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It illustrates how these parasites adjust their sex ratios based on the prevailing conditions within their host, contributing to a deeper understanding of their biology. The findings challenge traditional sex allocation models, highlighting the sophistication of malaria parasites in resource allocation.","publication_date":"2008,,","publication_name":"Current Biology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Evolutionary Biology: Parasite, Know Thyself","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [32615614]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":45394459,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Evolutionary Biology: Parasite, Know Thyself”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/45394459/mini_magick20190212-8358-7ba5il.png?1549977573" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Evolutionary Biology: Parasite, Know Thyself</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32615614" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SarahKnowles"><img alt="Profile image of Sarah Knowles" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/ab013c09452bda225ca74c00ec0fb4fe?s=65" />Sarah Knowles</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2008, Current Biology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">3 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 13390311; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=13390311"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper discusses sex allocation theory, particularly in relation to malaria parasites and the implications of Hamilton's sex ratio theory. It illustrates how these parasites adjust their sex ratios based on the prevailing conditions within their host, contributing to a deeper understanding of their biology. The findings challenge traditional sex allocation models, highlighting the sophistication of malaria parasites in resource allocation.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":45394459,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/13390311/Evolutionary_Biology_Parasite_Know_Thyself"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":45394459,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/13390311/Evolutionary_Biology_Parasite_Know_Thyself"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="45394459" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/13390311/Evolutionary_Biology_Parasite_Know_Thyself" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="73745700" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73745700/Kin_discrimination_and_sex_ratios_in_a_parasitoid_wasp">Kin discrimination and sex ratios in a parasitoid wasp</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="121442326" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Ashishchoudhary69">Ashish choudhary</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kin discrimination and sex ratios in a parasitoid wasp","attachmentId":82146367,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73745700/Kin_discrimination_and_sex_ratios_in_a_parasitoid_wasp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73745700/Kin_discrimination_and_sex_ratios_in_a_parasitoid_wasp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="79179391" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79179391/A_comment_on_sex_ratios_in_partially_inbred_parasitic_wasps">A comment on sex ratios in partially inbred parasitic wasps</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43596285" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardGreen38">Richard Green</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">popular subject for the study of sex allocation. There are two distinct situations that require different theories. (1) Solitary wasps lay one egg per host. Their adult offspring leave their natal hosts and search for mates. After they are mated, females search for hosts. According to traditional sex ratio theory (Fisher 1930) the sex ratio, or reproductive effort to producing the sexes should satisfy MacArthur&#39;s ( 1965) product rule. It is frequently observed that female parasitoids emerge from larger hosts and males from smaller hosts. This is what would be expected if larger hosts result in larger wasps, and iflarge size were more important for females than for males (Charnov 1982). (2) Gregarious wasps lay more than one egg per host. If mating takes place in or on the natal host, sex ratios should be female-biased. Hamilton (1967) developed a theory for the optimal sex ratio for the case in which exactly n females lay eggs in each host. Of particular interest, both because i...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A comment on sex ratios in partially inbred parasitic wasps","attachmentId":85982475,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79179391/A_comment_on_sex_ratios_in_partially_inbred_parasitic_wasps","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79179391/A_comment_on_sex_ratios_in_partially_inbred_parasitic_wasps"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="47462772" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47462772/Selfish_element_maintains_sex_in_natural_populations_of_a_parasitoid_wasp">Selfish element maintains sex in natural populations of a parasitoid wasp</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51196581" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardStouthamer">Richard Stouthamer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Genomic con£icts between heritable elements with di¡erent modes of inheritance are important in the maintenance of sex and in the evolution of sex ratio. Generally, we expect sexual populations to exhibit a 1:1 sex ratio. However, because of their biology, parasitoid wasps often exhibit a female-biased sex ratio. Sex-ratio distorters can further alter this optimum, sometimes leading to the complete loss of sexual reproduction. In the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma kaykai ca. 4^26% of females in ¢eld populations are infected with a bacterial sex-ratio distorter, Wolbachia, allowing virgin mothers to produce daughters. In some micro-Hymenoptera these infections have led to the complete loss of sex, but in ¢eld populations of T. kaykai the proportion of individuals infected remains relatively stable. We tested several hypotheses to explain this low infection level, including ine¤cient and horizontal transmission of Wolbachia, suppressor genes negating the e¡ect of Wolbachia and the presence of male-biasing sex-ratio distorters. Here, a malebiasing sex-ratio distorter, a parasitic B chromosome, causing females to produce only sons, keeps the frequency of Wolbachia low. The male-biasing factor of T. kaykai is the second known case of a B chromosome manipulating the reproduction of a parasitoid wasp.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Selfish element maintains sex in natural populations of a parasitoid wasp","attachmentId":66542797,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47462772/Selfish_element_maintains_sex_in_natural_populations_of_a_parasitoid_wasp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47462772/Selfish_element_maintains_sex_in_natural_populations_of_a_parasitoid_wasp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="30155947" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30155947/Sex_Allocation_in_a_Polyembryonic_Parasitoid_with_Female_Soldiers_An_Evolutionary_Simulation_and_an_Experimental_Test">Sex Allocation in a Polyembryonic Parasitoid with Female Soldiers: An Evolutionary Simulation and an Experimental Test</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57604630" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TamarKeasar">Tamar Keasar</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57396142" href="https://mq.academia.edu/PolychronisRempoulakis">Polychronis Rempoulakis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Parasitoid wasps are convenient subjects for testing sex allocation theory. However, their intricate life histories are often insufficiently captured in simple analytical models. In the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma koehleri, a clone of genetically identical offspring develops from each egg. Male clones contain fewer individuals than female clones. Some female larvae develop into soldiers that kill within-host competitors, while males do not form soldiers. These features complicate the prediction of Copidosoma's sex allocation. We developed an individual-based simulation model, where numerous random starting strategies compete and recombine until a single stable sex allocation evolves. Life-history parameter values (e.g., fecundity, clone-sizes, larval survival) are estimated from experimental data. The model predicts a male-biased sex allocation, which becomes more extreme as the probability of superparasitism (hosts parasitized more than once) increases. To test this prediction, we reared adult parasitoids at either low or high density, mated them, and presented them with unlimited hosts. As predicted, wasps produced more sons than daughters in all treatments. Males reared at high density (a potential cue for superparasitism) produced a higher male bias in their offspring than low-density males. Unexpectedly, female density did not affect offspring sex ratios. We discuss possible mechanisms for paternal control over offspring sex.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sex Allocation in a Polyembryonic Parasitoid with Female Soldiers: An Evolutionary Simulation and an Experimental Test","attachmentId":50613139,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30155947/Sex_Allocation_in_a_Polyembryonic_Parasitoid_with_Female_Soldiers_An_Evolutionary_Simulation_and_an_Experimental_Test","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30155947/Sex_Allocation_in_a_Polyembryonic_Parasitoid_with_Female_Soldiers_An_Evolutionary_Simulation_and_an_Experimental_Test"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="1944038" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1944038/Host_size_dependent_sex_ratio_in_a_parasitoid_wasp">Host-size-dependent sex ratio in a parasitoid wasp</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2520920" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TakatoshiUeno">Takatoshi Ueno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Researches on population ecology, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Host-size-dependent sex ratio in a parasitoid wasp","attachmentId":50810675,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1944038/Host_size_dependent_sex_ratio_in_a_parasitoid_wasp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1944038/Host_size_dependent_sex_ratio_in_a_parasitoid_wasp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="13291757" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13291757/Sex_ratios_under_asymmetrical_local_mate_competition_in_the_parasitoid_wasp_Nasonia_vitripennis">Sex ratios under asymmetrical local mate competition in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32543099" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IRPen">I.R. Pen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioral Ecology, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sex ratio theory has proved remarkably useful in testing the adaptive nature of animal behavior. A particularly productive area in this respect is Hamilton's theory of local mate competition (LMC), which has been extended in numerous directions to include greater biological realism, allowing more detailed tests in specific organisms. We have presented one such extension, termed asymmetrical LMC, which occurs when egg laying by females on a patch is asynchronous, and emerging males do not disperse, resulting in the extent of LMC on a patch varying over time. Our aim here is to test whether the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis responds to variation in the degree of asymmetrical LMC. Specifically, we show that females adjust their offspring sex ratios in response to (1) variation in the amount of asynchrony in emergence between broods on a patch and (2) the number and proportion of previously parasitized hosts on the patch. Our results provide qualitative support for the predictions of theory, suggesting new levels of complexity in the sex ratio behavior of this much-studied organism. However, our results do not always provide quantitative support for theory, suggesting further complexities that must be clarified.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sex ratios under asymmetrical local mate competition in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis","attachmentId":45505256,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13291757/Sex_ratios_under_asymmetrical_local_mate_competition_in_the_parasitoid_wasp_Nasonia_vitripennis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13291757/Sex_ratios_under_asymmetrical_local_mate_competition_in_the_parasitoid_wasp_Nasonia_vitripennis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="18794100" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18794100/Sex_allocation_conflict_in_insect_societies_who_wins">Sex allocation conflict in insect societies: who wins?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38876442" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HeikkiHelanter%C3%A4">Heikki Helanterä</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biology Letters, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sex allocation conflict in insect societies: who wins?","attachmentId":40258619,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18794100/Sex_allocation_conflict_in_insect_societies_who_wins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18794100/Sex_allocation_conflict_in_insect_societies_who_wins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="14845636" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14845636/Beyond_sex_allocation_the_role_of_mating_systems_in_sexual_selection_in_parasitoid_wasps">Beyond sex allocation: the role of mating systems in sexual selection in parasitoid wasps</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33810208" href="https://st-andrews.academia.edu/RebeccaBoulton">Rebecca Boulton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Reviews, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite the diverse array of mating systems and life histories which characterise the parasitic Hymenoptera, sexual selection and sexual conflict in this taxon have been somewhat overlooked. For instance, parasitoid mating systems have typically been studied in terms of how mating structure affects sex allocation. In the past decade, however, some studies have sought to address sexual selection in the parasitoid wasps more explicitly and found that, despite the lack of obvious secondary sexual traits, sexual selection has the potential to shape a range of aspects of parasitoid reproductive behaviour and ecology. Moreover, various characteristics fundamental to the parasitoid way of life may provide innovative new ways to investigate different processes of sexual selection. The overall aim of this review therefore is to re-examine parasitoid biology with sexual selection in mind, for both parasitoid biologists and also researchers interested in sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems more generally. We will consider aspects of particular relevance that have already been well studied including local mating structure, sex allocation and sperm depletion. We go on to review what we already know about sexual selection in the parasitoid wasps and highlight areas which may prove fruitful for further investigation. In particular, sperm depletion and the costs of inbreeding under chromosomal sex determination provide novel opportunities for testing the role of direct and indirect benefits for the evolution of mate choice.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Beyond sex allocation: the role of mating systems in sexual selection in parasitoid wasps","attachmentId":43848653,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14845636/Beyond_sex_allocation_the_role_of_mating_systems_in_sexual_selection_in_parasitoid_wasps","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14845636/Beyond_sex_allocation_the_role_of_mating_systems_in_sexual_selection_in_parasitoid_wasps"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="10287886" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10287886/Facultative_Sex_Ratio_Adjustment_in_Natural_Populations_of_Wasps_Cues_of_Local_Mate_Competition_and_the_Precision_of_Adaptation">Facultative Sex Ratio Adjustment in Natural Populations of Wasps: Cues of Local Mate Competition and the Precision of Adaptation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25200818" href="https://asu.academia.edu/JuergenGadau">Juergen Gadau</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Naturalist, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sex ratio theory offers excellent opportunities to examine the extent to which individuals adaptively adjust their behavior in response to local conditions. Hamilton's theory of local mate competition, which predicts female-biased sex ratios in structured populations, has been extended in numerous directions to predict individual behavior in response to factors such as relative fecundity, time of oviposition, and relatedness between cofoundresses and between mates. These extended models assume that foundresses use different sources of information, and they have generally been untested or have only been tested in the laboratory. We use microsatellite markers to describe the wild oviposition behavior of individual foundresses in natural populations of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis, and we use the data collected to test these various models. The offspring sex ratio produced by a foundress on a particular host reflected the number of eggs that were laid on that host relative to the number of eggs that were laid on that host by other foundresses. In contrast, the offspring sex ratio was not directly influenced by other potentially important factors, such as the number of foundresses laying eggs on that patch, relative fecundity at the patch level, or relatedness to either a mate or other foundresses on the patch. *</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Facultative Sex Ratio Adjustment in Natural Populations of Wasps: Cues of Local Mate Competition and the Precision of Adaptation","attachmentId":47453187,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10287886/Facultative_Sex_Ratio_Adjustment_in_Natural_Populations_of_Wasps_Cues_of_Local_Mate_Competition_and_the_Precision_of_Adaptation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10287886/Facultative_Sex_Ratio_Adjustment_in_Natural_Populations_of_Wasps_Cues_of_Local_Mate_Competition_and_the_Precision_of_Adaptation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="93967852" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93967852/Evolutionarily_stable_oviposition_and_sex_ratio_in_parasitoid_wasps_with_single_sex_broods">Evolutionarily stable oviposition and sex ratio in parasitoid wasps with single-sex broods</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="251470873" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YorikoSaeki">Yoriko Saeki</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ecological Entomology, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">1. The flexibility of hymenopteran sex ratios is well documented, particularly in structured populations featuring sib mating. 2. Using game theoretic models, the present study examines species producing singlesex broods in which sib mating is unlikely, and focuses on the role of population density in determining evolutionarily stable oviposition strategies. 3. Since only mated females can produce offspring of both sexes while unmated females produce only male offspring, mated females are under selection to produce more females overall to balance the primary sex ratio. 4. As the proportion of all females that are mated should increase with density, offspring sex ratio of mated females is strongly linked to density at low to moderate densities. The present study shows that when density becomes low enough for fewer than half of all females to have mated, then female offspring generate higher fitness. 5. In this low density situation, females may gain a fitness benefit from waiting at their emergence site or from using other costly means to find and mate with males before ovipositing. 6. The predicted correspondence between females waiting at the emergence site and fewer than half of females in the population containing sperm, can be tested empirically, as can the somewhat counter-intuitive prediction that greater access to males should yield a more male-biased sex ratio in the offspring of mated females. 7. The present study also indicates how measuring the variance in giving up times by females waiting for males at low density, can provide insight into mechanisms determining waiting times.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionarily stable oviposition and sex ratio in parasitoid wasps with single-sex broods","attachmentId":96558255,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93967852/Evolutionarily_stable_oviposition_and_sex_ratio_in_parasitoid_wasps_with_single_sex_broods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93967852/Evolutionarily_stable_oviposition_and_sex_ratio_in_parasitoid_wasps_with_single_sex_broods"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":45394459,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":45394459,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_45394459" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="58491581" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58491581/Host_choice_and_offspring_sex_allocation_in_a_solitary_parasitic_wasp">Host choice and offspring sex allocation in a solitary parasitic wasp</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98685233" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SolangeBrault">Solange Brault</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Host choice and offspring sex allocation in a solitary parasitic 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