">Emas mahkota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrum (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterling_platinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterling platinum (halaman belum tersedia)">Sterling platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakud%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakudō (halaman belum tersedia)">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shibuichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shibuichi (halaman belum tersedia)">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak_Sterling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perak Sterling (halaman belum tersedia)">Perak Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_dasar" title="Logam dasar">Logam/aloi dasar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuningan_(logam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuningan (logam)">Kuningan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu">Perunggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Tembaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokume-gane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokume-gane (halaman belum tersedia)">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewter (halaman belum tersedia)">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_nirkarat" title="Baja nirkarat">Baja tahan karat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata">Batu permata</a> mineral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalsedon" title="Kalsedon">Aventurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agate" class="mw-redirect" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisoberil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisoberil (halaman belum tersedia)">Aleksandrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ametis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ametis">Ametis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beril#Akuamarin_dan_maksis" title="Beril">Akuamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnelian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnelian (halaman belum tersedia)">Karnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitrin (halaman belum tersedia)">Sitrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">Intan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diopsida (halaman belum tersedia)">Diopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrud" title="Zamrud">Zamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazuardi" title="Lazuardi">Lazuardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malasit">Malasit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhiasan_markasit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhiasan markasit (halaman belum tersedia)">Markasit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bulan_(permata)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batu bulan (permata) (halaman belum tersedia)">Batu bulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oniks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oniks (halaman belum tersedia)">Oniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" class="mw-redirect" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peridot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peridot (halaman belum tersedia)">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuarsa" title="Kuarsa">Kuarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubi">Rubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir" class="mw-redirect" title="Safir">Safir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalit" title="Sodalit">Sodalit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_matahari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batu matahari (halaman belum tersedia)">Batu matahari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzanit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanzanit (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanzanit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mata_Harimau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mata Harimau (halaman belum tersedia)">Mata Harimau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourmalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourmalin (halaman belum tersedia)">Tourmalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FDF6B0;"><a href="/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata">Batu permata</a> organik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber" class="mw-disambig" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopal" title="Kopal">Kopal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koral_(batu_mulia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koral (batu mulia) (halaman belum tersedia)">Koral</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(lignit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jet (lignit) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiara" title="Mutiara">Mutiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Abalon">Abalon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C5B358;">Istilah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karat_(massa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karat (massa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Karat (massa)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karat_(kemurnian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karat (kemurnian) (halaman belum tersedia)">Karat (kemurnian)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finding (halaman belum tersedia)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millesimal_fineness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millesimal fineness (halaman belum tersedia)">Millesimal fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#C5B358;"><div> 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