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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four-shape_vs._seven-shape_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-shape_vs._seven-shape_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Four-shape vs. seven-shape systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four-shape_vs._seven-shape_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness_of_shape_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness_of_shape_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effectiveness of shape notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness_of_shape_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape_notes_and_modulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape_notes_and_modulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shape notes and modulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape_notes_and_modulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Origin and early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_seven-shape_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_seven-shape_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rise of seven-shape systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_seven-shape_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currently_active_shape_note_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currently_active_shape_note_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Currently active shape note traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currently_active_shape_note_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public-domain_shape-note_tunebooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public-domain_shape-note_tunebooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Public-domain shape-note tunebooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-domain_shape-note_tunebooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Shape_note" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Shape_note" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&oldid=1257873660" title="Permanent link to this revision of this 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical notation for group singing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the tradition of music primarily associated with shape-note notation, see <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shape_note" title="Special:EditPage/Shape note">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shape+note%22">"Shape note"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shape+note%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shape+note%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shape+note%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shape+note%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shape+note%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_in_the_east.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Star_in_the_east.png/400px-Star_in_the_east.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Star_in_the_east.png/600px-Star_in_the_east.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Star_in_the_east.png/800px-Star_in_the_east.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>"Star in the East" from the 1854 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Harmony" title="Southern Harmony">Southern Harmony</a></i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_in_the_east.ogg" title="File:Star in the east.ogg">Star in the East</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Star_in_the_east.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Star_in_the_east.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Star_in_the_east.ogg/Star_in_the_east.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Audio recording, performed multi-tracked</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><b>Shape notes</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> designed to facilitate congregational and <a href="/wiki/Sing-along" title="Sing-along">social singing</a>. The notation became a popular teaching device in American singing schools during the 19th century. Shapes were added to the <a href="/wiki/Notehead" title="Notehead">noteheads</a> in written music to help singers find <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> within <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minor_scale" title="Minor scale">minor scales</a> without the use of more complex information found in <a href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">key signatures</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staff</a>. </p><p>Shape notes of various kinds have been used for over two centuries in a variety of music traditions, mostly <a href="/wiki/Sacred_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred music">sacred music</a> but also secular, originating in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, practiced primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> for many years, and now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> experiencing a renaissance in other locations as well. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shape notes have also been called <b>character notes</b> and <b>patent notes</b>, respectively, and <b>buckwheat notes</b> and <b>dunce notes</b>, pejoratively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowensBritton1953_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowensBritton1953-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea behind shape notes is that the parts of a vocal work can be learned more quickly and easily if the music is printed in shapes that match up with the <a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge" title="Solfège">solfège</a> syllables with which the notes of the musical scale are sung. For instance, in the four-shape tradition used in the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a> and elsewhere, the notes of a C major scale are notated and sung<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The C major scale in shape notes"><img alt="The C major scale in shape notes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif/600px-TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif" decoding="async" width="600" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif/900px-TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif/1200px-TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>The C major scale in shape notes</figcaption></figure> <p>A skilled singer experienced in a shape note tradition has developed a fluent triple mental association, which links a note of the scale, a shape, and a syllable. This association can be used to help in reading the music. When a song is first sung by a shape note group, they normally sing the syllables (reading them from the shapes) to solidify their command over the notes. Next, they sing the same notes to the words of the music. </p><p>The syllables and notes of a shape note system are relative rather than absolute; they depend on the key of the piece. The first note of a major key always has the triangular Fa note, followed (ascending) by Sol, La, etc. The first note of a minor key is always La, followed by Mi, Fa, etc. </p><p>The first three notes of any <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major scale</a> – fa, sol, la – are each a tone apart. The fourth to sixth notes are also a tone apart and are also fa, sol, la. The seventh and eighth notes, being separated by a semitone, are indicated mi-fa. This means that just four shapenotes can adequately reflect the "feeling" of the whole scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Four-shape_vs._seven-shape_systems">Four-shape vs. seven-shape systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Four-shape vs. seven-shape systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7-note-shape-note-hymnal-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/7-note-shape-note-hymnal-2.png/220px-7-note-shape-note-hymnal-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/7-note-shape-note-hymnal-2.png/330px-7-note-shape-note-hymnal-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/7-note-shape-note-hymnal-2.png/440px-7-note-shape-note-hymnal-2.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>The 7-note system as used in a modern <a href="/wiki/Independent_Fundamental_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Fundamental Baptist">Independent Fundamental Baptist</a> church hymnal from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7-note-shape-note-tunebook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/7-note-shape-note-tunebook.png/220px-7-note-shape-note-tunebook.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/7-note-shape-note-tunebook.png/330px-7-note-shape-note-tunebook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/7-note-shape-note-tunebook.png/440px-7-note-shape-note-tunebook.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>The 7-note system as used in a traditional tunebook (the Christian Harmony).</figcaption></figure> <p>The system illustrated above is a <i>four-shape</i> system; six of the notes of the scale are grouped in pairs assigned to one syllable/shape combination. The ascending scale using the fa, so, la, fa, so, la, mi, fa syllables represent a variation of the hexachord system introduced by the 11th century monk <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a>, who originally introduced a six-note scale using the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. </p><p>The four syllable variation of Guido's original system was prominent in 17th century England, and entered the US in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, shapes were invented to represent the syllables. (see below). The other important systems are <i>seven-shape</i> systems, which give a different shape and syllable to every note of the scale. Such systems use as their syllables the note names "do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do" (familiar to most people due to the song "<a href="/wiki/Do-Re-Mi" title="Do-Re-Mi">Do-Re-Mi</a>" from <a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)"><i>The Sound of Music</i></a>). A few books (e.g. "The Good Old Songs" by C. H. Cayce) present the older seven-note syllabification of "do, re, mi, fa, so, la, si, do". In the seven-shape system invented by <a href="/wiki/Jesse_B._Aikin" title="Jesse B. Aikin">Jesse B. Aikin</a>, the notes of a C major scale would be notated and sung as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMajorScaleInAikenShapeSystem.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CMajorScaleInAikenShapeSystem.gif/400px-CMajorScaleInAikenShapeSystem.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CMajorScaleInAikenShapeSystem.gif/600px-CMajorScaleInAikenShapeSystem.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CMajorScaleInAikenShapeSystem.gif/800px-CMajorScaleInAikenShapeSystem.gif 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>There are other seven-shape systems.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_in_the_east_solfege.ogg" title="File:Star in the east solfege.ogg">Star in the east</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="56" data-mwtitle="Star_in_the_east_solfege.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Star_in_the_east_solfege.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Star_in_the_east_solfege.ogg/Star_in_the_east_solfege.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"Star in the east" done with four-syllable solfege syllables.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness_of_shape_notes">Effectiveness of shape notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effectiveness of shape notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A controlled study on the usefulness of shape notes was carried out in the 1950s by George H. Kyme with an experimental population consisting of fourth- and fifth-graders living in California. Kyme took care to match his <a href="/wiki/Experimental_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental group">experimental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Control_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Control group">control groups</a> as closely as possible for ability, quality of teacher, and various other factors. He found that the students taught with shape notes learned to <a href="/wiki/Sight_read" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight read">sight read</a> significantly better than those taught without them. Kyme additionally found that the students taught with shape notes were also far more likely to pursue musical activities later on in their education.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape_notes_and_modulation">Shape notes and modulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shape notes and modulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many forms of music in the <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</a> employ <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulation</a>, that is, a change of key in mid-piece. Since the 19th century, most choral music has employed modulation, and since the key change is easy for instruments but difficult for singers, the new tonality is usually established by instrumental accompaniment; accordingly, the choir will also sing in the <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">temperament</a> of the instrument rather than the <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just intonation</a> of the human voice. Modulation is sometimes said to be problematic for shape-note systems, since the shapes employed for the original key of the piece no longer match the scale degrees of the new key; <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn19707–8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn19707–8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the ability to use of sharp and flat symbols along with shape notes is a matter of the range of <a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">sorts</a> available to the typographer and musical preferences. The development of musical preferences is partly documented by surviving copies of B.F. White's <i>Organ</i> from the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Justin_Morgan" title="Justin Morgan">Justin Morgan</a>'s "Judgment Anthem", which first appeared in shapes in Little and Smith's <i>The Easy Instructor</i> (1801), appears to shift keys (and key signatures) from E minor to E♭ major, then back to E minor before concluding in E♭ major. Morgan, however, may be supposed to have intended simply a shift from major to minor while maintaining the same tonic pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reprinted in many of the early shape note tunebooks, but not in the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a> (1844), in which <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Ingalls" title="Jeremiah Ingalls">Jeremiah Ingalls</a>'s "Christian Song" is the only song that modulates (in this case, from D minor to D major).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_early_history">Origin and early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origin and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_shape-note_tunebooks" title="List of shape-note tunebooks">List of shape-note tunebooks</a></div> <p>As noted above, the syllables of shape-note systems greatly antedate the shapes. The practice of singing music to syllables designating pitch goes back to about AD 1000 with the work of <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a>. Other early work in this area includes the <a href="/wiki/Numbered_musical_notation#History_and_usage" title="Numbered musical notation">cipher notation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> (18th century), and the <a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge#Tonic_sol-fa" title="Solfège">tonic sol-fa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Anna_Glover" title="Sarah Anna Glover">Sarah Anna Glover</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Curwen" title="John Curwen">John Curwen</a> (19th century). </p><p>American forerunners to shape notes include the 9th edition of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Psalm_Book" title="Bay Psalm Book">Bay Psalm Book</a> (Boston), and <i>An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes in a Plaine & Easy Method</i> by Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Tufts_(music_educator)" title="John Tufts (music educator)">John Tufts</a>. The 9th edition of the Bay Psalm Book was printed with the initials of four-note syllables (fa, sol, la, me) underneath the staff. In his book, Tufts substituted the initials of the four-note syllables on the staff in place of note heads, and indicated rhythm by punctuation marks to the right of the letters.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compositions of the "<a href="/wiki/Yankee_tunesmiths" title="Yankee tunesmiths">Yankee tunesmiths</a>" ("First New England School") began to appear in 1770, prior to the advent of shape notes, which first appeared<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i>The Easy Instructor</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by William Little and William Smith in 1801 in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little and Smith introduced the four-shape system shown above, intended for use in <a href="/wiki/Singing_school" title="Singing school">singing schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1803 Andrew Law published <i>The Musical Primer</i>, which used slightly different shapes: a square indicated <i>fa</i> and a triangle <i>la</i>, while <i>sol</i> and <i>mi</i> were the same as in Little and Smith. Additionally, Law's invention was more radical than Little and Smith's in that he dispensed with the use of the staff altogether, letting the shapes be the sole means of expressing pitch. Little and Smith followed traditional music notation in placing the note heads on the staff, in place of the ordinary oval note heads. In the end, it was the Little/Smith system that won out, and there is no hymnbook used today that employs the Law system. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connelly_shapenotes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Connelly_shapenotes.jpg/220px-Connelly_shapenotes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Connelly_shapenotes.jpg/330px-Connelly_shapenotes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Connelly_shapenotes.jpg/440px-Connelly_shapenotes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>A licence found on the verso of the title page of some copies of Little and Smith's <i>The Easy Instructor, Part II</i> (1803)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some copies of <i>The Easy Instructor, Part II</i> (1803) included a statement, on the verso of the title page, in which John Connelly (whose name is given in other sources as Conly, Connolly, and Coloney) grants permission to Little and Smith to make use in their publications of the shape notes to which he claimed the rights.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little and Smith did not themselves claim credit for the invention, but said instead that the notes were invented around 1790 by John Connelly of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania. Andrew Law asserted that he was the inventor of shape notes. </p><p>Shape notes proved popular in America, and quickly a wide variety of hymnbooks were prepared making use of them. The shapes were eventually extirpated in the northeastern U.S. by a so-called "better music" movement, headed by <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Mason" title="Lowell Mason">Lowell Mason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowensBritton195332_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowensBritton195332-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the South, the shapes became well entrenched, and multiplied into a variety of traditions. <a href="/wiki/Ananias_Davisson" title="Ananias Davisson">Ananias Davisson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Harmony" title="Kentucky Harmony">Kentucky Harmony</a> (1816) is the first Southern shape-note tunebook,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was soon followed by Alexander Johnson's <i>Tennessee Harmony</i> (1818), Allen D. Carden's The Missouri Harmony (1820) and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_seven-shape_systems">Rise of seven-shape systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rise of seven-shape systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the middle of the 19th century, the "fa so la" system of four syllables had acquired a major rival, namely the seven-syllable "do re mi" system. Thus, music compilers began to add three more shapes to their books to match the extra syllables. Numerous seven-shape notations were devised. Jesse B. Aikin was the first to produce a book with a seven-shape note system, and he vigorously defended his "invention" and his patent. The system used in Aikin's 1846 <i>Christian Minstrel</i> eventually became the standard. This owes much to the influential Ruebush & Kieffer Publishing Company adopting Aikin's system around 1876. Two books that have remained in continuous (though limited) use, <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(composer)" title="William Walker (composer)">William Walker</a>'s <i>Christian Harmony</i> and M. L. Swan's <i>New Harp of Columbia</i>, are still available. These books use seven-shape systems devised by Walker and Swan, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currently_active_shape_note_traditions">Currently active shape note traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Currently active shape note traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a></div> <p>Although seven-shape books may not be as popular as in the past, there are still a great number of churches in the American South, in particular <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baptist">Southern Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Baptists" title="Primitive Baptists">Primitive Baptists</a>, almost all of the non-instrumental <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Methodist">Free Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Pentecostal">United Pentecostals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Baptist" title="United Baptist">United Baptists</a> in the Appalachian regions of West Virginia, Ohio and Kentucky, that regularly use seven-shape songbooks in Sunday worship. These songbooks may contain a variety of songs from 18th-century classics to 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>. Thus today denominational songbooks printed in seven shapes probably constitute the largest branch of the shape-note tradition. </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational">nondenominational</a> community singings are also intermittently held which feature early- to mid-20th century seven-shape gospel music such as <a href="/wiki/Stamps-Baxter" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamps-Baxter">Stamps-Baxter</a> hymnals or <i>Heavenly Highway</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these traditions, the custom of "singing the notes" (syllables) is generally preserved only during the learning process at <a href="/wiki/Singing_school" title="Singing school">singing schools</a> and singing may be to an instrumental accompaniment, typically a piano. </p><p>The seven-shape system is also still used at regular public singings of 19th-century songbooks of a similar type to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a></i>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Harmony" title="The Christian Harmony">The Christian Harmony</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Harp_of_Columbia" title="New Harp of Columbia">New Harp of Columbia</a></i>. Such singings are common in Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama, and generally preserve the singing school custom of "singing the notes". </p><p>The seven-shape (Aikin) system is commonly used by the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren" title="Church of the Brethren">Brethren</a>. Numerous songbooks are printed in shaped notes for this market. They include <i>Christian Hymnal</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Champagne_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champagne-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hymnary" title="Christian Hymnary">Christian Hymnary</a></i>, <i>Hymns of the Church</i>, <i>Zion's Praises</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Champagne_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champagne-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pilgrim's Praises</i>, the <i>Church Hymnal</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Champagne_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champagne-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Silver Gems in Song</i>, <i>the Mennonite Hymnal</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Harmonia_Sacra" title="Harmonia Sacra">Harmonia Sacra</a></i>. </p><p>Some African-American churches use the seven-shape note system.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm/220px--Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="160" data-durationhint="251" data-mwtitle="Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church,_Elba_Alabama,_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church,_Elba_Alabama,_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="658" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="658" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="198" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="330" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="494" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm/Oak_Grove_Baptist_Church%2C_Elba_Alabama%2C_African_American_7-shapenote_gospel_singing_10-11-2003.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="494" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Oak Grove Baptist Church, Elba, Alabama, African American 7-shape note gospel singing, 11 October 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>The four-shape tradition that currently has the greatest number of participants is Sacred Harp singing. But there are many other traditions that are still active or even enjoying a resurgence of interest. Among the four-shape systems, the <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Harmony" title="Southern Harmony">Southern Harmony</a></i> has remained in continuous use at one singing in <a href="/wiki/Benton,_Kentucky" title="Benton, Kentucky">Benton, Kentucky</a>, and is now experiencing a small amount of regrowth. The current reawakening of interest in shape note singing has also created new singings using other recently moribund 19th-century four-shape songbooks, such as <i>The Missouri Harmony</i>, as well as new books by modern composers, such as the <i>Northern Harmony</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of a hybrid nature, in terms of reviving <a href="/wiki/Ananias_Davisson" title="Ananias Davisson">Ananias Davisson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Harmony" title="Kentucky Harmony">Kentucky Harmony</a> but taking the further step of incorporating songs from 70 other early tunebooks, along with new compositions, is the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Harmony" title="Shenandoah Harmony">Shenandoah Harmony</a> (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas B. Malone has specialized in the revival of works by Jeremiah Ingalls, and has published a four-shape edition of Ingalls' 1805 <i>The Christian Harmony</i>. Malone organizes an annual mid-July singing in Newbury, Vermont, where Ingalls was a tavern-keeper and musician between 1789 and 1810. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuguing_tune" title="Fuguing tune">Fuguing tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_gospel" title="Southern gospel">Southern gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_gallery_music" title="West gallery music">West gallery music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The syllables used derive from <a href="/wiki/Guidonian_hand" title="Guidonian hand">Guidonian</a> solmization of overlapping hexachords, none of which included the entire diatonic scale (a system also used in Elizabethan England): see <a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge#Origin" title="Solfège">Solfège#Origin</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowensBritton1953-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowensBritton1953_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowensBritton1953">Lowens & Britton 1953</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarini2003">Marini 2003</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> mistakenly attributes the invention of the syllables to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a>, who described a four-syllable system in his <i>Plain and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke</i> (1597).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fasola.org/introduction/note_shapes.html">"Note shapes"</a>, <i>Introduction</i>, Fasola</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Note+shapes&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.pub=Fasola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffasola.org%2Fintroduction%2Fnote_shapes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyme, "<i>An experiment in teaching children to read with shape notes</i>," <i>Journal of Research in Music Education</i> VIII, 1 (Spring 1960), pp. 3–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn19707–8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn19707–8_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorn1970">Horn 1970</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The role of the <i>Organ</i> in setting musical tastes of the <i>Sacred Harp</i> community is discussed in the third chapter of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealle1997" class="citation book cs1">Bealle, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugapress.org/book/9780820319889/public-worship-private-faith/"><i>Public Worship, Private Faith: Sacred Harp and American Folksong</i></a>. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780-8203-1988-9" title="Special:BookSources/9-780-8203-1988-9"><bdi>9-780-8203-1988-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Worship%2C+Private+Faith%3A+Sacred+Harp+and+American+Folksong&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9-780-8203-1988-9&rft.aulast=Bealle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugapress.org%2Fbook%2F9780820319889%2Fpublic-worship-private-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>. See in particular pp. 141-142 for a discussion about the use of a sharped seventh in the minor scale between <a href="/wiki/Isaac_B._Woodbury" title="Isaac B. Woodbury">Isaac B. Woodbury</a> (1819-1858) and Isaac Holcombe (for) vs. the anonymous "Georgia Boy" (against).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2013" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Rachel (23 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924034041/https://www.shenandoahharmony.com/2013/morgans-judgment-anthem-newly-typeset/">"Morgan's Judgment Anthem, Newly Typeset"</a>. <i>Shenandoah Harmony website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shenandoahharmony.com/2013/morgans-judgment-anthem-newly-typeset/">the original</a> on 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shenandoah+Harmony+website&rft.atitle=Morgan%27s+Judgment+Anthem%2C+Newly+Typeset&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shenandoahharmony.com%2F2013%2Fmorgans-judgment-anthem-newly-typeset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngalls" class="citation web cs1">Ingalls, Jeremiah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacredharpbremen.org/240-christian-song/">"240 Christian Song"</a>. <i>Sacred Harp Bremen website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Harp+Bremen+website&rft.atitle=240+Christian+Song&rft.aulast=Ingalls&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacredharpbremen.org%2F240-christian-song%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gates 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That Little and Smith were the first: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford,_Richard2001" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Richard (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasmusicall0000craw"><i>America's Musical Life: A History</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04810-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04810-1"><bdi>0-393-04810-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Musical+Life%3A+A+History&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-393-04810-1&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasmusicall0000craw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s9.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/1/13/IMSLP299557-SIBLEY1802.27855.4022-M2116.S664_E1_1803z.pdf">William Smith. Easy Instructor. .. Part II</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColwellJames_W._PruettPamela_Bristah" class="citation book cs1">Colwell, Richard; James W. Pruett; Pamela Bristah. "Education". <i>New Grove Dictionary of Music</i>. pp. 11–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education&rft.btitle=New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.pages=11-21&rft.aulast=Colwell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=James+W.+Pruett&rft.au=Pamela+Bristah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By way of demonstrating the efficacy of the new shape notes, the <i>"Easy" Instructor</i> contains many difficult songs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation cs2">Miller, Kiri (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JB2iuBPxfsC&pg=PA209"><i>Traveling Home</i></a>, Univ. of Illinois Press, p. 209 n. 4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252032141" title="Special:BookSources/9780252032141"><bdi>9780252032141</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveling+Home&rft.pages=209+n.+4&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780252032141&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JB2iuBPxfsC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dick Hulan writes, "My copy of William Smith's <i>Easy Instructor, Part II</i> (1803) attributes the invention [of shape notes] to 'J. Conly of Philadelphia'." And according to David Warren Steel, in <i><a href="/wiki/John_Wyeth" title="John Wyeth">John Wyeth</a> and the Development of Southern Folk Hymnody</i>: "This notation was invented by Philadelphia merchant John Connelly, who on 10 March 1798 signed over his rights to the system to Little and Smith."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowensBritton195332-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowensBritton195332_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowensBritton1953">Lowens & Britton 1953</a>, p. 32. "Had this pedagogical tool been accepted by 'the father of singing among the children', Lowell Mason, and others who shaped the patterns of American music education, we might have been more successful in developing skilled music readers and enthusiastic amateur choral singers in the public schools."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the very first shape-note book produced south of the Mason-Dixon line, Ananias Davisson's <i>Kentucky Harmony</i>, published in Harrison, Virginia, in 1816" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatchett2003" class="citation book cs1">Hatchett, Marion J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anvss1Vyi58C&pg=PA34"><i>A companion to the New harp of Columbia</i></a>. Univ. of Tennessee Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1572332034" title="Special:BookSources/978-1572332034"><bdi>978-1572332034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+New+harp+of+Columbia&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1572332034&rft.aulast=Hatchett&rft.aufirst=Marion+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Danvss1Vyi58C%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213134229/http://www.brentwoodbenson.com/product/viewproduct.do?itemid=75608852&&viewtype=songlist">"Heavenly Highway Hymns"</a>. <i>Hymn Book</i>. Stamps-Baxter/Zondervan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brentwoodbenson.com/product/viewproduct.do?itemid=75608852&&viewtype=songlist">the original</a> on 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hymn+Book&rft.atitle=Heavenly+Highway+Hymns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brentwoodbenson.com%2Fproduct%2Fviewproduct.do%3Fitemid%3D75608852%26%26viewtype%3Dsonglist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Champagne-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Champagne_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champagne_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champagne_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampagne" class="citation web cs1">Champagne, Josh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911071501/http://www.joshchampagne.com/music.html">"Christian Music"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joshchampagne.com/music.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Music&rft.aulast=Champagne&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoshchampagne.com%2Fmusic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hymnary.org/hymnal/MH1969">"The Mennonite Hymnal | Hymnary.org"</a>. <i>hymnary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hymnary.org&rft.atitle=The+Mennonite+Hymnal+%26%23124%3B+Hymnary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhymnary.org%2Fhymnal%2FMH1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Derrick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=110720055&site=eds-live&scope=site">"African American Practice of Shape-Note Singing in the United States"</a>. <i>Choral Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (5): 38–51<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choral+Journal&rft.atitle=African+American+Practice+of+Shape-Note+Singing+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=38-51&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Da9h%26AN%3D110720055%26site%3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard" class="citation web cs1">Stoddard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523145523/http://stoddardfamily.home.comcast.net/~stoddardfamily/1AboutNH.html">"About"</a>. <i>Hymn Book</i>. Northern Harmony. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stoddardfamily.home.comcast.net/~stoddardfamily/1AboutNH.html">the original</a> on 23 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hymn+Book&rft.atitle=About&rft.au=Stoddard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoddardfamily.home.comcast.net%2F~stoddardfamily%2F1AboutNH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditors_of_the_Shenandoah_Harmony" class="citation web cs1">Editors of the <i>Shenandoah Harmony</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730205949/https://www.shenandoahharmony.com/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <i>Hymn Book</i>. The Shenandoah Harmony Publishing Company (Boyce, VA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shenandoahharmony.com/about-us/">the original</a> on 30 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hymn+Book&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft.au=Editors+of+the+%27%27Shenandoah+Harmony%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shenandoahharmony.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase" class="citation cs2">Chase, Gilbert, <i>America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Music%3A+From+the+Pilgrims+to+the+Present&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2001" class="citation cs2">Cobb, Buell E jr (2001), <i>The Sacred Harp: A Tradition and Its Music</i>, University of Georgia Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Harp%3A+A+Tradition+and+Its+Music&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Buell+E+jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Drummond, R. Paul (n.d.) <i>A Portion for the Singers: A History of Music Among Primitive Baptists Since 1800</i>.</li> <li>Eastburn, Kathryn (n.d.) <i>A Sacred Feast: Reflections on Sacred Harp Singing and Dinner on the Ground</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskewMcElrath1980" class="citation book cs1">Eskew, Harry; McElrath, Hugh T. (1980). <i>Sing with Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology</i>. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-6809-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-6809-9"><bdi>0-8054-6809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sing+with+Understanding%3A+An+Introduction+to+Christian+Hymnology&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Broadman+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8054-6809-9&rft.aulast=Eskew&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McElrath%2C+Hugh+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoff2002" class="citation book cs1">Goff, James R. (2002). <i>Close harmony : a history of southern gospel</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807853467" title="Special:BookSources/9780807853467"><bdi>9780807853467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Close+harmony+%3A+a+history+of+southern+gospel&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780807853467&rft.aulast=Goff&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn1970" class="citation cs2">Horn, Dorothy (1970), <i>Sing to Me of Heaven: A Study of Folk and Early American Materials in Three Old Harp Books</i>, Gainesville: University of Florida Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sing+to+Me+of+Heaven%3A+A+Study+of+Folk+and+Early+American+Materials+in+Three+Old+Harp+Books&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1932" class="citation cs2">Jackson, George Pullen (1932), <i>White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Spirituals+in+the+Southern+Uplands&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=George+Pullen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarini2003" class="citation cs2">Marini, Stephen A (2003), <i>Sacred Song in America: Religion, Music, and Public Culture</i>, Urbana: University of Illinois Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Song+in+America%3A+Religion%2C+Music%2C+and+Public+Culture&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Marini&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanislaw" class="citation cs2">Stanislaw, Richard J, <i>A Checklist of Four-Shape Shape-Note Tunebooks</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Checklist+of+Four-Shape+Shape-Note+Tunebooks&rft.aulast=Stanislaw&rft.aufirst=Richard+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartman2005" class="citation cs2">Hartman, Steve (2005), <i>The Missouri Harmony, or a Choice Collection of Psalm Tunes, Hymns, and Anthems</i> (Wings of Song ed.), St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883982-54-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-883982-54-5"><bdi>1-883982-54-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missouri+Harmony%2C+or+a+Choice+Collection+of+Psalm+Tunes%2C+Hymns%2C+and+Anthems&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.edition=Wings+of+Song&rft.pub=Missouri+Historical+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-883982-54-5&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>, xxxvii, 346 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Gavin James (Spring 1997), "Old Can Be Used Instead of New: Shape-Note Singing and the Crisis of Modernity in the New South, 1880–1910", <i>Journal of American Folklore</i> (article), <b>110</b> (436): 169–88, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F541811">10.2307/541811</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/541811">541811</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Old+Can+Be+Used+Instead+of+New%3A+Shape-Note+Singing+and+the+Crisis+of+Modernity+in+the+New+South%2C+1880%E2%80%931910&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=436&rft.pages=169-88&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F541811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F541811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gavin+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span> investigates the internal debate among shape note singers at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the twentieth.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1988" class="citation journal cs1">Gates, J. Terry (1988). "A comparison of the tune books of Tufts and Walter". <i>Journal of Research in Music Education</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 169–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3344638">10.2307/3344638</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3344638">3344638</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191348871">191348871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Music+Education&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+the+tune+books+of+Tufts+and+Walter&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=169-93&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191348871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3344638%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3344638&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=J.+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowensBritton1953" class="citation journal cs1">Lowens, Irving; Britton, Allen P. (Spring 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68570/2/10.2307_3344565.pdf">"<i>The Easy Instructor</i> (1798–1831): A history and bibliography of the first shape note tune book"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Research in Music Education</i>. <b>I</b> (1): 31–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3344565">10.2307/3344565</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F68570">2027.42/68570</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3344565">3344565</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145106169">145106169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Music+Education&rft.atitle=The+Easy+Instructor+%281798%E2%80%931831%29%3A+A+history+and+bibliography+of+the+first+shape+note+tune+book&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-55&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F68570&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145106169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3344565%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3344565&rft.aulast=Lowens&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft.au=Britton%2C+Allen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F68570%2F2%2F10.2307_3344565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/h54lrBiaRls">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015135026/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h54lrBiaRls">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsberg" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Karlsberg, Jesse Pearlman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h54lrBiaRls"><i>An Introduction to ShapeNote Hymnody</i></a>. Emory University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+ShapeNote+Hymnody&rft.pub=Emory+University&rft.aulast=Karlsberg&rft.aufirst=Jesse+Pearlman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dh54lrBiaRls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fasola.org/">Fasola Home Page</a> – web site of the Sacred Harp Musical Heritage Association, dedicated to Sacred Harp and Shapenote singing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awakemysoul.com/">Awake, My Soul</a> – about a documentary movie The Story of Sacred Harp and Shaped Note singing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031008162711/http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/ijs/sn/sn-hist.html">Shape Note Historical Background</a> – article on the evolution of shaped notes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paperlesshymnal.com/shapnote/shaped.htm">Shape Notes: the eight note, seven shape method</a> – article promoting the seven shape method</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singingalls.org/">Shape-note Connexion & music of Jeremiah Ingalls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920234453/http://www.singingalls.org/">Archived</a> 20 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> where you can hear a fine example of shapenote singing, including the first run-through with the shapenote syllables being sung</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/shapenote.pdf"><i>A Shape-Note Singing Lesson</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Smithsonian in Your Classroom. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. October 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shape-Note+Singing+Lesson&rft.series=Smithsonian+in+Your+Classroom&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianeducation.org%2Feducators%2Flesson_plans%2Fshapenote.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span> With lesson plans for teachers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/xbsdd">Sacred Harp Music</a> – article on Sacred Harp from the Handbook of Texas online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040812034233/http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/~mudws/articles/walls.html">Mississippi's African American Shape Note Tradition</a> article by Chiquita Walls</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/MS/200003222.html">Pearl River South Singing Convention</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stampsbaxterschool.com/">Stamps-Baxter School of Gospel Music</a> – school furthering the Stamps and Baxter tradition</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukshapenote.org.uk/">UK Sacred Harp and Shapenote Singing</a> – official UK site with events calendar, resources and contacts for all UK shapenote groups</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031206102702/http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/~mudws/resource/">Sacred Harp and Related Shape-Note Music Resources</a> – an extensive site of resources concerning Sacred Harp, other Shape-Note music, Gallery music, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/periodicals/bittersweet/fa74b.htm">Singing with Sol-fa Syllables</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925201709/http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/periodicals/bittersweet/fa74b.htm">Archived</a> 25 September 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – article about singing schools and shape notes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.createspace.com/3447503">The Shape of Music</a> – book on teaching small children shapenote singing.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/folklife/folklife_cd.cfm">Where Could I Go But To The Lord</a> field recording from the Florida Folklife Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206112350/http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/genresearch.pl?genre=shape-note">Art of the States: shape-note</a> recordings</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapenote.net/">Sacred Harp.mus</a>. Electronic sound files of songs from several 19th century shapenote songbooks using Melody Assistant software.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/coconmaps/openhymnal-seven-shape-notes">Seven-Shape Note Sheet Music</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823222811/https://sites.google.com/site/coconmaps/openhymnal-seven-shape-notes">Archived</a> 23 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Open Hymnal Round Notes converted to Seven-Shape Notes.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/coconmaps/openhymnal-seven-shape-notes">Seven-Shape Note Book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823222811/https://sites.google.com/site/coconmaps/openhymnal-seven-shape-notes">Archived</a> 23 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cyber Hymnal Selection converted to Seven-Shape Notes Book.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shenandoahharmony.com/singings/">Singings from the <i>Shenandoah Harmony</i></a> List of all-day and regular local singings from the <i>Shenandoah Harmony</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public-domain_shape-note_tunebooks">Public-domain shape-note tunebooks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_note&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public-domain shape-note tunebooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Category:4-shape_notation">4-shape notation tunebooks on IMSLP</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Category:7-shape_notation">7-shape notation tunebooks on IMSLP</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/methodistharmoni00meth"><i>The Methodist Harmonist</i> (1833)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikin1858" class="citation cs2">Aikin, Jesse B (1858), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGoJAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Christian Minstrel</i></a> (7-shape)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Minstrel&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Aikin&rft.aufirst=Jesse+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGoJAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikin1875" class="citation cs2">Aikin, LW (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crystalgemsforsa75aiki"><i>Crystal Gems for the Sabbath-School</i></a> (7-shape)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crystal+Gems+for+the+Sabbath-School&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Aikin&rft.aufirst=LW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrystalgemsforsa75aiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Crystal_Gems_for_the_Sabbath_School_%28Various%29">at IMSLP</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuld1852" class="citation cs2">Auld, Alexander (1852), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Ohio_Harmonist_%28Auld,_Alexander%29"><i>The Ohio Harmonist</i></a> (7-shape)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ohio+Harmonist&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Auld&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Ohio_Harmonist_%2528Auld%2C_Alexander%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShape+note" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Allen D. Carden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Missouri_Harmony_%28Various%29"><i>The Missouri Harmony</i> (1834)</a></li> <li>W. L. Chappell, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtuallibrary.cincinnatilibrary.org/virtuallibrary/vl_OldRare.aspx?ResID=45">The Western Lyre</a></i>, new edition (1835)</li> <li>David Clayton and James Carrell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200038828/enlarge.html?page=7&section=&size=1024"><i>The Virginia Harmony</i> (1831)</a></li> <li>Ananias Davisson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonsing.org/music/suppl-kt-harmony/"><i>A Supplement to the Kentucky Harmony</i> (1825, reset 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Funk" title="Joseph Funk">Joseph Funk</a> and sons, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newharmoniasacra00funk"><i>The New Harmonia Sacra: A Compilation of Genuine Church Music</i> (1915, 18th edition, 7-shape)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harmoniasacra.org/">(2008, 26th edition, 7-shape and 4-shape)</a></li> <li>William Hauser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapenote.net/berkley/HesperianHarp.htm"><i>The Hesperian Harp</i> (1848)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Hesperian_Harp_%28Hauser,_William%29">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianharpsab00howe"><i>The Christian Harp and Sabbath School Songster</i> (1870)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Christian_Harp_and_Sabbath_School_Songster_%28Various%29">[2]</a> (7-shape)</li> <li>J. S. James, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Union_Harp_and_History_of_Songs_(Various)"><i>Union Harp and History of Songs</i></a> (1909)</li> <li>William Little and William Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Easy_Instructor_(Various)"><i>The Easy Instructor</i></a> (1801), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urresearch.rochester.edu/institutionalPublicationPublicView.action?institutionalItemId=27421&versionNumber=1">Part 2</a> (1803)</li> <li>Lowell Mason, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Sacred_Harp_or_Eclectic_Harmony_%28Mason,_Lowell%29"><i>Mason's Sacred Harp</i> (1835 and 1844 editions)</a></li> <li>John G. McCurry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Social_Harp_%28McCurry,_John_Gordon%29"><i>The Social Harp</i></a> (1855)</li> <li>William Walker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200038824/enlarge.html?page=5&section=&size=1024"><i>The Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion</i> (1847)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Southern_Harmony,_and_Musical_Companion_%28Walker,_William%29">(1854)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Southern_and_Western_Pocket_Harmonist_(Walker,_William)"><i>The Southern and Western Pocket Harmony, intended as an Appendix to the Southern Harmony</i></a> (1860)</li> <li>B. F. White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Sacred_Harp_%28Various%29"><i>The Sacred Harp</i> (1860)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/svy:@field(DOCID+@lit(harpT000))">c. 2</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/11394316.4428.emory.edu">(1911, rev. J. S. James et al.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Wyeth%27s_Repository_of_Sacred_Music_(Various)"><i>Wyeth's Repository of Sacred Music</i></a> (1826)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_music" title="Template:Christian music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_music" title="Template talk:Christian music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roots and beginnings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">Homophony</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony#European_polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">Chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune#The_Reformation" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_music" title="Jesus music">Jesus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shape note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/75px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/113px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/150px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_adult_contemporary" title="Christian adult contemporary">Christian adult contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Geistliches_Lied" title="Neues Geistliches Lied">Neues Geistliches Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass (music)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_country_music" title="Christian country music">Christian country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music" title="Christian electronic dance music">Christian electronic dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" title="Christian hip hop">Christian hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_R%26B" title="Christian R&B">Christian R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock" title="Christian alternative rock">Christian alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_blues" title="Gospel blues">Gospel blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_reggae" title="Gospel reggae">Gospel reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Christian_music" title="Latin Christian music">Latin Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_gospel" title="Southern gospel">Southern gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gospel_music" title="Black Gospel music">Black Gospel music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel" title="Traditional black gospel">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel" title="Urban contemporary gospel">Urban contemporary gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chant" title="Template:Chant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chant" title="Template talk:Chant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_liturgical_chant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Christian liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_chant" title="Armenian chant">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_chant" title="Ethiopian chant">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_chant" title="Galician chant">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obikhod" title="Obikhod">Obikhod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_chant" title="Kievan chant">Kievan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostopinije" title="Prostopinije">Prostopinije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian chant">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian</a> (Milanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_chant" title="Celtic chant">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_chant" title="Gallican chant">Gallican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelineau_psalmody" title="Gelineau psalmody">Gelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_chant" title="Mozarabic chant">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_chant" title="Old Roman chant">Old Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_chant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravenna chant (page does not exist)">Ravenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_church_composers" title="List of Anglican church composers">Anglican church composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_bands_and_artists_by_genre" title="List of Christian bands and artists by genre">Christian bands and artists by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_country_artists" title="List of Christian country artists">Christian country artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_hardcore_bands" title="List of Christian hardcore bands">Christian hardcore bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_rock_bands" title="List of Christian rock bands">Christian rock bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_metal_artists" title="List of Christian metal artists">Christian metal artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_hip_hop_artists" title="List of Christian hip hop artists">Christian hip hop artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_punk_bands" title="List of Christian punk bands">Christian punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_ska_bands" title="List of Christian ska bands">Christian ska bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_record_labels" title="List of Christian record labels">Christian record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_vocal_artists" title="List of Christian vocal artists">Christian vocal artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_worship_music_artists" title="List of Christian worship music artists">Christian worship music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gospel_musicians" title="List of gospel musicians">Gospel musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_media" title="Christian media">Christian media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_festival" title="Christian music festival">Christian music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Catholic_liturgical_music" title="Contemporary Catholic liturgical music">Contemporary Catholic liturgical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_music" title="Category:Christian music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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