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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oklahoma_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oklahoma_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Oklahoma history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oklahoma_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties_with_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties_with_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Treaties with U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties_with_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clan_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clan_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clan system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clan_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federally_recognized_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federally_recognized_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Federally recognized tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federally_recognized_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geographical names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sauk people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk-l%C3%A2ng" title="Sauk-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sauk-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA" title="Саўк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саўк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сауки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сауки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk" title="Sauk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sauk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk" title="Sauk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sauk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauks" title="Sauks – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sauks" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1caigh" title="Sácaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sácaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%AC%EC%A1%B1" title="사우크족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우크족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sac" title="Sac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_(popolo)" title="Sauk (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sauk (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%83" title="شعب سوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب سوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_(volk)" title="Sauk (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sauk (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E6%97%8F" title="ソーク族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソーク族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saukowie" title="Saukowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saukowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauks" title="Sauks – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sauks" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сауки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сауки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sauk people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sac" title="Sac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk" title="Sauk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sauk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сауки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сауки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous people from the Northeastern Woodlands, U.S.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the tribe in Washington state, see <a href="/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington">Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sacs" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/SACS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="SACS (disambiguation)">SACS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sauk</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="[[Sauk langauge]]">Thâkîwaki<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Massika_and_Wakusasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Massika, a Sauk Indian at left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Massika_and_Wakusasse.jpg/220px-Massika_and_Wakusasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Massika_and_Wakusasse.jpg/330px-Massika_and_Wakusasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Massika_and_Wakusasse.jpg/440px-Massika_and_Wakusasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="377" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Massika, a Sauk Indian, left, with Wakusasse (<a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a>) at right. <a href="/wiki/Aquatint" title="Aquatint">Aquatint</a> of painting by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bodmer" title="Karl Bodmer">Karl Bodmer</a>, made at <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> in Spring 1833 when Massika pleaded for the release of war chief <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Blackhawk</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">3,794</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">formerly Michigan and Wisconsin, currently Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_language" title="Sauk language">Sauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sauk</b> or <b>Sac</b> are <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands</a>. Their historical territory was near <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a>. Today they have three tribes based in Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Their <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribes</a> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation_of_Missouri_in_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska">Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Nation</a>, Oklahoma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Tribe_of_the_Mississippi_in_Iowa" title="Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa">Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa</a>.</li></ul> <p>They are closely allied with the <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Sauk_language" title="Sauk language">Sauk language</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquian language family">Algonquian language family</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sauk or Sac called themselves Thâkîwaki, translating as "people coming forth [from the outlet]" or "[from the water]".<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">autonym</a> is written <b>oθaakiiwaki</b> in the current orthography. Ojibwe people called them <b>Ozaagii(-wag)</b>. The latter name was transliterated into <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by European colonists. </p><p>The neighboring <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishanabeg</a> <a href="/wiki/Ojibwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa">Ojibwe</a> (Sauk name: Ochipwêwa) and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa (tribe)">Odawa</a> peoples referred to them by the <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> <i>Ozaagii(-wag)</i>, meaning "those at the outlet". French colonists transliterated that as <i>Sac</i> and the English as "Sauk". The Sauk/Sac called themselves the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">autonym</a> of <b>Othâkîwa, Thâkîwa, Thâkîwaki</b> or <i>Asaki-waki/Oθaakiiwaki</i> people of the yellow earth [("people coming forth [from the outlet]," i.e., "from the water")], which is often interpreted to mean "yellow-earth people" or "the Yellow-Earths", due to the yellow-clay soils found around Saginaw Bay. This interpretation possibly derived from the Sauk words <i>Athâwethiwa</i> or <span title="Meskwaki-language romanization"><i lang="sac-Latn">Athâw(i)</i></span> ("yellow")<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Neniwaki</i> ("men, people"). This was later shortened to "Asaki-waki". In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Fox (Meskwaki)</a> were generally known among neighboring tribes as the "people of the red earth" - the Sauk and Fox also used this term: <i>Êshkwîha</i> or <i>Meshkwahkîha</i> ("people of the red earth"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precontact_to_17th_century">Precontact to 17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precontact to 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sauk, an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> people, are believed to have developed as a people along the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, which is now northern New York. The precise time is unknown, but around the time of the year 1600, they were driven from the area of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>. Some historians believe that the Sauk migrated to what is now eastern <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, where they settled around <a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Bay" title="Saginaw Bay">Saginaw Bay</a> (Ojibwe: <i>Zaagiinaad-wiikwed</i> – "Of the Outlet Bay"). For many years, the Sauk are believed to have prospered in the fertile valley of Saginaw thereafter. They had been driven west by pressure from other tribes, especially the powerful <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a>, which sought control over hunting grounds in the area. </p><p>Some Ojibwe <a href="/wiki/Oral_histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral histories">oral histories</a> also place the Sauk in the Saginaw Valley some time before the arrival of Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-umich_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umich-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauk traditions state that the tribe occupied the vicinity of Saginaw river. (In this tradition, the name 'Saginaw' comes from the Ojibwe "O-Sauk-e-non," meaning "land of the Sauks" or "where the Sauks were.") Approximately from the years 1638 to 1640, it is believed that a fierce battle ensued, nearly annihilating the entire Sauk Tribe. According to the legend, the Ojibwe inhabited the lands north of the Saginaw Bay, and the harsher northern climate caused more difficulty in prosperity compared to that of the Sauk occupying the area of Saginaw Valley. The Ojibwe allied with the Odawa, who resided south of the Sauk, and sprung a series of attacks on the Sauk, which practically decimated their people. One such attack, the Battle of Skull Island, occurred on a peninsula in the Saginaw River, which then was called Skull Island. (Its name came from the many skulls and bones supposedly found in mounds on that island over the years.) <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this battle, it is said that the Sauk had used their boats to cross part of the river, escape to the island, and were temporarily free from their attackers. But when morning came, ice had solidified the river enough for the Ojibwe to cross. They killed every member of the Sauk tribe who had fled to that island besides 12 women whom they later sent west of the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-umich_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umich-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But later Europeans may have mistakenly recorded the Sauk as once dwelling at this location near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>. There is little archaeological evidence that the Sauk lived in the Saginaw area.<sup id="cite_ref-kilar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kilar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 17th century, when natives told French explorer Samuel de Champlain that the Sauk nation was located on the west shore of Lake Michigan, Champlain mistakenly placed them on the western shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>. This mistake was copied on subsequent maps, and future references identified this as the place of the Sauk. Champlain never visited what is now Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-kilar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kilar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> expansion and the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> attempting to gain regional stability drove the Sac out of their territory. The Huron were armed with guns supplied by their French trading partners. The Sac moved south to territory in parts of what are now northern <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. In the 17th century the Sauk also maintained close relations with the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> (Pehkînenîha or Shîshîpêhinenîha). This relation has been found by borrowings of Sauk vocabulary that appear in the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi language</a>. </p><p>In a loose coalition of tribes – including <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> (Ashâha), <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho-Chunk people">Ho-Chunk</a>, Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> (Kîkâpôwa), Meskwaki (Fox), and Sauk, along with the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> (Shâwanôwa), <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> (Shanahkîha), and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> (Châkitâha) from the Southeast – they attacked the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederation" title="Illinois Confederation">Illinois Confederation</a> (Mashkotêwa) and tried to invade their tribal areas. The Illinois (Inoca) became their worst common enemies. The coalition warred for years until they destroyed the Illinois Confederation. </p><p>Later they moved out on the <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> (Mashkotêwi) along the Mississippi and adopted the semi-sedentary lifestyle of <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> (Mashkotêwineniwa). In addition to <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">hunting buffalo</a>, they lived in villages, raised crops, and actively traded with other tribes. The Sauk and allied eastern tribes had to compete with tribes who already occupied this territory. Disputes and clashes arose with the Dakota, <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> (Pânîha) and, most of all, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a> (Washâsha). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sauk had good relations with the English (Thâkanâsha) through trading. At first, the Sauk had good relations with <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> too, until their alliance with the Meskwaki (Fox) made them short-term enemies of the French (Mêmehtekôshîha, Wêmehtekôshîha). </p><p>A closely allied tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki (Fox)</a>, were noted for resisting French encroachment, having fought two <a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">wars</a> against them in the early 18th century. After a devastating battle of September 9, 1730, in Illinois, in which hundreds of warriors were killed and many women and children taken captive by French allies, Fox refugees took shelter with the Sac. This made the Sauk subject to French attack in turn. The Sauk continued moving west to <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keokuk (Sauk chief)">Keokuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk (chief)">Black Hawk</a> were two important leaders who arose among the Sauk. At first, Keokuk accepted the loss of land as inevitable in the face of the vast numbers of white soldiers and settlers coming west. He tried to preserve tribal land and his people, and to keep the peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg/220px-Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg/330px-Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg/440px-Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3631" data-file-height="4482" /></a><figcaption>Sauk Indian family photographed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rinehart" title="Frank Rinehart">Frank Rinehart</a> in 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Having failed to receive expected supplies from the Americans on credit, Black Hawk wanted to fight, saying his people were "forced into war by being deceived".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by Black Hawk in 1832, the mainly Sac band resisted the continued loss of lands (in western Illinois, this time.) Their warfare with United States forces resulted in defeat at the hands of General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_P._Gaines" title="Edmund P. Gaines">Edmund P. Gaines</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>. </p><p>From 1832 to 1837, debt and poverty were tools used to coerce the Sauk and Meskwaki to relocate three times following <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">successive cessions</a> of territory. The population of the two tribes living in Iowa was halved in the twelve years from 1833 to 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oklahoma_history">Oklahoma history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oklahoma history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About this time, one group of Sac moved into Missouri, and later to Kansas and Nebraska. In 1869, after the Civil War, the United States forced the larger group of Sac to move into <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">a reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (now the state of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>). They formed the federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Nation</a>, which is misnamed and is primarily Sauk.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States had been making treaties with the two tribes together since their residency in the Midwest. A number of Meskwaki returned to the Midwest from Oklahoma (or resisted leaving.) They joined the Meskwaki at the <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki_Settlement,_Iowa" title="Meskwaki Settlement, Iowa">Meskwaki Settlement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tama_County,_Iowa" title="Tama County, Iowa">Tama County, Iowa</a>. </p><p>The land currently occupied by the Sauk is only a section of what used to be the Sac and Fox Reservation from 1867 to 1891. This reservation was established by the U.S. and spanned 480,000 acres. In 1887, however, the Dawes Act purposely broke collective tribal lands into small allotments designated for individual households. The remainder of land not allotted to the Sac and Fox was then sold to non-Native settlers in an attempt to gain Oklahoma statehood and the full assimilation of its Native American population. </p><p>By 1889, 519 of the tribe were located in Indian Territory, what is now central Oklahoma. On June 10, 1890, they ceded these Indian Territory lands to the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties_with_U.S.">Treaties with U.S.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treaties with U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the latter treaties listed have little to no information regarding their details, besides the date. The Sauk signed a total of 22 treaties from 1789 to 1891. </p> <ul><li>Treaty of Fort Harmar</li> <li>Treaty of Greenville</li> <li>Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</li> <li>Treaty of Portage des Sioux</li> <li>Treaty of St. Louis (1816)</li> <li>Treaty of St. Louis (1822)</li> <li>Treaty of Washington</li> <li>First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</li> <li>Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</li> <li>1832 Treaty</li> <li>September 27, 1836 Treaty</li> <li>September 28, 1836 Treaty</li> <li>September 28, 1836 Treaty</li> <li>1837 Treaty</li> <li>1837 Treaty</li> <li>1842 Treaty</li> <li>1854 Treaty (Missouri Sac and Fox)</li> <li>1859 Treaty</li> <li>1861 Treaty (Iowa Sac and Fox)</li> <li>Feb 18th, 1867</li> <li>June 10, 1872 "Act of Congress" (Missouri Sac and Fox)</li> <li>Feb 13th, 1891 "Act of Congress"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clan_system">Clan system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clan system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sauk and Fox peoples were divided into two <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">moieties</a> or "divisions", which in turn were subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Patri-lineages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clans</a> as local subgroups (segments). </p><p>The moieties were known as the <i><b>Kishko/Ki-sko-ha/Kîshkôha</b></i> (male: <i>Kîshkôha</i>, female: <i>Kîshkôhkwêha</i>) ("the long-haired") and as the <i><b>Oskush/Askasa/Shkasha</b></i> (male: <i>Shkasha/Oshkashîwiwa</i>, female: <i>Shkashîhkwêwa/Oshkashîhkwêwiwa</i>) ("the brave"). The two moieties were each symbolized by two colors: The <i>Askasa/Shkasha</i> painted their faces and partly their bodies with charcoal in <i>mahkatêwâwi</i> (black) and the <i>Ki-sko-ha/Kîshkôha</i> painted their bodies with white clay in <i>wâpeshkyâwi</i> (white). This duality was also celebrated by the two moieties in <a href="/wiki/History_of_lacrosse" title="History of lacrosse">Lacrosse</a>, which was often played extremely brutally to toughen young warriors for combat, for recreation, as part of festivals, and used as preparation for imminent wars or raids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This division has survived to the present day, but is now more related to the political system of the United States: the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> are associated with the <i>Kîshkôha/Kîshkôhkwêha</i>, while the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> are associated with the <i>Shkasha/Shkashîhkwêwa</i>. </p><p>Originally, the Sauk had a <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">clan system</a>, in which descent and inheritance was traced through the father. Clans or <i>Mîthonî</i> distinguished and named on the basis of totem animals, which are: <i>Mahkwithowa</i> (Bear Clan), <i>Amehkwithowa</i> (Beaver Clan), <i>Peshekethiwithowa</i> (Deer Clan), <i>Ketiwithowa / Mekethiwithowa</i> (Eagle Clan), <i>Nemêthithowa</i> (Fish Clan), <i>Wâkoshêhithowa</i> (Fox Clan), <i>Kehchikamîwithowa</i> (Ocean/Sea/Great Lake Clan), <i>Keshêhokimâwithowa</i> (Peace Clan), <i>Ahpenîthowa</i> (Potato Clan), <i>Akônithowa</i> (Snow Clan), <i>Nenemehkiwithowa</i> (Thunder Clan), <i>Manethenôkimâwithowa</i> (Warrior Clan), and <i>Mahwêwithowa</i> (Wolf Clan).<sup id="cite_ref-whittaker_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whittaker-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Saukenuk</b> or <b>Saukietown</b> (today: <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Black Hawk State Historic Site</a>) near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(Mississippi_River_tributary)" title="Rock River (Mississippi River tributary)">Rock River</a> (<i>Sinnissippi</i> – "rocky waters") into the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> (<i>Mäse'sibowi</i> – "great river"),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most important Sauk settlement in the 18th and 19th centuries with about 4,000 inhabitants, was divided into 12 districts, which were assigned to the respective clans. </p><p>The tribe was governed by a council of sacred clan chiefs, a war chief, the head of families, and the warriors. Chiefs were recognized in three categories: civil, war, and ceremonial. Only the civil chiefs were hereditary. The other two chiefs were recognized by bands after they demonstrated their ability or spiritual power. </p><p>This traditional manner of selecting historic clan chiefs and governance was replaced in the 19th century by the United States appointing leaders through their agents at the Sac and Fox Agency, or reservation in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). In the 20th century, the tribe adopted a constitutional government patterned after the United States form. They elect their chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federally_recognized_tribes">Federally recognized tribes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Federally recognized tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, the <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized</a> Sac and Fox tribes include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Nation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meskwaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meskwaki language">Meskwaki</a>: <i lang="sac">Othâkîwaki</i>, <i>meaning: "People of the yellow earth"</i>), headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Stroud,_Oklahoma" title="Stroud, Oklahoma">Stroud, Oklahoma</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Tribe_of_the_Mississippi_in_Iowa" title="Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa">Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meskwaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meskwaki language">Meskwaki</a>: <i lang="sac">Meshkwahkîhaki</i>, <i>meaning: "People of the red earth"</i>), headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Tama,_Iowa" title="Tama, Iowa">Tama, Iowa</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation_of_Missouri_in_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska">Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meskwaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meskwaki language">Meskwaki</a>: <i lang="sac">Nîmahâhaki</i>), headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Reserve,_Kansas" title="Reserve, Kansas">Reserve, Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sauk_language" title="Sauk language">Sauk language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_names">Geographical names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geographical names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lake_Osakis" title="Lake Osakis">Lake Osakis</a> in west-central <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_River_(Minnesota)" title="Sauk River (Minnesota)">Sauk River</a>,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_A"><b><a href="#ref_A">^</a></b></span> which flows from Lake Osakis, and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Osakis,_MN" class="mw-redirect" title="Osakis, MN">Osakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Centre,_MN" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk Centre, MN">Sauk Centre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Rapids,_MN" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk Rapids, MN">Sauk Rapids</a> all were named for association historically with a small party of Sac who made camp on the shores of Lake Osakis. They had been banished from their tribe for murder. According to <a href="/wiki/Ojibwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa">Anishinaabe</a> oral tradition, these five Sac were killed by local <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a> in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Upham_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Place names with "Sauk" references include: </p> <ul><li>Iowa: <a href="/wiki/Sac_City,_Iowa" title="Sac City, Iowa">Sac City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sac_County,_Iowa" title="Sac County, Iowa">Sac County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sac_Township,_Sac_County,_Iowa" title="Sac Township, Sac County, Iowa">Sac Township</a>.</li> <li>Illinois: <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Village,_Illinois" title="Sauk Village, Illinois">Sauk Village</a>; Sauk Valley: the cities of <a href="/wiki/Dixon,_Illinois" title="Dixon, Illinois">Dixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Illinois" title="Sterling, Illinois">Sterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_Falls,_Illinois" title="Rock Falls, Illinois">Rock Falls</a> and the surrounding area; <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Trail" title="Sauk Trail">Sauk Trail</a>, a winding road south of Chicago, said to follow an old Indian trail; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011217002039/http://dnr.state.il.us/lands/landmgt/PARKS/R1/JOHNSON.HTM">Johnson-Sauk Trail State Recreation Area</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_College" title="Black Hawk College">Black Hawk College</a> [Moline and Kewanee, IL].</li> <li>Michigan: The name of <a href="/wiki/Saginaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Saginaw">Saginaw</a> is believed to mean "where the Sauk were" in Ojibwe; and the <a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Trail" title="Saginaw Trail">Saginaw Trail</a> is said to follow an ancient Native American trail.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_12_in_Michigan#History" title="U.S. Route 12 in Michigan">US Route 12 in Michigan</a> is said to follow the Sauk Native American trail.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Centre,_Minnesota" title="Sauk Centre, Minnesota">City of Sauk Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Sauk_Township,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Sauk Township, Minnesota">Le Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Sauk_Township,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Sauk Township, Minnesota">Little Sauk</a> townships, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Osakis" title="Lake Osakis">Lake Osakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_River_(Minnesota)" title="Sauk River (Minnesota)">Sauk River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Rapids,_MN" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk Rapids, MN">Sauk Rapids</a>.</li> <li>Missouri: <a href="/wiki/Sac_Township,_Dade_County,_Missouri" title="Sac Township, Dade County, Missouri">Sac Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sac_River" title="Sac River">Sac River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Sac_River" title="Little Sac River">Little Sac River</a> of southwest Missouri</li> <li>North Dakota: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_Prairie_Township,_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauk Prairie Township, North Dakota (page does not exist)">Sauk Prairie</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_Valley_Township,_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauk Valley Township, North Dakota (page does not exist)">Sauk Valley</a> Township</li> <li>Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Sac,_Wisconsin" title="Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin">Prairie du Sac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_City,_Wisconsin" title="Sauk City, Wisconsin">Sauk City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saukville,_WI" class="mw-redirect" title="Saukville, WI">Saukville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_County,_Wisconsin" title="Sauk County, Wisconsin">Sauk County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ozaukee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Ozaukee County, Wisconsin">Ozaukee County</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk (chief)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keokuk (Sauk chief)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-Hum-Me" title="Do-Hum-Me">Do-Hum-Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quashquame" title="Quashquame">Quashquame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Indians">African-Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American tribes">Native American tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Native American tribes in Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Trail" title="Saginaw Trail">Saginaw Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_Trail" title="Sauk Trail">Sauk Trail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> The name of the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_River_(Washington)" title="Sauk River (Washington)">Sauk River</a> in Washington State, however, comes from the <i>Sah-kee-ma-hu</i> (Sauk-Suiattle tribe), a group related to the Skagit tribes, not from the Sac tribe of the Midwestern U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ohs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCollum" class="citation web cs1">McCollum, Timothy James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=SA001">"Sac and Fox"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History</i>. Oklahoma Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515143920/https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=SA001">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History&rft.atitle=Sac+and+Fox&rft.aulast=McCollum&rft.aufirst=Timothy+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry%3Fentry%3DSA001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/sf_colors.htm">"Meskwaki-Sauk Color Words"</a>. 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History of Michigan ...</i></a> Michigan County Histories. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518142140/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/micounty/BAD1164.0001.001/?view=toc">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Saginaw+county%2C+Michigan%3B+together+with+...+portraits+...+and+biographies+...+History+of+Michigan+...&rft.pub=Michigan+County+Histories&rft.aulast=Leeson&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Damon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fm%2Fmicounty%2FBAD1164.0001.001%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.castlemuseum.org/saginaw-valley">"Saginaw Valley"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Flint+River+%E2%80%93+Fact+or+Fiction%3F&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft.aulast=Hinterman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mycitymag.com%2Fbattle-of-the-flint-river-fact-or-fiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kilar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kilar_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kilar_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilar1994" class="citation book cs1">Kilar, Jeremy W. (1994). <i>Saginaw's Changeable Past: An Illustrated History</i>. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+Black+Hawk+or+Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak&rft.pub=J.B.+Patterson&rft.date=1882&rft.au=Black+Hawk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F7097%2F7097-h%2F7097-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigal2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rigal, Laura (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20722027.pdf">"Watershed Days on the Treaty Line, 1836-1839"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Iowa Review</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0021-065X.6729">10.17077/0021-065X.6729</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20722027">20722027</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Iowa+Review&rft.atitle=Watershed+Days+on+the+Treaty+Line%2C+1836-1839.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=206&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17077%2F0021-065X.6729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20722027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rigal&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F20722027.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whittaker-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whittaker_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker2005" class="citation book cs1">Whittaker, Gordon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720214322/http://sacandfoxnation-nsn.gov/sites/sfnation/uploads/documents/Departments/language/Concise_Dictionary.pdf"><i>A Concise Dictionary of the Sauk Language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Decolonial+Atlas+-+St.+Louis+in+the+Fox+Language&rft.pub=The+Decolonial+Atlas&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecolonialatlas.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F11%2F25%2Fst-louis-in-the-fox-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacandfoxnation-nsn.gov/departments/government/">"Government - Sac & Fox Nation"</a>. <i>Sac & Fox Nation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617192738/http://sacandfoxnation-nsn.gov/departments/government/">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sac+%26+Fox+Nation&rft.atitle=Government+-+Sac+%26+Fox+Nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacandfoxnation-nsn.gov%2Fdepartments%2Fgovernment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412235855/https://www.ncai.org/index.php?id=125&selectpro_letter=S">"Tribal Governments by Tribe: S"</a>. National Congress of American Indians. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncai.org/index.php?id=125&selectpro_letter=S">the original</a> on April 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribal+Governments+by+Tribe%3A+S&rft.pub=National+Congress+of+American+Indians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncai.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D125%26selectpro_letter%3DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upham-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Upham_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Upham" title="Warren Upham">Upham, Warren</a> (2001). <i>Minnesota Place Names, A Geographical Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition</i>. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87351-396-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87351-396-7"><bdi>0-87351-396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Place+Names%2C+A+Geographical+Encyclopedia%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87351-396-7&rft.aulast=Upham&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPielack2018" class="citation book cs1">Pielack, Leslie (2018). <i>The Saginaw Trail From Native American Path to Woodward Avenue</i>. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing Inc. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439664865" title="Special:BookSources/9781439664865"><bdi>9781439664865</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1044964376">1044964376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saginaw+Trail+From+Native+American+Path+to+Woodward+Avenue.&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1044964376&rft.isbn=9781439664865&rft.aulast=Pielack&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morrison1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morrison1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1937" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, Roger L. (Autumn 1937). "The History and Development of Michigan Highways". <i>Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review</i>. <b>39</b> (54). Ann Arbor, MI: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> Bureau of Alumni Relations: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/698029175">698029175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Alumnus+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Development+of+Michigan+Highways&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F698029175&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1976" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, James W. (1976). <i>Washington State Place Names</i>. University of Washington Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+State+Place+Names&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauk+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma"><img alt="Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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