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id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes_and_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes_and_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tribes and communities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tribes_and_communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tribes and communities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tribes_and_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kickapoo_Indian_Reservation_of_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kickapoo_Indian_Reservation_of_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kickapoo_Indian_Reservation_of_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kickapoo_Indian_Reservation_of_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kickapoo_Indian_Reservation_of_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kickapoo_Indian_Reservation_of_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kickapoo people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="كيكابو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيكابو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikap%C3%BA" title="Kikapú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kikapú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Кікапу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кікапу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Кикапу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кикапу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo" title="Kickapoo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kickapoo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo" title="Kickapoo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kickapoo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikap%C3%BA" title="Kikapú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kikapú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="مردمان کیکاپو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان کیکاپو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapous" title="Kickapous – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kickapous" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_kickapoo" title="Pobo kickapoo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo kickapoo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EC%B9%B4%ED%91%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="키카푸인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키카푸인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo" title="Kickapoo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kickapoo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo" title="Kickapoo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kickapoo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Кикапу (халық) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кикапу (халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikapai" title="Kikapai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kikapai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="كيكابو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيكابو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicapotlacah" title="Quicapotlacah – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Quicapotlacah" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_(volk)" title="Kickapoo (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kickapoo (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%82%AB%E3%83%97%E3%83%BC" title="キカプー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キカプー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo" title="Kickapoo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kickapoo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikapowie" title="Kikapowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kikapowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Кикапу (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кикапу (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kickapoo people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Кикапу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кикапу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo" title="Kickapoo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kickapoo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoot" title="Kickapoot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kickapoot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo" title="Kickapoo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kickapoo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikapular" title="Kikapular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kikapular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Кікапу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кікапу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1429504#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Kickapoo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RON_MCKINNEY,_22,_WHOSE_INDIAN_NAME_IS_MAHKUK,_IS_STANDING_IN_A_VIRGIN_TALLGRASS_PRAIRIE_AREA_NEAR_WHITE_CLOUD_AND..._-_NARA_-_557112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RON_MCKINNEY%2C_22%2C_WHOSE_INDIAN_NAME_IS_MAHKUK%2C_IS_STANDING_IN_A_VIRGIN_TALLGRASS_PRAIRIE_AREA_NEAR_WHITE_CLOUD_AND..._-_NARA_-_557112.jpg/250px-RON_MCKINNEY%2C_22%2C_WHOSE_INDIAN_NAME_IS_MAHKUK%2C_IS_STANDING_IN_A_VIRGIN_TALLGRASS_PRAIRIE_AREA_NEAR_WHITE_CLOUD_AND..._-_NARA_-_557112.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RON_MCKINNEY%2C_22%2C_WHOSE_INDIAN_NAME_IS_MAHKUK%2C_IS_STANDING_IN_A_VIRGIN_TALLGRASS_PRAIRIE_AREA_NEAR_WHITE_CLOUD_AND..._-_NARA_-_557112.jpg/375px-RON_MCKINNEY%2C_22%2C_WHOSE_INDIAN_NAME_IS_MAHKUK%2C_IS_STANDING_IN_A_VIRGIN_TALLGRASS_PRAIRIE_AREA_NEAR_WHITE_CLOUD_AND..._-_NARA_-_557112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RON_MCKINNEY%2C_22%2C_WHOSE_INDIAN_NAME_IS_MAHKUK%2C_IS_STANDING_IN_A_VIRGIN_TALLGRASS_PRAIRIE_AREA_NEAR_WHITE_CLOUD_AND..._-_NARA_-_557112.jpg/500px-RON_MCKINNEY%2C_22%2C_WHOSE_INDIAN_NAME_IS_MAHKUK%2C_IS_STANDING_IN_A_VIRGIN_TALLGRASS_PRAIRIE_AREA_NEAR_WHITE_CLOUD_AND..._-_NARA_-_557112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2038" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ron McKinney (<i>Mahuk</i>), Kickapoo-<a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Documerica" title="Documerica">Documerica</a> project photo,<br /><a href="/wiki/Doniphan_County,_Kansas" title="Doniphan County, Kansas">Doniphan County, Kansas</a>, 1974</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Roughly 5,000 (3,000 enrolled members)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>)</span><br /><span data-sort-value="Mexico"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></span><span class="nowrap">  </span><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (many <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>); <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">tribal religious practices</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Fox</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kickapoo people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo</a>: <b>Kiikaapoa</b> or <b>Kiikaapoi</b>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Kikapú</i>) are an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American tribe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people in Mexico">Indigenous people in Mexico</a>, originating in the region south of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. Today, three <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized</a> Kickapoo tribes are in the United States: the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_in_Kansas" title="Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas">Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Traditional_Tribe_of_Texas" title="Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas">Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas</a>. The Oklahoma and Texas bands are politically associated with each other. The Kickapoo in Kansas came from a relocation from southern Missouri in 1832 as a <a href="/wiki/Land_exchange" title="Land exchange">land exchange</a> from their reserve there.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 3,000 people are enrolled tribal members. </p><p>Another band, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Tribu Kikapú</a>, resides in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAzquiz_Municipality" title="Múzquiz Municipality">Múzquiz Municipality</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>. Smaller bands live in <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, to the southwest. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some sources, the name "Kickapoo" (<i>Giiwigaabaw</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabe language</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> <i>Kiwikapawa</i>) means "stands here and there," which may have referred to the tribe's migratory patterns. The name can also mean "wanderer". This interpretation is contested and generally believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1800s">Pre-1800s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-1800s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kickapoo,_Babe_Shkit,_Chief_and_Delegate_from_Oklahoma_-_NARA_-_523854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kickapoo%2C_Babe_Shkit%2C_Chief_and_Delegate_from_Oklahoma_-_NARA_-_523854.jpg/170px-Kickapoo%2C_Babe_Shkit%2C_Chief_and_Delegate_from_Oklahoma_-_NARA_-_523854.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kickapoo%2C_Babe_Shkit%2C_Chief_and_Delegate_from_Oklahoma_-_NARA_-_523854.jpg/255px-Kickapoo%2C_Babe_Shkit%2C_Chief_and_Delegate_from_Oklahoma_-_NARA_-_523854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kickapoo%2C_Babe_Shkit%2C_Chief_and_Delegate_from_Oklahoma_-_NARA_-_523854.jpg/340px-Kickapoo%2C_Babe_Shkit%2C_Chief_and_Delegate_from_Oklahoma_-_NARA_-_523854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="2711" /></a><figcaption>Babe Shkit, Kickapoo chief and delegate from Indian Territory, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kickapoo are an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian-language</a> people who likely migrated to or developed as a people in a large territory along the southern <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a> in the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute, Indiana</a>, where they were located at the time of first contact with Europeans in the 1600s. They were confederated with the larger <a href="/wiki/Wabash_Confederacy" title="Wabash Confederacy">Wabash Confederacy</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wea" title="Wea">Wea</a> to their north, and the powerful <a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Tribe">Miami Tribe</a>, to their east. A subgroup occupied the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Iowa_River" title="Upper Iowa River">Upper Iowa River</a> region in what was later known as northeast <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Root_River_(Minnesota)" title="Root River (Minnesota)">Root River</a> region in southeast <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> in the late 1600s and early 1700s. This group was probably known by the clan name "Mahouea", derived from the Illinoian word for wolf, <i>m'hwea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-betts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest European contact with the Kickapoo tribe occurred during the <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="La Salle Expeditions">La Salle Expeditions</a> into <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> in the late 17th century. The French colonists set up remote <a href="/wiki/Fur_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur trading">fur trading</a> posts throughout the region, including on the Wabash River. They typically set up posts at or near Native American villages. Terre Haute was founded as an associated French village. The Kickapoo had to contend with a changing cast of Europeans; the British defeated the French in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and took over nominal rule of former French territory east of the Mississippi River after 1763. They increased their own trading with the Kickapoo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800s_to_present">1800s to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1800s to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States acquired the territory east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River after it gained independence from Great Britain (now the United Kingdom). As white settlers moved into the region from the United States' eastern areas, beginning in the early 19th century, the Kickapoo were under pressure. They negotiated with the United States over their territory in several treaties, including the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vincennes" title="Treaty of Vincennes">Treaty of Vincennes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Wayne_(1809)" title="Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)">Treaty of Fort Wayne</a>. They sold most of their lands to the United States and moved north to settle among the Wea people. </p><p>Rising tensions between the regional tribes and the United States led to <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> in 1811. The Kickapoo were among the closest allies of Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Many Kickapoo warriors participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> on the side of the British, hoping to expel the white American settlers from the region. </p><p>The 1819 treaty of Edwardsville saw the Kickapoo cede the entirety of their holdings in Illinois comprising nearly one-half area of the state, in exchange for a smaller tract on the Osage river in Missouri and $3,000 worth of goods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kickapoo were not eager to move, partly as their assigned tract in Missouri was made of rugged hills and already occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a>, who were their hereditary enemies. Instead, half of the population traveled south and crossed onto the Spanish side of the Red River in modern day <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The US government quickly mobilized to prevent this emigration and force their removal to Missouri. This remnant of Kickapoo remained in Illinois under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Kennekuk" title="Kennekuk">Kennekuk</a>, a prominent, nonviolent spiritual leader among the Kickapoo. He led his followers during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">Indian Removal</a> in the 1830s to their current tribal lands in Kansas. He died there of smallpox in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghost_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghost-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The close of the war led to a change of federal Indian policy in the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a>, and later the state of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>. White American leaders began to advocate the <a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Indiana" title="Indian removals in Indiana">removal of tribes</a> to lands west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, to remove their claims to Native lands wanted by white American settlers. The Kickapoo were among the first tribes to leave Indiana under this program. They accepted land in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and an annual subsidy in exchange for leaving their land in the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribes_and_communities">Tribes and communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tribes and communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three federally recognized Kickapoo communities are in the United States in Kansas, Texas, and Oklahoma. The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Mexican Kickapoo</a> are closely tied to the Texas and Oklahoma communities. These groups migrate annually among the three locations to maintain connections. Indeed, the Texas and Mexican branches are the same cross-border nation, called the Kickapoo of Coahuila/Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kickapoo_Indian_Reservation_of_Kansas">Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_in_Kansas" title="Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas">Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas</a></div> <p>The tribe in Kansas was home to prophet Kenekuk, who was known for his astute leadership that allowed the small group to maintain their reservation. Kenekuk wanted to keep order among the tribe he was in, while living in Kansas. He also wanted to focus on keeping the identity of the Kickapoo people, because of all the relocations they had done.<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basis of Kenekuk's leadership began in the religious revivals of the 1820s and 1830s, with a blend of Protestantism and Catholicism. Kenekuk taught his tribesmen and white audiences to obey God's commands, for sinners were damned to the pits of hell.<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the Kickapoo people got relocated to Kansas they resisted the ideas of Protestantism and Catholicism and started focusing more on farming, so they could provide food for the rest of the tribe. After this had happened they remained together and claimed some of the original land that they had before it was taken by Americans. </p><p>The Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas is located at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kickapoo_people&params=39_40_51_N_95_36_41_W_scale:250000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°40′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°36′41″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.68083°N 95.61139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.68083; -95.61139</span></span></span></a></span></span> in the northeastern part of the state in parts of three counties: <a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Kansas" title="Brown County, Kansas">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Kansas" title="Jackson County, Kansas">Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atchison_County,_Kansas" title="Atchison County, Kansas">Atchison</a>. It has a land area of 612.203 square kilometres (236.373 sq mi) and a resident population of 4,419 as of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 census</a>. The largest community on the reservation is the city of <a href="/wiki/Horton,_Kansas" title="Horton, Kansas">Horton</a>. The other communities are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscotah,_Kansas" title="Muscotah, Kansas">Muscotah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netawaka,_Kansas" title="Netawaka, Kansas">Netawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhattan,_Kansas" title="Powhattan, Kansas">Powhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiting,_Kansas" title="Whiting, Kansas">Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis,_Kansas" title="Willis, Kansas">Willis</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kickapoo_Indian_Reservation_of_Texas">Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Indian_Reservation_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas">Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas</a></div> <p>The Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas is located at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kickapoo_people&params=28_36_37_N_100_26_19_W_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°36′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">100°26′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.61028°N 100.43861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.61028; -100.43861</span></span></span></a></span></span> on the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> on the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Mexico_border" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Mexico border">U.S.-Mexico border</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Maverick_County,_Texas" title="Maverick County, Texas">Maverick County</a>, just south of the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciudad_Acu%C3%B1a,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciudad Acuña, Texas (page does not exist)">Ciudad Acuña</a>, as part of the community of <a href="/wiki/Rosita_South,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosita South, Texas">Rosita South</a>. It has a land area of 0.4799 square kilometres (118.6 acres) and a 2000 census population of 420 persons. The Texas Indian Commission officially recognized the tribe in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Kickapoo in Maverick County, Texas, constitute the "South Texas Subgroup of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma". That tribe formerly owned 917.79 acres (3.7142 km<sup>2</sup>) of non-reservation land in Maverick County, primarily to the north of Eagle Pass, but has sold most of it to a developer. It has an office in that city.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma">Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kickapoo_wickiup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kickapoo_wickiup.jpg/220px-Kickapoo_wickiup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kickapoo_wickiup.jpg/330px-Kickapoo_wickiup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Kickapoo_wickiup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>A Kickapoo <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wickiup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Agency</a>, Oklahoma, c. 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>After being expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, many Kickapoo moved south to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, but the population of two villages settled in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. One village settled within the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw Nation</a> and the other within the <a href="/wiki/Creek_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (people)">Muscogee Creek Nation</a>. These Kickapoo were granted their own reservation in 1883 and became recognized as the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma. </p><p>The reservation was short-lived. In 1893 under the Dawes Act, their communal tribal lands were broken up<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and assigned to separate member households by allotments. The tribe's government was dismantled by the <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898" title="Curtis Act of 1898">Curtis Act of 1898</a>, which encouraged assimilation by Native Americans to the majority culture. Tribal members struggled under these conditions. </p><p>In the 1930s the federal and state governments encouraged tribes to reorganize their governments. This one formed the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma in 1936, under the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Indian_Welfare_Act" title="Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act">Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/McLoud,_Oklahoma" title="McLoud, Oklahoma">McLoud, Oklahoma</a>. Their tribal jurisdictional area is in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_County,_Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma County, Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma">Pottawatomie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Oklahoma" title="Lincoln County, Oklahoma">Lincoln</a> counties. They have 2,719 enrolled tribal members.<sup id="cite_ref-OIA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OIA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_whistled_speech" title="Kickapoo whistled speech">Kickapoo whistled speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascouten" title="Mascouten">Mascouten</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/kick.html">Kickapoo History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-betts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-betts_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFColin_M." class="citation web cs1">Colin M., Betts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119071947/http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/focus/publications/ias/jiasbycounty.htm">"Rediscovering the Mahouea"</a>. <i>Journal of the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Archeological_Society" title="Iowa Archeological Society">Iowa Archeological Society</a> 58:23-33</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/focus/publications/ias/jiasbycounty.htm">the original</a> on November 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Iowa+Archeological+Society+58%3A23-33&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+the+Mahouea&rft.aulast=Colin+M.&rft.aufirst=Betts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uiowa.edu%2F~osa%2Ffocus%2Fpublications%2Fias%2Fjiasbycounty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKickapoo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/100651954">"Ratified Indian Treaty 107: Kickapoo - Edwardsville, Illinois, July 30, 1819"</a>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ratified+Indian+Treaty+107%3A+Kickapoo+-+Edwardsville%2C+Illinois%2C+July+30%2C+1819&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.archives.gov%2Fid%2F100651954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKickapoo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghost-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghost_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooney2012" class="citation book cs1">Mooney, James (August 15, 2012) [1896]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0nCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Ghost-Dance Religion and Wounded Knee</i></a> (reprint, revised ed.). Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486143330" title="Special:BookSources/9780486143330"><bdi>9780486143330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost-Dance+Religion+and+Wounded+Knee&rft.edition=reprint%2C+revised&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.isbn=9780486143330&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0nCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKickapoo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMager2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mager, Elisabeth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistascisan.unam.mx/Voices/pdfs/9008.pdf">"The Kickapoo Of Coahuila/Texas Cultural Implications Of Being A Cross-Border Nation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Voices of Mexico</i> (90): 36–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voices+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=The+Kickapoo+Of+Coahuila%2FTexas+Cultural+Implications+Of+Being+A+Cross-Border+Nation&rft.issue=90&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mager&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistascisan.unam.mx%2FVoices%2Fpdfs%2F9008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKickapoo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herring-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herring_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring1985" class="citation journal cs1">Herring, Joseph B. (Summer 1985). "Kenekuk, the Kickapoo Prophet: Acculturation without Assimilation". <i>American Indian Quarterly</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 295–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1183831">10.2307/1183831</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1183831">1183831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Kenekuk%2C+the+Kickapoo+Prophet%3A+Acculturation+without+Assimilation&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-307&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1183831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1183831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=Joseph+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKickapoo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Tom. <i>On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier</i>, pp. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maverick County Appraisal District property tax appraisals, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithington1952" class="citation journal cs1">Withington, W.R. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thorpe.ou.edu/treatises/kickapoo.html">"Kickapoo Titles in Oklahoma"</a>. <i>23 Oklahoma Bar Association Journal 1751</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=23+Oklahoma+Bar+Association+Journal+1751&rft.atitle=Kickapoo+Titles+in+Oklahoma&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Withington&rft.aufirst=W.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthorpe.ou.edu%2Ftreatises%2Fkickapoo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKickapoo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohs-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohs_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/K/KI004.html">Annette Kuhlman, "Kickapoo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230001721/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/K/KI004.html">Archived</a> 2014-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture</i>, Oklahoma Historical Society, 2009 (accessed 21 February 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OIA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OIA_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oklahoma Indian Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/index.html"><i>Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211145522/http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/index.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2008:21</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grant Foreman, <i>The Last Trek of the Indians: An Account of the Removal of the Indians from North of the Ohio River</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946</li> <li>Arrell M. Gibson, <i>The Kickapoo: Lords of the Middle Border,</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963</li> <li>Mager Elisabeth (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uclajournals.org/doi/abs/10.17953/aicrj.41.1.mager?code=ucla-site">Ethnic Consciousness in Cultural Survival: The Morongo Band of Mission Indians and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas </a>. American Indian Culture and Research Journal: 2017, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 47–72.</li> <li>M. Christopher Nunley, "Kickapoo Indians," in <i>The New Handbook of Texas</i>, Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1996.</li> <li>Muriel H. Wright, <i>A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma,</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986</li> <li>Joseph B. Herring, <i>Kennekuk: The Kickapoo Prophet,</i> Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1988</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002028/http://ktik-nsn.gov/home.htm">Kickapoo Tribe of Kansas</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kickapootribeofoklahoma.com/">Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kickapoo.htm">Kickapoo language, alphabet and pronunciation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323103645/http://www.ktttribe.org/">Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/3/">Matthew R. Garrett, <i>Kickapoo Foreign Policy, 1650–1830</i></a>, PhD dissertation, University of Nebraska, 2006, at Digital Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">Kickapoo Reservation, Kansas and Kickapoo Reservation, Texas</a> United States Census Bureau</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/kick.html">"First Nations: Kickapoo"</a>, Lee Sultzman]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Kickapoo Indians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Kickapoo_Indians">"Kickapoo Indians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kickapoo+Indians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKickapoo+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_2">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickapoo_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Joy_Juice" title="Kickapoo Joy Juice">Kickapoo Joy Juice</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template talk:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War of 1832</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Native people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapope" title="Neapope">Neapope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamisseu" title="Pamisseu">Pamisseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towaunonne" title="Towaunonne">Towaunonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabokieshiek" title="Wabokieshiek">Wabokieshiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wapasha_II" title="Wapasha II">Wapasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Oshkosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_(chief)" title="Wapello (chief)">Wapello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">U.S. people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Adams" title="John Giles Adams">John Giles Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Alexander" title="Milton Alexander">Milton Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Brigham" title="Ebenezer Brigham">Ebenezer Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dement" title="John Dement">John Dement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Henry" title="James D. Henry">James D. Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)" title="Alexander Posey (general)">Alexander Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rountree" title="John H. Rountree">John H. Rountree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Stephenson" title="James W. Stephenson">James W. Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Street" title="Joseph M. Street">Joseph M. Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Throckmorton" title="Joseph Throckmorton">Joseph Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_Clark" title="Satterlee Clark">Satterlee Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beggs" title="Fort Beggs">Fort Beggs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plum_River" title="Plum River">Plum River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Stillman Creek (Illinois)">Stillman Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman%27s_Run_Battle_Site" title="Stillman's Run Battle Site">Stillman's Run Battle Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waddams_Grove,_Illinois" title="Waddams Grove, Illinois">Waddams Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Yellow Creek (Illinois)">Yellow Creek</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_Fort" title="Blue Mounds Fort">Blue Mounds Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Defiance (Wisconsin)">Fort Defiance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)">Fort Hamilton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Jackson (Wisconsin)">Fort Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Koshkonong" title="Fort Koshkonong">Fort Koshkonong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Union (Wisconsin)">Fort Union</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gratiot%27s_Grove_(Wisconsin)" title="Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)">Gratiot's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Wisconsin" title="Helena, Wisconsin">Helena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiota,_Wisconsin" title="Wiota, Wisconsin">Hamilton's Diggings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Wisconsin" title="Roxbury, Wisconsin">Roxbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin" title="Sinsinawa, Wisconsin">Sinsinawa Mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre">Indian Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Battle of Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Attack at Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Battle of Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Tree" title="Black Hawk Tree">Black Hawk Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve" title="Keokuk's Reserve">Keokuk's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)" title="Warrior (steamboat)">Warrior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429504#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429504#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429504#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072238">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543427205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636753">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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