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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology and behaviour </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology and behaviour subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Threats </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Threats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Threats subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human–elephant_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human–elephant_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Human–elephant conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human–elephant_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Poaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_ivory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_ivory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 For ivory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_ivory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 For skin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In captivity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_captivity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In captivity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handling_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Handling methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handling_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Asian elephant</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatiese_olifant" title="Asiatiese olifant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Asiatiese olifant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="فيل آسيوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيل آسيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus" title="Elephas maximus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Elephas maximus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80" title="হাতী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হাতী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Азиялъул пил – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Азиялъул пил" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Asiya_fili" title="Adi Asiya fili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi Asiya fili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="এশীয় হাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এশীয় হাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Азіяцкі слон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Азіяцкі слон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Азіяцкі слон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Азіяцкі слон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Азиатски слон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Азиатски слон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olifant_Azia" title="Olifant Azia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Olifant Azia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefant_asi%C3%A0tic" title="Elefant asiàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elefant asiàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Инди пилĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Инди пилĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus" title="Elephas maximus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elephas maximus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slon_indick%C3%BD" title="Slon indický – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slon indický" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliffant_Asiaidd" title="Eliffant Asiaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eliffant Asiaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatisk_elefant" title="Asiatisk elefant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Asiatisk elefant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatischer_Elefant" title="Asiatischer Elefant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asiatischer Elefant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizhii_Bik%C3%A9yahd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_ch%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81h_yee_adilohii" title="Naakaii Dootłʼizhii Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ chį́į́h yee adilohii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Dootłʼizhii Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ chį́į́h yee adilohii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_elevant" title="India elevant – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="India elevant" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ασιατικός ελέφαντας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασιατικός ελέφαντας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus" title="Elephas maximus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elephas maximus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azia_elefanto" title="Azia elefanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Azia elefanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiar_elefante" title="Asiar elefante – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asiar elefante" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فیل آسیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیل آسیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatiskur_f%C3%ADlur" title="Asiatiskur fílur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Asiatiskur fílur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_d%27Asie" title="Éléphant d'Asie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éléphant d'Asie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilifint_%C3%81iseach" title="Eilifint Áiseach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eilifint Áiseach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefante_asi%C3%A1tico" title="Elefante asiático – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elefante asiático" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%BD%94%EB%81%BC%EB%A6%AC" title="아시아코끼리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아시아코끼리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="एशियाई हाथी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एशियाई हाथी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azijski_slon" title="Azijski slon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Azijski slon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_asia" title="Gajah asia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gajah asia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Азиаг пыл – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Азиаг пыл" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus" title="Elephas maximus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elephas maximus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99" title="פיל אסייתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיל אסייתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_Asia" title="Gajah Asia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gajah Asia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzol_(Elephas_maximus)" title="Fuzol (Elephas maximus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Fuzol (Elephas maximus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Азиянал пил – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Азиянал пил" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus" title="Elephas maximus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elephas maximus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80zijas_zilonis" title="Āzijas zilonis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Āzijas zilonis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azijinis_dramblys" title="Azijinis dramblys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Azijinis dramblys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C9%94ku_ya_Az%C3%ADa" title="Nzɔku ya Azía – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzɔku ya Azía" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81zsiai_elef%C3%A1nt" title="Ázsiai elefánt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ázsiai elefánt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Азиски слон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Азиски слон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8" title="ഏഷ്യൻ ആന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏഷ്യൻ ആന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arewhana_%C4%80hia" title="Arewhana Āhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Arewhana Āhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="आशियाई हत्ती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आशियाई हत्ती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%89" title="فيل آسيوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيل آسيوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_Asia" title="Gajah Asia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gajah Asia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_asia" title="Gajah asia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gajah asia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အာရှဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရှဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziatische_olifant" title="Aziatische olifant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aziatische olifant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="एसियाली हात्ती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एसियाली हात्ती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A6" title="アジアゾウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アジアゾウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiaatisk_Elefant" title="Asiaatisk Elefant – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Asiaatisk Elefant" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatisk_elefant" title="Asiatisk elefant – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Asiatisk elefant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus" title="Elephas maximus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elephas maximus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiyo_fili" title="Osiyo fili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Osiyo fili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="ایشیائی ہاتھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایشیائی ہاتھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84" title="آسیايي فیل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آسیايي فیل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82o%C5%84_indyjski" title="Słoń indyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Słoń indyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefante-asi%C3%A1tico" title="Elefante-asiático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elefante-asiático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefantul_asiatic" title="Elefantul asiatic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elefantul asiatic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Азиатский слон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Азиатский слон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Азия сэлиитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Азия сэлиитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92" title="ආසියානු අලි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආසියානු අලි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asian elephant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slon_%C3%A1zijsk%C3%BD" title="Slon ázijský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slon ázijský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azijski_slon" title="Azijski slon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Azijski slon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus" title="Elephas maximus – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Elephas maximus" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Азијски слон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Азијски слон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azijski_slon" title="Azijski slon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Azijski slon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasiannorsu" title="Aasiannorsu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aasiannorsu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatisk_elefant" title="Asiatisk elefant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Asiatisk elefant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus" title="Elephas maximus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elephas maximus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="ஆசிய யானை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசிய யானை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ช้างเอเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช้างเอเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asya_fili" title="Asya fili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asya fili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Слон індійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Слон індійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="ایشیائی ہاتھی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایشیائی ہاتھی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voi_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%81" title="Voi châu Á – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Voi châu Á" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elepante_nga_Asyano" title="Elepante nga Asyano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elepante nga Asyano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E8%B1%A1" title="亚洲象 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚洲象" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%B1%A1" title="亞洲象 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞洲象" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Asian elephant <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Pleistocene–Recent <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.12676923077px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephas_maximus_(Bandipur).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/220px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/330px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/440px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1732" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A tusked bull <a href="/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park" title="Bandipur National Park">Bandipur National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, India </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_elephant_(Elephas_maximus_maximus)_female_and_young_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sri_Lankan_elephant_%28Elephas_maximus_maximus%29_female_and_young_1.jpg/220px-Sri_Lankan_elephant_%28Elephas_maximus_maximus%29_female_and_young_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sri_Lankan_elephant_%28Elephas_maximus_maximus%29_female_and_young_1.jpg/330px-Sri_Lankan_elephant_%28Elephas_maximus_maximus%29_female_and_young_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sri_Lankan_elephant_%28Elephas_maximus_maximus%29_female_and_young_1.jpg/440px-Sri_Lankan_elephant_%28Elephas_maximus_maximus%29_female_and_young_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="2296" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A cow and juveniles <a href="/wiki/Yala_National_Park" title="Yala National Park">Yala National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)" title="Endangered species (IUCN status)">Endangered</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MSOF-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix I (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CITES-3">[3]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Elephas" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elephas" title="Elephas">Elephas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">E. maximus<a href="#cite_note-MSW-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Elephas maximus<a href="#cite_note-MSW-1">[1]</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies<a href="#cite_note-MSW-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">E. m. maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">E. m. indicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">E. m. sumatranus</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephas_Maximus_distribution_evolution_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elephas_Maximus_distribution_evolution_map.svg/220px-Elephas_Maximus_distribution_evolution_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elephas_Maximus_distribution_evolution_map.svg/330px-Elephas_Maximus_distribution_evolution_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elephas_Maximus_distribution_evolution_map.svg/440px-Elephas_Maximus_distribution_evolution_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1246" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">   historical range</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">   range in early 21st century</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is a species of <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> distributed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in the south. Three <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are recognised—<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">E. m. maximus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">E. m. indicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">E. m. sumatranus</a>. The Asian elephant is characterised by its long <a href="/wiki/Elephant_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant trunk">trunk</a> with a single finger-like processing; large <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusks</a> in males; laterally folded large ears but smaller in contrast to African elephants; and wrinkled grey skin. The skin is smoother than African elephants and may be <a href="/wiki/Depigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Depigment">depigmented</a> on the trunk, ears or neck. Adult males average 4 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (4.4 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) in weight, and females 2.7 t (3.0 short tons). It is one of only three living species of elephants or <a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">elephantids</a> anywhere in the world, the others being the <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_forest_elephant" title="African forest elephant">African forest elephant</a>. Further, the Asian elephant is the only living species of the genus <a href="/wiki/Elephas" title="Elephas">Elephas</a>. It is the second largest species of elephant after the African bush elephant. It frequently inhabits <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_evergreen_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical evergreen forest">tropical evergreen forests</a>, semi-evergreen forests, moist <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry deciduous forest">dry deciduous forests</a> and dry thorn forests. They are herbivorous, eating about 150 kg (330 lb) of vegetation per day. Cows and calves form groups, while males remain solitary or form "bachelor groups" with other males. During the breeding season, males will temporarily join female groups to mate. Asian elephants have a large and well-developed <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a> of the brain, are highly intelligent and self-aware being able to display behaviors associated grief, learning, greeting etc. The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Since 1986, the Asian elephant has been listed as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>, as the population has declined by at least 50 per cent over the last three elephant generations, which is about 60–75 years. It is primarily threatened by <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of habitat">loss of habitat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat degradation">habitat degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>. Wild Asian elephants live to be about 60 years old. While female captive elephants are recorded to have lived beyond 60 years when kept in semi-natural surroundings, Asian elephants die at a much younger age in captivity; captive populations are declining due to a low birth and high death rate. The earliest indications of captive use of Asian elephants are engravings on seals of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> dated to the 3rd millennium BC. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> Elephas maximus in 1758 for an elephant from <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Elephas indicus was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> in 1798, who described an elephant from India.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck" title="Coenraad Jacob Temminck">Coenraad Jacob Temminck</a> named an elephant from Sumatra Elephas sumatranus in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nutter_Chasen" title="Frederick Nutter Chasen">Frederick Nutter Chasen</a> classified all three as <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the Asian elephant in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> These three subspecies are currently recognised as <a href="/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">valid</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSOF-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> Results of <a href="/wiki/Phylogeography" title="Phylogeography">phylogeographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> analyses indicate that the Sri Lankan and Indian elephants are not distinct enough to warrant classification as separate subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Three subspecies are recognised:<a href="#cite_note-MSOF-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant</a> (E. maximus maximus Linnaeus, 1758)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tucking_in,_yet_watchful_(7568587412).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tucking_in%2C_yet_watchful_%287568587412%29.jpg/220px-Tucking_in%2C_yet_watchful_%287568587412%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tucking_in%2C_yet_watchful_%287568587412%29.jpg/330px-Tucking_in%2C_yet_watchful_%287568587412%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tucking_in%2C_yet_watchful_%287568587412%29.jpg/440px-Tucking_in%2C_yet_watchful_%287568587412%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Elephant in Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a> (E. maximus indicus Cuvier, 1798)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Elephant_Tusker_Nagarhole_Karnataka_Apr22_D72_23736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Male_Elephant_Tusker_Nagarhole_Karnataka_Apr22_D72_23736.jpg/220px-Male_Elephant_Tusker_Nagarhole_Karnataka_Apr22_D72_23736.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Male_Elephant_Tusker_Nagarhole_Karnataka_Apr22_D72_23736.jpg/330px-Male_Elephant_Tusker_Nagarhole_Karnataka_Apr22_D72_23736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Male_Elephant_Tusker_Nagarhole_Karnataka_Apr22_D72_23736.jpg/440px-Male_Elephant_Tusker_Nagarhole_Karnataka_Apr22_D72_23736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4591" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption>Elephant in India</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a> (E. maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayi_gajah_Sumatera_di_Taman_Nasional_Tesso_Nilo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bayi_gajah_Sumatera_di_Taman_Nasional_Tesso_Nilo.jpg/220px-Bayi_gajah_Sumatera_di_Taman_Nasional_Tesso_Nilo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bayi_gajah_Sumatera_di_Taman_Nasional_Tesso_Nilo.jpg/330px-Bayi_gajah_Sumatera_di_Taman_Nasional_Tesso_Nilo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bayi_gajah_Sumatera_di_Taman_Nasional_Tesso_Nilo.jpg/440px-Bayi_gajah_Sumatera_di_Taman_Nasional_Tesso_Nilo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3601" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Elephant with calf in Sumatra</figcaption></figure> Sri Lankan elephants are the largest subspecies. Their skin colour is darker than of E. m. indicus and of E. m. sumatranus with larger and more distinct patches of <a href="/wiki/Depigmentation" title="Depigmentation">depigmentation</a> on ears, face, trunk and belly.<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani06-10">[10]</a> The skin color of the Indian elephant is generally grey and lighter than that of E. m. maximus but darker than that of E. m. sumatranus.<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> A potential fourth subspecies, the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant</a> (Elephas maximus borneensis), occurs in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>'s northeastern parts, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>), and sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Paules_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala" class="mw-redirect" title="Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala">Paules Deraniyagala</a> in 1950, who described an elephant in an illustration published in the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> magazine, but not as a living elephant in accordance with the rules of the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1955123–124-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cranbrook07-13">[13]</a> These elephants living in northern Borneo are smaller than all the other subspecies, but had larger ears, a longer tail, and straight tusks.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Results of genetic analysis indicate that their ancestors separated from the mainland population about 300,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Fernando-15">[15]</a> A study in 2003, using <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> analysis and <a href="/wiki/Microsatellite_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsatellite (genetics)">microsatellite data</a>, indicated that the Borneo elephant population is derived from stock that originated in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a>, and suggests that the Borneo population has been separated from the other elephant populations of southeast Asia since the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fernando03-16">[16]</a> The following Asian elephants were proposed as <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> subspecies, but are now considered <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymous</a> with the Indian elephant:<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_elephant" title="Syrian elephant">Syrian elephant</a> (E. m. asurus), proposed by Deraniyagala, based on fossil remains and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> illustrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1955116-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_ancient_China" title="Elephants in ancient China">Chinese elephant</a> (E. m. rubridens), also proposed by Deraniyagala, based on a Chinese bronze statuette.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1955125-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_elephant" title="Javan elephant">Javan elephant</a> (E. m. sondaicus), also proposed by Deraniyagala, based on an illustration of a carving on the Buddhist monument of <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1955124-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cranbrook07-13">[13]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> The genus <a href="/wiki/Elephas" title="Elephas">Elephas</a>, of which the Asian elephant is the only living member, is the closest relative of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>. The two groups are estimated to have split from each other around 7 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Elephas originated in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> and spread throughout Africa before expanding into the southern half of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Haynes1993-22">[22]</a> The earliest Elephas species, <a href="/wiki/Elephas_ekorensis" title="Elephas ekorensis">Elephas ekorensis</a>, is known from the Early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> of East Africa, around 5–4.2 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The oldest remains of the genus in Asia are known from the <a href="/wiki/Siwalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwalik Hills">Siwalik Hills</a> in the Indian subcontinent, dating to the late Pliocene, around 3.6-3.2 million years ago, assigned to the species <a href="/wiki/Elephas_planifrons" title="Elephas planifrons">Elephas planifrons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The modern Asian elephant is suggested to have evolved from the species <a href="/wiki/Elephas_hysudricus" title="Elephas hysudricus">Elephas hysudricus</a>, which first appeared at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a> around 2.6 million years ago, and is primarily known from remains of Early-<a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> age found on the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Skeletal remains of E. m. asurus have been recorded from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> from periods dating between at least 1800 BC and likely 700 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_elephant_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Asian_elephant_size_comparison.jpg/220px-Asian_elephant_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Asian_elephant_size_comparison.jpg/330px-Asian_elephant_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Asian_elephant_size_comparison.jpg/440px-Asian_elephant_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Young adult male Asian elephant skeleton compared to a human</figcaption></figure> In general, the Asian elephant is smaller than the <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> and has the highest body point on the head. The back is convex or level. The <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ears</a> are small with dorsal borders folded laterally. It has up to 20 pairs of ribs and 34 <a href="/wiki/Caudal_vertebrae" title="Caudal vertebrae">caudal vertebrae</a>. The feet have five nail-like structures on each forefoot, and four on each hind foot.<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> The forehead has two hemispherical bulges, unlike the flat front of the African elephants.<a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock-27">[27]</a> Its long <a href="/wiki/Elephant#Trunk" title="Elephant">trunk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> has only one fingerlike tip, in contrast to the African elephants which have two.<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> Hence, the Asian species relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth, rather than grasping with the tip. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex tasks.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toes_of_an_Asian_elephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Toes_of_an_Asian_elephant.jpg/220px-Toes_of_an_Asian_elephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Toes_of_an_Asian_elephant.jpg/330px-Toes_of_an_Asian_elephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Toes_of_an_Asian_elephant.jpg/440px-Toes_of_an_Asian_elephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The nail-like structures on the toes of an Asian elephant</figcaption></figure>Cows usually lack <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusks</a>; if tusks—in that case, called "tushes"—are present, they are barely visible and only seen when the mouth is open.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel plates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Molars" class="mw-redirect" title="Molars">molars</a> are greater in number and closer together in Asian elephants.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Some bulls may also lack tusks; these individuals are called "makhnas", and are especially common among the Sri Lankan elephant population.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A tusk from an 11 ft (3.4 m) tall elephant killed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Victor_Brooke" title="Victor Brooke">Victor Brooke</a> measured 8 ft (2.4 m) in length, and nearly 17 in (43 cm) in circumference, and weighed 90 lb (41 kg). This tusk's weight is, however, exceeded by the weight of a shorter tusk of about 6 ft (1.8 m) in length which weighed 100 lb (45 kg), and there have reportedly been tusks weighing over 150 lb (68 kg).<a href="#cite_note-lydekker-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_-_Guruvayur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elephant_-_Guruvayur.JPG/220px-Elephant_-_Guruvayur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elephant_-_Guruvayur.JPG/330px-Elephant_-_Guruvayur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elephant_-_Guruvayur.JPG/440px-Elephant_-_Guruvayur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Depigmented skin on the forehead and ears of an Asian elephant</figcaption></figure> Skin colour is usually grey, and may be masked by soil because of dusting and <a href="/wiki/Wallowing" title="Wallowing">wallowing</a>. Their wrinkled skin is movable and contains many nerve centres. It is smoother than that of African elephants and may be <a href="/wiki/Depigmentation" title="Depigmentation">depigmented</a> on the trunk, ears, or neck. The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> of the body average 18 mm (0.71 in) thick; skin on the <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsum</a> is 30 mm (1.2 in) thick providing protection against bites, bumps, and adverse weather. Its folds increase surface area for heat dissipation. They can tolerate cold better than excessive heat. Skin temperature varies from 24 to 32.9 °C (75.2 to 91.2 °F). Body temperature averages 35.9 °C (96.6 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3></div> On average, when fully-grown, bulls are about 2.75 m (9.0 ft) tall at the shoulder and 4.0 t (4.4 short tons) in weight, while cows are smaller at about 2.40 m (7.9 ft) at the shoulder and 2.7 t (3.0 short tons) in weight.<a href="#cite_note-probos_mass-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sukumar-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurt-35">[35]</a> Sexual dimorphism in body size is relatively less pronounced in Asian elephants than in African bush elephants; with bulls averaging 15% and 23% taller in the former and latter respectively.<a href="#cite_note-probos_mass-33">[33]</a> Length of body and head including trunk is 5.5–6.5 m (18–21 ft) with the tail being 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft) long.<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> The largest bull elephant ever recorded was shot by the <a href="/wiki/Maharajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajah">Maharajah</a> of Susang in the Garo Hills of <a href="/wiki/Assam,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam, India">Assam, India</a>, in 1924, it weighed an estimated 7 t (7.7 short tons), stood 3.43 m (11.3 ft) tall at the shoulder and was 8.06 m (26.4 ft) long from head to tail.<a href="#cite_note-probos_mass-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-37">[37]</a> There are reports of larger individuals as tall as 3.7 m (12 ft).<a href="#cite_note-lydekker-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Elephant_at_Corbett_National_Park4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Asian_Elephant_at_Corbett_National_Park4.jpg/210px-Asian_Elephant_at_Corbett_National_Park4.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Asian_Elephant_at_Corbett_National_Park4.jpg/315px-Asian_Elephant_at_Corbett_National_Park4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Asian_Elephant_at_Corbett_National_Park4.jpg/420px-Asian_Elephant_at_Corbett_National_Park4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>A bull elephant at <a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg/220px-Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg/330px-Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg/440px-Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>India has more than 50% of the wild Asian elephant population. Pictured are herds at <a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett National Park</a></figcaption></figure> Asian elephants are distributed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the west, to <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> in the north, to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-MSOF-2">[2]</a> They inhabit grasslands, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_evergreen_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical evergreen forest">tropical evergreen forests</a>, semi-evergreen forests, moist <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forests</a>, dry deciduous forests and dry thorn forests, in addition to cultivated and secondary forests and scrublands. Over this range of habitat types elephants occur from sea level to over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). In the eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> in northeast India, they regularly move up above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in summer at a few sites.<a href="#cite_note-Choudhury99-38">[38]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, some isolated populations survived in the south-east <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong Hills">Chittagong Hills</a> in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-sukumar93-39">[39]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>'s northern Johor and Terengganu National Park, two Asian elephants tracked using satellite tracking technology spent most of their time in secondary or "logged-over forest"; they travelled 75% of their time in an area less than 1.5 km (0.93 mi) away from a water source.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the Asian elephant survives only in the prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simao_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simao District">Simao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_elephant&action=edit">[update]</a>, the estimated population was around 300 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-ECNS-41">[41]</a> As of 2017, the estimated wild population in India account for nearly three-fourths of the extant population, at 27,312 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 2019, the Asian elephant population in India increased to an estimated 27,000–29,000 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_elephant&action=edit">[update]</a>, the global wild population was estimated at 48,323–51,680 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Menon_2019-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_behaviour">Ecology and behaviour</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_elephants,_Munnar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg/220px-Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg/330px-Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg/440px-Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Asian elephants are <a href="/wiki/Megaherbivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaherbivores">megaherbivores</a>, consuming large amount of plant matter. Pictured are grazing elephants from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India</figcaption></figure> Asian elephants are <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> They are classified as <a href="/wiki/Megaherbivore" title="Megaherbivore">megaherbivores</a> and consume up to 150 kg (330 lb) of plant matter per day.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Around 50 to 75% of the day is devoted to eating.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> They are generalist feeders, and are both <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(predation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Browsing (predation)">browsers</a>. They are known to feed on at least 112 different plant species, most commonly of the order <a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Leguminosae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminosae">legume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmae">palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graminae" class="mw-redirect" title="Graminae">true grass</a> families.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> They browse more in the dry season with bark constituting a major part of their diet in the cool part of that season.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> They drink at least once a day and are never far from a permanent source of fresh water.<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> They need 80–200 litres of water a day and use even more for bathing. At times, they scrape the soil for clay or minerals.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kui_Buri_National_Park_(Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province,_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg/220px-Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg/330px-Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg/440px-Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Asian elephant cows and calves live in closely knit groups. Pictured is group of elephants in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></figcaption></figure> Cows and calves move about together as groups, while bulls disperse from their mothers upon reaching adolescence. Bulls are solitary or form temporary "bachelor groups".<a href="#cite_note-McKay1973-52">[52]</a> Cow-calf units generally tend to be small, typically consisting of three adults (most likely related females) and their offspring.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Larger groups of as many as 15 adult females have also been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-deSilva1-54">[54]</a> Seasonal aggregations of 17 individuals including calves and young adults have been observed in Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Uda_Walawe_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Uda Walawe National Park">Uda Walawe National Park</a>. Until recently, Asian elephants, like African elephants, were thought to be under the leadership of older adult females, or <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchs</a>. It is now recognized that cows form extensive and very fluid social networks, with varying degrees of associations between individuals.<a href="#cite_note-deSilva2-55">[55]</a> Social ties generally tend to be weaker than in African bush elephants.<a href="#cite_note-deSilva1-54">[54]</a> Unlike African elephants, which rarely use their forefeet for anything other than digging or scraping soil, Asian elephants are more agile at using their feet in conjunction with the trunk for manipulating objects. They can sometimes be known for their violent behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephas_maximus_calf_injured_(Nagarhole,_2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Elephas_maximus_calf_injured_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg/220px-Elephas_maximus_calf_injured_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Elephas_maximus_calf_injured_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg/330px-Elephas_maximus_calf_injured_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Elephas_maximus_calf_injured_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg/440px-Elephas_maximus_calf_injured_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>An elephant calf is often vulnerable and might be predated upon by predators such as tiger; Pictured is an injured calf at <a href="/wiki/Nagarhole_National_Park" title="Nagarhole National Park">Nagarhole National Park</a> in India</figcaption></figure> Asian elephants are recorded to make three basic sounds: growls, squeaks and snorts. Growls in their basic form are used for short distance communication. During mild arousal, growls resonate in the trunk and become <a href="/wiki/Rumble_(noise)" title="Rumble (noise)">rumbles</a> while for long-distance communication, they escalate into roars. Low-frequency growls are <a href="/wiki/Infrasonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrasonic">infrasonic</a> and made in many contexts. Squeaks come in two forms: chirpings and trumpets. Chirping consists of multiple short squeaks and signals conflict and nervousness. Trumpets are lengthened squeaks with increased loudness and are produced during extreme arousal. Snorts signal changes in activity and increase in loudness during mild or strong arousal. During the latter case, when an elephant bounces the tip of the trunk, it creates booms which serve as threat displays.<a href="#cite_note-Sukumar2003-56">[56]</a> Elephants can distinguish low-amplitude sounds.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Rarely, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">tigers</a> have been recorded attacking and killing calves, especially if the calves become separated from their mothers, stranded from their herd, or orphaned. Adults are largely invulnerable to natural predation. There is a singular anecdotal case of a mother Asian elephant allegedly being killed alongside her calf; however, this account is contestable.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 2011 and 2014, two instances were recorded of tigers successfully killing adult elephants; one by a single tiger in <a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett National Park</a> on a 20-year-old young adult elephant cow, and another on a 28-year-old sick adult bull in <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a> further east, which was taken down and eaten by several tigers hunting cooperatively.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Elephants appear to distinguish between the growls of larger predators like tigers and smaller predators like <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>; they react to leopards less fearfully and more aggressively.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elephant#Mating" title="Elephant">Elephant § Mating</a></div> Reproduction in Asian elephants can be attributed to the production and perception of signaling compounds called <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>. These signals are transmitted through various bodily fluids. They are commonly released in urine but in males they are also found in special secretions from the temporal glands.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Once integrated and perceived, these signals provide the receiver with information about the reproductive status of the sender. If both parties are ready to breed, reproductive ritualic behavior occurs and the process of sexual reproduction proceeds.<a href="#cite_note-Schulte-64">[64]</a> Bulls will fight one another to get access to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oestrous" class="extiw" title="wikt:oestrous">oestrus</a> cows. Strong fights over access to females are extremely rare. Bulls reach sexual maturity around the age of 12–15. Between the ages of 10 and 20 years, bulls undergo an annual phenomenon known as "<a href="/wiki/Musth" title="Musth">musth</a>". This is a period where the <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> level is up to 100 times greater than non-musth periods, and they become aggressive. Secretions containing <a href="/wiki/Pheromones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones">pheromones</a> occur during this period, from the paired temporal glands located on the head between the lateral edge of the eye and the base of the ear.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The aggressive behaviors observed during musth can be attributed to varying amounts of <a href="/wiki/Frontalin" title="Frontalin">frontalin</a> (1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) throughout the maturation process of bulls. Frontalin is a <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a> that was first isolated in bark beetles but can also be produced in the bulls of both Asian and African Elephants. The compound can be excreted through urine as well as through the temporal glands of the bull, allowing signaling to occur. During musth, increased concentrations of frontalin in the bull's urine communicate the reproductive status of the bull to female elephants.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005-tusker-musth-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2005-tusker-musth-crop.jpg/110px-2005-tusker-musth-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2005-tusker-musth-crop.jpg/165px-2005-tusker-musth-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2005-tusker-musth-crop.jpg/220px-2005-tusker-musth-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>An asian elephant bull in "<a href="/wiki/Musth" title="Musth">musth</a>", a period when <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels run high and <a href="/wiki/Pheromones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones">pheromones</a> are secreted from temporal glands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg/220px-Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg/330px-Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg/440px-Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Friendly tussle of tuskers at Dhikala grassland in Jim Corbett National Park</figcaption></figure> Similar to other mammals, hormone secretion in female elephants is regulated by an <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous cycle</a>. This cycle is regulated by surges in <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">Luteinizing hormone</a> that are observed three weeks from each other. This type of estrous cycle has also been observed in African Elephants but is not known to affect other mammals. The first surge in Luteinizing hormone is not followed by the release of an egg from the ovaries.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> However, some female elephants still exhibit the expected mating protocols during this surge. Female elephants give ovulatory cues by utilizing sex <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>. A principal component thereof, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate, has also been found to be a sex pheromone in numerous species of insects.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In both insects and elephants, this chemical compound is used as an attractant to assist the mating process. In elephants, the chemical is secreted through urination and this aids in the attraction of bulls to mate. Once detected, the chemical stimulates the <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">vomeronasal organ</a> of the bull, thus providing information on the maturity of the female.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Reproductive signaling exchange between male and female elephants are transmitted through olfactory cues in bodily fluids.<a href="#cite_note-Schulte-64">[64]</a> In males, the increase in frontalin during musth heightens their sensitivity to the (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate produced by female elephants.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen-66">[66]</a> Once perceived by receptors in the trunk, a sequence of ritualistic behaviors follow. The responses in males vary based on both the stage of development and the temperament of the elephant.<a href="#cite_note-Schulte-64">[64]</a> This process of receiving and processing signals through the trunk is referred to as flehmen. The difference in body movements give cues to gauge if the male is interested in breeding with the female that produced the secretion.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-71">[71]</a> A bull that is ready to breed will move closer to the urine and in some cases an erection response is elicited. A bull that is not ready to breed will be timid and try to dissociate themselves from the signal.<a href="#cite_note-Schulte-64">[64]</a> In addition to reproductive communication, chemosensory signaling is used to facilitate same-sex interactions. When less developed males detect pheromones from a male in musth, they often retreat to avoid coming in contact with aggressive behaviors. Female elephants have also been seen to communicate with each other through pheromone in urine.<a href="#cite_note-Schulte-64">[64]</a> The purpose of this type of intersex communication is still being investigated. However, there are clear differences in signaling strength and receiver response throughout different stages of the estrous cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two-Elephants.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Two-Elephants.JPG/220px-Two-Elephants.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Two-Elephants.JPG/330px-Two-Elephants.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Two-Elephants.JPG/440px-Two-Elephants.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Courtship between a male and female Asian elephant in the <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a> Forests, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">gestation period</a> is 18–22 months, and the cow gives birth to one <a href="/wiki/Calf_(animal)" title="Calf (animal)">calf</a>, only occasionally <a href="/wiki/Twin" title="Twin">twins</a>. The calf is fully developed by the 19th month, but stays in the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">womb</a> to grow so that it can reach its mother to feed. At birth, the calf weighs about 100 kg (220 lb), and is <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">suckled</a> for up to three years. Once a female gives birth, she usually does not breed again until the first calf is weaned, resulting in a four to five-year birth interval.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> During this period, mother to calf communication primarily takes place through temporal means. However, male calves have been known to develop sex pheromone-producing organs at a young age. Early maturity of the vomeronasal organ allows immature elephants to produce and receive <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> It is unlikely that the integration of these pheromones will result in a flehmen response in a calf.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-71">[71]</a> Females stay on with the herd, but mature males are chased away.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_(Laos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_%28Laos%29.jpg/220px-Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_%28Laos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_%28Laos%29.jpg/330px-Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_%28Laos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_%28Laos%29.jpg/440px-Baby_elephants_at_the_Elephant_Conservation_Center_%28Laos%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Two Asian elephant calves playing in a sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></figcaption></figure> Female Asian elephants sexually mature around the age of 10~15 and keep growing until 30, while males fully mature at more than the age of 25, and constantly grow throughout their life.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Average elephant <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> is 60 years in the wild and 80 in captivity, although this has been exaggerated in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Shoshani82-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation length</a> of the Asian elephant is 22 years.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv/220px--Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv/Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Elephant stacking blocks to allow it to reach food</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elephant_cognition" title="Elephant cognition">Elephant cognition</a></div> Asian elephants have a very large and highly developed <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a>, a trait also shared by <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apes">apes</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a> species. They have a greater volume of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> available for <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> processing than all other existing land animals. Results of studies indicate that Asian elephants have cognitive abilities for tool use and tool-making similar to <a href="/wiki/Great_apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great apes">great apes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> They exhibit a wide variety of behaviours, including those associated with <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">grief</a>, learning, <a href="/wiki/Allomothering" title="Allomothering">allomothering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, play, <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a>, use of <a href="/wiki/Tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Tools">tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Elephants reportedly head to safer ground during natural disasters like <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> and earthquakes, but data from two satellite-collared Sri Lankan elephants indicate this may be untrue.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Several students of elephant cognition and <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">neuroanatomy</a> are convinced that Asian elephants are highly intelligent and self-aware.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Others contest this view.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2></div> The pre-eminent threats to the Asian elephant today are the loss, degradation and fragmentation of its habitat, which leads to increasing conflicts between humans and elephants. Asian elephants are <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poached</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and a variety of other products including <a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSOF-2">[2]</a> The demand for elephant skin has risen due to it being an increasingly-common ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human–elephant_conflict">Human–elephant conflict</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jhum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jhum.jpg/220px-Jhum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jhum.jpg/330px-Jhum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jhum.jpg/440px-Jhum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Forests cleared for <a href="/wiki/Jhum" title="Jhum">jhum</a>—a type of <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a> practiced in <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khaoyai_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Khaoyai_06.jpg/220px-Khaoyai_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Khaoyai_06.jpg/330px-Khaoyai_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Khaoyai_06.jpg/440px-Khaoyai_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4148" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>Elephants on the road in <a href="/wiki/Khao_Yai_National_Park" title="Khao Yai National Park">Khao Yai National Park</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> In some parts of Asia, people and elephants have co-existed for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In other areas, people and elephants come into conflict, resulting in violence, and ultimately, the displacement of elephants.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The main causes of human-elephant conflict includes the growing human population, large-scale development projects and poor top-down <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>. Proximate causes includes <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, disruption of elephant migratory routes, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">expansion of agriculture</a> and illegal encroachment into protected areas.<a href="#cite_note-Barua2010-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Southeast Asia">Destruction of forests</a> through <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, encroachment, <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> tree plantations are major threats to the survival of elephants. Human–elephant conflicts occur when elephants raid crops of shifting cultivators in fields, which are scattered over a large area interspersed with forests. <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">Depredation</a> in human settlements is another major area of human–elephant conflict occurring in small forest pockets, encroachments into elephant habitat, and on elephant migration routes.<a href="#cite_note-Choudhury2003-92">[92]</a> However, studies in Sri Lanka indicate that traditional slash-and-burn agriculture may create optimal habitats for elephants by creating a mosaic of successional-stage vegetation. Populations inhabiting small habitat fragments are much more liable to come into conflict with humans.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Development such as border fencing along the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Bangladesh_border" class="mw-redirect" title="India–Bangladesh border">India–Bangladesh border</a> has become a major impediment to the free movement of elephants.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, more than 1,150 humans and 370 elephants died as a result of human-elephant conflict between 1980 and 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Choudhury2003-92">[92]</a> In a 2010 study, it was estimated that in India alone, over 400 people were killed by elephants each year, and 0.8 to 1 million hectares were damaged, affecting at least 500,000 families across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Rangarajan2010-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Moreover, elephants are known to destroy crops worth up to US$2–3 million annually.<a href="#cite_note-Bist2006-98">[98]</a> This has major impacts on the welfare and livelihoods of local communities, as well as the future conservation of this species.<a href="#cite_note-Barua2010-91">[91]</a> In countries like <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the Asian elephant is one of the most feared wild animals, even though they are less deadly than other local animals such as <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous snakes</a> (which were estimated to claim more than 30 times more lives in Sri Lanka than elephants).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> As a whole, Asian elephants display highly sophisticated and sometimes unpredictable behaviour. Most untamed elephants try to avoid humans, but if they are caught off guard by any perceived physical threat, including humans, they will likely charge. This is especially true of males in <a href="/wiki/Musth" title="Musth">musth</a> and of females with young. Gunfire and other similar methods of deterring, which are known to be effective against many kinds of wild animals including tigers, may or may not work with elephants, and can even worsen the situation. Elephants that have been abused by humans in the past often become "rogue elephants", which regularly attack people with no provocation.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poaching">Poaching</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="For_ivory">For ivory</h4></div> The demand for <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, led to rampant <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> and the serious decline of elephants in both Africa and Asia. In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade#Illegal_wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">illegal trade</a> in live elephants and ivory still flourishes. Although the amount of ivory being openly sold has decreased substantially since 2001, Thailand still has one of the largest and most active black markets for ivory seen anywhere in the world. Tusks from Thai-poached elephants also enter the market; between 1992 and 1997 at least 24 male elephants were killed for their tusks.<a href="#cite_note-Stiles2009-104">[104]</a> Up to the early 1990s, Vietnamese ivory craftsmen used exclusively Asian elephant ivory from Vietnam and neighbouring Lao and Cambodia. Before 1990, there were few tourists and the low demand for worked ivory could be supplied by domestic elephants. Economic liberalisation and an increase in tourism raised both local and visitors' demands for worked ivory, which resulted in heavy poaching.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="For_skin">For skin</h4></div> The skin of the Asian elephant is used as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a> as well as in the manufacture of ornamental beads. The practice has been aided by China's <a href="/wiki/State_Forestry_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Forestry Administration">State Forestry Administration</a> (SFA), which has issued licences for the manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products containing elephant skin, thereby making trading legal. In 2010, four skinned elephants were found in a forest in Myanmar; 26 elephants were killed by poachers in 2013 and 61 in 2016. According to the <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Family" title="Elephant Family">Elephant Family</a>, Myanmar is the main source of elephant skin, where a poaching crisis has developed rapidly since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Elephant_endotheliotropic_herpesvirus" title="Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus">elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus</a> (EEHV) is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Proboscivirus" title="Proboscivirus">Proboscivirus</a> genus, a novel clade most closely related to the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Betaherpesvirinae" title="Betaherpesvirinae">betaherpesviruses</a>. As of 2011, it is responsible for as many as 70 deaths of both zoo and wild Asian elephants worldwide, especially in young calves.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In particular, several incidents of calves dying from elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus have been recorded in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The elephant <a href="/wiki/Schistosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Schistosome">schistosome</a> is a parasitic <a href="/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematode</a> that uses the Asian elephant as a definitive host. Two other hosts may be the Indian elephant and the greater one-horned rhinoceros.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Elephants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Indian_Elephants.jpg/200px-Indian_Elephants.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Indian_Elephants.jpg/300px-Indian_Elephants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Indian_Elephants.jpg/400px-Indian_Elephants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5363" data-file-height="3522" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_elephant_walking_in_Tad_Lo_river_at_golden_hour,_Bolaven_Plateau,_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Asian_elephant_walking_in_Tad_Lo_river_at_golden_hour%2C_Bolaven_Plateau%2C_Laos.jpg/200px-Asian_elephant_walking_in_Tad_Lo_river_at_golden_hour%2C_Bolaven_Plateau%2C_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Asian_elephant_walking_in_Tad_Lo_river_at_golden_hour%2C_Bolaven_Plateau%2C_Laos.jpg/300px-Asian_elephant_walking_in_Tad_Lo_river_at_golden_hour%2C_Bolaven_Plateau%2C_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Asian_elephant_walking_in_Tad_Lo_river_at_golden_hour%2C_Bolaven_Plateau%2C_Laos.jpg/400px-Asian_elephant_walking_in_Tad_Lo_river_at_golden_hour%2C_Bolaven_Plateau%2C_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5554" data-file-height="3703" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Asian elephants are protected across various geographies. Pictured are elephants in <a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_National_Park" title="Mudumalai National Park">Mudumalai National Park</a> in India (left) and Tad Lo river, Salavan Province, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> The Asian elephant is listed on <a href="/wiki/CITES_Appendix_I" class="mw-redirect" title="CITES Appendix I">CITES Appendix I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CITES-3">[3]</a> It is a quintessential <a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">flagship species</a>, deployed to catalyze a range of conservation goals, including habitat conservation at landscape scales, generating public awareness on conservation issues, and mobilisation as a popular cultural icon both in India and the West.<a href="#cite_note-Bowen_Jones-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barua_Mutiny-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barua2010-91">[91]</a> A key aspect of conservation is connectivity of the preferred movement routes of Asian elephants through areas with high vegetation cover and low human population density.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Elephant_Day" title="World Elephant Day">World Elephant Day</a> is celebrated annually on 12 August since 2012. Events are organized to divulge information and to engage people about the problems that the Asian elephant is facing.<a href="#cite_note-The_Atlantic-114">[114]</a> August has been established as the Asian Elephant Awareness Month by zoos and conservation partners in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-OKC-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka state</a> in India hosts the most Asian elephants of any known area, comprising around 20% of the total population in the country. The distribution of elephants in the state according to one estimate is roughly 38,310 km2 (14,790 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In a 2013 study, an estimated 10, 000 elephants inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, and were primarily threatened by poaching and habitat fragmentation. An increase in conflict with humans was also cited as a likely issue. Conservation plans aimed to establish wildlife corridors, stop poaching of bulls, and protect or manage land area.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Project Elephant</a> was initiated in 1992 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment,_Forest_and_Climate_Change" title="Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change">Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. The project was initiated to protect the Indian elephant and its habitats and to establish dedicated elephant reserves for sustaining elephant populations.<a href="#cite_note-PE-118">[118]</a> The distribution of elephants in Sri Lanka is only two-fifths of what it was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Due to this decrease, interactions with humans occur much more frequently. During a 2003 survey, the local people expressed some form of disapproval towards the conservation of Asian elephants as farmers viewed them as pests, however, most of the participants were supportive of the idea.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In China, Asian elephants are under first-level protection. Yunnan province has 11 national and regional nature reserves. In total, the covered <a href="/wiki/Protected_area_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected area in China">protected area in China</a> is about 510,000 ha (1,300,000 acres). In 2020, the population of Asian elephants in Yunnan was estimated at around 300 individuals. As conflicts between humans and wild elephants have emerged around protected areas in the last years, the prefecture of Xishuangbanna built food bases and planted bananas and bamboo to create a better habitat.<a href="#cite_note-ECNS-41">[41]</a> In Thailand, Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary and <a href="/wiki/Tham_Than_Lot_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tham Than Lot National Park">Tham Than Lot National Park</a> are protected areas hosting around 250–300 elephants, according to figures from 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_elephant&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In recent years the National Park has faced issues due to encroachment and over-exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In India, the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="National Board of Wildlife">National Board of Wildlife</a> recommended to allow coal mining in <a href="/wiki/Dehing_Patkai_National_Park" title="Dehing Patkai National Park">Dehing Patkai National Park</a> in April 2020. The decision raised concerns between students and environmental activists who launched an online campaign to stop the project.<a href="#cite_note-hindustan-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_captivity">In captivity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devi_AsianElephant_SanDiegoZoo_20071230_RockingBehaviour.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Devi_AsianElephant_SanDiegoZoo_20071230_RockingBehaviour.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Rhythmic swaying behaviour is not reported in free ranging wild elephants and may be symptomatic of psychological disorders.</figcaption></figure> About half of the global zoo elephant population is kept in European zoos, where they have less than half (18.9 years) the median life span of <a href="/wiki/Conspecifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecifics">conspecifics</a> (41.6 years) in protected populations in range countries. This discrepancy is clearest in Asian elephants: infant mortality is more than two to three times that seen in Burmese timber camps, and adult survivorship in zoos has not improved significantly in recent years. One risk factor for Asian zoo elephants is being moved between institutions, with early removal from the mother tending to have additional adverse effects. Another risk factor is being born into a zoo rather than being imported from the wild, with poor adult survivorship in zoo-born Asians apparently being conferred prenatally or in early infancy. Likely causes for compromised survivorship is <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Foot problems are commonly observed in captive elephants. These are related to lack of exercise, long hours standing on hard substrates, and contamination resulting from standing in their dung. Many of these problems are treatable. However, mistreatment may lead to serious disability or death.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Demographic analysis of captive Asian elephants in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> indicates that the population is not self-sustaining. First year mortality is nearly 30 per cent, and <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> is extremely low throughout the prime reproductive years.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Data from North American and European regional <a href="/wiki/Studbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Studbook">studbooks</a> from 1962 to 2006 were analysed for deviations in the birth and juvenile death sex ratios. Of 349 captive calves born, 142 died prematurely. They died within one month of birth, major causes being <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> by either the calf's mother or by one of the exhibition mates. The sex ratio of stillbirths in Europe was found to have a tendency for excess of males.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handling_methods">Handling methods</h3></div> Young elephants are captured from the wild and illegally imported to Thailand from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> for use in the tourism industry; calves are used mainly in amusement parks and are trained to perform various stunts for tourists.<a href="#cite_note-Stiles2009-104">[104]</a> The calves are often subjected to a 'breaking in' process, which may involve being tied up, confined, starved, beaten and tortured; as a result, two-thirds may perish.<a href="#cite_note-guard120724-127">[127]</a> Handlers use a technique known as the <a href="/wiki/Training_crush" class="mw-redirect" title="Training crush">training crush</a>, in which "handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to "break" the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners"; moreover, handlers drive nails into the elephants' ears and feet.<a href="#cite_note-Hile-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Kerala_culture" title="Elephants in Kerala culture">Elephants in Kerala culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Cultural depictions of elephants</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Captive_elephants" title="Captive elephants">Captive elephants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian-Elephant-444.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indian-Elephant-444.jpg/220px-Indian-Elephant-444.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indian-Elephant-444.jpg/330px-Indian-Elephant-444.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indian-Elephant-444.jpg/440px-Indian-Elephant-444.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Elephants are used for safari tourism in some Asian countries</figcaption></figure> The Asian elephant is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_animals" title="List of national animals">national animal</a> of Thailand and Laos.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> It has also been declared as the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_India" title="National symbols of India">national heritage animal</a> of India.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Bones of Asian elephants <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavated</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> indicate that they were <a href="/wiki/Tamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamed">tamed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> and used for work. Decorated elephants are also depicted on seals and were modelled in clay.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The Asian elephant became a <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engine</a>, a mount in war, a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">beast of burden</a>, and an elevated platform for hunting during historical times in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IWH3-133">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thajavur_Ganesha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thajavur_Ganesha.jpg/220px-Thajavur_Ganesha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thajavur_Ganesha.jpg/330px-Thajavur_Ganesha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thajavur_Ganesha.jpg/440px-Thajavur_Ganesha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4157" data-file-height="4493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> on his <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a> mūṣaka the rat, c. 1820</figcaption></figure> Asian elephants have been captured from the wild and tamed for use by humans. Their ability to work under instruction makes them particularly useful for carrying heavy objects. They have been used particularly for <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a>-carrying in jungle areas. Other than their work use, they have been used in war, in ceremonies, and for carriage.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> It is reported that war elephants are still used by the <a href="/wiki/Kachin_Independence_Army" title="Kachin Independence Army">Kachin Independence Army</a> (KIA) in <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> against Myanmar's military. The KIA use about four dozen elephants to carry supplies.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The Asian elephant plays an important part in the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">subcontinent</a> and beyond, being featured prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a> fables and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka</a> tales. They play a major role in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>: the god <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>'s head is that of an elephant, and the "blessings" of a temple elephant are highly valued. Elephants are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">processions</a> where the animals are adorned with festive outfits.<a href="#cite_note-Nila-136">[136]</a> The Asian elephant is depicted in several Indian manuscripts and treatises with notable amongst these including <a href="/wiki/Matanga_Lila" title="Matanga Lila">Matanga Lila</a> (elephant sport) of Nilakantha.<a href="#cite_note-Nila-136">[136]</a> The manuscript <a href="/wiki/Hastividyarnava" title="Hastividyarnava">Hastividyarnava</a> is from <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> in northeast India.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_zodiac#Weekdays" title="Burmese zodiac">Burmese, Thai and Sinhalese animal and planetary zodiac</a>, the Asian elephant, both tusked and tuskless, are the fourth and fifth animal zodiacs of the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burmese</a>, the fourth animal zodiac of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a>, and the second animal zodiac of the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a> of Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Pig_(zodiac)" title="Pig (zodiac)">elephant</a> is the twelfth animal zodiac in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Dai animal zodiac</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a> in southern China.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Thailand" title="Elephants in Thailand">Elephants in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_elephants" title="List of individual elephants">List of individual elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mela_shikar" title="Mela shikar">Mela shikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">War elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">White elephant</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MSW-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSW_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShoshani2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeheskel_Shoshani" title="Jeheskel Shoshani">Shoshani, J.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500004">"Species Elephas maximus"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Don_E._Wilson" title="Don E. Wilson">Wilson, D.E.</a>; Reeder, D.M (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA90">Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</a> (3rd ed.). 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Zoo Biology. 19 (5): 299–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1098-2361%282000%2919%3A5%3C299%3A%3AAID-ZOO2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Z">10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5<299::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-Z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoo+Biology&rft.atitle=Asian+elephants+are+not+self-sustaining+in+North+America&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=299-309&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1098-2361%282000%2919%3A5%3C299%3A%3AAID-ZOO2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Z&rft.au=Wiese%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F1098-2361%25282000%252919%253A5%253C299%253A%253AAID-ZOO2%253E3.0.CO%253B2-Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaragusty,_J.Hermes,_R.Goritz,_F.Schmitt,_D.L.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Saragusty, J.; Hermes, R.; Goritz, F.; Schmitt, D.L. & Hildebrandt, T. B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elephantsincanada.com/reports-and-papers/skewed-birth-sex-ratio-and-premature-mortality-in-elephants">"Skewed birth sex ratio and premature mortality in elephants"</a>. Animal Reproduction Science. 115 (1–4): 247–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anireprosci.2008.10.019">10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.10.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19058933">19058933</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621054118/http://www.elephantsincanada.com/reports-and-papers/skewed-birth-sex-ratio-and-premature-mortality-in-elephants">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Reproduction+Science&rft.atitle=Skewed+birth+sex+ratio+and+premature+mortality+in+elephants&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=247-254&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anireprosci.2008.10.019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19058933&rft.au=Saragusty%2C+J.&rft.au=Hermes%2C+R.&rft.au=Goritz%2C+F.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Hildebrandt%2C+T.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elephantsincanada.com%2Freports-and-papers%2Fskewed-birth-sex-ratio-and-premature-mortality-in-elephants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guard120724-127"><a href="#cite_ref-guard120724_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/24/tourism-elephant-trade-burma-thailand">"Tourism driving illegal elephant trade in Burma and Thailand – video"</a>. The Guardian. 24 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202025152/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/24/tourism-elephant-trade-burma-thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tourism+driving+illegal+elephant+trade+in+Burma+and+Thailand+%E2%80%93+video&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2012%2Fjul%2F24%2Ftourism-elephant-trade-burma-thailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hile-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Hile_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHile2002" class="citation web cs1">Hile, J. 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It's the centerpiece of a centuries-old ritual in northern Thailand designed to domesticate young elephants. In addition to beatings, handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to "break" the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Activists+Denounce+Thailand%27s+Elephant+%22Crushing%22+Ritual&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hile&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F10%2F1016_021016_phajaan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Han, Jianghua (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F25723618.2019.1701306">"The Study of Thai Elephant Culture Based on the "Elephant Metaphors" in Thai Idioms"</a>. 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South East Asia Globe. 28 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001045716/https://southeastasiaglobe.com/thailand-and-laos-elephant/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+East+Asia+Globe&rft.atitle=Thailand+and+Laos+elephant&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoutheastasiaglobe.com%2Fthailand-and-laos-elephant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukumar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sukumar, Raman (26 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol51_2016_2_2_Art08.pdf">"Iconic Fauna of Heritage Significance in India"</a> (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science. 51 (2.2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16943%2Fijhs%2F2016%2Fv51i2.2%2F48450">10.16943/ijhs/2016/v51i2.2/48450</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5235">0019-5235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204160424/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol51_2016_2_2_Art08.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Iconic+Fauna+of+Heritage+Significance+in+India&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2.2&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16943%2Fijhs%2F2016%2Fv51i2.2%2F48450&rft.issn=0019-5235&rft.aulast=Sukumar&rft.aufirst=Raman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsa.nic.in%2Fwritereaddata%2FUpLoadedFiles%2FIJHS%2FVol51_2016_2_2_Art08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerKashio2002" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Iljas; Kashio, Masakazu (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/4/ad031e/ad031e0g.htm#:~:text=The%20Asian%20elephant%20(Elephas%20maximus,heritage%20of%20India%20for%20centuries.">Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand, 5 to 10 February 2001</a>. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-90757-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-90757-1-5"><bdi>978-974-90757-1-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145656/https://www.fao.org/4/ad031e/ad031e0g.htm#:~:text=The%20Asian%20elephant%20(Elephas%20maximus,heritage%20of%20India%20for%20centuries.">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giants+on+Our+Hands%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Workshop+on+the+Domesticated+Asian+Elephant%2C+Bangkok%2C+Thailand%2C+5+to+10+February+2001&rft.pub=FAO+Regional+Office+for+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-974-90757-1-5&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Iljas&rft.au=Kashio%2C+Masakazu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F4%2Fad031e%2Fad031e0g.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Asian%2520elephant%2520%28Elephas%2520maximus%2Cheritage%2520of%2520India%2520for%2520centuries.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWH3-133"><a href="#cite_ref-IWH3_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangarajan,_M.2001" class="citation book cs1">Rangarajan, M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a89yMml_etQC&pg=PA1">"The Forest and the Field in Ancient India"</a>. India's Wildlife History. Delhi: Permanent Black. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-178-24140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-178-24140-1"><bdi>978-8-178-24140-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317064905/https://books.google.com/books?id=a89yMml_etQC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Forest+and+the+Field+in+Ancient+India&rft.btitle=India%27s+Wildlife+History&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8-178-24140-1&rft.au=Rangarajan%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da89yMml_etQC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiehrmannCrawleySeltmannFeillet2021" class="citation journal cs1">Liehrmann, Océane; Crawley, Jennie A. H.; Seltmann, Martin W.; Feillet, Sherine; Nyein, U. Kyaw; Aung, Htoo Htoo; Htut, Win; Lahdenperä, Mirkka; Lansade, Léa; Lummaa, Virpi (29 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8322261">"Handler familiarity helps to improve working performance during novel situations in semi-captive Asian elephants"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-95048-w">10.1038/s41598-021-95048-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8322261">8322261</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34326446">34326446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Handler+familiarity+helps+to+improve+working+performance+during+novel+situations+in+semi-captive+Asian+elephants&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15480&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8322261%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34326446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-95048-w&rft.aulast=Liehrmann&rft.aufirst=Oc%C3%A9ane&rft.au=Crawley%2C+Jennie+A.+H.&rft.au=Seltmann%2C+Martin+W.&rft.au=Feillet%2C+Sherine&rft.au=Nyein%2C+U.+Kyaw&rft.au=Aung%2C+Htoo+Htoo&rft.au=Htut%2C+Win&rft.au=Lahdenper%C3%A4%2C+Mirkka&rft.au=Lansade%2C+L%C3%A9a&rft.au=Lummaa%2C+Virpi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8322261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2017" class="citation news cs1">Winn, P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-27/war-elephants-still-exist-only-one-forbidding-place">"War elephants still exist. But only in one forbidding place"</a>. Public Radio International (PRI). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301001718/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-27/war-elephants-still-exist-only-one-forbidding-place">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+International+%28PRI%29&rft.atitle=War+elephants+still+exist.+But+only+in+one+forbidding+place&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2017-02-27%2Fwar-elephants-still-exist-only-one-forbidding-place&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nila-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nila_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nila_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajamangalam)1985" class="citation book cs1">Rajamangalam), Nīlakaṇṭha (1985). The Elephant-lore of the Hindus: The Elephant-sport (Matanga-lila) of Nilakantha. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6-41berm3IC">1-10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-005-2"><bdi>978-8-12080-005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elephant-lore+of+the+Hindus%3A+The+Elephant-sport+%28Matanga-lila%29+of+Nilakantha&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-8-12080-005-2&rft.aulast=Rajamangalam%29&rft.aufirst=N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2011" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Jayeeta (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2dtxgZba6MC">Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India</a>. Duke University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82235-049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82235-049-1"><bdi>978-0-82235-049-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524120054/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2dtxgZba6MC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Garden%3A+Assam+and+the+Making+of+India&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011-08&rft.isbn=978-0-82235-049-1&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Jayeeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2dtxgZba6MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham,_E.1829" class="citation book cs1">Upham, E. (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historydoctrineo00upha">The History and Doctrine of Budhism: Popularly Illustrated: with Notices of the Kappooism, Or Demon Worship, and of the Bali, Or Planetary Incantations, of Ceylon</a>. London: R. Ackermann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Doctrine+of+Budhism%3A+Popularly+Illustrated%3A+with+Notices+of+the+Kappooism%2C+Or+Demon+Worship%2C+and+of+the+Bali%2C+Or+Planetary+Incantations%2C+of+Ceylon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=R.+Ackermann&rft.date=1829&rft.au=Upham%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorydoctrineo00upha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing1971" class="citation journal cs1">Ling, Trevor (March 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/0048-721X%2871%2990007-8">"Sinhalese buddhism in regent anthropological writing: Some implications"</a>. Religion. 1 (1): 49–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0048-721X%2871%2990007-8">10.1016/0048-721X(71)90007-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-721X">0048-721X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515093741/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/0048-721X(71)90007-8">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Sinhalese+buddhism+in+regent+anthropological+writing%3A+Some+implications&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-59&rft.date=1971-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0048-721X%2871%2990007-8&rft.issn=0048-721X&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1016%2F0048-721X%252871%252990007-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915225846/https://www.warriortours.com/intro/zodiac.htm">"Chinese Zodiac"</a>. Warriortours. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warriortours.com/intro/zodiac.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warriortours&rft.atitle=Chinese+Zodiac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warriortours.com%2Fintro%2Fzodiac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeraniyagala1955" class="citation book cs1">Deraniyagala, Paulus Edward Pieris (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wAhDAAAAYAAJ">Some Extinct Elephants, Their Relatives, and the Two Living Species</a>. Department of National Museums, Ceylon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Extinct+Elephants%2C+Their+Relatives%2C+and+the+Two+Living+Species&rft.pub=Department+of+National+Museums%2C+Ceylon&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Deraniyagala&rft.aufirst=Paulus+Edward+Pieris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwAhDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandara,_RanjithClem_Tisdell2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bandara, Ranjith & Clem Tisdell (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/48968/files/WP87.pdf">"The net benefit of saving the Asian elephant a policy and contingent valuation study"</a> (PDF). Ecological Economics. 48 (1): 93–107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EcoEc..48...93B">2004EcoEc..48...93B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2003.01.001">10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.01.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=The+net+benefit+of+saving+the+Asian+elephant+a+policy+and+contingent+valuation+study&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-107&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2003.01.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EcoEc..48...93B&rft.au=Bandara%2C+Ranjith&rft.au=Clem+Tisdell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fageconsearch.umn.edu%2Frecord%2F48968%2Ffiles%2FWP87.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiall,_L._C.Greenwood,_F.1878" class="citation book cs1">Miall, L. C.; Greenwood, F. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofindiane00mial">Anatomy of the Indian Elephant</a>. London: Macmillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Indian+Elephant&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Miall%2C+L.+C.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofindiane00mial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+elephant" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saveelephant.org/">Save Elephant Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elephantconservation.org">International Elephant Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elefantasia.org">ElefantAsia: Protecting the Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianelephant.net/">Asian Elephants at the Zoological Gardens of the World</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elephant.elehost.com/">Elephant Information Repository</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711171808/http://elephant.elehost.com/">Archived</a> 11 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panda.org/elephants/asian">WWF—Asian elephant species profile</a></li> <li><a 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Behavior" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_cognition" title="Elephant cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musth" title="Musth">Musth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_communication" title="Seismic communication">Seismic communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Species" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_elephant" title="North African elephant">North African elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_elephant" title="Desert elephant">Desert elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_forest_elephant" title="African forest elephant">African forest elephant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asian elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_elephant" title="Syrian elephant">Syrian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_elephant" title="Javan elephant">Javan elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Extinct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant">Dwarf elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_mammoth" title="Pygmy mammoth">Pygmy mammoth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Domestication" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captive_elephants" title="Captive elephants">Domestication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_crushing" title="Elephant crushing">Elephant crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_goad" title="Elephant goad">Elephant goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">Mahout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_trainers" title="Category:Elephant trainers">Trainers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista_elephant" title="Ballista elephant">Ballista elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">Howdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_racing" title="Elephant racing">Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_elephant" title="Temple elephant">Temple elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">War elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Weapons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah_pistol" title="Howdah pistol">Howdah pistol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Culture</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_locality" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By locality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_ancient_China" title="Elephants in ancient China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_elephants_in_Europe" title="History of elephants in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Kerala_culture" title="Elephants in Kerala culture">Kerala state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Thailand" title="Elephants in Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Cultural depictions of elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_elephants" title="List of individual elephants">List of individual elephants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Koehl#Elephant_Encyclopedia" title="Dan Koehl">Elephant Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pachyderms" title="List of fictional pachyderms">List of fictional pachyderms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elephants_in_mythology_and_religion" title="List of elephants in mythology and religion">List of elephants in mythology and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Proboscidea_species_by_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Proboscidea" title="Template:Proboscidea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proboscidea" 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title="Elephant">Elephantidae</a> (Elephants)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elephas" title="Elephas">Elephas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant (Elephas maximus maximus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">Loxodonta</a> (African elephants)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant (L. africana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_forest_elephant" title="African forest elephant">African forest elephant (L. cyclotis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Proboscideans" title="Category:Proboscideans">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Working_animals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">Assistance dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draught_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Draught dog">Draught dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">Herding dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_dog" title="Mercy dog">Mercy dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_working_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Military working dog">Military working dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">Police dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">Search and rescue dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Service dog">Service dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_horse" title="Guide horse">Guide horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packhorse" title="Packhorse">Pack horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_pony" title="Pit pony">Pit pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_horse" title="Riding horse">Riding horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">Mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">Ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="576" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_animals" title="Human uses of animals">Human uses of animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_vertebrates" title="Domestication of vertebrates">Domestication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_animal" title="Military animal">Military animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics" title="Template talk:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Karnataka"><img alt="Seal of Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/25px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/38px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers" title="List of Kannada-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines" title="List of Kannada-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels" title="List of Kannada-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations" title="List of Kannada-language radio stations">Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Elephas maximus">Elephas maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Elephas_maximus/">Elephas_maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/elephas-maximus/">elephas-maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=30274">30274</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/398D9">398D9</a></li> <li>ECOS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/7388">7388</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/997407">997407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ELEPMA">ELEPMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219461">5219461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43697">43697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10764636">10764636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=584938">584938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/7140">7140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000521">1000521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=11500004">11500004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9783">9783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/83309/">83309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=541928">541928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=104147">104147</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/5690">5690</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=6376">6376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/9DB2EA49-8FF5-41AB-9BD4-19E68C506C79">9DB2EA49-8FF5-41AB-9BD4-19E68C506C79</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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