CINXE.COM

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bc1ad3fb-9ab9-47ae-a740-bf86c2c4228a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve","wgTitle":"Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve","wgCurRevisionId":1234398690,"wgRevisionId":1234398690,"wgArticleId":2221944,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 errors: generic name","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Cite IUCN without doi","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2014","Use Indian English from December 2014","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Coordinates on Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Protected areas of Kerala","Biosphere reserves of India","Protected areas of Karnataka","Geography of Wayanad district","Geography of Coimbatore","South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests","South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests","Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats","South Western Ghats montane rain forests","Geography of Palakkad district","Protected areas established in 1986","1986 establishments in Karnataka","Tourist attractions in Wayanad district","Tourist attractions in Palakkad district","Indomalayan realm","Montane grasslands and shrublands","Montane ecology","Flora of the Western Ghats"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve","wgRelevantArticleId":2221944,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":11.55,"lon":76.625},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3530830","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg/1200px-Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg/800px-Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg/640px-Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve rootpage-Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Nilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Nilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Nilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Nilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians_and_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians_and_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Amphibians and reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians_and_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="नीलगिरि बायोस्फियर रिजर्व – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नीलगिरि बायोस्फियर रिजर्व" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_de_la_biosfera_Nilgiri" title="Reserva de la biosfera Nilgiri – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reserva de la biosfera Nilgiri" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiria_Biosfera_Rezervejo" title="Nilgiria Biosfera Rezervejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nilgiria Biosfera Rezervejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ذخیره‌گاه زیست‌کره نیلگیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذخیره‌گاه زیست‌کره نیلگیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="नीलगिरि संरक्षित जैवमंडल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीलगिरि संरक्षित जैवमंडल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="നീലഗിരി ജൈവ വൈവിധ്യമണ്ഡലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നീലഗിരി ജൈവ വൈവിധ്യമണ്ഡലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="निलगिरी संरक्षित जैविक क्षेत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निलगिरी संरक्षित जैविक क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9B%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="නිල්ගිරි ජෛවගෝල රක්ෂිතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිල්ගිරි ජෛවගෝල රක්ෂිතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgirin_biosf%C3%A4%C3%A4rialue" title="Nilgirin biosfäärialue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nilgirin biosfäärialue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நீலகிரி உயிர்க்கோளக் காப்பகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீலகிரி உயிர்க்கோளக் காப்பகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نیلاگیری متحفظہ کرہ حیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیلاگیری متحفظہ کرہ حیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3530830#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;oldid=1234398690" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;id=1234398690&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3530830" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;params=11_33_00_N_76_37_30_E_region:IN_type:landmark_dim:78km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°33′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°37′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.55000°N 76.62500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">11.55000; 76.62500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International biosphere reserve of India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg/284px-Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg/426px-Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg/568px-Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Nilgiri Hills from the top of Doddabetta Peak</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Tamil_Nadu_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve"><img alt="Map showing the location of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/India_Tamil_Nadu_relief_map.svg/284px-India_Tamil_Nadu_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/India_Tamil_Nadu_relief_map.svg/426px-India_Tamil_Nadu_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/India_Tamil_Nadu_relief_map.svg/568px-India_Tamil_Nadu_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.546%;left:9.856%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve"><img alt="Map showing the location of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Tamil Nadu</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Kerala_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve"><img alt="Map showing the location of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/India_Kerala_relief_map.svg/284px-India_Kerala_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/India_Kerala_relief_map.svg/426px-India_Kerala_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/India_Kerala_relief_map.svg/568px-India_Kerala_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29%;left:60.714%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve"><img alt="Map showing the location of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kerala</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve"><img alt="Map showing the location of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/284px-India_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/426px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/568px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.846%;left:30.078%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve"><img alt="Map showing the location of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;params=11_33_00_N_76_37_30_E_region:IN_type:landmark_dim:78km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°33′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°37′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.55000°N 76.62500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">11.55000; 76.62500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">5,520&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (2,130&#160;sq&#160;mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing&#160;body</th><td class="infobox-data">Tamilnadu forest department, Karnataka forest department, Kerala forest department, Project Tiger</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbnaturepark.com/">www<wbr />.nbnaturepark<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f5/Logo_of_the_Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="73" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="73" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">biosphere reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri Mountains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. It is the largest protected <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a> area in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, spreading across <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It includes the protected areas <a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_National_Park" title="Mudumalai National Park">Mudumalai National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi_National_Park" title="Mukurthi National Park">Mukurthi National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sathyamangalam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary">Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary</a> in Tamil Nadu; <a href="/wiki/Nagarhole_National_Park" title="Nagarhole National Park">Nagarhole National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park" title="Bandipur National Park">Bandipur National Park</a>, both in Karnataka; <a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary">Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary">Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a> in Kerala. </p><p>An ecosystem of the hill ranges of Nilgiris and its surrounding environments covering a tract of over 5000 square kilometers was constituted as Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in September 1986 under Man and Biosphere Programme. Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve is India's first and foremost biosphere reserves with a heritage, rich in flora and fauna. Tribal groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Badagas" title="Badagas">Badagas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toda_people" title="Toda people">Toda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kota_people_(India)" title="Kota people (India)">Kotas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irula_people" title="Irula people">Irulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurumba_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumba (tribe)">Kurumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paniya_people" title="Paniya people">Paniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravula" title="Ravula">Adiyan</a>, Edanadan Chettis, Allar, and Malayan are native to the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word Nilgiri is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> word <i>neelam</i> meaning blue and the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> word <i>giri</i> meaning mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is thought that the bluish flowers of <a href="/wiki/Kurinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurinji">kurinji</a> shrubs gave rise to the name.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, an area of around 5,670&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (2,190&#160;sq&#160;mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri Mountains</a> was proposed to be included in the list of <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">biosphere reserves of India</a>. This proposed area encompassed a forestry zone of 2,290&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (880&#160;sq&#160;mi), a core zone of 2,020&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (780&#160;sq&#160;mi), an agricultural zone of 1,330&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (510&#160;sq&#160;mi) and a restoration zone of 30&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (12&#160;sq&#160;mi). Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was established in September 1986 and is India's first biosphere reserve under <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO's</a> <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and the Biosphere Programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels1996_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg/290px-Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg/435px-Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg/580px-Nilgiris_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Map of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</figcaption></figure> <p>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve extends over an area of 5,520&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (2,130&#160;sq&#160;mi) from the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Kodagu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodagu District">Kodagu District</a> to <a href="/wiki/Erode_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Erode District">Erode District</a> in the east and to the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> in the south with an elevation of 80 to 2,600&#160;m (260 to 8,530&#160;ft). It has a buffer zone of 4,280&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (1,650&#160;sq&#160;mi) and core areas of 1,250.3&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (482.7&#160;sq&#160;mi), comprising 701.8&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (271.0&#160;sq&#160;mi) in Karnataka, 264.5&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (102.1&#160;sq&#160;mi) in Kerala and 274&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (106&#160;sq&#160;mi) in Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels1996_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reserve extends from the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_moist_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical moist forests">tropical moist forests</a> of the western slopes of the Ghats to the tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests tropical dry forests on the east slopes. The rainfall range is 500–7,000&#160;mm (20–276&#160;in) per year. The reserve encompasses three ecoregions, the <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests" title="South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests">South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests" title="South Western Ghats montane rain forests">South Western Ghats montane rain forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Deccan_Plateau_dry_deciduous_forests" title="South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests">South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shola_forest_from_Nilgiris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shola_forest_from_Nilgiris.jpg/220px-Shola_forest_from_Nilgiris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shola_forest_from_Nilgiris.jpg/330px-Shola_forest_from_Nilgiris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shola_forest_from_Nilgiris.jpg/440px-Shola_forest_from_Nilgiris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Shola forest in the Nilgiri Hills</figcaption></figure> <p>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve harbours more than 3,700 plant species, including about 200 <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">medicinal plants</a>; the 132 <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> are contained in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_plants_in_the_Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="List of endemic plants in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">list of endemic plants in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels1996_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stunted <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> trees grow in <a href="/wiki/Shola" title="Shola">shola</a> forest patches above 1,800&#160;m (5,900&#160;ft) and are festooned with <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandrashekara_al2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandrashekara_al2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tall trees above a height of 18&#160;m (59&#160;ft) are used by the giant honey bees (<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata">Apis dorsata</a></i>) for building nests, including the species <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrameles" title="Tetrameles">Tetrameles</a> nudiflora</i>, Indian laurel (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_microcarpa" title="Ficus microcarpa">Ficus microcarpa</a></i>), Coromandel ebony (<i><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Diospyros melanoxylon</a></i>), yellow snake tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Stereospermum_tetragonum" title="Stereospermum tetragonum">Stereospermum tetragonum</a></i>), rusty kamala (<i><a href="/wiki/Mallotus_tetracoccus" title="Mallotus tetracoccus">Mallotus tetracoccus</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Acrocarpus" title="Acrocarpus">Acrocarpus</a> fraxinifolius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the peak flowering season from January to May, at least 73 species blossom including <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> (<i>Tectona grandis</i>), red cedar (<i><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylum_monogynum" title="Erythroxylum monogynum">Erythroxylum monogynum</a></i>), hiptage (<i><a href="/wiki/Hiptage_benghalensis" title="Hiptage benghalensis">Hiptage benghalensis</a></i>), large-flowered bay tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Persea_macrantha" title="Persea macrantha">Persea macrantha</a></i>), zunna berry (<i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus_rugosa" title="Ziziphus rugosa">Ziziphus rugosa</a></i>) and creeping smartweed (<i><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_chinensis" title="Persicaria chinensis">Persicaria chinensis</a></i>). They depend on <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> by giant honey bee, Asiatic honey bee (<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</a></i>), red dwarf honey bee (<i><a href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">A. florea</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Trigona" title="Trigona">Trigona</a></i> bees.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_al2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_al2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Black_Chinned_Laughingthrush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Black_Chinned_Laughingthrush.jpg/200px-The_Black_Chinned_Laughingthrush.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Black_Chinned_Laughingthrush.jpg/300px-The_Black_Chinned_Laughingthrush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Black_Chinned_Laughingthrush.jpg/400px-The_Black_Chinned_Laughingthrush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="709" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nilgiri laughingthrush</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve harbours 14 bird species that are <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to the Western Ghats.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels1996_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_laughingthrush" title="Nilgiri laughingthrush">Nilgiri laughingthrush</a> (<i>Strophocincla cachinnans</i>) inhabits only higher elevations above 1,200&#160;m (3,900&#160;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other endemics and near-endemics include <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_wood_pigeon" title="Nilgiri wood pigeon">Nilgiri wood-pigeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_grey_hornbill" title="Malabar grey hornbill">Malabar grey hornbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue-winged_parakeet" title="Blue-winged parakeet">Malabar parakeet</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-bellied_treepie" title="White-bellied treepie">white-bellied treepie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_blue_robin" title="Nilgiri blue robin">white-bellied shortwing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_bulbul" title="Grey-headed bulbul">grey-headed bulbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey-breasted_laughingthrush" title="Grey-breasted laughingthrush">grey-breasted laughingthrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufous_babbler" title="Rufous babbler">rufous babbler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-and-orange_flycatcher" title="Black-and-orange flycatcher">black-and-rufous flycatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_flycatcher" title="Nilgiri flycatcher">Nilgiri flycatcher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_pipit" title="Nilgiri pipit">Nilgiri pipit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-kabini-elephant-family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2010-kabini-elephant-family.jpg/200px-2010-kabini-elephant-family.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2010-kabini-elephant-family.jpg/300px-2010-kabini-elephant-family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2010-kabini-elephant-family.jpg/400px-2010-kabini-elephant-family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Asian elephants at the Kabini River</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and adjacent areas host the largest <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) population in India, estimated at 5,750 individuals by 2007. Herds move in 562–800&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (217–309&#160;sq&#160;mi) large <a href="/wiki/Home_range" title="Home range">home ranges</a> and congregate at perennial water sources during the dry season.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fauna includes over 100 species of mammals, 370 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles, about 39 species of fish, 31 amphibians and 316 species of butterflies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> It is home to mammals such as the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chital_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chital deer">chital deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_boar" title="Indian boar">Indian boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_buck" class="mw-redirect" title="Black buck">black buck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">four-horned antelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_crested_porcupine" title="Indian crested porcupine">Indian crested porcupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_giant_squirrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar giant squirrel">Malabar giant squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">honey badger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_pangolin" title="Indian pangolin">Indian pangolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian fox">Indian fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_coated_otter" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth coated otter">smooth coated otter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Painted_bat" title="Painted bat">painted bat</a>. Primates include the <a href="/wiki/Lion_tailed_macaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion tailed macaque">lion tailed macaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray langur">gray langur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_macaque" title="Bonnet macaque">bonnet macaque</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians_and_reptiles">Amphibians and reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Amphibians and reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amphibians include <a href="/wiki/Purple_frog" title="Purple frog">purple frog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raorchestes_silentvalley" title="Raorchestes silentvalley"> Silent valley brush frog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_gliding_frog" title="Malabar gliding frog">Malabar gliding frog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beddomixalus" title="Beddomixalus">Beddomixalus</a>. Around fifty percent of India's amphibian species are endemic to the region, and around ninety species of reptiles including the genera <a href="/wiki/Teretrurus_rhodogaster" title="Teretrurus rhodogaster"><i>Brachyopihidium</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dravidogecko" title="Dravidogecko">Dravidogecko</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Melanophidium_wynaudense" title="Melanophidium wynaudense"><i>Melanophidum</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ristella" title="Ristella">Ristella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salea" title="Salea">Salea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Plectrurus" title="Plectrurus">Plectrurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Teretrurus" title="Teretrurus">Teretrurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Xylophis" title="Xylophis">Xylophis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandipur_fires_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bandipur_fires_2019.jpg/220px-Bandipur_fires_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bandipur_fires_2019.jpg/330px-Bandipur_fires_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bandipur_fires_2019.jpg/440px-Bandipur_fires_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Forest fire in Bandipur National Park in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Shola forests outside protected areas are threatened by fragmentation, especially in the vicinity of settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandrashekara_al2006_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandrashekara_al2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The rapid and dense growth of the invasive <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora_mollissima" class="mw-redirect" title="Passiflora mollissima">Passiflora mollissima</a></i> inhibits the regeneration of native tree species in the Shola forest patches.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poaching, deforestation, forest fires and dangers to native tribes are the main threats. Despite poaching banned by law in 1972, people still tend to illegally hunt animals such as tigers, elephants and chital for skin, fur or tusks. Forests are being destroyed for farming or livestock. Animals that kill livestock are killed by farmers. Forest fires destroy vegetation. Native tribes are being evacuated from their homelands, resulting in loss of tribal culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Forestry_Research_and_Education" title="Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education">Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCorrespondent2021" class="citation news cs1">Correspondent, Legal (27 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece">"Conservationist joins SC panel on elephant corridor case"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&amp;rft.atitle=Conservationist+joins+SC+panel+on+elephant+corridor+case&amp;rft.date=2021-01-27&amp;rft.issn=0971-751X&amp;rft.aulast=Correspondent&amp;rft.aufirst=Legal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fconservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case%2Farticle33678554.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">&#124;last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nilgiribiospherereserve.com/nilgiri-biosphere-info.html">About Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624034217/http://www.nilgiribiospherereserve.com/nilgiri-biosphere-info.html">Archived</a> 24 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – www.nilgiribiospherereserve.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xNAAQAAMAAJ">"The Missionary Herald of the Baptist Missionary Society"</a>. Baptist Mission House. 1886: 398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Missionary+Herald+of+the+Baptist+Missionary+Society&amp;rft.pages=398&amp;rft.date=1886&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xNAAQAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengerke1977" class="citation book cs1">Lengerke, Hans J. von (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1YlAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Nilgiris: Weather and Climate of a Mountain Area in South India</i></a>. Steiner. p.&#160;5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515026406" title="Special:BookSources/9783515026406"><bdi>9783515026406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nilgiris%3A+Weather+and+Climate+of+a+Mountain+Area+in+South+India&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=Steiner&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=9783515026406&amp;rft.aulast=Lengerke&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans+J.+von&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1YlAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/kartik/res4.htm">"Decline of a Montane Ecosystem"</a>. Kartik Shanker Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science. February 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Decline+of+a+Montane+Ecosystem&amp;rft.pub=Kartik+Shanker+Centre+for+Ecological+Sciences%2C+Indian+Institute+of+Science&amp;rft.date=1997-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fces.iisc.ernet.in%2Fhpg%2Fkartik%2Fres4.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels1996-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjit_Daniels,_R.J.Vijayan,_V.S.1996" class="citation report cs1">Ranjit Daniels, R.J. &amp; Vijayan, V.S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001137/113753eo.pdf">The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: A Review of Conservation Status with Recommendations for a Wholistic Approach to Management</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Working Paper No. 16. Paris: UNESCO South-South Co-operation Programme for Environmentally Sound Socio-Economic Development in the Humid Tropics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve%3A+A+Review+of+Conservation+Status+with+Recommendations+for+a+Wholistic+Approach+to+Management&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.series=Working+Paper+No.+16&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO+South-South+Co-operation+Programme+for+Environmentally+Sound+Socio-Economic+Development+in+the+Humid+Tropics&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.au=Ranjit+Daniels%2C+R.J.&amp;rft.au=Vijayan%2C+V.S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0011%2F001137%2F113753eo.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikramanayake2002" class="citation book cs1">Wikramanayake, Eric D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48435361"><i>Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. pp.&#160;284–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-923-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-923-7"><bdi>1-55963-923-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48435361">48435361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Terrestrial+ecoregions+of+the+Indo-Pacific%3A+a+Conservation+Assessment&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pages=284-285&amp;rft.pub=Island+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48435361&amp;rft.isbn=1-55963-923-7&amp;rft.aulast=Wikramanayake&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F48435361&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandrashekara_al2006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandrashekara_al2006_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandrashekara_al2006_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrashekara,_U.M.Muraleedharan,_P.K.Sibichan,_V.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrashekara, U.M.; Muraleedharan, P.K. &amp; Sibichan, V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226385585">"Anthropogenic pressure on structure and composition of a shola forest in Kerala, India"</a>. <i>Journal of Mountain Science</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 58–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11629-006-0058-0">10.1007/s11629-006-0058-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55780505">55780505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mountain+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+pressure+on+structure+and+composition+of+a+shola+forest+in+Kerala%2C+India&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=58-70&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11629-006-0058-0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55780505%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.au=Chandrashekara%2C+U.M.&amp;rft.au=Muraleedharan%2C+P.K.&amp;rft.au=Sibichan%2C+V.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F226385585&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_S.G.Varghese,_A.Roy,_P.Bradbear,_N.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, S.G.; Varghese, A.; Roy, P.; Bradbear, N.; Potts, S.G. &amp; Davidar, P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/15956/stri_Thomas_Varghese_Roy_Bradbear_Potts_and_Davidar_2009.pdf">"Characteristics of trees used as nest sites by <i>Apis dorsata</i> (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Tropical Ecology</i>. <b>25</b> (5): 559–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS026646740900621X">10.1017/S026646740900621X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22832468">22832468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tropical+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+trees+used+as+nest+sites+by+Apis+dorsata+%28Hymenoptera%2C+Apidae%29+in+the+Nilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve%2C+India&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=559-562&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS026646740900621X&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22832468%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+S.G.&amp;rft.au=Varghese%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Roy%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Bradbear%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Potts%2C+S.G.&amp;rft.au=Davidar%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10088%2F15956%2Fstri_Thomas_Varghese_Roy_Bradbear_Potts_and_Davidar_2009.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_al2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_al2009_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_S.G.Rehel,_M.S.Varghese,_A.Davidar,_P.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, S.G.; Rehel, M.S.; Varghese, A.; Davidar, P. &amp; Potts, S.G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237584631">"Social bees and food plant associations in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India"</a>. <i>Tropical Ecology</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 79–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tropical+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Social+bees+and+food+plant+associations+in+the+Nilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve%2C+India&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=79-88&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+S.G.&amp;rft.au=Rehel%2C+M.S.&amp;rft.au=Varghese%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Davidar%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Potts%2C+S.G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237584631&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103874076/111175518">"<i>Strophocincla cachinnans</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T103874076A111175518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Strophocincla+cachinnans&amp;rft.volume=2017&amp;rft.pages=e.T103874076A111175518&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.au=BirdLife+International&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F103874076%2F111175518&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskaran_N.Kanakasabai,_R.Desai,_A.A.2018" class="citation book cs1">Baskaran N.; Kanakasabai, R. &amp; Desai, A.A. (2018). "Ranging and spacing behaviour of Asian Elephant (<i>Elephas maximus</i> Linnaeus) in the tropical forests of Southern India". In Sivaperuman, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (eds.). <i>Indian Hotspots</i>. Singapore: Springer. pp.&#160;295–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-10-6605-4_15">10.1007/978-981-10-6605-4_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-6604-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-6604-7"><bdi>978-981-10-6604-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ranging+and+spacing+behaviour+of+Asian+Elephant+%28Elephas+maximus+Linnaeus%29+in+the+tropical+forests+of+Southern+India&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Hotspots&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pages=295-315&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-10-6605-4_15&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-10-6604-7&amp;rft.au=Baskaran+N.&amp;rft.au=Kanakasabai%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Desai%2C+A.A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose,_F.C.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jose, F.C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287703029">"The 'living fossil' shola plant community is under threat in upper Nilgiris"</a>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>102</b> (8): 1091–1092.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Science&amp;rft.atitle=The+%27living+fossil%27+shola+plant+community+is+under+threat+in+upper+Nilgiris&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1091-1092&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Jose%2C+F.C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F287703029&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANilgiri+Biosphere+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Karnataka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Karnataka" title="Template:Protected areas of Karnataka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Karnataka" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Karnataka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Karnataka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Karnataka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Karnataka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protected areas of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biosphere reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nilgiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anshi_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Anshi National Park">Anshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park" title="Bandipur National Park">Bandipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerghatta_National_Park" title="Bannerghatta National Park">Bannerghatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudremukh_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudremukh National Park">Kudremukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarhole_National_Park" title="Nagarhole National Park">Nagarhole (Rajiv Gandhi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabithittu_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary">Arabithittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary">Bhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimgad_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary">Bhimgad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary">Brahmagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauvery_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary">Cauvery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandeli_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary">Dandeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daroji_Sloth_Bear_Sanctuary" title="Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary">Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deva_Raya_Wildlife_Sanctuary&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deva Raya Wildlife Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Deva Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayamangali_Blackbuck_Conservation_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayamangali Blackbuck Conservation Reserve">Jayamangali Blackbuck Conservation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkote_Temple_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary">Melkote Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpagiri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary">Pushpagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranibennur_Blackbuck_Sanctuary" title="Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary">Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharavati_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharavati Wildlife Sanctuary">Sharavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shettihalli_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary">Shettihalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Someshwara_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary">Someshwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talakaveri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary">Talakaveri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_sanctuaries_and_conservation_reserves_in_Karnataka" title="Bird sanctuaries and conservation reserves in Karnataka">Bird sanctuaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attiveri_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Attiveri Bird Sanctuary">Attiveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankapura_Peacock_Sanctuary" title="Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary">Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonal_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Bonal Bird Sanctuary">Bonal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghataprabha_Bird_Sanctuary&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Ghataprabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudavi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Gudavi Bird Sanctuary">Gudavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaggaladu_Bird_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaggaladu Bird Sanctuary">Kaggaladu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokrebellur" title="Kokrebellur">Kokrebellur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Magadi Bird Sanctuary">Magadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandagadde_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary">Mandagadde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganthittu_Bird_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary">Ranganthittu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Kerala" title="Template:Protected areas of Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Kerala" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">Protected areas of Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biosphere reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamudi_Shola_National_Park" title="Anamudi Shola National Park">Anamudi Shola National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_National_Park" title="Karimpuzha National Park">Karimpuzha National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathikettan_Shola_National_Park" title="Mathikettan Shola National Park">Mathikettan Shola National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampadum_Shola_National_Park" title="Pampadum Shola National Park">Pampadum Shola National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_National_Park" title="Periyar National Park">Periyar National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary">Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimmony_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary">Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary">Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurinjimala_Sanctuary" title="Kurinjimala Sanctuary">Kurinjimala Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary">Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary">Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peechi-Vazhani_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary">Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppara_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary">Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary">Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bird sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarakom_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary">Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalavanam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary">Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiramanal" title="Pathiramanal">Pathiramanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thattekad_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Thattekad Bird Sanctuary">Thattekad Bird Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas of Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biosphere reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nilgiris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi National Park">Anamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Hills_National_Park" title="Grass Hills National Park">Grass Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guindy_National_Park" title="Guindy National Park">Guindy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Park" title="Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karian_Shola_National_Park" title="Karian Shola National Park">Karian Shola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_National_Park" title="Mudumalai National Park">Mudumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukurthi_National_Park" title="Mukurthi National Park">Mukurthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary">Anamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauvery_North_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary">Cauvery North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauvery_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary">Cauvery South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaikondan_Spotted_Deer_Sanctuary" title="Gangaikondan Spotted Deer Sanctuary">Gangaikondan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grizzled_Squirrel_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary">Grizzled Squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadavur Wildlife Sanctuary">Kadavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalakkad_Mundanthurai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve">Kalakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur-Megamalai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve">Megamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary">Mudumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodaikanal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary">Kodaikanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalakkad_Mundanthurai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve">Mundanthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Calimere_Wildlife_and_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary">Point Calimere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathyamangalam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary">Sathyamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanthai_Periyar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellai_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Nellai Wildlife Sanctuary">Nellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallanadu_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Vallanadu Wildlife Sanctuary">Vallanadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bird sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitrangudi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary">Chitrangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallaperambur_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kallaperambur Lake Bird Sanctuary">Kallaperambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirankulam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary">Kanjirankulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaivetti_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary">Karaivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karikili_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Karikili Bird Sanctuary">Karikili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazhuveli_Bird_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary">Kazhuveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothankulam_Bird_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary">Koothankulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaselvanur-Kilaselvanur_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Melaselvanur-Kilaselvanur Bird Sanctuary">Melaselvanur-Kilaselvanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjarayan_Tank_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nanjarayan Tank Bird Sanctuary">Nanjarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Calimere_Wildlife_and_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary">Point Calimere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary">Pulicat Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suchindram_Theroor_Birds_Sanctuary" title="Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary">Suchindram Theroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamarthandapuram_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary">Udayamarthandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduvoor_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary">Vaduvoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanthangal_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary">Vedanthangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellode_Birds_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellode Birds Sanctuary">Vellode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettangudi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Vettangudi Bird Sanctuary">Vettangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viralimalai_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Viralimalai Bird Sanctuary">Viralimalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tiger reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Anamalai Tiger Reserve">Anamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalakkad_Mundanthurai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve">Kalakkad Mundanthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudumalai Tiger Reserve">Mudumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathyamangalam_Tiger_Reserve" title="Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve">Sathyamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur-Megamalai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve">Megamalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elephant reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Anamalai Tiger Reserve">Anamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Elephant_Reserve" title="Coimbatore Elephant Reserve">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudumalai Tiger Reserve">Mudumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur-Megamalai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve">Srivilliputhur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvidaimarudur_Conservation_Reserve" title="Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve">Tiruvidaimarudur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kerala_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala_topics" title="Template:Kerala topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala_topics" title="Template talk:Kerala topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kerala_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyannur_Umbrellas" title="Ariyannur Umbrellas">Ariyannur Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudakkallu_Parambu" title="Kudakkallu Parambu">Kudakkallu Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovvanur_burial_cave" title="Chovvanur burial cave">Chovvanur burial cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kingdom of Cannanore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Kulachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">Battle of Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikom Satyagraham">Vaikom Satyagraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Royal Family">Perumpadapu Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Migration" title="Malabar Migration">Malabar Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Kerala" title="Category:Politics of Kerala">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kerala_State_Government_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kerala State Government Organizations">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Kerala">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Kerala">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Body_Election_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Body Election in Kerala"><i>Panchayat</i> elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakakshi_Munnani" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptakakshi Munnani">Saptakakshi Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (Kerala)">Aikya Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of politicians of Kerala">Politicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidents">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruman_railway_accident" title="Peruman railway accident">1988 Perumon tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_train_derailment" title="Kadalundi train derailment">2001 Kadalundi Train derailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttingal_temple_fire" title="Puttingal temple fire">2016 Paravur temple fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Kerala_floods" title="2018 Kerala floods">2018 Kerala floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavvayi_Backwaters" title="Kavvayi Backwaters">Kavvayi Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Kerala">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and fauna of Kerala">Flora and fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Marayoor">Marayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi Mountains</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiri Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembanad Lake">Vembanad Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions of Kerala">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Namboothiri Brahmin">Namboothiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">Ambalavasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanta_Kshatriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanta Kshatriya">Samanthas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairs">Nairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li>Thiyyas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Iyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Iyers">Kerala Iyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Ezhavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Jainism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulayar" title="Pulayar">Pulayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India#Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges in Kerala">colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalarippayattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalarippayattu">Kalarippayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpam_Thullal" title="Sarpam Thullal">Sarpam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_poets_of_modern_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam">Triumvirate poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dance / Drama / Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottamthullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottamthullal">Ottamthullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Cinema of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thayambaka" title="Thayambaka">Thayambaka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchari_melam" title="Panchari melam">Panchari melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopanam">Sopanam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Organisations/Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nair_Service_Society" title="Nair Service Society">Nair Service Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam</a></li> <li>Samastha <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1926%E2%80%931989)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) (page does not exist)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1989%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Nadvathul_Mujahideen" title="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha#Commerce_and_tourism" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirappilly Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_Kerala" title="Beaches in Kerala">Beaches in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembra_Peak" title="Chembra Peak">Chembra Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Kerala Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam#Tourism.2C_Places_of_interest_and_historical_significance" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district#Places_of_Interest" title="Malappuram district">Places of Interest in Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Kannur" title="Tourist attractions in Kannur">Tourist attractions in Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Tourist attractions of Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kasaragod" title="List of tourist attractions in Kasaragod">Tourism in Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam" title="Peruvanam">Peruvanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kozhikode" title="List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode">List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Paravur" title="Estuaries of Paravur">Estuaries of Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram">Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India&#32;portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism_in_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Template:Tourism in Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Template talk:Tourism in Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism in Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism_in_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism in Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala Tourism Development Corporation">Kerala Tourism Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(Kerala)" title="Department of Tourism (Kerala)">Department of Tourism (Kerala)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Seva_Sadan" title="Gandhi Seva Sadan">Gandhi Seva Sadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Informative articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fishing_nets" title="Chinese fishing nets">Chinese fishing nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country" title="God&#39;s Own Country">God's Own Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundan_Vallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chundan Vallam">Chundan Vallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatayu_Earth%E2%80%99s_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatayu Earth’s Center">Jatayu Earth’s Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Festivals_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Festivals of Kerala">Temple Festivals of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_Resorts_(Kerala)" title="Tourist Resorts (Kerala)">Tourist Resorts (Kerala)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_International_Airport" title="Kannur International Airport">Kannur International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilon_Aerodrome" title="Quilon Aerodrome">Kollam Airport</a><small>(Defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum International Airport">Trivandrum International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amusement parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantasy Park (page does not exist)">Fantasy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Flora Fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkunnu" title="Kottakkunnu">Kottakkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vismaya" title="Vismaya">Vismaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderla" title="Wonderla">Wonderla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyannur_Umbrellas" title="Ariyannur Umbrellas">Ariyannur Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheraman_Parambu" title="Cheraman Parambu">Cheraman Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavallur" title="Kadavallur">Kadavallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandanissery" title="Kandanissery">Kandanissery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudakkallu_Parambu" title="Kudakkallu Parambu">Kudakkallu Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattanam" title="Pattanam">Pattanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thovarimala_Ezhuthupara" title="Thovarimala Ezhuthupara">Thovarimala Ezhuthupara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_Beach" title="Alappuzha Beach">Alappuzha Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azheekal_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Azheekal beach">Azheekal beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad_Beach" title="Chavakkad Beach">Chavakkad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherai_Beach" title="Cherai Beach">Cherai Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Kochi beach">Fort Kochi beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappil,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram">Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappkadavu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappkadavu">Kappkadavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Beach" title="Kollam Beach">Kollam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Beach" title="Kozhikode Beach">Kozhikode Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Bay" title="Mappila Bay">Mappila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marari_Beach" title="Marari Beach">Marari Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenkunnu_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenkunnu Beach">Meenkunnu Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munakkal_Beach" title="Munakkal Beach">Munakkal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakkal_Beach" title="Mundakkal Beach">Mundakkal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris_beach" title="Muziris beach">Muziris beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Padinjarekkara beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Paravanna beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyambalam_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyambalam Beach">Payyambalam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankumugham_Beach" title="Shankumugham Beach">Shankumugham Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snehatheeram_Beach" title="Snehatheeram Beach">Snehatheeram Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekkumbhagam" title="Thekkumbhagam">Paravur Thekkumbhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumullavaram_Beach" title="Thirumullavaram Beach">Thirumullavaram Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thottada_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Thottada Beach">Thottada Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara"> Vadakara Sandbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Kadalundi Nagaram beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala_Beach" title="Varkala Beach">Varkala Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boat races</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Boat_Race" title="Aranmula Boat Race">Aranmula Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Biyyam Kayal Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champakulam_Moolam_Boat_Race" title="Champakulam Moolam Boat Race">Champakulam Moolam Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Boat_Race" title="Indira Gandhi Boat Race">Indira Gandhi Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallada_Boat_Race" title="Kallada Boat Race">Kallada Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandassankadavu_Boat_Race" title="Kandassankadavu Boat Race">Kandassankadavu Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Trophy_Boat_Race" title="Nehru Trophy Boat Race">Nehru Trophy Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payippadu_Vallam_Kali" title="Payippadu Vallam Kali">Payippadu Vallam Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Trophy_Boat_Race" title="President&#39;s Trophy Boat Race">President's Trophy Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Jayanthi_Boat_Race" title="Sree Narayana Jayanthi Boat Race">Sree Narayana Jayanthi Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprayar_Boat_Race" title="Triprayar Boat Race">Triprayar Boat Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chovvanur_burial_cave" title="Chovvanur burial cave">Chovvanur burial cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottukal_cave_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottukal cave temple">Kottukal cave temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumala_caves,_Piralimattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedumala caves, Piralimattam">Nedumala caves, Piralimattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_rock_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizhinjam rock caves">Vizhinjam rock caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banasura_Sagar_Dam" title="Banasura Sagar Dam">Banasura Sagar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoothathankettu" title="Bhoothathankettu">Bhoothathankettu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruthoni_Dam" title="Cheruthoni Dam">Cheruthoni Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimmony_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimmony Dam">Chimmony Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idamalayar_Dam" title="Idamalayar Dam">Idamalayar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_Dam" title="Idukki Dam">Idukki Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakki_Reservoir" title="Kakki Reservoir">Kakki Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirapuzha_Dam" title="Kanjirapuzha Dam">Kanjirapuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapuzha_Dam" title="Karapuzha Dam">Karapuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha_Dam" title="Malampuzha Dam">Malampuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Dam" title="Malankara Dam">Malankara Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalam_Dam" title="Mangalam Dam">Mangalam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattupetty_Dam" title="Mattupetty Dam">Mattupetty Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollengode,_Palakkad" title="Kollengode, Palakkad">Meenkara Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullaperiyar_Dam" title="Mullaperiyar Dam">Mullaperiyar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Dam" title="Neyyar Dam">Neyyar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Dam" title="Parambikulam Dam">Parambikulam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Dam" title="Pazhassi Dam">Pazhassi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peechi_Dam" title="Peechi Dam">Peechi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peringalkuthu_Dam" title="Peringalkuthu Dam">Peringalkuthu Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvaripallam_Dam" title="Peruvaripallam Dam">Peruvaripallam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmudi_Dam" title="Ponmudi Dam">Ponmudi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poomala_Dam" title="Poomala Dam">Poomala Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothundi_Dam" title="Pothundi Dam">Pothundi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholayar_Dam" title="Sholayar Dam">Sholayar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_Dam" title="Siruvani Dam">Siruvani Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanneermukkom_Bund" title="Thanneermukkom Bund">Thanneermukkom Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala_Dam" title="Thenmala Dam">Thenmala Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunakkadavu_Dam" title="Thunakkadavu Dam">Thunakkadavu Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhani_Dam" title="Vazhani Dam">Vazhani Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayar_Dam" title="Walayar Dam">Walayar Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aanayoottu" title="Aanayoottu">Aanayoottu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaraattu" title="Aaraattu">Aaraattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva_Sivarathri_festival" title="Aluva Sivarathri festival">Aluva Sivarathri festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arattupuzha_Pooram" title="Arattupuzha Pooram">Arattupuzha Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkunni_Uthram_Vilakku" title="Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku">Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saint_Raphael,_Ollur" title="Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur">Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvanpattu" title="Gandharvanpattu">Gandharvanpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilanjithara_Melam" title="Ilanjithara Melam">Ilanjithara Melam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_International_Boat_Show&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="India International Boat Show (page does not exist)">India International Boat Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_Kerala" title="International Film Festival of Kerala">International Film Festival of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavallur_Anyonyam" title="Kadavallur Anyonyam">Kadavallur Anyonyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarkali" title="Kanyarkali">Kanyarkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karivela" title="Karivela">Karivela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Adventure_Carnival" title="Kerala Adventure Carnival">Kerala Adventure Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keralotsavam" title="Keralotsavam">Keralotsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Pooram" title="Kollam Pooram">Kollam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_pooram" title="Kottakkal pooram">Kottakkal pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottankulangara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottankulangara Festival">Kottankulangara Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machad_Mamangam" title="Machad Mamangam">Machad Mamangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalukulangara_Pooram" title="Nalukulangara Pooram">Nalukulangara Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpathi_Ratholsavam" title="Kalpathi Ratholsavam">Kalpathi Ratholsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenmara_Vallanghy_Vela" title="Nenmara Vallanghy Vela">Nenmara Vallanghy Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onathallu_or_Avittathallu" class="mw-redirect" title="Onathallu or Avittathallu">Onathallu or Avittathallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram" title="Peruvanam Pooram">Peruvanam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattamangalam_Kuthira_Vela" title="Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela">Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumandhamkunnu_Pooram" title="Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram">Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthralikavu_Pooram" title="Uthralikavu Pooram">Uthralikavu Pooram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikady_Fort" title="Arikady Fort">Arikady Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu_Fort" title="Anchuthengu Fort">Anchuthengu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal_Fort" title="Bekal Fort">Bekal Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandragiri_Fort,_Kerala" title="Chandragiri Fort, Kerala">Chandragiri Fort, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranganore_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore Fort">Cranganore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Fort" title="East Fort">East Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Emmanuel" title="Fort Emmanuel">Fort Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_Fort" title="Hosdurg Fort">Hosdurg Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumkotta" title="Nedumkotta">Nedumkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbury%27s_Folly" title="Overbury&#39;s Folly">Overbury's Folly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Fort" title="Palakkad Fort">Palakkad Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloor_Kotta_Falls" title="Paloor Kotta Falls">Paloor Kotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallipuram_Fort" title="Pallipuram Fort">Pallipuram Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort,_Tangasseri" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri">St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Angelo_Fort" title="St. Angelo Fort">St. Angelo Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellicherry_Fort" title="Tellicherry Fort">Tellicherry Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fort" title="William Fort">William Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadam_Island" title="Dharmadam Island">Dharmadam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhumanthuruthu" title="Ezhumanthuruthu">Ezhumanthuruthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundu_Island" title="Gundu Island">Gundu Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavvayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavvayi">Kavvayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruvadweep" title="Kuruvadweep">Kuruvadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munroe_Island" title="Munroe Island">Munroe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizhala" title="Pizhala">Pizhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulinkunnoo" title="Pulinkunnoo">Pulinkunnoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanthuruthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanthuruthu">Ramanthuruthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiyaparamba" title="Valiyaparamba">Valiyaparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallarpadam" title="Vallarpadam">Vallarpadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Balathiruthi Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vypin" title="Vypin">Vypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingdon_Island" title="Willingdon Island">Willingdon Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Biyyam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamakkal_Lake" title="Enamakkal Lake">Enamakkal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananchira" title="Mananchira">Mananchira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranju_Poika" title="Oranju Poika">Oranju Poika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinjarechira" title="Padinjarechira">Padinjarechira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_Lake" title="Paravur Lake">Paravur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pookode_Lake" title="Pookode Lake">Pookode Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranpuzha" title="Veeranpuzha">Veeranpuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellayani_Lake" title="Vellayani Lake">Vellayani Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkechira" title="Vadakkechira">Vadakkechira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchikulam" title="Vanchikulam">Vanchikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lighthouses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_Lighthouse" title="Vizhinjam Lighthouse">Vizhinjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri_Lighthouse" title="Tangasseri Lighthouse">Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilthottam_Lighthouse" title="Kovilthottam Lighthouse">Kovilthottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_Lighthouse" title="Alappuzha Lighthouse">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manakkodam_Lighthouse" title="Manakkodam Lighthouse">Manakkodam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vypin_Lighthouse" title="Vypin Lighthouse">Vypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_Lighthouse" title="Azhikode Lighthouse">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetwai_Lighthouse" title="Chetwai Lighthouse">Chetwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_Lighthouse" title="Ponnani Lighthouse">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypore_Lighthouse" title="Beypore Lighthouse">Beypore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikkode_Lighthouse" title="Kozhikkode Lighthouse">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Lighthouse" title="Kannur Lighthouse">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aathanad" title="Aathanad">Aathanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya_Mala" title="Agastya Mala">Agastya Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambanad_Hills" title="Ambanad Hills">Ambanad Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambukuthi_mala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambukuthi mala">Ambukuthi mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banasura_Hill" title="Banasura Hill">Banasura Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Chekkunnu Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembra_Peak" title="Chembra Peak">Chembra Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Cheriyam hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elivai_Malai" class="mw-redirect" title="Elivai Malai">Elivai Malai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaveezha_Poonchira" title="Ilaveezha Poonchira">Ilaveezha Poonchira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illickal_Kallu" title="Illickal Kallu">Illickal Kallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Kodikuthimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathoor_Padi" title="Kunnathoor Padi">Kunnathoor Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayur" title="Marayur">Marayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenuliyan_Para" title="Meenuliyan Para">Meenuliyan Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paithalmala" title="Paithalmala">Paithalmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakkayam" title="Anakkayam">Pandallur hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmudi" title="Ponmudi">Ponmudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poomala" title="Poomala">Poomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakam_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Urakam Hill">Urakam Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagamon" title="Vagamon">Vagamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagavurrai" title="Vagavurrai">Vagavurrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavul_Mala" title="Vavul Mala">Vavul Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarimala" title="Vellarimala">Vellarimala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_Point_Art_Cafe" title="8 Point Art Cafe">8 Point Gallery Cafe, Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_Museum" title="Arakkal Museum">Arakkal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum,_Thrissur" title="Archaeological Museum, Thrissur">Archaeological Museum, Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Business_Museum" title="Indian Business Museum">Indian Business Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Portuguese_Museum" title="Indo-Portuguese Museum">Indo-Portuguese Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Kerala Science and Technology Museum">Kerala Science and Technology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Soil_Museum" title="Kerala Soil Museum">Kerala Soil Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockhart_Tea_Museum" title="Lockhart Tea Museum">Lockhart Tea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar_Tea_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Munnar Tea Museum">Munnar Tea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Museum" title="Napier Museum">Napier Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja_Archaeological_Museum" title="Pazhassi Raja Archaeological Museum">Pazhassi Raja Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Police_Museum" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum, Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak_Museum" title="Teak Museum">Teak Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Heritage_Museum" title="Wayanad Heritage Museum">Wayanad Heritage Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Bay" title="Mappila Bay">Arakkal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Kottaram" title="Aranmula Kottaram">Aranmula Kottaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolgatty_Palace" title="Bolgatty Palace">Bolgatty Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Residency" title="British Residency">British Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_Kottaram" title="Cheena Kottaram">Cheena Kottaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_Castle" title="Halcyon Castle">Halcyon Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Palace,_Tripunithura" title="Hill Palace, Tripunithura">Hill Palace, Tripunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakakkunnu_Palace" title="Kanakakkunnu Palace">Kanakakkunnu Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha,_Palakkad" title="Karimpuzha, Palakkad">Karimpuzha Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor_Palace" title="Kilimanoor Palace">Kilimanoor Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur_Kovilakam" title="Kodungallur Kovilakam">Kodungallur Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollengode_Palace" title="Kollengode Palace">Kollengode Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace" title="Kowdiar Palace">Kowdiar Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyikkal_Palace" title="Koyikkal Palace">Koyikkal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnapuram_Palace" title="Krishnapuram Palace">Krishnapuram Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthira_Malika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthira Malika">Kuthira Malika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmipuram_Palace" title="Lakshmipuram Palace">Lakshmipuram Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Maipady Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattancherry_Palace" title="Mattancherry Palace">Mattancherry Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Lodge_Palace" title="Merry Lodge Palace">Merry Lodge Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliath_Achan" title="Paliath Achan">Paliam Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandalam_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandalam Palace">Pandalam Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnathurkotta" title="Punnathurkotta">Punnathurkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthen_Kovilakam" title="Puthen Kovilakam">Puthen Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakthan_Thampuran_Palace" title="Shakthan Thampuran Palace">Shakthan Thampuran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Moolam_Thirunal_Palace" title="Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace">Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thevally_Palace" title="Thevally Palace">Thevally Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Azhvanchery Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olappamanna_Mana" title="Olappamanna Mana">Olappamanna Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keezhattur" title="Keezhattur">Poonthanam Illam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchan_Parambu,_Tirur" title="Thunchan Parambu, Tirur">Thunchan Samarakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varikkasseri_Mana" title="Varikkasseri Mana">Varikkasseri Mana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterfalls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyanpara_Falls" title="Adyanpara Falls">Adyanpara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripara_Falls" title="Aripara Falls">Aripara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruvikkuzhi_Waterfalls" title="Aruvikkuzhi Waterfalls">Aruvikkuzhi Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirappilly Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyapanov_Waterfalls" title="Ayyapanov Waterfalls">Ayyapanov Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charpa_Falls" title="Charpa Falls">Charpa Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheeyappara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheeyappara">Cheeyappara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoni,_Palakkad" title="Dhoni, Palakkad">Dhoni Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Kollam Kolli Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkadampoyil" title="Kakkadampoyil">Kozhippara Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudamutti_Falls" title="Kudamutti Falls">Kudamutti Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhavurutty_Waterfalls" title="Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls">Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkom_Water_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakkom Water Falls">Lakkom Water Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manalar_Waterfalls" title="Manalar Waterfalls">Manalar Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmala_waterfall" title="Marmala waterfall">Marmala waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenmutty_Falls,_Thiruvananthapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenmutty Falls, Thiruvananthapuram">Meenmutty Falls, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenmutty_Falls,_Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenmutty Falls, Wayanad">Meenmutty Falls, Wayanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Meenvallam Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliyarik_Waterfalls" title="Oliyarik Waterfalls">Oliyarik Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaruvi_Falls" title="Palaruvi Falls">Palaruvi Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloor_Kotta_Falls" title="Paloor Kotta Falls">Paloor Kotta Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panieli_Poru_waterfalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Panieli Poru waterfalls">Panieli Poru waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattathippara_Falls" title="Pattathippara Falls">Pattathippara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunthenaruvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Perunthenaruvi">Perunthenaruvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunthenaruvi_Falls" title="Perunthenaruvi Falls">Perunthenaruvi Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_Waterfalls" title="Siruvani Waterfalls">Siruvani Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soochipara_Falls" title="Soochipara Falls">Soochipara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thommankuthu" title="Thommankuthu">Thommankuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thusharagiri_Falls" title="Thusharagiri Falls">Thusharagiri Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoovanam_Waterfalls" title="Thoovanam Waterfalls">Thoovanam Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhachal_Falls" title="Vazhachal Falls">Vazhachal Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhvanthol_waterfalls" title="Vazhvanthol waterfalls">Vazhvanthol waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary">Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimmony_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary">Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary">Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarakom_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary">Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurinjimala_Sanctuary" title="Kurinjimala Sanctuary">Kurinjimala Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary">Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalavanam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary">Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary">Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiramanal" title="Pathiramanal">Pathiramanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary">Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peechi-Vazhani_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary">Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppara_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary">Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar Tiger Reserve">Periyar Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shendurney_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary">Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thattekad_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Thattekad Bird Sanctuary">Thattekad Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary">Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Rehabilitation_and_Research_Centre" title="Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre">Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parassinikkadavu_Snake_Park" title="Parassinikkadavu Snake Park">Parassinikkadavu Snake Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Zoo" title="Thiruvananthapuram Zoo">Thiruvananthapuram Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Zoo" title="Thrissur Zoo">Thrissur Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Zoological_Park_Wildlife_Conversation_%26_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conversation &amp; Research Centre">Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conversation &amp; Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala_templates" title="Category:Kerala templates">Templates</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Category:Tourism in Kerala">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Kerala" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Kerala">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India&#32;portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3530830#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3530830#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3530830#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/219480110">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMy9dqbxq3qKKgmjGCQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/11019201X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐7ktqn Cached time: 20241122141845 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.856 seconds Real time usage: 1.448 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3303/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 178270/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6199/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 105491/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.456/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10072843/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 873.689 1 -total 22.49% 196.536 1 Template:Infobox_protected_area 21.74% 189.982 1 Template:Infobox 21.14% 184.676 1 Template:Reflist 15.31% 133.721 6 Template:Navbox 10.30% 89.968 1 Template:Location_map 10.05% 87.785 1 Template:Short_description 10.02% 87.505 1 Template:Protected_areas_of_Karnataka 8.93% 78.050 1 Template:Cite_news 8.67% 75.727 1 Template:Authority_control --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2221944-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122141845 and revision id 1234398690. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;oldid=1234398690">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;oldid=1234398690</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Kerala" title="Category:Protected areas of Kerala">Protected areas of Kerala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Category:Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Protected areas of Karnataka">Protected areas of Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Wayanad_district" title="Category:Geography of Wayanad district">Geography of Wayanad district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Coimbatore" title="Category:Geography of Coimbatore">Geography of Coimbatore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Deccan_Plateau_dry_deciduous_forests" title="Category:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests">South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Category:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests">South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_the_Western_Ghats" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats">Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests" title="Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests">South Western Ghats montane rain forests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Palakkad_district" title="Category:Geography of Palakkad district">Geography of Palakkad district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_established_in_1986" title="Category:Protected areas established in 1986">Protected areas established in 1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1986_establishments_in_Karnataka" title="Category:1986 establishments in Karnataka">1986 establishments in Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Wayanad_district" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Wayanad district">Tourist attractions in Wayanad district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Palakkad_district" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Palakkad district">Tourist attractions in Palakkad district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indomalayan_realm" title="Category:Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan realm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Category:Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Montane_ecology" title="Category:Montane ecology">Montane ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Western_Ghats" title="Category:Flora of the Western Ghats">Flora of the Western Ghats</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cite_IUCN_without_doi" title="Category:Cite IUCN without doi">Cite IUCN without doi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2014">Use dmy dates from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_December_2014" title="Category:Use Indian English from December 2014">Use Indian English from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 July 2024, at 04:30<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-c2jr9","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.856","walltime":"1.448","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3303,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":178270,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6199,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":105491,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 873.689 1 -total"," 22.49% 196.536 1 Template:Infobox_protected_area"," 21.74% 189.982 1 Template:Infobox"," 21.14% 184.676 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.31% 133.721 6 Template:Navbox"," 10.30% 89.968 1 Template:Location_map"," 10.05% 87.785 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.02% 87.505 1 Template:Protected_areas_of_Karnataka"," 8.93% 78.050 1 Template:Cite_news"," 8.67% 75.727 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.456","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10072843,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-7ktqn","timestamp":"20241122141845","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3530830","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3530830","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-12T22:44:42Z","dateModified":"2024-07-14T04:30:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/05\/Pic_from_Doddabetta_Peak.jpg","headline":"International biosphere reserve of India"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10