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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Christian hymnody</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_hymnody-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian hymnody subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_hymnody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_and_accompaniment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_accompaniment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Music and accompaniment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_accompaniment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Western church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Eastern church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_Christian_hymnody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_Christian_hymnody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development of Christian hymnody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_Christian_hymnody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>American developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_America's_hymns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_America's_hymns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Black America's hymns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_America's_hymns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymn_meters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymn_meters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hymn meters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymn_meters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_hymnody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_hymnody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hindu hymnody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_hymnody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_hymnody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_hymnody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sikh hymnody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_hymnody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appreciations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appreciations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Appreciations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appreciations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hymn</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loflied" title="Loflied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Loflied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ترتيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترتيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himnu" title="Himnu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Himnu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himn" title="Himn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Himn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="স্তোত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তোত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-si" title="Sèng-si – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-si" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гимн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гимн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гімн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гімн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гімн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гімн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Химн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himna" title="Himna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Himna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дуулал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дуулал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himne" title="Himne – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Himne" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chvalozp%C4%9Bv" title="Chvalozpěv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chvalozpěv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emyn" title="Emyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Emyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymne" title="Hymne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hymne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymne" title="Hymne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hymne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCmn" title="Hümn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hümn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ύμνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύμνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno" title="Himno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Himno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno" title="Himno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Himno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inu" title="Inu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Inu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereserki" title="Ereserki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ereserki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سرود روحانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرود روحانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymne_religieux" title="Hymne religieux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hymne religieux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymne" title="Hymne – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hymne" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iomann" title="Iomann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iomann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno" title="Himno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Himno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%AC%EA%B0%80" title="찬가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찬가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օրհներգություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրհներգություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himan" title="Himan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Himan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno" title="Himno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Himno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himne" title="Himne – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Himne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гимн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гимн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1lmur" title="Sálmur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sálmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inno" title="Inno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гимн – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гимн" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰიმნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიმნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BD%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Әнұран – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әнұран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyt" title="Beyt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Beyt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гимн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гимн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnus" title="Hymnus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hymnus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himna" title="Himna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Himna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giesm%C4%97" title="Giesmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Giesmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himnusz" title="Himnusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Himnusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സ്തുതിഗീതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്തുതിഗീതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innu" title="Innu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Innu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰიმნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიმნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_puja" title="Gita puja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gita puja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Гимнась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Гимнась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дуулал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дуулал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ချီးမွမ်းသီချင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချီးမွမ်းသီချင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymne" title="Hymne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hymne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%9B%E7%BE%8E%E6%AD%8C" title="賛美歌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="賛美歌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Шатлакхан Илли – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шатлакхан Илли" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Anthem" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymne" title="Hymne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hymne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymne" title="Hymne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hymne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imne" title="Imne – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Imne" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Чапмуро – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чапмуро" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhiya" title="Madhiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madhiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੇਮਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੇਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مناجات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مناجات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hymn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_(religi%C3%A3o)" title="Hino (religião) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hino (religião)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn" title="Gimn – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gimn" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imn" title="Imn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гимна – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гимна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гимн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гимн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hymn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مناجات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مناجات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chv%C3%A1lospev" title="Chválospev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chválospev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himna" title="Himna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Himna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hymn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="ھیمن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیمن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Химна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Химна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himan" title="Himan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Himan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himne" title="Himne – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Himne" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virsi" title="Virsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hymn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno" title="Himno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பாடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Һимн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һимн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="เพลงสดุดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพลงสดุดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гимн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гимн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lahi" title="İlahi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlahi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80" title="Кунгур – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кунгур" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гімн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гімн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مناجات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مناجات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hymns" and "hymnus" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hymn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hymn (disambiguation)">Hymn (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arvid_Liljelund_-_Man_Singing_Hymn_-_A_I_187_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Arvid_Liljelund_-_Man_Singing_Hymn_-_A_I_187_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg/220px-Arvid_Liljelund_-_Man_Singing_Hymn_-_A_I_187_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Arvid_Liljelund_-_Man_Singing_Hymn_-_A_I_187_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg/330px-Arvid_Liljelund_-_Man_Singing_Hymn_-_A_I_187_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Arvid_Liljelund_-_Man_Singing_Hymn_-_A_I_187_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg/440px-Arvid_Liljelund_-_Man_Singing_Hymn_-_A_I_187_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arvid_Liljelund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arvid Liljelund (page does not exist)">Arvid Liljelund</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Liljelund" class="extiw" title="de:Arvid Liljelund">de</a>; <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Liljelund" class="extiw" title="fi:Arvid Liljelund">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Liljelund" class="extiw" title="sv:Arvid Liljelund">sv</a>]</span>'s <i>Man Singing Hymn</i> (1884)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hymn</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a>, and partially synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Devotional_song" title="Devotional song">devotional song</a>, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, and typically addressed to a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> or deities, or to a prominent figure or <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>hymn</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕμνος</span></span> (<i>hymnos</i>), which means "a song of praise".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A writer of hymns is known as a <a href="/wiki/Hymnist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnist">hymnist</a>. The singing or composition of hymns is called <b>hymnody</b>. Collections of hymns are known as <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnals</a> or hymn books. Hymns may or may not include instrumental accompaniment. <a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a> is the Greco/Roman goddess of hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most familiar to speakers of English in the context of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, hymns are also a fixture of other <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world religions</a>, especially on the Indian subcontinent (<i><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">stotras</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hymns also survive from antiquity, especially from Egyptian and Greek cultures. Some of the oldest surviving examples of notated music are hymns with Greek texts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Eastern hymns include the Egyptian <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Hurrian <i><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Nikkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymn to Nikkal">Hymn to Nikkal</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, an Indian collection of Vedic hymns;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hymns from the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i> (<i>Shijing</i>), a collection of Chinese poems from 11th to 7th centuries BC;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Gatha_(Zoroaster)" title="Gatha (Zoroaster)">Gathas</a></i>—Avestan hymns believed to have been composed by <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Biblical <i><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Book of Psalms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Western tradition of hymnody begins with the <i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i>, a collection of ancient Greek hymns, the oldest of which were written in the 7th century BC, praising deities of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Greece">ancient Greek religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving from the 3rd century BC is a collection of six literary hymns (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὕμνοι</span></span>) by the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></i> are a collection of 87 short poems in Greek religion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Patristic</a> writers began applying the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕμνος</span></span>, or <i>hymnus</i> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> songs of praise, and frequently used the word as a synonym for "<a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">psalm</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_hymnody">Christian hymnody</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christian hymnody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_Church-_Everyday_Life_in_Uffington,_Berkshire,_England,_UK,_1944_D19410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Village_Church-_Everyday_Life_in_Uffington%2C_Berkshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D19410.jpg/220px-Village_Church-_Everyday_Life_in_Uffington%2C_Berkshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D19410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Village_Church-_Everyday_Life_in_Uffington%2C_Berkshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D19410.jpg/330px-Village_Church-_Everyday_Life_in_Uffington%2C_Berkshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D19410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Village_Church-_Everyday_Life_in_Uffington%2C_Berkshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D19410.jpg/440px-Village_Church-_Everyday_Life_in_Uffington%2C_Berkshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D19410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>In Christianity, church congregations often sing hymns together as part of their worship (Pictured: worshippers at <a href="/wiki/Uffington,_Oxfordshire" title="Uffington, Oxfordshire">Uffington</a> Parish Church in England, 1944)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">Church music</a></div> <p>Originally modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Book of Psalms</a> and other poetic passages (commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Canticle" title="Canticle">canticles</a>") in the Scriptures, Christian hymns are generally directed as praise to the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christian God</a>. Many refer to <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> either directly or indirectly. </p><p>In the New Testament, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a> wrote to the Ephesian and Colossian churches, enjoining the singing of psalms and hymns for "mutual encouragement and edification."<sup id="cite_ref-Lillenas1972_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lillenas1972-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was demonstrated when he joined <a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> in singing hymns in the Phillipian jail, even during unfortunate circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Lillenas1972_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lillenas1972-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#30:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalms 30:4</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#14:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 14:3</a>, among other Scriptural verses, encourage Christians to sing hymns to praise God.<sup id="cite_ref-Lillenas1972_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lillenas1972-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, since the earliest times, Christians have sung "psalms and hymns and spiritual songs", both in private devotions and in corporate worship.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-scriptural hymns (i.e. not psalms or canticles) from the Early Church still sung today include '<a href="/wiki/Phos_Hilaron" title="Phos Hilaron">Phos Hilaron</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a>', and '<a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-service_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-service-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One definition of a hymn is "...a lyric poem, reverently and devotionally conceived, which is designed to be sung and which expresses the worshipper's attitude toward God or God's purposes in human life. It should be simple and metrical in form, genuinely emotional, poetic and literary in style, spiritual in quality, and in its ideas so direct and so immediately apparent as to unify a congregation while singing it."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian hymns are often written with special or seasonal themes and these are used on holy days such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and the Feast of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints</a>, or during particular seasons such as <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. Others are used to encourage reverence for the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> or to celebrate Christian practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">eucharist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>. Some hymns praise or address individual <a href="/wiki/Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints">saints</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>; such hymns are particularly prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and to some extent <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A writer of hymns is known as a hymnodist, and the practice of singing hymns is called <i>hymnody</i>; the same word is used for the collectivity of hymns belonging to a particular denomination or period (e.g. "nineteenth century Methodist hymnody" would mean the body of hymns written and/or used by Methodists in the 19th century).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of hymns is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal</a>, hymn book</i> or <i>hymnary</i>. These may or may not include music; among the hymnals without printed music, some include names of hymn tunes suggested for use with each text, in case readers already know the tunes or would like to find them elsewhere. A student of hymnody is called a <i>hymnologist</i>, and the scholarly study of hymns, hymnists and hymnody is <a href="/wiki/Hymnology" title="Hymnology">hymnology</a>. The music to which a hymn may be sung is a <a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune" title="Hymn tune">hymn tune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many Evangelical churches, traditional songs are classified as hymns while more contemporary worship songs are not considered hymns. The reason for this distinction is unclear, but according to some it is due to the radical shift of style and devotional thinking that began with the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_music" title="Jesus music">Jesus music</a>. In recent years, Christian traditional hymns <i>have</i> seen a revival in some churches, usually more Reformed or <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinistic</a> in nature, as modern hymn writers such as <a href="/wiki/Keith_%26_Kristyn_Getty" title="Keith & Kristyn Getty">Keith & Kristyn Getty</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Grace_Churches" title="Sovereign Grace Churches">Sovereign Grace</a> Music have reset old lyrics to new melodies, revised old hymns and republished them, or simply written a song in a hymn-like fashion such as "<a href="/wiki/In_Christ_Alone_(song)" title="In Christ Alone (song)">In Christ Alone</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_accompaniment">Music and accompaniment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Music and accompaniment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient and medieval times, <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> were used with psalms and hymns. </p><p>Since there is a lack of <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> in early writings,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the actual musical forms in the early church can only be surmised. During the Middle Ages a rich hymnody developed in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> or plainsong. This type was sung in unison, in one of eight <a href="/wiki/Church_modes" class="mw-redirect" title="Church modes">church modes</a>, and most often by monastic choirs. While they were written originally in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, many have been translated; a familiar example is the 4th century <i><a href="/wiki/Of_the_Father%27s_Heart_Begotten" title="Of the Father's Heart Begotten">Of the Father's Heart Begotten</a></i> sung to the 11th century plainsong <i>Divinum Mysterium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_church">Western church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Western church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4418" /></a><figcaption>Hymns are often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a> music</figcaption></figure> <p>Later hymnody in the <a href="/wiki/Western_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western church">Western church</a> introduced four-part vocal <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> as the norm, adopting major and minor keys, and came to be led by <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> and choir. It shares many elements with <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, except for choirs, more musically inclined congregations and <i><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a></i> congregations, hymns are typically sung in unison. In some cases complementary full settings for organ are also published, in others organists and other accompanists are expected to adapt the available setting, or extemporise one, on their instrument of choice. </p><p>In traditional <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican</a> practice, hymns are sung (often accompanied by an organ) during the <a href="/wiki/Processional_hymn" title="Processional hymn">processional</a> to the altar,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the receiving of communion, during the <a href="/wiki/Recessional_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessional hymn">recessional</a>, and sometimes at other points during the service. The <a href="/wiki/Doxology#Trinitarian_doxology" title="Doxology">Doxology</a> is also sung after the tithes and offerings are brought up to the altar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary Christian worship</a>, as often found in <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>, may include the use of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">contemporary worship music</a> played with <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drum kit</a>, sharing many elements with <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other groups of Christians have historically excluded instrumental accompaniment, citing the absence of instruments in worship by the church in the first several centuries of its existence, and adhere to an unaccompanied <i><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a></i> congregational singing of hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups include the 'Brethren' (often both 'Open' and 'Exclusive'), the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, several Anabaptist-based denominations—such as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church_of_America" title="Apostolic Christian Church of America">Apostolic Christian Church of America</a>—<a href="/wiki/Primitive_Baptists" title="Primitive Baptists">Primitive Baptists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain Reformed churches, although during the last century or so, several of these, such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> have abandoned this stance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_church">Eastern church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> churches) has a variety of ancient hymnographical traditions. In the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, chant is used for all forms of liturgical worship: if it is not sung <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a>, the only accompaniment is usually an <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">ison</i></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drone</a>. Organs and other instruments were excluded from church use, although they were employed in imperial ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, instruments are common in some other Oriental traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic</a> tradition makes use of the <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a> only.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Orthodox">Indian Orthodox</a> (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church) use the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tewahedo_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewahedo Church">Tewahedo Churches</a> use <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a> and other instruments on certain occasions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_Christian_hymnody">Development of Christian hymnody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development of Christian hymnody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, in the introduction to his commentary on the Psalms, defined the Christian hymn thus: "<i>Hymnus est laus Dei cum cantico; canticum autem exultatio mentis de aeternis habita, prorumpens in vocem</i>." ("A hymn is the praise of God with song; a song is the exultation of the mind dwelling on eternal things, bursting forth in the voice.")<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> resulted in two conflicting attitudes towards hymns. One approach, the <a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">regulative principle of worship</a>, favoured by many Zwinglians, Calvinists and some radical reformers, considered anything that was not directly authorised by the Bible to be a novel and Catholic introduction to worship, which was to be rejected. All hymns that were not direct quotations from the Bible fell into this category. Such hymns were banned, along with any form of instrumental musical accompaniment, and organs were removed from churches.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of hymns, biblical psalms were chanted, most often without accompaniment, to very basic melodies. This was known as <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">exclusive psalmody</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this may still be found in various places, including in some of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Presbyterian">Presbyterian churches of western Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ein%27_Feste_Burg.ogg" title="File:Ein' Feste Burg.ogg">"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="161" data-mwtitle="Ein'_Feste_Burg.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Ein%27_Feste_Burg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Ein%27_Feste_Burg.ogg/Ein%27_Feste_Burg.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Luther's paraphrase of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_46" title="Psalm 46">Psalm 46</a> is a popular <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The other Reformation approach, the <a href="/wiki/Normative_principle_of_worship" title="Normative principle of worship">normative principle of worship</a>, produced a burst of hymn writing and congregational singing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> is notable not only as a reformer, but as the author of hymns including "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>"), "<a href="/wiki/Gelobet_seist_du,_Jesu_Christ" title="Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ">Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ</a>" ("Praise be to You, Jesus Christ"), and <a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">many others</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther and his followers often used their hymns, or chorales, to teach tenets of the faith to worshipers. The first Protestant hymnal was published in Bohemia in 1532 by the <a href="/wiki/Unitas_Fratrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitas Fratrum">Unitas Fratrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Count <a href="/wiki/Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinzendorf">Zinzendorf</a>, the Lutheran leader of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> in the 18th century wrote some 2,000 hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earlier English writers tended to paraphrase biblical texts, particularly <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalms</a>; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a> followed this tradition, but is also credited as having written the first English hymn which was not a direct paraphrase of Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watts (1674–1748), whose father was an Elder of a dissenter congregation, complained at age 16, that when allowed only psalms to sing, the faithful could not even sing about their Lord, Christ Jesus. His father invited him to see what he could do about it; the result was Watts' first hymn, "Behold the glories of the Lamb".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Found in few hymnals today, the hymn has eight stanzas in common metre and is based on Revelation 5:6, 8, 9, 10, 12.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relying heavily on Scripture, Watts wrote metered texts based on New Testament passages that brought the Christian faith into the songs of the church. Isaac Watts has been called "the father of English hymnody", but Erik Routley sees him more as "the liberator of English hymnody", because his hymns, and hymns like them, moved worshippers beyond singing only Old Testament psalms, inspiring congregations and revitalizing worship.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later writers took even more freedom, some even including <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> in their texts. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga" title="File:Love Divine All Loves Excelling.oga">"Love Divine All Loves Excelling"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="271" data-mwtitle="Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga/Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALove_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"<a href="/wiki/Love_Divine,_All_Loves_Excelling" title="Love Divine, All Loves Excelling">Love Divine, All Loves Excelling</a>", one of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>'s most popular hymns, is commonly sung to the tune <i>Blaenwern</i> composed by W.P.Rowlands</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>'s hymns spread Methodist <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, not only within Methodism, but in most Protestant churches. He developed a new focus: expressing one's personal feelings in the relationship with God as well as the simple worship seen in older hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"></p><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic,_Frank_C._Stanley,_Elise_Stevenson.ogg" title="File:Battle Hymn of the Republic, Frank C. Stanley, Elise Stevenson.ogg">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="257" data-mwtitle="Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic,_Frank_C._Stanley,_Elise_Stevenson.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic%2C_Frank_C._Stanley%2C_Elise_Stevenson.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic%2C_Frank_C._Stanley%2C_Elise_Stevenson.ogg/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic%2C_Frank_C._Stanley%2C_Elise_Stevenson.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABattle_Hymn_of_the_Republic%2C_Frank_C._Stanley%2C_Elise_Stevenson.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The Battle Hymn of the Republic, performed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Stanley" title="Frank C. Stanley">Frank C. Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elise_Stevenson" title="Elise Stevenson">Elise Stevenson</a>, and a mixed quartet in 1908.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Wesley's contribution, along with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> led to a new style called <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, and a new explosion of sacred music writing with <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Crosby" title="Fanny Crosby">Fanny Crosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lina_Sandell" title="Lina Sandell">Lina Sandell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bliss" title="Philip Bliss">Philip Bliss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ira_D._Sankey" title="Ira D. Sankey">Ira D. Sankey</a>, and others who produced testimonial music for revivals, camp meetings, and evangelistic crusades.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tune style or form is technically designated "gospel songs" as distinct from hymns. Gospel songs generally include a refrain (or chorus) and usually (though not always) a faster tempo than the hymns. As examples of the distinction, "<a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace" title="Amazing Grace">Amazing Grace</a>" is a hymn (no refrain), but "<a href="/wiki/How_Great_Thou_Art_(hymn)" class="mw-redirect" title="How Great Thou Art (hymn)">How Great Thou Art</a>" is a gospel song.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th century, the gospel-song genre spread rapidly in Protestantism and to a lesser but still definite extent, in Roman Catholicism;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the gospel-song genre is unknown in the worship <i>per se</i> by Eastern Orthodox churches, which rely exclusively on traditional chants (a type of hymn). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Revival">Methodist Revival</a> of the 18th century created an explosion of hymn-writing in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, which continued into the first half of the 19th century. The most prominent names among Welsh hymn-writers are <a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn" title="William Williams Pantycelyn">William Williams Pantycelyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Griffiths" title="Ann Griffiths">Ann Griffiths</a>. The second half of the 19th century witnessed an explosion of hymn tune composition and congregational four-part singing in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the more classical sacred music of composers ranging from <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Charpentier</a> (19 <i>Hymns,</i> H.53 - H.71) to <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> to <a href="/wiki/Monteverdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> continued to produce many popular hymns such as <a href="/wiki/Lead,_Kindly_Light" title="Lead, Kindly Light">Lead, Kindly Light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silent_Night" title="Silent Night">Silent Night</a>, O Sacrament Most Holy, and <a href="/wiki/Faith_of_Our_Fathers_(hymn)" title="Faith of Our Fathers (hymn)">Faith of Our Fathers</a>. </p><p>In some radical Protestant movements, their own sacred hymns completely replaced the written Bible. An example of this, the <i>Book of Life</i> (Russian: "Zhivotnaya kniga") is the name of all oral hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a>, the Russian denomination, similar to western <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>. <i>The Book of Life of the Doukhobors</i> (1909) is firstly printed hymnal containing songs, which to have been composed as an oral piece to be sung aloud.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many churches today use contemporary worship music which includes a range of styles often influenced by <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. This often leads to some conflict between older and younger congregants (see <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">contemporary worship</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not new; the Christian <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Christian Music">pop music</a> style began in the late 1960s and became very popular during the 1970s, as young hymnists sought ways in which to make the music of their religion relevant for their generation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This long tradition has resulted in a wide variety of hymns. Some modern churches include within hymnody the traditional hymn (usually describing God), contemporary worship music (often directed to God) and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a> (expressions of one's personal experience of God). This distinction is not perfectly clear; and purists remove the second two types from the classification as hymns. It is a matter of debate, even sometimes within a single congregation, often between revivalist and traditionalist movements. </p><p>Swedish composer and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Elisabet_Wentz-Janacek" title="Elisabet Wentz-Janacek">Elisabet Wentz-Janacek</a> mapped 20,000 melody variants for Swedish hymns and helped create the Swedish Choral Registrar, which displays the wide variety of hymns today.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, hymn use has not been limited to strictly religious settings, including secular occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a>, and this "secularization" also includes use as sources of musical entertainment or even vehicles for mass emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_developments">American developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hymn writing, composition, performance and the publishing of Christian hymnals were prolific in the 19th-century and were often linked to the abolitionist movement by many hymn writers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a> wrote a number of hymns that were used during church services during this era of publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas Symmes, a clergyman of the third generation of <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> in New England, spread throughout churches a new idea of how to sing hymns, in which anyone could sing a hymn any way they felt led to;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this idea was opposed by a writer of the time, Rev. Thomas Walter, who felt it was "like Five Hundred different Tunes roared out at the same time".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Billings" title="William Billings">William Billings</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Singing_school" title="Singing school">singing school</a> teacher, created the first tune book with only American born compositions. Within his books, Billings did not put as much emphasis on "<a href="/wiki/Common_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Common measure">common measure</a>" - a <a href="/wiki/Quatrain" title="Quatrain">quatrain</a> that rhymes ABAB and alternates four-stress and three-stress iambic lines<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - which was the typical way hymns were sung. Noting in his preface the fondness of other compilers for tunes in common measure, Billings promised his subscribers a well-balanced collection, with "a Sufficiency in each <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">measure</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And indeed <i>The Singing Master's Assistant</i> has many tunes whose declamation is based on the <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(poetry)" title="Dactyl (poetry)">dactyl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Duple_and_quadruple_metre" title="Duple and quadruple metre">duple time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boston's <a href="/wiki/Handel_and_Haydn_Society" title="Handel and Haydn Society">Handel and Haydn Society</a> aimed at raising the level of church music in America, publishing their "Collection of Church Music" in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Ira_D._Sankey" title="Ira D. Sankey">Ira D. Sankey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a> developed the relatively new subcategory of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel hymn">gospel hymns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier in the 19th century, the use of musical notation, especially <a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">shape notes</a>, exploded in America, and professional singing masters went from town to town teaching the population how to <a href="/wiki/Sight-reading" title="Sight-reading">sing from sight</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of the more common <a href="/wiki/Lining_out" title="Lining out">lining out</a> that had been used before that.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period hundreds of tune books were published, including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_White" title="Benjamin Franklin White">B.F. White's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a></i>, and earlier works like the <i>Missouri Harmony</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Harmony" title="Kentucky Harmony">Kentucky Harmony</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hesperian_Harp" title="The Hesperian Harp"><i>Hesperian Harp</i></a>, D.H. Mansfield's <i>The American Vocalist</i>, <i>The Social Harp</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Harmony" title="Southern Harmony">Southern Harmony</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(composer)" title="William Walker (composer)">William Walker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Harmony" title="The Christian Harmony">Christian Harmony</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Ingalls" title="Jeremiah Ingalls">Jeremiah Ingalls</a>' <i>Christian Harmony</i>, and literally many dozens of others. Shape notes were important in the spread of (then) more modern singing styles, with tenor-led 4-part harmony (based on older English <a href="/wiki/West_gallery_music" title="West gallery music">West Gallery music</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fuguing_tune" title="Fuguing tune">fuging</a> sections, <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthems</a> and other more complex features. During this period, hymns were incredibly popular in the United States, and one or more of the above-mentioned tunebooks could be found in almost every household. It is not uncommon to hear accounts of young people and teenagers gathering together to spend an afternoon singing hymns and anthems from tune books, which was considered great fun, and there are surviving accounts of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and his sweetheart singing together from the <i>Missouri Harmony</i> during his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1860s musical reformers like <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Mason" title="Lowell Mason">Lowell Mason</a> (the so-called "better music boys") were actively campaigning for the introduction of more "refined" and modern singing styles,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and eventually these American tune books were replaced in many churches, starting in the Northeast and urban areas, and spreading out into the countryside as people adopted the gentler, more soothing tones of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> hymnody, and even adopted dedicated, trained <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choirs</a> to do their church's singing, rather than having the entire congregation participate. But in many rural areas the old traditions lived on, not in churches, but in weekly, monthly or annual conventions were people would meet to sing from their favorite tunebooks. The most popular one, and the only one that survived continuously in print, was the <i><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a></i>, which could be found in the typical rural Southern home right up until the living tradition was "re-discovered" by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a> in the 1960s (although it had been well-documented by <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Pullen_Jackson" title="George Pullen Jackson">George Pullen Jackson</a> prior to this). Since then there has been a renaissance in "Sacred Harp singing", with annual conventions popping up in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">all 50 states</a> and in a number of European countries recently, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_America's_hymns"><span id="Black_America.27s_hymns"></span>Black America's hymns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Black America's hymns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-Americans</a> developed a rich hymnody from <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a> during times of slavery to the modern, lively black gospel style. The first influences of <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a> into hymns came from slave songs of the United States a collection of slave hymns, compiled by William Francis Allen, who had difficulty pinning them down from the oral tradition, and though he succeeded, he points out the awe-inspiring effect of the hymns when sung in by their originators.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the first hymns in the <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black church</a> were renderings of Isaac Watts hymns written in the African-American vernacular English of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymn_meters">Hymn meters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hymn meters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meter_(hymn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (hymn)">Meter (hymn)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trochaic_septenarius" title="Trochaic septenarius">Trochaic septenarius</a></div> <p>The meter indicates the number of syllables for the lines in each <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> of a hymn.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provides a means of marrying the hymn's text with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune" title="Hymn tune">hymn tune</a> for singing. In practice many hymns conform to one of a relatively small number of meters (syllable count and stress patterns). Care must be taken, however, to ensure that not only the metre of words and tune match, but also the stresses on the words in each line.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technically speaking an iambic tune, for instance, cannot be used with words of, say, trochaic metre. </p><p>The meter is often denoted by a row of figures besides the name of the tune, such as "87.87.87", which would inform the reader that each verse has six lines, and that the first line has eight syllables, the second has seven, the third line eight, etc. The meter can also be described by initials; L.M. indicates long meter, which is 88.88 (four lines, each eight syllables long); S.M. is short meter (66.86); C.M. is common metre (86.86), while D.L.M., D.S.M. and D.C.M. (the "D" stands for double) are similar to their respective single meters except that they have eight lines in a verse instead of four.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, if the number of syllables in one verse differ from another verse in the same hymn (e.g., the hymn "I Sing a Song of the Saints of God"), the meter is called Irregular.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindu_hymnody">Hindu hymnody</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hindu hymnody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1500-1200_BCE,_Vivaha_sukta,_Rigveda_10.85.16-22,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari,_manuscript_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1500-1200_BCE%2C_Vivaha_sukta%2C_Rigveda_10.85.16-22%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_manuscript_page.jpg/220px-1500-1200_BCE%2C_Vivaha_sukta%2C_Rigveda_10.85.16-22%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_manuscript_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1500-1200_BCE%2C_Vivaha_sukta%2C_Rigveda_10.85.16-22%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_manuscript_page.jpg/330px-1500-1200_BCE%2C_Vivaha_sukta%2C_Rigveda_10.85.16-22%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_manuscript_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1500-1200_BCE%2C_Vivaha_sukta%2C_Rigveda_10.85.16-22%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_manuscript_page.jpg/440px-1500-1200_BCE%2C_Vivaha_sukta%2C_Rigveda_10.85.16-22%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_manuscript_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2567" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Sanskrit manuscript page from the "Vivaha sukta" <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, dated 1500–1200 BCE</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D).ogg" title="File:गारम्(अच्छावाकशस्त्रम्).ogg">Samaveda</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="254" data-mwtitle="गारम्(अच्छावाकशस्त्रम्).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%28%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%28%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%29.ogg/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%28%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Recitation of a Gaaram melody of Samaveda from <i>The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">List of suktas and stutis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Chant">Vedic Chant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Arti (Hinduism)</a></div> <p><i>The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> is the earliest and foundational Indian collection of over a thousand liturgical hymns in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rigveda_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rigveda-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between other notable <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> hymns (<i><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">stotras</a></i> and others) or their collections there are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ram_Raksha_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Raksha Stotra">Ram Raksha Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saundarya_Lahari" title="Saundarya Lahari">Saundarya Lahari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Tandava_Stotram" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva Tandava Stotram">Shiva Tandava Stotram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <p>A hymnody acquired tremendous importance during the medieval era of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">bhakti movements</a>. When the chanting (<a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">bhajan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Devotional_song" title="Devotional song">devotional songs</a> of the poet-<a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandidas" title="Chandidas">Chandidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Haridas" title="Swami Haridas">Haridas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meera_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera Bai">Meera Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak">Nanak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a>) in local languages in a number of groups, namely Dadu panth, <a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha-vallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha-vallabha">Radha-vallabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, completely or significantly replaced all previous <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a>. The same and with the songs of <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a> movement. That is, the new hymns themselves received the status of holy scripture. An example of a hymnist, both lyricist and composer is the 15th–16th centuries <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assamese</a> reformer guru <a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a> with his <i><a href="/wiki/Borgeet" title="Borgeet">borgeet</a></i>-songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Schomer_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schomer-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sivaramkrishna_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivaramkrishna-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikh_hymnody">Sikh hymnody</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sikh hymnody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> holy book, the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Punjabi pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[ɡʊɾu<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɾəntʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>sɑhɪb]</a></span>), is a collection of hymns (<a href="/wiki/Shabad_(hymn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabad (hymn)">Shabad</a>) or <i><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></i> describing the qualities of God<sup id="cite_ref-su_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-su-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and why one should meditate on God's name. The <i>Guru Granth Sahib</i> is divided by their musical setting in different <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragas</a><sup id="cite_ref-kerry_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerry-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into fourteen hundred and thirty pages known as <i>Angs</i> (limbs) in Sikh tradition. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> (1666–1708), the tenth guru, after adding <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">bani</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> affirmed the sacred text as his successor, elevating it to <i>Guru Granth Sahib</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hugh_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hugh-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text remains the holy scripture of the Sikhs, regarded as the teachings of the Ten Gurus.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of Guru Granth Sahib, as a source or guide of prayer,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is pivotal in <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> worship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_religions">In other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a> chanting is a religious action recommended for <a href="/wiki/Shin_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Buddhism">Shin Buddhist</a> followers to carry out in their daily lives. Temple service chanting may include: dedications to the Three Treasures (<a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>) common to all Buddhist traditions; selections from <i>The Three Pure Land Sutras</i>, which record the teachings of the Buddha; compositions of Pure Land Buddhist teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> hymns or eulogies sung in praise of the divine and the transcendent. Usually associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> traditions, stotras are melodic expressions of devotion and inspiration found in other Sanskrit religious movements as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> world, the practice of singing these hymns is still alive today in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. Min Bahadur Shakya, former director of the Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods in Lalitpur, Nepal, writes:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In prosperity or distress, the Nepalese people worship and pray to the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas for protection, good health, prosperity, and family welfare and also for liberation from cyclic existence. The stotras or hymns throw light on various aspects of Buddhist doctrines. The stotras are sung by sadhakas during their meditation or act of devotion. The contents of these strotras are of varied nature ranging from simple act of confession, qualities of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, praises of deities of both mundane and supra-mundane [nature], iconographic data of various tantric deities and also explanation of Buddha’s teachings themselves in the form of verses. These stotras can be sung with melodious music and can imprint the devotees significantly even in this modern world through the multimedia device.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Min Bahadur Shakya</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></div> <p>The earliest entries in the oldest extant collection of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese poetry</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i> (<i>Shijing</i>), were initially <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrey_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrey-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Shijing</i>, with its collection of poems and folk songs, was heavily valued by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> and is considered to be one of the official <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Confucian classics</a>. His remarks on the subject have become an invaluable source in <a href="/wiki/Music_theory#China" title="Music theory">ancient music theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></div><p>During the time of the Prophet Mohammed, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Islamic music</a> was originally defined by what it didn't contain: no strings, brass, or wind instruments and no female vocals. The only instrument initially allowed was minimal percussion by an Arabic drum called the <i><a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">daf</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This minimal form remains widely practiced in the Gulf and some other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in places such as Turkey and Southeast Asia, several new styles of spiritual songs have developed. In Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> adherents incorporate music into worship. The most popular are services undertaken by Mevlevi Sufis, which include chanting and the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">whirling dervishes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pakistan and Southeast Asia, the most recognized form of devotional music is <i><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performed by up to nine men, a <i>qawwali</i> group would often use instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a> (a type of keyboard) and percussion instruments including a <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The songs often run from 15 to 30 minutes and include instrumental preludes, repeated refrains and vocal improvisation. In recent times, <a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">nasheed</a> artists from the Gulf have found innovative ways to overcome the no-instrument rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albums by Sharjah's <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Bukhatir" title="Ahmed Bukhatir">Ahmed Bukhatir</a> and Kuwait's <a href="/wiki/Mishari_bin_Rashid_Alafasy" title="Mishari bin Rashid Alafasy">Mishary Rashid Al Afasy</a> use studio trickery and manipulate backing vocals to sound like a synth piano or string section. In the West, groups such as America's <a href="/wiki/Native_Deen" title="Native Deen">Native Deen</a> and Australia's The Brothahood use hip-hop music to get their spiritual message across to a new generation of young Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nasheeds in English by South Africa's Zain Bhikha secured him a large following in Europe and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></div><p>Known as <i>stavan</i> or, in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <i>bhajan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> hymns are composed and performed to praise the Jinas. Written in every language Jains have used, the predominant pada form reflects Jain involvement in Indian poetics and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i> devotional movement more commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musically, Jain hymns can be grouped into the folk genres of devotional music in western India, such as Gujarāti rās-garbā and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rājasthāni</a> folk music. </p><p>There are six obligatory acts that are expected to be performed by Jains sequentially as a single act twice daily. The second one of these is showing reverence to the <a href="/wiki/Ford-Makers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford-Makers">ford-makers</a>, which is done by reciting a twenty-four-verse hymn of praise to the <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankaras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most popular devotional hymns of the Jains is the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakt%C4%81mara_Stotra" title="Bhaktāmara Stotra">Bhaktāmara-stotra</a></i> – <i>Devoted Gods</i> hymn. Both main sects of <a href="/wiki/Sthanakvasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthanakvasi">Śvetāmbaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambaras</a> accept it, counting 44 and 48 stanzas respectively. It is dedicated to the first Jina, Ṛṣabhanātha or Lord Ṛṣabha, frequently known as <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Ādinātha</a>, meaning ‘First Lord’. The title comes from the first verse, which says that ‘his feet enhance the lustre of the jewels set in the crowns lowered by the devoted gods’.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyyut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></i> means literally 'songs' or 'hymns' but is used to refer to two specific repertories: The first, according to the Sephardic tradition, refers to the preliminary section of psalms and biblical verses recited during the <i><a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">Shacharit</a></i> (morning) prayers: the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazic</a> terminology refers to these Psalms as <i>Psukeydezimra</i>. The second repertory is well defined in Neil Levin's Overview of his <i>Z'mirot Anthology.</i><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Ashkenazic tradition the term refers to <i>z'mirot shel Shabbat</i> (Sabbath hymns) translated variously as table songs, domestic songs and home songs. These are a specific set of religious poems in Hebrew or Aramaic written mostly between the 10th and 17th centuries, which are sung during and directly after Sabbath meals. The musical versions are numerous and heterogeneous reflecting a wealth of different styles and geographic origins, and comprising an ever expanding body of folk material.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Over many centuries the Jews of Spain and Portugal–the original <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a>– developed their own form of religious worship. Their services were enhanced by the addition of poetry for special occasions such as the major festivals (<i><a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Shalosh r’galim</a></i>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">Yamim nora’im</a></i> (High Holidays). Most of these poetic insertions are rhymed, metrical hymns (<i><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyutim</a></i>) and were the products of great literary figures during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jews_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of Jews in Spain">Golden Age of the Jews</a> in Spain (c. 950–1150). Among these were Solomon ibn Gabriol, Judah Halevi and the two Ibn Ezras—Abraham and Moshe.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the main features of devotional music and hymns in Judaism, especially when utilized in synagogue ritual on the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> and other holy days, is that it is almost entirely vocal. Though today, accompanying instruments such as the organ might be utilized in worship, the emphasis on congregational song and the art of the <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a> has always been, and still is, paramount.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The one salient exception to this is an instrument called the <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a>, a ram's horn which is sounded on the High Holidays (the <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Jewish New Year</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Day of Atonement</a> - Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, respectively), as a special call to prayer and <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">repentance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto">Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engishiki" title="Engishiki">Engishiki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a></div><p>According to Japanese mythology, Shinto music stems from the time of the gods when there was no earth and sea. In <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shintoism</a>, sacral music is called <i>Mi-kagura</i>. The word <i>kagura</i> means "the gods' delight". The prefix "<i>Mi</i>" raises the value of the subject intensely. It should be translated "the sublime greatest of great gods". In praxis there are two kinds of <i>kagura</i>, <i>Mi-kagura</i> and rural <i>kagura</i>. <i>Mi-kagura</i> is strictly reserved and dedicated to the Imperial house and the highest nobility and clergy; rural <i>kagura</i> is a most colourful and vivid presentation of the popular feats of supramortal and mortal heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gatha_(Zoroaster)" title="Gatha (Zoroaster)">Gatha (Zoroaster)</a></div><p>The sacred songs attributed to Zoroaster (Zarathustra), the poet-priest and founder of Zoroastrianism, are called <a href="/wiki/Gatha_(Zoroaster)" title="Gatha (Zoroaster)">Gathas</a>. The Gathas, consist of seventeen hymns composed by the great poet-prophet <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathushtra</a> around 1200 BC. They are arranged into five groups based on their meter:<sup id="cite_ref-:6_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>Ahunavaiti Gatha (Y28 - Y34)</li> <li>Ushtavaiti Gatha (Y43 - Y46)</li> <li>Spentamainyush Gatha (Y47 - Y50)</li> <li>Vohukhshathra Gatha (Y51)</li> <li>Vahishtoishti Gatha (Y53)</li></ul> <p>The Gathas are also filled with word plays and deliberate ambiguities, and they were likely intended to be used by initiates as meditative instruments to enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only occasionally do the Gathas give an exact and clear picture of Zoroaster's actual teachings, but in general they reflect them in a modified and elaborated form, many times marked by complexity and ornateness of style, the prophet demonstrating his poetical skill in order to stimulate Ahura Mazdā to fulfil his requests or to answer his questions.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appreciations">Appreciations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Appreciations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nissim_Ezekiel" title="Nissim Ezekiel">Nissim Ezekiel</a>, views on hymns can be divided: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...poets who have mystical experiences and project them in verse have occasionally been successful but mystics who write poetry do it badly. Religious hymns, however notable the religious sentiment they express are not notably poetic. Great religious poetry undoubtedly exists but the greatness is unequally divided between the poetry and religion, while perfect integration between the two is rare.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">Chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_hymn_books" title="List of Chinese hymn books">List of Chinese hymn books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-language_hymnals_by_denomination" title="List of English-language hymnals by denomination">List of English-language hymnals by denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hymn">"Definition of HYMN"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 1 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+HYMN&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhymn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=hymn">"hymn | Search Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=hymn+%7C+Search+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dhymn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.talesbeyondbelief.com/nymphs/polyhymnia-muse.htm">"Polyhymnia ***"</a>. <i>www.talesbeyondbelief.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.talesbeyondbelief.com&rft.atitle=Polyhymnia+%2A%2A%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.talesbeyondbelief.com%2Fnymphs%2Fpolyhymnia-muse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250"><i>A Dictionary of Hinduism</i></a> (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1 January 2009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198610250.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0"><bdi>978-0-19-861025-0</bdi></a>. <q>A short praise poem or hymn in Sanskrit verse, usually intended to be sung. They are frequently excerpted or anthologized in Stotramāla.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198610250.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861025-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198610250.001.0001%2Facref-9780198610250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANDREWS2015" class="citation web cs1">ANDREWS, EVAN (18 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720132159/http://www.history.com/news/what-is-the-oldest-known-piece-of-music">"What Is the Oldest Known Piece of Music?"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Oldest+Known+Piece+of+Music%3F&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft.aulast=ANDREWS&rft.aufirst=EVAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fwhat-is-the-oldest-known-piece-of-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/amarna/belief.html">"Amarna Belief"</a>. <i>www.ucl.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Amarna+Belief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fmuseums-static%2Fdigitalegypt%2Famarna%2Fbelief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritageforpeace.org/the-hymn-to-nikkal/">"The Hymn to Nikkal – Heritage for Peace"</a>. <i>www.heritageforpeace.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritageforpeace.org&rft.atitle=The+Hymn+to+Nikkal+%E2%80%93+Heritage+for+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageforpeace.org%2Fthe-hymn-to-nikkal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Witzel, Michael</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf">"The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Michael Witzel (ed.), <i>Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas</i>, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora, vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 259–264, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804151138/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Vedic+Canon+and+its+Schools%3A+The+Social+and+Political+Milieu&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Texts%2C+Beyond+the+Texts%3A+New+Approaches+to+the+Study+of+the+Vedas&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Harvard+Oriental+Series%2C+Opera+Minora&rft.pages=259-264&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fcanon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shijing">"Shijing | Classical Poetry, Ancient Texts & Confucianism | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Shijing+%7C+Classical+Poetry%2C+Ancient+Texts+%26+Confucianism+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShijing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/gathas.htm">"The Gathas ("Hymns") of Zarathushtra"</a>. <i>www.avesta.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.avesta.org&rft.atitle=The+Gathas+%28%22Hymns%22%29+of+Zarathushtra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fgathas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2011" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA589"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 589. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pages=589&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973004-9&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayor2014" class="citation book cs1">Rayor, Diane J. (14 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BbQwDwAAQBAJ&q=homeric+hymns"><i>The Homeric Hymns: A Translation, with Introduction and Notes</i></a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28211-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28211-7"><bdi>978-0-520-28211-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homeric+Hymns%3A+A+Translation%2C+with+Introduction+and+Notes&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28211-7&rft.aulast=Rayor&rft.aufirst=Diane+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBbQwDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhomeric%2Bhymns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John Willoby (2007). <i>The Oxford dictionary of the classical world</i>. New-York: Oxford University press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280146-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+classical+world&rft.place=New-York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+press+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280146-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+Willoby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalame" class="citation journal cs1">Calame, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">"Orphism, Orphic poetry In Brill's New Pauly Online"</a>. <i>wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e901320">10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e901320</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org&rft.atitle=Orphism%2C+Orphic+poetry+In+Brill%27s+New+Pauly+Online&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e901320&rft.aulast=Calame&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry on <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕμνος</span></span>, Liddell and Scott, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="A Greek-English Lexicon">A Greek-English Lexicon</a></i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 8th edition 1897, 1985 printing), p. 1849; entry on 'hymnus,' Lewis and Short, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1879, 1987 printing), p. 872.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lillenas1972-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lillenas1972_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lillenas1972_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lillenas1972_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Worship in Song</i>. Lillenas Publishing. 1972. p. i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship+in+Song&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=Lillenas+Publishing&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:30&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:30</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+14:26">Mark 14:26</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+16:25">Acts 16:25</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2014:26&version=nrsv">1 Cor 14:26</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%205:19&version=nrsv">Ephesians 5:19</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%203:16&version=nrsv">Colossians 3:16</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%205:13&version=nrsv">James 5:13</a>; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%205:8–10&version=nrsv">Revelation 5:8–10</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2014:1–5&version=nrsv">Revelation 14:1–5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4vMxs6kctQgkwkvgQbJTXDk/a-brief-history-of-hymns">"BBC One - Songs of Praise - A Brief History of Hymns"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+One+-+Songs+of+Praise+-+A+Brief+History+of+Hymns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Farticles%2F4vMxs6kctQgkwkvgQbJTXDk%2Fa-brief-history-of-hymns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen2021" class="citation web cs1">Ellen (21 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westpark-baptist.com/ancient-christian-hymns/">"Ancient Christian Hymns"</a>. <i>West Park Baptist Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Park+Baptist+Church&rft.atitle=Ancient+Christian+Hymns&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft.au=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestpark-baptist.com%2Fancient-christian-hymns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewes-Green2007" class="citation book cs1">Matthewes-Green, Frederica (2007). <i>The Lost Gospel of Mary: The Mother of Jesus in Three Ancient Texts</i>. Brewster MA: Paraclete Press. pp. 85–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55725-536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55725-536-5"><bdi>978-1-55725-536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Gospel+of+Mary%3A+The+Mother+of+Jesus+in+Three+Ancient+Texts&rft.place=Brewster+MA&rft.pages=85-87&rft.pub=Paraclete+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55725-536-5&rft.aulast=Matthewes-Green&rft.aufirst=Frederica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-service-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-service_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnock1858" class="citation book cs1">Pinnock, William Henry (1858). "Te Deum, a Separate Service". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawsandusagesch01pinngoog"><i>The laws and usages of the Church and clergy</i></a>. Cambridge: J. Hall and Son. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawsandusagesch01pinngoog/page/n223">1301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Te+Deum%2C+a+Separate+Service&rft.btitle=The+laws+and+usages+of+the+Church+and+clergy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1301&rft.pub=J.+Hall+and+Son&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Pinnock&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawsandusagesch01pinngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskewMcElrath1980" class="citation book cs1">Eskew; McElrath (1980). <i>Sing with Understanding, An Introduction to Christian Hymnology</i>. Broadman Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-6809-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-6809-9"><bdi>0-8054-6809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sing+with+Understanding%2C+An+Introduction+to+Christian+Hymnology&rft.pub=Broadman+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8054-6809-9&rft.au=Eskew&rft.au=McElrath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hymnody">"Definition of HYMNODY"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/singwithundersta0000eske/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater">"2 - The Hymn and Music"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITdLAAAAYAAJ"><i>Sing with Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology</i></a>. Broadman Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-6809-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-6809-0"><bdi>978-0-8054-6809-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+-+The+Hymn+and+Music&rft.btitle=Sing+with+Understanding%3A+An+Introduction+to+Christian+Hymnology&rft.pub=Broadman+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-6809-0&rft.aulast=Eskew&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McElrath%2C+Hugh+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsingwithundersta0000eske%2Fpage%2F26%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/in-praise-of-hymns/">"In praise of hymns"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anabaptist+World&rft.atitle=Our+hymns+shape+our+church&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanabaptistworld.org%2Four-hymns-shape-our-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freechurch.org/praise-resources/">"Psalm & Praise Resources"</a>. <i>Free Church of Scotland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Troelsgård, Christian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04494">"Byzantine chant"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.04494">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04494</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561592630" title="Special:BookSources/9781561592630"><bdi>9781561592630</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York : Toronto : New York: Macmillan; Collier Macmillan Canada; Maxwell Macmillan International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-897025-7"><bdi>978-0-02-897025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coptic+Music%3A+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York+%3A+Toronto+%3A+New+York&rft.series=The+Coptic+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Macmillan%3B+Collier+Macmillan+Canada%3B+Maxwell+Macmillan+International&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-02-897025-7&rft.aulast=Atiya&rft.aufirst=Aziz+S.&rft.au=Moftah%2C+Ragheb&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Marian&rft.au=Roy%2C+Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410143356/http://www4.desales.edu/~philtheo/loughlin/ATP/Proemium.html">"St. Thomas's Introduction to his Exposition of the Psalms of David"</a>. 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(1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/829497">"The Organ Controversy in the Netherlands Reformation to 1640"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Musicological Society</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 205–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F829497">10.2307/829497</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0139">0003-0139</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/829497">829497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Musicological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Organ+Controversy+in+the+Netherlands+Reformation+to+1640&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-212&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=0003-0139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F829497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F829497&rft.aulast=Bruinsma&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F829497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOld2002" class="citation book cs1">Old, Hughes Oliphant (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zXPvqI9fz7QC"><i>Worship: Reformed According to Scripture</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 35–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22579-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22579-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22579-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship%3A+Reformed+According+to+Scripture&rft.pages=35-57&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22579-7&rft.aulast=Old&rft.aufirst=Hughes+Oliphant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzXPvqI9fz7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpchurch.org.uk/about-us/how-we-worship/the-regulative-principle-of-worship/">"The Regulative Principle of Worship – Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland"</a>. <i>www.fpchurch.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fpchurch.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Regulative+Principle+of+Worship+%E2%80%93+Free+Presbyterian+Church+of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpchurch.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fhow-we-worship%2Fthe-regulative-principle-of-worship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2004" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, I. Howard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m6iY-Nc9Q5UC&pg=PA40"><i>Beyond the Bible: Moving from Scripture to Theology</i></a>. Baker Academic. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2775-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-2775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Bible%3A+Moving+from+Scripture+to+Theology&rft.pages=40-42&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2775-8&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=I.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm6iY-Nc9Q5UC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Martin Luther’s Deutsche Geistliche Lieder<i>. The Hymns of Martin Luther set to their original Melodies with an English version,</i> ed. Leonard Woolsey Bacon and Nathan H. Allen (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1884).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/History/early_german_hymnals.htm">"Appendix B: Early German Lutheran and Reformation Hymnals"</a>. <i>www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com&rft.atitle=Appendix+B%3A+Early+German+Lutheran+and+Reformation+Hymnals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com%2FHistory%2Fearly_german_hymnals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hymnologyarchive.com/nikolaus-ludwig-von-zinzendorf">"Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf"</a>. <i>Hymnology Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hymnology+Archive&rft.atitle=Nikolaus+Ludwig+von+Zinzendorf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnologyarchive.com%2Fnikolaus-ludwig-von-zinzendorf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson-Dickson1992" class="citation book cs1">Wilson-Dickson, Andrew (1992). <i>The Story of Christian Music</i>. Oxford: Lion, <a href="/wiki/SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">SPCK</a>. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-281-04626-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-281-04626-3"><bdi>0-281-04626-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christian+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=Lion%2C+SPCK&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-281-04626-3&rft.aulast=Wilson-Dickson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutley1980" class="citation book cs1">Routley, Erik (1980). <i>Christian Hymns, An Introduction to Their Story (Audio Book)</i>. Princeton: Prestige Publications, Inc. p. Part 7, "Isaac Watts, the Liberator of English Hymnody".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Hymns%2C+An+Introduction+to+Their+Story+%28Audio+Book%29&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=Part+7%2C+%22Isaac+Watts%2C+the+Liberator+of+English+Hymnody%22&rft.pub=Prestige+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Routley&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutley_and_Richardson1979" class="citation book cs1">Routley and Richardson (1979). <i>A Panorama of Christian Hymnody</i>. Chicago: G.I.A. Publications, Inc. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57999-352-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57999-352-4"><bdi>1-57999-352-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+Christian+Hymnody&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=G.I.A.+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=1-57999-352-4&rft.au=Routley+and+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Christian Hymns, An Introduction to Their Story (Audio Book) op. cit</i>. p. Part 7, "Isaac Watts, the Liberator of English Hymnody".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Hymns%2C+An+Introduction+to+Their+Story+%28Audio+Book%29+op.+cit.&rft.pages=Part+7%2C+%22Isaac+Watts%2C+the+Liberator+of+English+Hymnody%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank" class="citation web cs1">Frank, Cameron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afrankvoice.com/hymns-history/is-there-a-difference-between-a-hymn-and-a-song">"Is There a Difference Between a Hymn and a Song?"</a>. <i>A Frank Voice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Frank+Voice&rft.atitle=Is+There+a+Difference+Between+a+Hymn+and+a+Song%3F&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrankvoice.com%2Fhymns-history%2Fis-there-a-difference-between-a-hymn-and-a-song&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjeDje1986" class="citation journal cs1">DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/851995">"Change and Differentiation: The Adoption of Black American Gospel Music in the Catholic Church"</a>. <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 223–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F851995">10.2307/851995</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1836">0014-1836</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/851995">851995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Change+and+Differentiation%3A+The+Adoption+of+Black+American+Gospel+Music+in+the+Catholic+Church&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-252&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0014-1836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F851995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F851995&rft.aulast=DjeDje&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+Cogdell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F851995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Wyn James, 'The Evolution of the Welsh Hymn', in <i>Dissenting Praise</i>, ed. I. Rivers & D. L. Wykes (Oxford University Press, 2011); E. Wyn James, 'Popular Poetry, Methodism, and the Ascendancy of the Hymn', in <i>The Cambridge History of Welsh Literature</i>, ed. Geraint Evans & Helen Fulton (Cambridge University Press, 2019); E. Wyn James, 'German Chorales and American Songs and Solos: Contrasting Chapters in Welsh Congregational Hymn-Singing', <i>The Bulletin of the Hymn Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>, No. 295, Vol. 22:2 (Spring 2018), 43–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock1970" class="citation book cs1">Peacock, Kenneth, ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.museedelhistoire.ca/public/objects/common/webmedia.php%3Firn%3D5192506&ved=2ahUKEwjd3v6YrNDzAhWHXSsKHW8tCg8QFnoECAkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2uboqpPg0K3gg_tBlPBkDz"><i>Songs of the Doukhobors: An Introductory Outline</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Museums of Canada Bulletin No. 231, Folklore Series No. 7. Translated by E. A. Popoff (song texts). Ottawa: The National Museums of Canada; Queen's Printer of Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+the+Doukhobors%3A+An+Introductory+Outline&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.series=National+Museums+of+Canada+Bulletin+No.+231%2C+Folklore+Series+No.+7&rft.pub=The+National+Museums+of+Canada%3B+Queen%27s+Printer+of+Canada&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.museedelhistoire.ca%2Fpublic%2Fobjects%2Fcommon%2Fwebmedia.php%253Firn%253D5192506%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjd3v6YrNDzAhWHXSsKHW8tCg8QFnoECAkQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw2uboqpPg0K3gg_tBlPBkDz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoring2011" class="citation web cs1">Moring, Mark (9 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312194703/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/march/popgoesworship.html">"Pop Goes the Worship"</a>. <i>ChristianityToday.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/march/popgoesworship.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChristianityToday.com&rft.atitle=Pop+Goes+the+Worship&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.aulast=Moring&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2011%2Fmarch%2Fpopgoesworship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankforter2001" class="citation book cs1">Frankforter, A. Daniel (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJD52cIAl9QC"><i>Stones for Bread: A Critique of Contemporary Worship</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22284-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22284-0"><bdi>978-0-664-22284-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+for+Bread%3A+A+Critique+of+Contemporary+Worship&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22284-0&rft.aulast=Frankforter&rft.aufirst=A.+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJD52cIAl9QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrame1997" class="citation book cs1">Frame, John M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Jewish+Music&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Denburg&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fan-overview-of-jewish-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarich-Schneider1983" class="citation journal cs1">Harich-Schneider, Eta (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43560874">"Dances and Songs of the Japanese Shintō Cult"</a>. <i>The World of Music</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8774">0043-8774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43560874">43560874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Music&rft.atitle=Dances+and+Songs+of+the+Japanese+Shint%C5%8D+Cult&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43560874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0043-8774&rft.aulast=Harich-Schneider&rft.aufirst=Eta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43560874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/gathas.htm">"The Gathas ("Hymns") of Zarathushtra"</a>. <i>www.avesta.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Gathas&rft.aulast=Humbach&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzekiel1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nissim_Ezekiel" title="Nissim Ezekiel">Ezekiel, Nizzim</a> (1987). <i>Critical Thought: An Anthology of Twentieth Century Indian English Essay</i>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Sterling Publishing</a>. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Thought%3A+An+Anthology+of+Twentieth+Century+Indian+English+Essay&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ezekiel&rft.aufirst=Nizzim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Bradley, Ian</a>. <i>Abide with Me: the World of Victorian Hymns</i>. London: S.C.M. Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02703-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02703-9">0-334-02703-9</a></li> <li>Hughes, Charles, Albert Christ Janer, and Carleton Sprague Smith, eds. <i>American Hymns, Old and New</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. 2 vols. <i>N.B</i>.: Vol. l, [the music, harmonized, with words, of the selected hymns of various Christian denominations, sects, and cults]; vol. 2, <i>Notes on the Hymns and Biographies of the Authors and Composers</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05148-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05148-4">0-231-05148-4</a> set comprising both volumes.</li> <li>Weddle, Franklyn S. <i>How to Use the Hymnal</i>. Independence, Mo.: Herald House, 1956.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Wren" title="Brian Wren">Wren, Brian</a>. "Praying Twice: The Music and Words of Congregational Song". Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25670-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25670-8">0-664-25670-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Arthur_Hodges" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Arthur Hodges">H. A. Hodges</a> (ed. E. Wyn James), <i>Flame in the Mountains: Williams Pantycelyn, Ann Griffiths and the Welsh Hymn</i> (Tal-y-bont: Y Lolfa, 2017), 320 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78461-454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78461-454-6">978-1-78461-454-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hymns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hymns">Hymns</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hymn" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hymn">Hymn</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Hymns" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Hymns">Portal:Hymns</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The links below are restricted to either material that is historical or resources that are non-denominational or inter-denominational. Denomination-specific resources are mentioned from the relevant denomination-specific articles. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215041933/http://www.thehymnsociety.org/index.html">"The Hymn Society in the United States and Canada"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehymnsociety.org/index.html">the original</a> on 15 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hymn+Society+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehymnsociety.org%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302132527/http://www.hymnary.org/">"Hymnary.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnary.org">the original</a> on 2 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hymnary.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnary.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span>—Extensive database of hymns and hymnology resources; incorporates the Dictionary of North American Hymnology</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.hymnswithoutwords.com">"Hymns Without Words – a collection of freely downloadable recordings of classic hymns for use in congrgational singing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hymns+Without+Words+%E2%80%93+a+collection+of+freely+downloadable+recordings+of+classic+hymns+for+use+in+congrgational+singing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.hymnswithoutwords.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnsocietygbi.org.uk/">"The Hymn Society of Great Britain and Ireland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hymn+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnsocietygbi.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819005005/http://www.stanthonysmonastery.org/music/Index.html">"Examples of Byzantine Music for Hymns"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanthonysmonastery.org/music/Index.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Examples+of+Byzantine+Music+for+Hymns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanthonysmonastery.org%2Fmusic%2FIndex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span>—2000 pages of hymns in both staff and neumatic notation</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804160536/https://historichymns.com/">"HistoricHymns.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historichymns.com/">the original</a> on 4 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HistoricHymns.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historichymns.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHymn" class="Z3988"></span>—Site with extensive hymn searching tools</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_music" title="Template:Christian music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_music" title="Template talk:Christian music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roots and beginnings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">Homophony</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony#European_polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">Chorale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune#The_Reformation" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_music" title="Jesus music">Jesus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">Shape note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/75px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/113px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/150px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_adult_contemporary" title="Christian adult contemporary">Christian adult contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Geistliches_Lied" title="Neues Geistliches Lied">Neues Geistliches Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass (music)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_country_music" title="Christian country music">Christian country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music" title="Christian electronic dance music">Christian electronic dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" title="Christian hip hop">Christian hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_R%26B" title="Christian R&B">Christian R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock" title="Christian alternative rock">Christian alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_blues" title="Gospel blues">Gospel blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_reggae" title="Gospel reggae">Gospel reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Christian_music" title="Latin Christian music">Latin Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_gospel" title="Southern gospel">Southern gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gospel_music" title="Black Gospel music">Black Gospel music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel" title="Traditional black gospel">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel" title="Urban contemporary gospel">Urban contemporary gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chant" title="Template:Chant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chant" title="Template talk:Chant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_liturgical_chant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Christian liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_chant" title="Armenian chant">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_chant" title="Ethiopian chant">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_chant" title="Galician chant">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obikhod" title="Obikhod">Obikhod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_chant" title="Kievan chant">Kievan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostopinije" title="Prostopinije">Prostopinije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian chant">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian</a> (Milanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_chant" title="Celtic chant">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_chant" title="Gallican chant">Gallican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelineau_psalmody" title="Gelineau psalmody">Gelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_chant" title="Mozarabic chant">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_chant" title="Old Roman chant">Old Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_chant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravenna chant (page does not exist)">Ravenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_church_composers" title="List of Anglican church composers">Anglican church composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_bands_and_artists_by_genre" title="List of Christian bands and artists by genre">Christian bands and artists by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_country_artists" title="List of Christian country artists">Christian country artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_hardcore_bands" title="List of Christian hardcore bands">Christian hardcore bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_rock_bands" title="List of Christian rock bands">Christian rock bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_metal_artists" title="List of Christian metal artists">Christian metal artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_hip_hop_artists" title="List of Christian hip hop artists">Christian hip hop artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_punk_bands" title="List of Christian punk bands">Christian punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_ska_bands" title="List of Christian ska bands">Christian ska bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_record_labels" title="List of Christian record labels">Christian record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_vocal_artists" title="List of Christian vocal artists">Christian vocal artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_worship_music_artists" title="List of Christian worship music artists">Christian worship music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gospel_musicians" title="List of gospel musicians">Gospel musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_media" title="Christian media">Christian media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_festival" title="Christian music festival">Christian music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Catholic_liturgical_music" title="Contemporary Catholic liturgical music">Contemporary Catholic liturgical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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