CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dead Sea Scrolls - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5664fe85-0f6e-42cf-941e-405668ca0764","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dead_Sea_Scrolls","wgTitle":"Dead Sea Scrolls","wgCurRevisionId":1257074424,"wgRevisionId":1257074424,"wgArticleId":77712,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with missing ISBNs","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2016","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Oxford spelling from March 2024", "Use dmy dates from March 2024","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018","Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2012","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles needing expert attention from June 2012","All articles needing expert attention","Law articles needing expert attention","Commons category link from Wikidata","Dead Sea Scrolls","1946 archaeological discoveries","1st-century BC biblical manuscripts","1st-century biblical manuscripts","2nd-century BC biblical manuscripts","3rd-century BC biblical manuscripts","Ancient Hebrew texts","Ancient Jewish history","Archaeological corpora","Archaeological discoveries in the West Bank","Archaeology of Palestine (region)","Collection of the Israel Museum","Essene texts","Hebrew manuscripts", "History of the West Bank","Israel Antiquities Authority","Judaean Desert","Judea"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dead_Sea_Scrolls","wgRelevantArticleId":77712,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q145780","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/1200px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="519"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/800px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="346"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/640px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="277"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dead Sea Scrolls - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Dead_Sea_Scrolls rootpage-Dead_Sea_Scrolls skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dead+Sea+Scrolls" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dead+Sea+Scrolls" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dead+Sea+Scrolls" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dead+Sea+Scrolls" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Discovery </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Discovery subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_discovery_(1946–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_discovery_(1946–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Initial discovery (1946–1947) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_discovery_(1946–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_for_the_Qumran_caves_(1948–1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_for_the_Qumran_caves_(1948–1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Search for the Qumran caves (1948–1949) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_for_the_Qumran_caves_(1948–1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qumran_caves_rediscovery_and_new_scroll_discoveries_(1949–1951)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qumran_caves_rediscovery_and_new_scroll_discoveries_(1949–1951)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Qumran caves rediscovery and new scroll discoveries (1949–1951) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qumran_caves_rediscovery_and_new_scroll_discoveries_(1949–1951)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavations_of_Qumran_and_new_cave_discoveries_(1951–1956,_2017,_2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavations_of_Qumran_and_new_cave_discoveries_(1951–1956,_2017,_2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Excavations of Qumran and new cave discoveries (1951–1956, 2017, 2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavations_of_Qumran_and_new_cave_discoveries_(1951–1956,_2017,_2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caves_and_their_contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caves_and_their_contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Caves and their contents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caves_and_their_contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Caves and their contents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Caves_and_their_contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Origin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qumran–Essene_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qumran–Essene_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Qumran–Essene theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qumran–Essene_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qumran–Sectarian_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qumran–Sectarian_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Qumran–Sectarian theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qumran–Sectarian_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_origin_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_origin_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Christian origin theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_origin_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerusalem_origin_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem_origin_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Jerusalem origin theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem_origin_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Physical characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radiocarbon_dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiocarbon_dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Radiocarbon dating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiocarbon_dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleographic_dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleographic_dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Paleographic dating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleographic_dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ink_and_parchment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ink_and_parchment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ink and parchment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ink_and_parchment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Preservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography_and_assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography_and_assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Photography and assembly </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Photography_and_assembly-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Photography and assembly subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Photography_and_assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_photographs_(1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_photographs_(1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 First photographs (1948) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_photographs_(1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_photography_and_plate_assembly_(1952–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_photography_and_plate_assembly_(1952–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Infrared photography and plate assembly (1952–1967) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_photography_and_plate_assembly_(1952–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_infrared_imaging_(1993–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_infrared_imaging_(1993–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Digital infrared imaging (1993–2012) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_infrared_imaging_(1993–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_scroll_assembly_(2006–2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_scroll_assembly_(2006–2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 DNA scroll assembly (2006–2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_scroll_assembly_(2006–2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digitization_project_(2011–2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitization_project_(2011–2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Digitization project (2011–2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digitization_project_(2011–2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Scholarly examination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Publication </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publication subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Physical publication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert_(1955–2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert_(1955–2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (1955–2009) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert_(1955–2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Preliminary_Edition_of_the_Unpublished_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Preliminary_Edition_of_the_Unpublished_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls (1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Preliminary_Edition_of_the_Unpublished_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Facsimile_Edition_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Facsimile_Edition_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Facsimile_Edition_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Facsimile_Edition_(2007–2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Facsimile_Edition_(2007–2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 The Facsimile Edition (2007–2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Facsimile_Edition_(2007–2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Digital publication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Biblical significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biblical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biblical significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biblical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_books_found" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_books_found"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Biblical books found </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_books_found-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museum_exhibitions_and_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum_exhibitions_and_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Museum exhibitions and displays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum_exhibitions_and_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ownership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ownership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forgeries_and_claimed_private_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forgeries_and_claimed_private_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Forgeries and claimed private ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forgeries_and_claimed_private_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Copyright disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dead Sea Scrolls</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" > 77 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooie_See-rolle" title="Dooie See-rolle – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dooie See-rolle" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="مخطوطات البحر الميت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطوطات البحر الميت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Մեռեալ Ծովուն Մագաղաթները – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեռեալ Ծովուն Մագաղաթները" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscritos_del_Mar_Muertu" title="Manuscritos del Mar Muertu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manuscritos del Mar Muertu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumran_%C9%99lyazmalar%C4%B1" title="Kumran əlyazmaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kumran əlyazmaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="মৃত সাগরের পাণ্ডুলিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৃত সাগরের পাণ্ডুলিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ҡумран ҡулъяҙмалары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡумран ҡулъяҙмалары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Рукапісы Мёртвага мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рукапісы Мёртвага мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9C%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скруткі Мёртвага мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скруткі Мёртвага мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Кумрански ръкописи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кумрански ръкописи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svici_sa_Mrtvog_mora" title="Svici sa Mrtvog mora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svici sa Mrtvog mora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrits_de_la_mar_Morta" title="Manuscrits de la mar Morta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manuscrits de la mar Morta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кумран алçырăвĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кумран алçырăвĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svitky_od_Mrtv%C3%A9ho_mo%C5%99e" title="Svitky od Mrtvého moře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svitky od Mrtvého moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgroliau%27r_M%C3%B4r_Marw" title="Sgroliau'r Môr Marw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgroliau'r Môr Marw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dehavsrullerne" title="Dødehavsrullerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dødehavsrullerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriftrollen_vom_Toten_Meer" title="Schriftrollen vom Toten Meer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schriftrollen vom Toten Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χειρόγραφα της Νεκρής Θάλασσας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χειρόγραφα της Νεκρής Θάλασσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscritos_del_Mar_Muerto" title="Manuscritos del Mar Muerto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manuscritos del Mar Muerto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskriptoj_de_la_Morta_Maro" title="Manuskriptoj de la Morta Maro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manuskriptoj de la Morta Maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso_Hileko_Eskuizkribuak" title="Itsaso Hileko Eskuizkribuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaso Hileko Eskuizkribuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="طومارهای دریای مرده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طومارهای دریای مرده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrits_de_la_mer_Morte" title="Manuscrits de la mer Morte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manuscrits de la mer Morte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deade-Seer%C3%B4len" title="Deade-Seerôlen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Deade-Seerôlen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscritos_do_Mar_Morto" title="Manuscritos do Mar Morto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manuscritos do Mar Morto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%95%B4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="사해 문서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사해 문서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B1%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կումրանի ձեռագրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կումրանի ձեռագրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svitci_s_Mrtvog_mora" title="Svitci s Mrtvog mora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svitci s Mrtvog mora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah_Laut_Mati" title="Naskah Laut Mati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naskah Laut Mati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D1%84%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Кумраны къухфыстытæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кумраны къухфыстытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoscritti_del_Mar_Morto" title="Manoscritti del Mar Morto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manoscritti del Mar Morto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="מגילות מדבר יהודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגילות מדבר יהודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah_Laut_Mati" title="Naskah Laut Mati – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Naskah Laut Mati" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Өлі теңіз қолжазбалары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өлі теңіз қолжазбалары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscripta_Maris_Mortui" title="Manuscripta Maris Mortui – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manuscripta Maris Mortui" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ves_j%C5%ABras_rokraksti" title="Nāves jūras rokraksti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nāves jūras rokraksti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%ABftrulle_vum_Doudege_Mier" title="Schrëftrulle vum Doudege Mier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schrëftrulle vum Doudege Mier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrolas_de_la_Mar_Mor" title="Enrolas de la Mar Mor – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Enrolas de la Mar Mor" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt-tengeri_tekercsek" title="Holt-tengeri tekercsek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holt-tengeri tekercsek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Свитоци од Мртвото Море – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свитоци од Мртвото Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soratanam-piraketan%27_ny_Ranomasina_Maty" title="Soratanam-piraketan' ny Ranomasina Maty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soratanam-piraketan' ny Ranomasina Maty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ചാവുകടൽ ചുരുളുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാവുകടൽ ചുരുളുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="मृत समुद्राचे बाड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मृत समुद्राचे बाड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="مخطوطات البحر الميت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مخطوطات البحر الميت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskhah_Laut_Mati" title="Naskhah Laut Mati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Naskhah Laut Mati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dode_Zee-rollen" title="Dode Zee-rollen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dode Zee-rollen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8" title="死海文書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="死海文書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dehavsrullene" title="Dødehavsrullene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dødehavsrullene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dehavsrullane" title="Dødehavsrullane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dødehavsrullane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrits_de_la_mar_M%C3%B2rta" title="Manuscrits de la mar Mòrta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manuscrits de la mar Mòrta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%92" title="بحر میت دے مخطوطے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بحر میت دے مخطوطے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%88" title="ក្រាំងសមុទ្រមរណៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រាំងសមុទ្រមរណៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%99kopisy_z_Qumran" title="Rękopisy z Qumran – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rękopisy z Qumran" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscritos_do_Mar_Morto" title="Manuscritos do Mar Morto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manuscritos do Mar Morto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrisele_de_la_Marea_Moart%C4%83" title="Manuscrisele de la Marea Moartă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manuscrisele de la Marea Moartă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Кумранские рукописи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кумранские рукописи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrotullat_e_Detit_t%C3%AB_Vdekur" title="Rrotullat e Detit të Vdekur – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrotullat e Detit të Vdekur" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls" title="Dead Sea scrolls – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dead Sea scrolls" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukopisy_M%C5%95tveho_mora" title="Rukopisy Mŕtveho mora – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rukopisy Mŕtveho mora" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumranski_rokopisi" title="Kumranski rokopisi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kumranski rokopisi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Свици са Мртвог мора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свици са Мртвог мора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svici_sa_Mrtvog_mora" title="Svici sa Mrtvog mora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svici sa Mrtvog mora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuolleenmeren_k%C3%A4%C3%A4r%C3%B6t" title="Kuolleenmeren kääröt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuolleenmeren kääröt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6dahavsrullarna" title="Dödahavsrullarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dödahavsrullarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Manuskrito_ng_Dagat_Patay" title="Mga Manuskrito ng Dagat Patay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Manuskrito ng Dagat Patay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சாக்கடல் சுருள் ஏடுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாக்கடல் சுருள் ஏடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="ม้วนหนังสือเดดซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ม้วนหนังสือเดดซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Харобаҳои Қумрон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Харобаҳои Қумрон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BC_Deniz_Yazmalar%C4%B1" title="Ölü Deniz Yazmaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ölü Deniz Yazmaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Сувої Мертвого моря – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сувої Мертвого моря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بحر میت کے مخطوطات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحر میت کے مخطوطات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_cu%E1%BB%99n_s%C3%A1ch_Bi%E1%BB%83n_Ch%E1%BA%BFt" title="Các cuộn sách Biển Chết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các cuộn sách Biển Chết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_sinurat_ha_Patay_nga_Dagat" title="Mga sinurat ha Patay nga Dagat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mga sinurat ha Patay nga Dagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B7" title="死海古卷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="死海古卷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ים המלח מגילות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ים המלח מגילות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B7" title="死海古卷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="死海古卷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B7" title="死海古卷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="死海古卷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q145780#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&oldid=1257074424" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&id=1257074424&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDead_Sea_Scrolls">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDead_Sea_Scrolls">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Dead_Sea_scrolls" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q145780" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Jewish manuscripts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Dead Sea Scrolls</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Psalms_Scroll_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Psalms_Scroll_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Psalms_Scroll_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Psalms_Scroll_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Psalms_Scroll_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Psalms_Scroll_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Psalms_Scroll_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="220" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Psalms_Scroll" title="Great Psalms Scroll">Great Psalms Scroll</a> (11Q5), one of the 981 texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">Parchment, papyrus, and copper</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Writing</th><td class="infobox-data">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd century BCE – 1st century CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">1946/1947–1956</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran Caves</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">Ein Feshkha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/The_Jordan_Museum" title="The Jordan Museum">Jordan Museum</a>, Amman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Culture</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Jewish</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:lavender;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/260px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/390px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/520px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1021" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hulaul%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulaulá language">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishana_Deni" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishana Deni">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lish%C3%A1n_Did%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishán Didán">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzani_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betanure_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishanid_Noshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishanid Noshan">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Djerbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Yemenite</a></li></ul> Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Jewish diaspora languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanic language">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italkian">Italkian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Gruzinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhidi">Dzhidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani language">Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani dialect">Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Berber">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 1">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Plagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Plagues">Ten Plagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">Crossing the Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">Conquest of Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">David and Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouza">Ouza</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">Shedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahab (Egypt)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdana_(Judaism)" title="Bagdana (Judaism)">Bagdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estries" title="Estries">Estries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%27em" title="Re'em">Re'em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baal Berith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilin" title="Lilin">Lilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Juchne" title="Bar Juchne">Bar Juchne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziz" title="Ziz">Ziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamah_(demon)" title="Naamah (demon)">Naamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%27irim" title="Se'irim">Se'irim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxa" title="Broxa">Broxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alukah" title="Alukah">Alukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephaite" title="Rephaite">Rephaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yossele_the_Holy_Miser" title="Yossele the Holy Miser">Yossele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_ants" title="Valley of the ants">Valley of the ants</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical literature">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish#Literature" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews#Yemenite_Jewish_literature" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Jewish poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_poetry_from_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish poetry from Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish_poetry" title="Yemenite Jewish poetry">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Jewish_epic_poetry" title="Hebrew and Jewish epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Medieval Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust literature">Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niggun" class="mw-redirect" title="Niggun">Niggun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Tat theatre">Judeo-Tat theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews_associated_with_the_visual_arts" title="Lists of Jews associated with the visual arts">List of Jews in the visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_film_directors" title="List of Jewish film directors">List of Jewish film directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_American_cinema" title="Jews in American cinema">Jews in American cinema</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology" title="Jewish culture">Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_medicine" title="Jewish medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_mathematicians" title="List of Jewish mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_scientists_and_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish scientists and philosophers">Scientists</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports" title="List of Jews in sports">List of Jews in sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_association_football" title="Jews in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_baseball" title="Jews in baseball">Baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame">Jewish Sports Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Yom_Kippur_by_Jewish_athletes" title="Observance of Yom Kippur by Jewish athletes">Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mizrahi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Other aspects</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_architecture" title="Synagogue architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal:Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_culture" title="Category:Jewish culture">Category:Jewish culture</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_culture" title="Template talk:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Dead Sea Scrolls, also called the Qumran Caves Scrolls, are a set of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts" title="List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts">ancient Jewish manuscripts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. They were discovered over a period of 10 years, between 1946 and 1956, at the <a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran Caves</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">Ein Feshkha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, on the northern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>. Dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE,<a href="#cite_note-Israel_Museum_Jerusalem-1">[1]</a> the Dead Sea Scrolls include the oldest surviving manuscripts of entire books later included in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canons</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical manuscripts</a> from late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> and extrabiblical books. At the same time, they cast new light on the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DSS-2">[2]</a> Almost all of the 15,000 scrolls and scroll fragments are held in the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The Israeli government's custody of the Dead Sea Scrolls is disputed by <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> on territorial, legal, and humanitarian grounds—they were mostly discovered following the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian annexation of the West Bank</a> and were acquired by <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> after Jordan lost the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Arab–Israeli War</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>—whilst Israel's claims are primarily based on historical and religious grounds, given their significance in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and in the heritage of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Many thousands of written fragments have been discovered in the Dead Sea area. They represent the remnants of larger manuscripts damaged by natural causes or through human interference, with the vast majority holding only small scraps of text. However, a small number of well-preserved and nearly intact manuscripts have survived—fewer than a dozen among those from the Qumran Caves.<a href="#cite_note-Israel_Museum_Jerusalem-1">[1]</a> Researchers have assembled a collection of 981 different manuscripts (discovered in 1946/1947 and in 1956) from 11 caves,<a href="#cite_note-The_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem-5">[5]</a> which lie in the immediate vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jewish</a> settlement at the site of <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Khirbet Qumran</a> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a> in the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The caves are located about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) west of the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea, whence the scrolls derive their name. Archaeologists have long associated the scrolls with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish sect</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, although some recent interpretations have challenged this connection and argue that <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Zadok" title="Sons of Zadok">priests in Jerusalem</a> or other unknown Jewish groups wrote the scrolls.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-golb-2009-8">[8]</a> Most of the manuscripts are written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, with some written in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> (for example the <a href="/wiki/4Q246" title="4Q246">Son of God Text</a>; in different regional dialects, including <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean</a>) and a few in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Discoveries from the Judaean Desert add <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania_(fortress)" title="Hyrcania (fortress)">Khirbet al-Mird</a>).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Most of the texts are written on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, some on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper_Scroll" title="Copper Scroll">one on copper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Though scholarly consensus dates the Dead Sea Scrolls to between the 3rd century BCE and the 1st century CE,<a href="#cite_note-DSSDL-Intro-12">[12]</a> there are manuscripts from associated Judaean Desert sites that are dated between the 8th and 11th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-DSSDL-Intro-12">[12]</a> Bronze coins found at the same sites form a series beginning with <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>, a ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a> (in office 135–104 BCE), and continuing until the period of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66–73 CE), supporting the <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">paleography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of the scrolls.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Owing to the poor condition of some of the scrolls, scholars have not identified all of their texts. The identified texts fall into three general groups: <ol><li>About 40% are copies of texts from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew scriptures</a>.</li> <li>Approximately 30% are texts from the Second Temple period that ultimately were not canonized in the Hebrew Bible, like the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Wisdom of Sirach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a>, etc.</li> <li>The remainder (roughly 30%) are sectarian manuscripts of previously unknown documents that shed light on the rules and beliefs of a particular sect or groups within greater Judaism, like the <a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War Scroll</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Pesher on Habakkuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Blessing" title="The Rule of the Blessing">The Rule of the Blessing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DSS-Bible-14">[14]</a></li></ol> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumeran4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kumeran4.jpg/220px-Kumeran4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kumeran4.jpg/330px-Kumeran4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kumeran4.jpg/440px-Kumeran4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Caves at Qumran</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qumran.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Qumran.jpeg/220px-Qumran.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Qumran.jpeg/330px-Qumran.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Qumran.jpeg/440px-Qumran.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Qumran cave 4, where ninety per cent of the scrolls were found</figcaption></figure> The Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered in a series of 12 caves around the site originally known as <a href="/wiki/Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">Ein Feshkha</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">controlled by Jordan</a>) between 1946 and 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> shepherds and a team of archaeologists.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The practice of storing worn-out sacred manuscripts in earthenware vessels buried in the earth or within caves is related to the ancient Jewish custom of <a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">genizah</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_discovery_(1946–1947)">Initial discovery (1946–1947)</h3></div> The initial discovery by Bedouin shepherd Muhammed edh-Dhib, his cousin Jum'a Muhammed, and Khalil Musa took place between November 1946 and February 1947.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evans-Guide-17">[17]</a> The shepherds discovered seven scrolls <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style>(see <a href="#Caves_and_their_contents">§ Caves and their contents</a>) housed in jars in a cave near what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> site. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Trever" title="John C. Trever">John C. Trever</a> reconstructed the story of the scrolls from several interviews with the Bedouins. Edh-Dhib's cousin noticed the caves, but edh-Dhib was the first to actually fall into one (the cave now called Cave 1). He retrieved a handful of scrolls, which Trever identifies as the <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Scroll" title="Isaiah Scroll">Isaiah Scroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Habakkuk Commentary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule</a>, and took them back to the camp to show to his family. None of the scrolls were destroyed in this process.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18">[18]</a> The Bedouins kept the scrolls hanging on a tent pole while they contemplated what they should do with them, periodically showing the scrolls to their people. At some point during this time, the Community Rule was split in two. The Bedouins first took the scrolls to a dealer named Ibrahim 'Ijha in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>. 'Ijha returned them, saying they were worthless, after being warned that they might have been stolen from a synagogue. Undaunted, the Bedouins went to a nearby market, where a Syrian Christian offered to buy them. A sheikh joined their conversation and suggested that they take the scrolls to Khalil Eskander Shahin, "Kando", a cobbler and part-time antiques dealer. The Bedouins and the dealers returned to the site, leaving one scroll with Kando and selling three others to a dealer for seven <a href="/wiki/Palestine_pound" title="Palestine pound">Jordanian pounds</a> (approximately $28, or $382 in 2023 dollars).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a> The original scrolls continued to change hands after the Bedouins left them in the possession of a third party until a sale could be arranged. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Ownership">Ownership</a>.) In 1947 the original seven scrolls caught the attention of Trever of the <a href="/wiki/American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="American Schools of Oriental Research">American Schools of Oriental Research</a> (ASOR), who compared the script in the scrolls to the <a href="/wiki/Nash_Papyrus" title="Nash Papyrus">Nash Papyrus</a>, the oldest biblical manuscript then known, and found similarities between them. In March the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> prompted the move of some of the scrolls to <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon, for safekeeping. On 11 April 1948, <a href="/wiki/Millar_Burrows" title="Millar Burrows">Millar Burrows</a>, head of the ASOR, announced the discovery of the scrolls in a general press release. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_for_the_Qumran_caves_(1948–1949)">Search for the Qumran caves (1948–1949)</h3></div> Early in September 1948, Metropolitan bishop <a href="/wiki/Mar_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Samuel">Mar Samuel</a> brought some additional scroll fragments that he had acquired to professor <a href="/wiki/Ovid_R._Sellers" title="Ovid R. Sellers">Ovid R. Sellers</a>, the succeeding director of ASOR. By the end of 1948, nearly two years after the discovery of the scrolls, scholars had yet to locate the original cave where the fragments had been found. With unrest in the country at that time, no large-scale search could be safely undertaken. Sellers tried to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrians</a> to assist in the search for the cave, but he was unable to pay their price. In early 1949, the government of Jordan granted permission to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> to search the area in which the original Qumran cave was believed to exist. Consequently, Cave 1 was rediscovered on 28 January 1949 by Belgian <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">observer</a> captain Phillipe Lippens and Arab Legion captain Akkash el-Zebn.<a href="#cite_note-biblicaltheology.com-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qumran_caves_rediscovery_and_new_scroll_discoveries_(1949–1951)">Qumran caves rediscovery and new scroll discoveries (1949–1951)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jericho_and_Dead_Sea_area_and_River_Jordan._Qumran,_caves_where_Dead_Sea_scrolls_were_found._Dead_Sea_in_distance_LOC_matpc.22897_(cropped_and_level_adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jericho_and_Dead_Sea_area_and_River_Jordan._Qumran%2C_caves_where_Dead_Sea_scrolls_were_found._Dead_Sea_in_distance_LOC_matpc.22897_%28cropped_and_level_adjusted%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jericho_and_Dead_Sea_area_and_River_Jordan._Qumran%2C_caves_where_Dead_Sea_scrolls_were_found._Dead_Sea_in_distance_LOC_matpc.22897_%28cropped_and_level_adjusted%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jericho_and_Dead_Sea_area_and_River_Jordan._Qumran%2C_caves_where_Dead_Sea_scrolls_were_found._Dead_Sea_in_distance_LOC_matpc.22897_%28cropped_and_level_adjusted%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="4837" /></a><figcaption>A view of the Dead Sea from a cave at Qumran in which some of the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered</figcaption></figure> The rediscovery of what became known as Cave 1 at Qumran prompted the initial excavation of the site from 15 February to 5 March 1949 by the Jordanian <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Antiquities_(Jordan)" title="Department of Antiquities (Jordan)">Department of Antiquities</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lankester_Harding" title="Gerald Lankester Harding">Gerald Lankester Harding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-21">[21]</a>: 9  The Cave 1 site yielded discoveries of additional Dead Sea Scroll fragments, linen cloth, jars, and other artefacts.<a href="#cite_note-biblicaltheology.com-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavations_of_Qumran_and_new_cave_discoveries_(1951–1956,_2017,_2021)">Excavations of Qumran and new cave discoveries (1951–1956, 2017, 2021)</h3></div> In November 1951, de Vaux and his team from the ASOR began a full excavation of Qumran.<a href="#cite_note-gnosis.org-22">[22]</a> By February 1952, the Bedouins had discovered 30 fragments in what was to be designated Cave 2.<a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-21">[21]</a> The discovery of a second cave eventually yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts, including fragments of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Sirach">Wisdom of Sirach</a> written in Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-biblicaltheology.com-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-gnosis.org-22">[22]</a> The following month, on 14 March 1952, the ASOR team discovered a third cave with fragments of Jubilees and the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Scroll" title="Copper Scroll">Copper Scroll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-21">[21]</a> Between September and December 1952, the fragments and scrolls of Caves 4, 5, and 6 were discovered by the ASOR teams.<a href="#cite_note-gnosis.org-22">[22]</a> With the monetary value of the scrolls rising as their historical significance was made more public, the Bedouins and the ASOR archaeologists accelerated their search for the scrolls separately in the same general area of Qumran, which was more than one kilometre in length. Between 1953 and 1956, de Vaux led four more archaeological expeditions in the area to uncover scrolls and artefacts.<a href="#cite_note-biblicaltheology.com-20">[20]</a> Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded the last fragments to be found in the vicinity of Qumran.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Caves 4–10 are clustered in an area lying in relative proximity 150 m (160 yd) from Khirbet Qumran, while caves 1, 2, 3 and 11 are located 1 mile (1–2 kilometres) north, with Cave 3 the most remote.<a href="#cite_note-LibAnn-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In February 2017, Hebrew University archaeologists announced the discovery of a new 12th cave.<a href="#cite_note-Q12_2017-26">[26]</a> There was one blank parchment found in a jar, but broken and empty scroll jars and pickaxes suggest that the cave was looted in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-McKernan-27">[27]</a> In March 2021, Israeli archaeologists announced the discovery of dozens of fragments bearing biblical text, written in Greek, from the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a>. This group of findings is believed to have been hidden in a cave between 132 and 136 CE during the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-28">[28]</a> However, a 10,500-year-old basket made of woven <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a> was also discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Muraba'at caves</a> in the Nahal Darga Reserve. Other discoveries included the remains of a child wrapped in cloth dated to around 6,000 years ago, and a cache of coins from the days of the Bar Kochba revolt.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 2021, more scrolls were discovered by Israeli authorities in a different cave near the Dead Sea called the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Horrors" title="Cave of Horrors">Cave of Horrors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caves_and_their_contents">Caves and their contents</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a full list of the scrolls from each individual cave, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="List of the Dead Sea Scrolls">List of the Dead Sea Scrolls</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/220px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/330px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/440px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12540" data-file-height="3960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Scroll" title="Isaiah Scroll">Isaiah Scroll</a> (1QIsaa) contains almost the whole <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 972 manuscripts found at Qumran were found primarily in two separate formats: as <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scrolls</a> and as fragments of previous scrolls and texts. In the fourth cave the fragments were torn into up to 15,000 pieces. These small fragments created somewhat of a problem for scholars. G.L. Harding, director of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities, began working on piecing the fragments together but did not finish this before his death in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <dl><dt>Cave 1</dt></dl> Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered for the first time in 1946. The original seven Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 are the <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah scroll">Great Isaiah Scroll</a> (1QIsaa), a second copy of Isaiah (<a href="/wiki/1QIsab" title="1QIsab">1QIsab</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule</a> Scroll (1QS), the <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Pesher on Habakkuk</a> (1QpHab), the <a href="/wiki/War_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="War Scroll">War Scroll</a> (1QM), the <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Hymns" title="Thanksgiving Hymns">Thanksgiving Hymns</a> (1QH), and the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a> (1QapGen).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> One of the pottery jars containing the scrolls from Cave 1 is now kept in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <dl><dt>Cave 2</dt></dl> Wadi Qumran Cave 2 was discovered in February 1952 in which the Bedouins discovered 30 fragments.<a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-21">[21]</a> The cave eventually yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts of Dead Sea Scrolls, including fragments of Jubilees and the Wisdom of Sirach written in Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <dl><dt>Cave 3</dt></dl> Wadi Qumran Cave 3 was discovered on 14 March 1952 by the ASOR team. The cave initially yielded fragments of Jubilees and the Copper Scroll.<a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-21">[21]</a>: 10–11  <dl><dt>Caves 4a and 4b</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg/220px-The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg/330px-The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg/440px-The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a> Scroll, 4Q271Df, found in Cave 4</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genesis_1_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Genesis_1_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg/220px-Genesis_1_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Genesis_1_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg/330px-Genesis_1_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Genesis_1_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg/440px-Genesis_1_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>4Q7, a fragment of the book of Genesis found in Cave 4</figcaption></figure> Wadi Qumran Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952 and was excavated from 22–29 September 1952 by Harding, de Vaux, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-21">[21]</a>: 10–11  Cave 4 is actually two hand-cut caves (4a and 4b), but since the fragments were mixed they are labelled as 4Q. Cave 4 is the most famous of Qumran caves both because of its visibility from the Qumran plateau and its productivity. It is visible from the plateau to the south of the Qumran settlement. It is by far the most productive of all Qumran caves, producing 90% of the Dead Sea Scrolls and scroll fragments (approx. 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), including 9–10 copies of Jubilees, along with 21 <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a> and 7 <a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzot</a>. <dl><dt>Cave 5</dt></dl> Wadi Qumran Cave 5 was discovered in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 5 produced approximately 25 manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-21">[21]</a> <dl><dt>Cave 6</dt></dl> Wadi Qumran Cave 6 was discovered alongside Cave 5 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 6 contained fragments of about 31 manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-Vanderkam-21">[21]</a> <dl><dt>Cave 7</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7Q4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/7Q4.png/220px-7Q4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/7Q4.png/330px-7Q4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/7Q4.png/440px-7Q4.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Dead Sea Scroll fragments 7Q4, <a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5</a>, and 7Q8 from Cave 7 in Qumran, written on papyrus</figcaption></figure> Wadi Qumran Cave 7 yielded fewer than 20 fragments of Greek documents, including 7Q2 (the "<a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a>" = <a href="/wiki/Baruch_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baruch (Bible)">Baruch</a> 6), <a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5</a> (which became the subject of much speculation in later decades), and a Greek copy of a scroll of Enoch.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Cave 7 also produced several inscribed potsherds and jars.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garcia_Martinez_1999-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer-43">[43]</a>: 104, 109  <dl><dt>Cave 8</dt></dl> Wadi Qumran Cave 8, along with caves 7 and 9, is one of the only caves that are accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, cave 8 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. Cave 8 produced five fragments: Genesis (8QGen), Psalms (8QPs), a tefillin fragment (8QPhyl), a mezuzah (8QMez), and a hymn (8QHymn).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Cave 8 also produced several tefillin cases, a box of leather objects, many lamps, jars, and the sole of a leather shoe.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garcia_Martinez_1999-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer-43">[43]</a> <dl><dt>Cave 9</dt></dl> Wadi Qumran Cave 9, along with caves 7 and 8, was one of the only caves that are accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, Cave 9 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. There was only one manuscript fragment found in Cave 9. <dl><dt>Cave 10</dt></dl> In Qumran Cave 10 archaeologists found two <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostraca</a> with writing on them, along with an unknown symbol on a grey stone slab. <dl><dt>Cave 11</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Scroll.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Temple_Scroll.png/220px-Temple_Scroll.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Temple_Scroll.png/330px-Temple_Scroll.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Temple_Scroll.png/440px-Temple_Scroll.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>A view of part of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll</a> that was found in Qumran Cave 11</figcaption></figure> Wadi Qumran Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded 21 texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of which were quite lengthy. The <a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll</a>, so called because more than half of it pertains to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple of Jerusalem</a>, was found in Cave 11 and is by far the longest scroll. It is 26.7 feet (8.15 m) long; its original length may have been over 28 feet (8.75 m). The Temple Scroll was regarded by scholar <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> as "The Torah According to the Essenes". On the other hand, Hartmut Stegemann, a contemporary and friend of Yadin, believes the scroll was not to be regarded as such but was a document without exceptional significance. Stegemann notes that it is not mentioned or cited in any known Essene writing.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> fragment about the biblical figure <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a> (<a href="/wiki/11Q13" title="11Q13">11Q13</a>) was found in Cave 11. Cave 11 also produced a copy of Jubilees, and a proto-Masoteric text of the <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Torah scroll</a> (only a fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a> surviving), known as the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll</a>. According to former chief editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls editorial team <a href="/wiki/John_Strugnell" title="John Strugnell">John Strugnell</a>, there are at least four privately owned scrolls from Cave 11 that have not yet been made available for scholars. Among them is a complete <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Enoch_Scroll" title="Aramaic Enoch Scroll">Aramaic manuscript of the Book of Enoch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <dl><dt>Cave 12</dt></dl> Cave 12 was discovered in February 2017 on cliffs west of Qumran, near the north-western shore of the Dead Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Q12_2017-26">[26]</a> Archaeological examination found pickaxes and empty broken scroll jars, indicating that the cave had been discovered and looted in the 1950s. One of the joint <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> project's lead researchers, Oren Gutfeld, stated, "Although at the end of the day no scroll was found, and instead we 'only' found a piece of parchment rolled up in a jug that was being processed for writing, the findings indicate beyond any doubt that the cave contained scrolls that were stolen."<a href="#cite_note-McKernan-27">[27]</a> <dl><dt>Fragments with unknown provenance</dt></dl> Some fragments of scrolls have neither significant archaeological <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a> nor records that reveal in which designated Qumran cave area they were found. They are believed to have come from Wadi Qumran caves but are just as likely to have come from other archaeological sites in the Judaean Desert area.<a href="#cite_note-Grossman,_Maxine_2010-47">[47]</a> These fragments have therefore been designated to the temporary "X" series. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fragment/Scroll #</th> <th>Fragment/Scroll Name</th> <th>KJV Bible Association</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>XQ1-3</td> <td>"Tefillin from Qumran"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 5:1–6:3; 10:12–11:12.<a href="#cite_note-Grossman,_Maxine_2010-47">[47]</a></td> <td>First published in 1969; Phylacteries </td></tr> <tr> <td>XQ4</td> <td>"Tefillin from Qumran"</td> <td></td> <td>Phylacteries </td></tr> <tr> <td>XQ5a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a> 7:4–5</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>XQ5b</td> <td>Hymn</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>XQ6</td> <td>Offering</td> <td></td> <td>Small fragment with only one word in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>XQ7</td> <td>Unidentified fragment</td> <td></td> <td>Strong possibility that it is part of 4QInstruction. </td></tr> <tr> <td>XQpapEn</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> 9:1</td> <td></td> <td>One small fragment written in Hebrew. = XQ8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll_175,_complete,_Testimonia,_from_Qumran_Cave_4,_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll 175, complete, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll 175, complete, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_complete%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/97px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_complete%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_complete%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/145px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_complete%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_complete%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/194px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_complete%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="3942" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll 175, complete, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1,_complete,_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, complete, the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, complete, the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_complete%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/120px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_complete%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_complete%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/180px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_complete%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_complete%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/240px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_complete%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4326" data-file-height="3610" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, complete, the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_War_Scroll_-_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The War Scroll, found in Qumran Cave 1."><img alt="The War Scroll, found in Qumran Cave 1." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_War_Scroll_-_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg/120px-The_War_Scroll_-_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_War_Scroll_-_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg/180px-The_War_Scroll_-_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_War_Scroll_-_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg/240px-The_War_Scroll_-_Dead_Sea_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">The War Scroll</a>, found in Qumran Cave 1.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1QIsa_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A portion of the second discovered copy of the Isaiah Scroll, 1QIsab."><img alt="A portion of the second discovered copy of the Isaiah Scroll, 1QIsab." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1QIsa_b.jpg/96px-1QIsa_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1QIsa_b.jpg/144px-1QIsa_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1QIsa_b.jpg/192px-1QIsa_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="665" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A portion of the second discovered copy of the <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Scroll" title="Isaiah Scroll">Isaiah Scroll</a>, 1QIsab.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1._The_Jordan_Museum,_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1. The Jordan Museum, Amman"><img alt="Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1. The Jordan Museum, Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/120px-Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/180px-Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/240px-Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2670" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1. The Jordan Museum, Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll,_Pesher_Isaiah,_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum,_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/120px-Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/180px-Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/240px-Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3407" data-file-height="2464" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll_175,_Testimonia,_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum,_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/120px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/180px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/240px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3605" data-file-height="2670" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll_109,_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes,_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum,_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/120px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/180px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/240px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4._The_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2442" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dear_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scrolls at the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scrolls at the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dear_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/104px-Dear_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dear_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/157px-Dear_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dear_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/209px-Dear_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3767" data-file-height="4325" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scrolls at the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_so-called_Copper_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum,_from_Qumran_Cave_3,_1st_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strips of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll at the Jordan Museum, from Qumran Cave 3, 1st century CE"><img alt="Strips of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll at the Jordan Museum, from Qumran Cave 3, 1st century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_so-called_Copper_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg/120px-The_so-called_Copper_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_so-called_Copper_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg/180px-The_so-called_Copper_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_so-called_Copper_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg/240px-The_so-called_Copper_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5254" data-file-height="3691" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strips of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll at the Jordan Museum, from Qumran Cave 3, 1st century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Strip_11,_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls,_from_Qumran_Cave_3,_Jordan_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strip 11 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum"><img alt="Strip 11 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Strip_11%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/70px-Strip_11%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Strip_11%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/105px-Strip_11%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Strip_11%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/140px-Strip_11%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="4982" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strip 11 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Strip_15,_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls,_from_Qumran_Cave_3,_Jordan_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strip 15 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum"><img alt="Strip 15 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Strip_15%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/71px-Strip_15%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Strip_15%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/106px-Strip_15%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Strip_15%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/142px-Strip_15%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="4664" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strip 15 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Strip_13,_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls,_from_Qumran_Cave_3,_Jordan_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strip 13 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum"><img alt="Strip 13 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Strip_13%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/74px-Strip_13%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Strip_13%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/110px-Strip_13%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Strip_13%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/147px-Strip_13%2C_part_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="4016" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strip 13 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Strips_1_and_2,_parts_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls,_from_Qumran_Cave_3,_Jordan_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strips 1 and 2 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum"><img alt="Strips 1 and 2 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Strips_1_and_2%2C_parts_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/70px-Strips_1_and_2%2C_parts_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Strips_1_and_2%2C_parts_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/105px-Strips_1_and_2%2C_parts_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Strips_1_and_2%2C_parts_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg/140px-Strips_1_and_2%2C_parts_of_the_Copper_Dear_Sea_Scrolls%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_3%2C_Jordan_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="5260" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strips 1 and 2 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll_109,_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes,_from_Qumran_Cave_4,_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/120px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/180px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/240px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4259" data-file-height="3280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll_109,_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes,_from_Qumran_Cave_4,_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, at the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, at the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/120px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/180px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/240px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_109%2C_Qohelet_or_Ecclesiastes%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="2489" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, at the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll,_Pesher_Isaiah,_from_Qumran_Cave_4,_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/120px-Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/180px-Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/240px-Dead_Sea_Scroll%2C_Pesher_Isaiah%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5153" data-file-height="3830" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll_175,_Testimonia,_from_Qumran_Cave_4,_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/80px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/120px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/160px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail,_Dead_Sea_Scroll_175,_Testimonia,_from_Qumran_Cave_4,_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail, Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Detail, Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Detail%2C_Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/120px-Detail%2C_Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Detail%2C_Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/180px-Detail%2C_Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Detail%2C_Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/240px-Detail%2C_Dead_Sea_Scroll_175%2C_Testimonia%2C_from_Qumran_Cave_4%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5525" data-file-height="3697" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail, Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1,_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/120px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/180px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/240px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="3060" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1,_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/120px-Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/180px-Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/240px-Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4477" data-file-height="3524" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1,_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, at the Jordan Museum in Amman"><img alt="Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, at the Jordan Museum in Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/120px-Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/180px-Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg/240px-Part_of_Dead_Sea_Scroll_28a_from_Qumran_Cave_1%2C_at_the_Jordan_Museum_in_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4046" data-file-height="3552" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, at the Jordan Museum in Amman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Psalm_23_Dead_Sea_Scrolls.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Scroll fragment 5/6HEV PS found in the Cave of Letters at Nahal Hever"><img alt="Dead Sea Scroll fragment 5/6HEV PS found in the Cave of Letters at Nahal Hever" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Psalm_23_Dead_Sea_Scrolls.jpg/120px-Psalm_23_Dead_Sea_Scrolls.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Psalm_23_Dead_Sea_Scrolls.jpg/180px-Psalm_23_Dead_Sea_Scrolls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Psalm_23_Dead_Sea_Scrolls.jpg/240px-Psalm_23_Dead_Sea_Scrolls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dead Sea Scroll fragment 5/6HEV PS found in the Cave of Letters at Nahal Hever</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> There has been much debate about the origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The dominant theory remains that the scrolls were produced by the Essenes, a sect of Jews living at nearby Qumran, but this theory has come to be challenged by several modern scholars.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qumran–Essene_theory">Qumran–Essene theory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qumran-Essene_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Qumran-Essene hypothesis">Qumran-Essene hypothesis</a></div> The view among scholars, almost universally held until the 1990s, is the "Qumran–Essene" hypothesis originally posited by Roland Guérin de Vaux<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and Józef Tadeusz Milik,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> though independently both <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Sukenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliezer Sukenik">Eliezer Sukenik</a> and Butrus Sowmy of <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark" title="Monastery of Saint Mark">St Mark's Monastery</a> connected scrolls with the Essenes well before any excavations at Qumran.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Qumran–Essene theory holds that the scrolls were written by the Essenes or by another Jewish sectarian group residing at Khirbet Qumran. They composed the scrolls and ultimately hid them in the nearby caves during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Jewish Revolt</a> sometime between 66 and 68 CE. The site of Qumran was destroyed and the scrolls never recovered. Arguments supporting this theory include: <ul><li>There are striking similarities between the description of an initiation ceremony of new members in the Community Rule and descriptions of the Essene initiation ceremony mentioned in the works of Flavius <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, a Jewish-Roman historian of the Second Temple period.</li> <li>Josephus mentioned the Essenes as sharing property among the members of the community, as does the Community Rule.</li> <li>During the excavation of Khirbet Qumran, two inkwells and plastered elements thought to be tables were found, offering evidence that some form of writing was done there. More inkwells were discovered nearby. De Vaux called this area the "<a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>" based upon this discovery.</li> <li>Several Jewish <a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">ritual baths</a> (Hebrew: מקוה, miqvah) were discovered at Qumran, offering evidence of an observant <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> presence at the site.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (a geographer writing after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in 70 CE) described a group of Essenes living in a desert community on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea near the ruined town of '<a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qumran–Sectarian_theory">Qumran–Sectarian theory</h3></div> Qumran–Sectarian theories are variations on the Qumran–Essene theory. The main point of departure from the Qumran–Essene theory is hesitation to link the Dead Sea Scrolls specifically with the Essenes. Most proponents of the Qumran–Sectarian theory posit a group of Jews living in or near Qumran were responsible for the Dead Sea Scrolls but do not necessarily conclude that the sectarians were Essenes. A specific variation on the Qumran–Sectarian theory emerged in the 1990s that has gained much recent popularity is the work of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Lawrence H. Schiffman</a>, who proposes that the community was led by a group of <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Zadok" title="Sons of Zadok">Zadokite</a> priests (<a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The most important document in support of this view is the "Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah" (<a href="/wiki/4QMMT" title="4QMMT">4QMMT</a>), which cites purity laws (such as the transfer of impurities) identical to those attributed in rabbinic writings to the Sadducees. 4QMMT also reproduces a festival calendar that follows Sadducee principles for the dating of certain festival days. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_origin_theory">Christian origin theory</h3></div> Spanish <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_O%27Callaghan_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José O'Callaghan Martínez">José O'Callaghan Martínez</a> argued in the 1960s that one fragment (7Q5) preserves a portion of text from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> 6:52–53.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> This theory was scrutinized in the year 2000 by <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">paleographic</a> analysis of the particular fragment. However, this faced some contention, and O'Callaghan's theory remains an area of great dispute. Later analyses in 2004 and 2018 lent credence to O'Callaghan's original assertion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a> has advanced the theory that some scrolls describe the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> community. Eisenman also argues that the careers of <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> correspond to events recorded in some of these documents.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerusalem_origin_theory">Jerusalem origin theory</h3></div> Some scholars have argued that the scrolls were the product of Jews living in Jerusalem who hid the scrolls in the caves near Qumran while fleeing from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> in 70 CE.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Karl Heinrich Rengstorf first proposed in the 1960s that the Dead Sea Scrolls originated at the library of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a> suggested that the scrolls were the product of multiple libraries in Jerusalem and not necessarily the Jerusalem Temple library.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Proponents of the Jerusalem origin theory point to the diversity of thought and handwriting among the scrolls as evidence against a Qumran origin of the scrolls. Several archaeologists have also accepted an origin of the scrolls other than Qumran, including <a href="/wiki/Yizhar_Hirschfeld" title="Yizhar Hirschfeld">Yizhar Hirschfeld</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and more recently Yizhak Magen and Yuval Peleg,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> who all understand the remains of Qumran to be those of a <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean</a> fort that was reused during later periods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7Q6-1,2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/7Q6-1%2C2.png/220px-7Q6-1%2C2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/7Q6-1%2C2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Fragments 1 and 2 of '7Q6' from Cave 7 are written on papyrus.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiocarbon_dating">Radiocarbon dating</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls">Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls</a></div> Parchment from a number of the Dead Sea Scrolls has been <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon dated</a>. The initial test performed in 1950 was on a piece of linen from one of the caves. This test gave an indicative dating of 33 CE plus or minus 200 years, eliminating early hypotheses relating the scrolls to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Since then two large series of tests have been performed on the scrolls. The results were summarized by VanderKam and Flint, who said the tests give "strong reason for thinking that most of the Qumran manuscripts belong to the last two centuries BCE and the first century CE."<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a>: 32  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleographic_dating">Paleographic dating</h3></div> Analysis of letter forms, or palaeography, was applied to the texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls by a variety of scholars in the field. Major linguistic analysis by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Avigad</a> dates fragments from 225 BCE to 50 CE.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-62">[62]</a> These dates were determined by examining the size, variability, and style of the text.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The same fragments were later analysed using radiocarbon dating and were dated to an estimated range of 385 BCE to 82 CE with a 68% accuracy rate.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ink_and_parchment">Ink and parchment</h3></div> The scrolls were analysed using a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>, where it was found that all black ink was <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nir-El_and_Broshi_black-64">[64]</a> The red ink on the scrolls was found to be made with <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> (HgS, mercury sulfide).<a href="#cite_note-Nir-El_and_Broshi_red-65">[65]</a> There are only four uses of this red ink in the entire collection of Dead Sea Scroll fragments.<a href="#cite_note-Nir-El_and_Broshi_red-65">[65]</a> The black inks found on the scrolls are mostly made of carbon soot from <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">olive oil lamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-itsgila.com-66">[66]</a> Honey, oil, vinegar, and water were often added to the mixture to thin the ink to a proper consistency for writing.<a href="#cite_note-itsgila.com-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">Galls</a> were sometimes added to the ink to make it more resilient.<a href="#cite_note-itsgila.com-66">[66]</a> In order to apply the ink to the scrolls, its writers used <a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">reed pens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Magness,_Jodi_P.33-67">[67]</a> The Dead Sea Scrolls were written on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> made of processed <a href="/wiki/Animal_hides" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal hides">animal hide</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> (approximately 85.5–90.5% of the scrolls), <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> (estimated at 8–13% of the scrolls), and sheets of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> composed of about 99% <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and 1% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> (approximately 1.5% of the scrolls).<a href="#cite_note-Magness,_Jodi_P.33-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> For those scrolls written on animal hides, scholars with the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israeli Antiquities Authority</a> (IAA), by use of DNA testing for assembly purposes, believe that there may be a hierarchy in the religious importance of the texts based on which type of animal was used to create the hide. Scrolls written on <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calf_(animal)" title="Calf (animal)">calf</a> hides are considered by scholars to be more significant in nature, while those written on <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">ibex</a> are considered to be less religiously significant in nature.<a href="#cite_note-aaas.org-69">[69]</a> Tests by the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Fisica_Nucleare" title="Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare">National Institute of Nuclear Physics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> have suggested that the origin of parchment of select Dead Sea Scroll fragments is from the Qumran area, by using <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particle-induced_X-ray_emission" title="Particle-induced X-ray emission">particle-induced X-ray emission</a> testing of the water used to make the parchment that were compared with the water from the area aroundQumran.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation">Preservation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qumran_pottery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Qumran_pottery.jpg/220px-Qumran_pottery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Qumran_pottery.jpg/330px-Qumran_pottery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Qumran_pottery.jpg/440px-Qumran_pottery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Two of the pottery jars that held some of the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Jars_at_the_Jordan_Museum,_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Two_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Jars_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/220px-Two_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Jars_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Two_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Jars_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/330px-Two_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Jars_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Two_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Jars_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/440px-Two_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Jars_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Two Dead Sea Scrolls jars at the Jordan Museum, Amman</figcaption></figure> The Dead Sea Scrolls that were found were originally preserved by the arid conditions present within the Qumran area adjoining the Dead Sea.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In addition, the lack of the use of <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> materials on the parchment of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the very low airflow in the caves also contributed significantly to their preservation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Some of the scrolls were found stored in clay jars, further helping to preserve them from deterioration. The original handling of the scrolls by archaeologists and scholars was done inappropriately, and, along with their storage in an uncontrolled environment, they began a process of more rapid deterioration than they had experienced at Qumran.<a href="#cite_note-antiquities.org.il-73">[73]</a> During the first few years in the late 1940s and early 1950s, adhesive tape used to join fragments and seal cracks caused significant damage to the documents.<a href="#cite_note-antiquities.org.il-73">[73]</a> The government of Jordan had recognized the urgency of protecting the scrolls from deterioration and the presence of the deterioration among the scrolls.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows,_Millar_1958-74">[74]</a> However, the government did not have adequate funds to purchase all the scrolls for their protection and agreed to have foreign institutions purchase the scrolls and have them held at their museum in Jerusalem until they could be "adequately studied".<a href="#cite_note-Burrows,_Millar_1958-74">[74]</a> In early 1953, the scrolls were moved to the Palestine Archaeological Museum (commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Museum">Rockefeller Museum</a>)<a href="#cite_note-RockefellerHist-75">[75]</a> in East Jerusalem and through their transportation suffered more deterioration and damage.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a>: 63–65  The museum was underfunded and had limited resources with which to examine the scrolls, and as a result conditions of the "scrollery" and storage area were left relatively uncontrolled by modern standards.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a> The museum had left most of the fragments and scrolls lying between window glass, trapping the moisture in with them, causing an acceleration in the deterioration process. During the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> the scrolls collection of the Palestine Archaeological Museum was stored in the vault of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer1992-76">[76]</a> Damp conditions from temporary storage of the scrolls in the Ottoman Bank vault from 1956 to 1957 led to a more rapid rate of deterioration of the scrolls. The conditions caused mildew to develop on the scrolls and fragments, and some fragments were partially destroyed or made illegible by the glue and paper of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_folder" title="Manila folder">manila envelopes</a> in which they were stored while in the vault.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer1992-76">[76]</a> By 1958 it was noted that up to 5% of some of the scrolls had completely deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows,_Millar_1958-74">[74]</a> Many of the texts had become illegible, and many of the parchments had darkened considerably.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-antiquities.org.il-73">[73]</a> Until the 1970s, the scrolls continued to deteriorate because of poor storage arrangements, exposure to different adhesives, and being stored in moist environments.<a href="#cite_note-antiquities.org.il-73">[73]</a> Fragments written on parchment (rather than papyrus or bronze) in the hands of private collectors and scholars suffered an even worse fate than those in the hands of the museum, with large portions of fragments being reported to have disappeared by 1966.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18">[18]</a> In the late 1960s, the deterioration was becoming a major concern with scholars and museum officials alike. Scholars <a href="/wiki/John_M._Allegro" title="John M. Allegro">John Allegro</a> and Sir Francis Frank were among the first to strongly advocate for better preservation techniques.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a> Early attempts made by both the British and Israel museums to remove the adhesive tape ended up exposing the parchment to an array of chemicals, including "<a href="/wiki/British_Museum_leather_dressing" title="British Museum leather dressing">British Leather Dressing</a>," and darkening some of them significantly.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a> In the 1970s and 1980s, other preservation attempts were made that included removing the glass plates and replacing them with cardboard and removing pressure against the plates that held the scrolls in storage; however, the fragments and scrolls continued to rapidly deteriorate during this time.<a href="#cite_note-antiquities.org.il-73">[73]</a> In 1991, the IAA established a temperature-controlled laboratory for the <a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">storage and preservation</a> of the scrolls. The actions and preservation methods of Rockefeller Museum staff were concentrated on the removal of tape, oils, metals, salt, and other contaminants.<a href="#cite_note-antiquities.org.il-73">[73]</a> The fragments and scrolls are preserved using acid-free cardboard and stored in <a href="/wiki/Solander_box" title="Solander box">solander boxes</a> in the climate-controlled storage area.<a href="#cite_note-antiquities.org.il-73">[73]</a> Nine tiny tefellin strips were rediscovered by the IAA in 2014, after they had been stored unopened for six decades following their excavation in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photography_and_assembly">Photography and assembly</h2></div> Since the Dead Sea Scrolls were initially held by different parties during and after the excavation process, they were not all photographed by the same organization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_photographs_(1948)">First photographs (1948)</h3></div> The first individual to photograph a portion of the collection was Trever, who was a resident for the American Schools of Oriental Research.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a>: 68  He photographed three of the scrolls discovered in Cave 1 on 21 February 1948, both on black-and-white and color film.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a>: 26 <a href="#cite_note-Evans-Guide-17">[17]</a>: 396 <a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Although an amateur photographer, the quality of his photographs often exceeded the visibility of the scrolls themselves as, over the years, the ink of the texts quickly deteriorated after they were removed from their linen wrappings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_photography_and_plate_assembly_(1952–1967)">Infrared photography and plate assembly (1952–1967)</h3></div> A majority of the collection from the Qumran caves was acquired by the Palestine Archaeological Museum. The museum had the scrolls photographed by <a href="/wiki/Najib_Albina" title="Najib Albina">Najib Albina</a>, a local Arab photographer trained by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Larsson" title="Lewis Larsson">Lewis Larsson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colony,_Jerusalem" title="American Colony, Jerusalem">American Colony</a> in Jerusalem,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Between 1952 and 1967, Albina documented the five-stage process of the sorting and assembly of the scrolls, done by the curator and staff of the Palestine Archaeological Museum, using <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">infrared photography</a>. Using a process known today as broadband fluorescence infrared photography, or NIR photography, Najib and the team at the museum produced over 1,750 photographic plates of the scrolls and fragments.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a>: 68 <a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The photographs were taken with the scrolls laid out on animal skin using large format film, which caused the text to stand out, making the plates especially useful for assembling fragments.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a>: 68  These are the earliest photographs of the museum's collection, which was the most complete in the world at the time, and they recorded the fragments and scrolls before their further decay in storage, so they are often considered the best recorded copies of the scrolls.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_infrared_imaging_(1993–2012)">Digital infrared imaging (1993–2012)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infrared_Fragment_Photographed_by_Nasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Infrared_Fragment_Photographed_by_Nasa.jpg/220px-Infrared_Fragment_Photographed_by_Nasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Infrared_Fragment_Photographed_by_Nasa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>A previously unreadable fragment of the Dead Sea Scrolls photographed by the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> using digital infrared technology. Translated into English it reads: "He wrote the words of Noah."</figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1993, the United States <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) used digital infrared imaging technology to produce photographs of Dead Sea Scrolls fragments.<a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-85">[85]</a> In partnership with the Ancient Biblical Manuscript Center and West Semitic Research, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> successfully worked to expand on the use of infrared photography previously used to evaluate ancient manuscripts by expanding the range of spectra at which images are photographed.<a href="#cite_note-Other_Ancient_Documents_1675-86">[86]</a> NASA used <a href="/wiki/Multispectral_imaging" title="Multispectral imaging">multispectral imaging</a> adapted from its remote sensing and planetary probes in order to reveal previously illegible text on the fragments.<a href="#cite_note-Other_Ancient_Documents_1675-86">[86]</a> The process uses a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_tunable_filter" title="Liquid crystal tunable filter">liquid crystal tunable filter</a> in order to photograph the scrolls at specific wavelengths of light and, as a result, image distortion is significantly diminished.<a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-85">[85]</a> This method was used with select fragments to reveal text and details a larger light spectrum could not reveal.<a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-85">[85]</a> The camera and digital imaging assembly were developed specifically for the purpose of photographing illegible ancient texts.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On 18 December 2012<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> the first output of this project was launched together with Google on the dedicated site Deadseascrolls.org.il.<a href="#cite_note-DSSDL-Main-89">[89]</a> The site contains both digitizations of old images taken in the 1950s and about 1,000 images taken with multispectral imaging.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_scroll_assembly_(2006–2020)">DNA scroll assembly (2006–2020)</h3></div> Scientists with the IAA have used <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from the parchment on which the fragments were written, in concert with infrared digital photography, to assist in the reassembly of the scrolls. For scrolls written on parchment made from animal hide and papyrus, scientists with the museum are using DNA code to associate fragments with different scrolls and to help scholars determine which scrolls may hold greater significance based on the type of material that was used.<a href="#cite_note-aaas.org-69">[69]</a> In a paper published in 2020 in the journal Cell, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> have shown that DNA extracted from the scrolls can be used to sort different scroll fragments not only based on the animal species but also based on variations in the nuclear genome of individual fragments. This effort enabled the researchers to match different fragments to each other based on their genetics and separate fragments which were falsely connected in the past.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digitization_project_(2011–2016)">Digitization project (2011–2016)</h3></div> In partnership with Google, the Museum of Jerusalem is working to photograph the Dead Sea Scrolls and make them available to the public digitally, although not placing the images in the public domain.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-93">[93]</a> The lead photographer of the project, Ardon Bar-Hama, and his team are utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Alpa" title="Alpa">Alpa</a> 12 MAX camera accompanied with a <a href="/wiki/Leaf_(Israeli_company)" title="Leaf (Israeli company)">Leaf</a> Aptus-II back to produce ultra-high resolution digital images of the scrolls and fragments.<a href="#cite_note-idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com-94">[94]</a> With photos taken at 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">megapixels</a>, the results are digital images that can be used to distinguish details that are invisible to the naked eye. In order to minimize damage to the scrolls and fragments, photographers are using a 1/4000th of a second <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a> time and UV-protected flash tubes.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-93">[93]</a> The digital photography project was estimated in 2011 to cost 3.5 million U.S. dollars.<a href="#cite_note-idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_examination">Scholarly examination</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EL_Sukenik_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/EL_Sukenik_1951.jpg/220px-EL_Sukenik_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/EL_Sukenik_1951.jpg/330px-EL_Sukenik_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/EL_Sukenik_1951.jpg/440px-EL_Sukenik_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Sukenik" title="Eleazar Sukenik">Eleazar Sukenik</a> examining one of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1951</figcaption></figure> After most of the scrolls and fragments were moved to the Palestine Archaeological Museum in 1953, scholars began to assemble them and log them for translation and study in a room that became known as the "scrollery".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The text of the Dead Sea Scrolls is written in four languages: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Script</th> <th>Percentage of documents</th> <th>Centuries of known use </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Assyrian block</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">script</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></td> <td>Estimated 76–79%</td> <td>3rd century BCE to present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Cryptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">scripts</a> "A" "B" and "C"<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elledge,_C.D_P.88-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-dss-ant-99">[99]</a>: 375 </td> <td>Estimated 0.9–1.0%<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">script</a><a href="#cite_note-Glob,_Norman_2012-101">[101]</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Estimated 1.0–1.5%<a href="#cite_note-Elledge,_C.D_P.88-98">[98]</a></td> <td rowspan="2">10th century BCE to the 2nd century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew scribal</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">script</a><a href="#cite_note-Glob,_Norman_2012-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic square script</a></td> <td>Estimated 16–17%<a href="#cite_note-dss-ant-99">[99]</a>: 9 </td> <td>8th century BCE to present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial script</a><a href="#cite_note-Glob,_Norman_2012-101">[101]</a></td> <td>Estimated 3%<a href="#cite_note-Elledge,_C.D_P.88-98">[98]</a></td> <td>3rd century BCE to 8th century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean script</a><a href="#cite_note-Schiffman,_Lawrence_H._1997-102">[102]</a> </td> <td>Estimated 0.2%<a href="#cite_note-Schiffman,_Lawrence_H._1997-102">[102]</a></td> <td>2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_publication">Physical publication</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scroll_Scholar_Examination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dead_Sea_Scroll_Scholar_Examination.jpg/220px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_Scholar_Examination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dead_Sea_Scroll_Scholar_Examination.jpg/330px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_Scholar_Examination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dead_Sea_Scroll_Scholar_Examination.jpg/440px-Dead_Sea_Scroll_Scholar_Examination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Scholars assembling Dead Sea Scrolls fragments at the Rockefeller Museum (formerly the Palestine Archaeological Museum)</figcaption></figure> Some of the fragments and scrolls were published early. Most of the longer, more complete scrolls were published soon after their discovery. All the writings in Cave 1 appeared in print between 1950 and 1956; those from eight other caves were released in 1963; and in 1965 the Psalms Scroll from Cave 11 was published. Their translations into English soon followed. Publication of the scrolls has taken many decades, and delays have been a source of academic controversy. The scrolls were controlled by a small group of scholars headed by John Strugnell, while a majority of scholars had access neither to the scrolls nor even to photographs of the text. Scholars such as Norman Golb, publishers and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Hershel Shanks</a>, and many others argued for decades for publishing the texts, so that they become available to researchers. This controversy only ended in 1991, when the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Society" title="Biblical Archaeology Society">Biblical Archaeology Society</a> was able to publish the "Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls", after an intervention of the Israeli government and the IAA.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In 1991 <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a> was appointed as the chairman of the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation, and publication of the scrolls followed in the same year. The majority of the scrolls consist of tiny, brittle fragments, which were published at a pace considered by many to be excessively slow. During early assembly and translation work by scholars through the Rockefeller Museum from the 1950s through the 1960s, access to the unpublished documents was limited to the editorial committee.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert_(1955–2009)">Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (1955–2009)</h4></div> The content of the scrolls was published in a 40-volume series by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> between 1955 and 2009 known as <a href="/wiki/Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert" title="Discoveries in the Judaean Desert">Discoveries in the Judaean Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-orion.mscc.huji.ac.il-104">[104]</a> In 1952 the Jordanian Department of Antiquities assembled a team of scholars to begin examining, assembling, and translating the scrolls with the intent of publishing them.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The initial publication, assembled by <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Dominique Barthélemy">Dominique Barthélemy</a> and Józef Milik, was published as Qumran Cave 1 in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-orion.mscc.huji.ac.il-104">[104]</a> After a series of other publications in the late 1980s and early 1990s and with the appointment of the respected Dutch-Israeli textual scholar Emanuel Tov as editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project in 1990 publication of the scrolls accelerated. Tov's team had published five volumes covering the Cave 4 documents by 1995. Between 1990 and 2009, Tov helped the team produce 32 volumes. The final volume, Volume XL, was published in 2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_Preliminary_Edition_of_the_Unpublished_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_(1991)">A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls (1991)</h4></div> In 1991, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College_%E2%80%93_Jewish_Institute_of_Religion" title="Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion">Hebrew Union College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio, Ben Zion Wacholder and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Abegg" title="Martin Abegg">Martin Abegg</a>, announced the creation of a computer program that used previously published scrolls to reconstruct the unpublished texts.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Officials at the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Marino,_California" title="San Marino, California">San Marino, California</a>, led by head librarian <a href="/wiki/William_Andrew_Moffett" title="William Andrew Moffett">William Andrew Moffett</a>, announced that they would allow researchers unrestricted access to the library's complete set of photographs of the scrolls. In the fall of that year, Wacholder published 17 documents that had been reconstructed in 1988 from a <a href="/wiki/Concordance_(publishing)" title="Concordance (publishing)">concordance</a> and had come into the hands of scholars outside of the international team; in the same month, there occurred the discovery and publication of a complete set of facsimiles of the Cave 4 materials at the Huntington Library. Thereafter, the officials of the IAA agreed to lift their long-standing restrictions on the use of the scrolls.<a href="#cite_note-britan-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_Facsimile_Edition_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_(1991)">A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1991)</h4></div> After further delays, attorney <a href="/wiki/William_John_Cox" title="William John Cox">William John Cox</a> undertook representation of an "undisclosed client", who had provided a complete set of the unpublished photographs, and contracted for their publication. Professors Robert Eisenman and <a href="/wiki/James_M._Robinson" title="James M. Robinson">James Robinson</a> indexed the photographs and wrote an introduction to A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which was published by the Biblical Archaeology Society in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Following the publication of the Facsimile Edition, Professor <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Qimron" title="Elisha Qimron">Elisha Qimron</a> sued Hershel Shanks, Eisenman, Robinson and the Biblical Archaeology Society for copyright infringement for publishing without authorization or attribution his decipherment of one of the scrolls, MMT. The District Court of Jerusalem found in favour of Qimron.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The court issued a restraining order which prohibited the publication of the deciphered text, and ordered defendants to pay Qimron NIS 100,000 for infringing his copyright and the right of attribution. Defendants appealed the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> which approved the district court's decision. The Supreme Court further ordered that the defendants hand over to Qimron all the infringing copies.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The decision met Israeli and international criticism from copyright law scholars.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Facsimile_Edition_(2007–2008)">The Facsimile Edition (2007–2008)</h4></div> In November 2007 the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation commissioned the London publisher Facsimile Editions Limited to produce a facsimile edition of The Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa), The Order of the Community (1QS), and The Pesher to Habakkuk (1QpHab).<a href="#cite_note-Georgson-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The facsimile was produced from 1948 photographs and so more faithfully represents the condition of the Isaiah Scroll at the time of its discovery than does the current condition of the Isaiah Scroll.<a href="#cite_note-Georgson-116">[116]</a> Of the first three facsimile sets, one was exhibited at the Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls exhibition in Seoul, South Korea, and a second set was purchased by the British Library in London. A further 46 sets including facsimiles of three fragments from Cave 4 (now in the collection of the National Archaeological Museum in Amman, Jordan) Testimonia (4Q175), Pesher Isaiahb (4Q162) and Qohelet (4Q109) were announced in May 2009. The edition is strictly limited to 49 numbered sets of these reproductions on either specially prepared parchment paper or real parchment.<a href="#cite_note-Georgson-116">[116]</a> The facsimiles have since been exhibited in Qumrân. Le secret des manuscrits de la mer Morte at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a>, Paris, France (2010)<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> and Verbum Domini at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, Rome, Italy (2012).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_publication">Digital publication</h3></div> The text of nearly all of the non-biblical scrolls has been recorded and tagged for <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> by Martin Abegg, Jr., the Ben Zion Wacholder Professor of Dead Sea Scroll Studies at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University" title="Trinity Western University">Trinity Western University</a> located in Langley, British Columbia, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> It is available on handheld devices through <a href="/wiki/Olive_Tree_Bible_Software" title="Olive Tree Bible Software">Olive Tree Bible Software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logos_Bible_Software" title="Logos Bible Software">Logos Bible Software</a>. The text of almost all of the non-biblical texts was released on CD-ROM by publisher E.J. Brill in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-maxwellinstitute.byu.edu-121">[121]</a> The 2,400 page, 6-volume series, was assembled by an editorial team led by <a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Parry" title="Donald W. Parry">Donald W. Parry</a> and Emanuel Tov.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Unlike the text translations in the physical publication, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, the texts are sorted by genres that include religious law, parabiblical texts, calendrical and sapiental texts, and poetic and liturgical works.<a href="#cite_note-maxwellinstitute.byu.edu-121">[121]</a> On 25 September 2011 the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> Digital Dead Sea Scrolls site went online.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> It gives users access to searchable, high-resolution images of the scrolls, as well as short explanatory videos and background information on the texts and their history. As of May 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&action=edit">[update]</a>, five complete scrolls from the Israel Museum have been digitized for the project and are accessible online: the Great Isaiah Scroll, the Community Rule Scroll, the Commentary on Habakkuk Scroll, the Temple Scroll, and the War Scroll. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_significance">Biblical significance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Biblical manuscript</a></div> Before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the oldest Hebrew-language manuscripts of the Bible were <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic texts</a> dating to the 10th century CE, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Today, the oldest known extant manuscripts of the Masoretic Text date from approximately the 9th century. The biblical manuscripts found among the Dead Sea Scrolls push that date back more than a millennium to the 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> This was a significant discovery for Old Testament scholars who anticipated that the Dead Sea Scrolls would either affirm or repudiate the reliability of textual transmission from the original texts to the oldest Masoretic texts at hand. The discovery demonstrated the unusual accuracy of transmission over a thousand-year period, rendering it reasonable to believe that current Old Testament texts are reliable copies of the original works. According to The Dead Sea Scrolls by Hebrew scholar Millar Burrows <blockquote>Of the 166 words in Isaiah 53, there are only seventeen letters in question. Ten of these letters are simply a matter of spelling, which does not affect the sense. Four more letters are minor stylistic changes, such as conjunctions. The remaining three letters comprise the word "light," which is added in verse 11, and does not affect the meaning greatly.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></blockquote> Differences were found among fragments of texts. According to The Oxford Companion to Archaeology: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">While some of the Qumran biblical manuscripts are nearly identical to the Masoretic, or traditional, Hebrew text of the Old Testament, some manuscripts of the books of Exodus and Samuel found in Cave Four exhibit dramatic differences in both language and content. In their astonishing range of textual variants, the Qumran biblical discoveries have prompted scholars to reconsider the once-accepted theories of the development of the modern biblical text from only three manuscript families: of the Masoretic text, of the Hebrew original of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>. It is now becoming increasingly clear that the Old Testament scripture was extremely fluid until <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">its canonization</a> around A.D. 100.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></blockquote>The majority of the texts found is non-biblical in nature and were thought to be insignificant for understanding the composition or canonization of the biblical books, but a consensus has emerged which sees many of these works as being collected by the Essene community instead of being composed by them.<a href="#cite_note-DávidLange2012-129">[129]</a> Scholars now recognize that some of these works were composed earlier than the Essene period, when some of the biblical books were still being written or redacted into their final form.<a href="#cite_note-DávidLange2012-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_books_found">Biblical books found</h3></div> There are 235 biblical texts, including 10 <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a>, included in the Dead Sea Scroll documents, or around 22% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-AbeggFlint2012-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-DSS-Bible-14">[14]</a> The Dead Sea Scrolls contain parts of all but one of the books of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">protocanon</a>. They also include four of the deuterocanonical books included in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Bibles: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> 6 (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter or Epistle of Jeremiah</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AbeggFlint2012-130">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> has not yet been found, and scholars believe Esther is missing because, as a Jew, her marriage to a <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> king may have been looked down upon by the inhabitants of Qumran,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> or because the book has the <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> festival which is not included in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar#The_Qumran_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Qumran calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">[19]</a>: 180  Listed below are the most represented books, along with the deuterocanonicals, of the Bible found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including the number of translatable Dead Sea texts that represent a copy of scripture from each biblical book:<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 25%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Number found </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deuteronomy</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Enoch</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isaiah</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jubilees</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Numbers</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minor_Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Prophets">Minor Prophets</a></td> <td>10<a href="#cite_note-135">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tobit</td> <td>5<a href="#cite_note-137">[note 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Samuel">Samuel</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></td> <td>4<a href="#cite_note-Rezetko-138">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs (Canticles)</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sirach</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joshua</td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum_exhibitions_and_displays">Museum exhibitions and displays</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Photo_of_the_Day,_Admiral_Mike_Mullen_and_Lt._Gen._Benny_Gantz_Visit_Shrine_of_the_Book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Photo_of_the_Day%2C_Admiral_Mike_Mullen_and_Lt._Gen._Benny_Gantz_Visit_Shrine_of_the_Book.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Photo_of_the_Day%2C_Admiral_Mike_Mullen_and_Lt._Gen._Benny_Gantz_Visit_Shrine_of_the_Book.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Photo_of_the_Day%2C_Admiral_Mike_Mullen_and_Lt._Gen._Benny_Gantz_Visit_Shrine_of_the_Book.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Photo_of_the_Day%2C_Admiral_Mike_Mullen_and_Lt._Gen._Benny_Gantz_Visit_Shrine_of_the_Book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Photo_of_the_Day%2C_Admiral_Mike_Mullen_and_Lt._Gen._Benny_Gantz_Visit_Shrine_of_the_Book.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Photo_of_the_Day%2C_Admiral_Mike_Mullen_and_Lt._Gen._Benny_Gantz_Visit_Shrine_of_the_Book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Visitors examining Dead Sea Scrolls displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a> in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strip_of_the_Copper_Scroll_from_Qumran_Cave_3_written_in_the_Hebrew_Mishnaic_dialect,_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum,_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Strip_of_the_Copper_Scroll_from_Qumran_Cave_3_written_in_the_Hebrew_Mishnaic_dialect%2C_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/220px-Strip_of_the_Copper_Scroll_from_Qumran_Cave_3_written_in_the_Hebrew_Mishnaic_dialect%2C_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Strip_of_the_Copper_Scroll_from_Qumran_Cave_3_written_in_the_Hebrew_Mishnaic_dialect%2C_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/330px-Strip_of_the_Copper_Scroll_from_Qumran_Cave_3_written_in_the_Hebrew_Mishnaic_dialect%2C_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Strip_of_the_Copper_Scroll_from_Qumran_Cave_3_written_in_the_Hebrew_Mishnaic_dialect%2C_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/440px-Strip_of_the_Copper_Scroll_from_Qumran_Cave_3_written_in_the_Hebrew_Mishnaic_dialect%2C_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Strip of the Copper Scroll from Qumran Cave 3 written in the Hebrew Mishnaic dialect, on display at the Jordan Museum, Amman</figcaption></figure> Small portions of the Dead Sea Scrolls collections have been put on temporary display in exhibitions at museums and public venues around the world. The majority of these exhibitions took place in 1965 in the United States and the United Kingdom and from 1993 to 2011 in locations around the world. Many of the exhibitions were co-sponsored by either the Jordanian government (pre-1967) or the Israeli government (post-1967). Exhibitions were discontinued after 1965 due to the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> conflicts and have slowed down in post-2011 as the IAA works to digitize the scrolls and place them in permanent cold storage. The majority of the Dead Sea Scrolls collection was moved to Jerusalem's <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a> (a part of the Israel Museum) after the building's completion in April 1965.<a href="#cite_note-EC-139">[137]</a> The museum falls under the auspices of the IAA. The permanent exhibition at the museum features a reproduction of the Great Isaiah Scroll, surrounded by reproductions of other fragments that include Community Rule, the War Scroll, and the Thanksgiving Psalms Scroll.<a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3s-141">[139]</a> Some of the collection held by the Jordanian government prior to 1967 was stored in Amman rather than at the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum" title="Rockefeller Archeological Museum">Palestine Archaeological Museum</a> in East Jerusalem. As a consequence, that part of the collection remained in Jordanian hands under their Department of Antiquities. Since 2013, the part of the collection held by Jordan has been on display at <a href="/wiki/The_Jordan_Museum" title="The Jordan Museum">The Jordan Museum</a> in Amman.<a href="#cite_note-The_new_Jordan_Museum-142">[140]</a> Among the display items are artefacts from the Qumran site and the Copper Scroll.<a href="#cite_note-:4-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership">Ownership</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSS_ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/DSS_ad.jpg/220px-DSS_ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fe/DSS_ad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement in The Wall Street Journal dated 1 June 1954 for four of the "Dead Sea Scrolls"</figcaption></figure> Upon their discovery in 1947 in what was then <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, the Dead Sea Scrolls were first moved to the Palestine Archaeological Museum. Following the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian annexation of the West Bank</a> (including <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>) in the aftermath of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the museum's management become the responsibility of Jordan. Following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Arab–Israeli War</a>, Jordan was defeated and Israel began to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">occupy the West Bank and East Jerusalem</a>. The Palestine Archeological Museum (renamed the Rockefeller Archeological Museum) fell under Israeli administration, and the Dead Sea Scrolls collection held there was moved to the Shrine of the Book.<a href="#cite_note-EC-139">[137]</a> Israel claims ownership of the Dead Sea Scrolls collection currently housed at the Israel Museum. This claimed ownership is contested by both Jordan and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Parties involved</th> <th>Party role</th> <th>Explanation of role </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 150px;">Jordan</td> <td style="width: 150px;">Disputant; minority owner</td> <td>Alleges that the Dead Sea Scrolls were stolen from the Palestine Archaeological Museum (now the Rockefeller Museum) operated by Jordan from 1966 until the Six-Day War when advancing Israeli forces took control of the museum, and that therefore they fall under the rules of the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict" title="Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict">Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Jordan regularly demands their return and petitions third-party countries that host the scrolls to return them to Jordan instead of to Israel, claiming they have legal documents that prove Jordanian ownership of the scrolls.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td>Disputant; current majority holder</td> <td>After the Six-Day War Israel seized the scrolls and moved them to the Shrine of the Book in the Israel Museum. Israel disputes Jordan's claim and states that Jordan never lawfully possessed the scrolls since it was an unlawful occupier of the museum and region.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palestine</td> <td>Disputant</td> <td>The Palestinian Authority also claims ownership of the scrolls.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forgeries_and_claimed_private_ownership">Forgeries and claimed private ownership</h3></div> Arrangements with the Bedouins left the scrolls in the hands of a third party until a profitable sale of them could be negotiated. That third party, George Isha'ya, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, who soon contacted <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark_Monastery_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mark Monastery of Jerusalem">St Mark's Monastery</a> in the hope of getting an appraisal of the nature of the texts. News of the find then reached <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, better known as Mar Samuel. After examining the scrolls and suspecting their antiquity, Mar Samuel expressed an interest in purchasing them. Four scrolls found their way into his hands: the Isaiah Scroll (<a href="/wiki/1QIs-a" class="mw-redirect" title="1QIs-a">1QIsaa</a>), the Community Rule, the Habakkuk Pesher (a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">book of Habakkuk</a>), and the Genesis Apocryphon. More scrolls soon surfaced in the antiquities market, and Professor <a href="/wiki/Eleazer_Sukenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazer Sukenik">Eleazer Sukenik</a> and Professor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Benjamin Mazar</a>, archaeologists at Hebrew University, soon found themselves in possession of three, The War Scroll, Thanksgiving Hymns, and another, more fragmented, Isaiah Scroll (1QIsab). Four of the Dead Sea Scrolls eventually went up for sale in an advertisement on 1 June 1954, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> On 1 July 1954, the scrolls, after delicate negotiations and accompanied by three people including Mar Samuel, arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf-Astoria Hotel">Waldorf-Astoria Hotel</a> in New York. They were purchased by Professor Mazar and the son of Professor Sukenik, Yigael Yadin, for $250,000 (approximately $2,800,000 in 2023 dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-152">[150]</a>), and brought to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Since 2002, many forgeries of Dead Sea Scrolls have appeared on black markets.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Bible" title="Museum of the Bible">Museum of the Bible</a> in the United States (also known as <a href="/wiki/Green_Collection" title="Green Collection">Green Collection</a>) reported that all 16 purported "Dead Sea Scroll fragments" they had acquired between 2009 and 2014<a href="#cite_note-history.com-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> were in fact modern forgeries.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of claimed private ownerships of Dead Sea Scroll fragments </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Claimed Owner</th> <th>Year Acquired</th> <th>Number of Fragments/Scrolls Owned </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Pacific_University" title="Azusa Pacific University">Azusa Pacific University</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Institute,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Institute, Chicago">Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary">Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a></td> <td>2009; 2010; 2012</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel Museum – Government of Israel<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a></td> <td>1967</td> <td>> 15,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B8yen_Collection" title="Schøyen Collection">Schøyen Collection</a> owned by Martin Schøyen<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a></td> <td>1980; 1994; 1995</td> <td>115<a href="#cite_note-history.com-155">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Jordan Museum – Government of Jordan<a href="#cite_note-The_new_Jordan_Museum-142">[140]</a></td> <td>1947–1956</td> <td>> 25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syrian Orthodox Church's eastern U.S. archdiocese<a href="#cite_note-Live_Science-165">[163]</a></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashland_Theological_Seminary" title="Ashland Theological Seminary">Ashland Theological Seminary</a><a href="#cite_note-Live_Science-165">[163]</a></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanier_Theological_Library" title="Lanier Theological Library">Lanier Theological Library</a><a href="#cite_note-Live_Science-165">[163]</a></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pasadena Private Collection<a href="#cite_note-Live_Science-165">[163]</a></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_disputes">Copyright disputes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs attention from an expert in law. The specific problem is: Complexity of copyright law surrounding historical documents in the United States and other nations. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Law" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Law">WikiProject Law</a> may be able to help recruit an expert. (June 2012)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There are three types of documents relating to the Dead Sea Scrolls in which copyright status can be considered ambiguous; the documents themselves, images taken of the documents, and reproductions of the documents. This ambiguity arises from differences in <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law across different countries and the variable interpretation of such law. In 1992 a copyright case <a href="/wiki/Qimron_v._Shanks" title="Qimron v. Shanks">Qimron v. Shanks</a> was brought before the Israeli District court by scholar Elisha Qimron against Hershel Shanks of the Biblical Archaeology Society for violations of United States copyright law regarding his publishing of reconstructions of Dead Sea Scroll texts done by Qimron in A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls which were included without his permission. Qimron's suit against the Biblical Archaeology Society was done on the grounds that the research they had published was his intellectual property as he had reconstructed about 40% of the published text. In 1993, the district court Judge <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Dorner" title="Dalia Dorner">Dalia Dorner</a> ruled for the plaintiff, Elisha Qimron, in context of both United States and Israeli copyright law and granted the highest compensation allowed by law for aggravation in compensation against Hershel Shanks and others.<a href="#cite_note-houstonlawreview.org-166">[164]</a> In an appeal in 2000 in front of Judge <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Barak" title="Aharon Barak">Aharon Barak</a>, the verdict was upheld in <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Supreme Court">Israeli Supreme Court</a> in Qimron's favour.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The court case established the two main principles from which facsimiles are examined under copyright law of the United States and Israel: authorship and originality. The court's ruling not only affirms that the "deciphered text" of the scrolls can fall under copyright of individuals or groups, but makes it clear that the Dead Sea Scrolls themselves do not fall under this copyright law and scholars have a degree of, in the words of U.S. copyright law professor <a href="/wiki/David_Nimmer" title="David Nimmer">David Nimmer</a>, "freedom" in access. Nimmer has shown how this freedom was in the theory of law applicable, but how it did not exist in reality as the IAA tightly controlled access to the scrolls and photographs of the scrolls.<a href="#cite_note-houstonlawreview.org-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">Ancient Hebrew writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mysteries" title="Book of Mysteries">Book of Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Lead_Codices" title="Jordan Lead Codices">Jordan Lead Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom_scrolls" title="Ketef Hinnom scrolls">Ketef Hinnom scrolls</a> (7th/6th century BCE), oldest items containing biblical text (a variation of Numbers 6:24–26 etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> 10 Scrolls containing fragments of all 12 of the "Minor Prophets" were found in Cave 4, although no fragment contains portions of more than three prophets.<a href="#cite_note-von_Weissenberg-134">[134]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> There are four Aramaic fragmentary texts of Tobit, and one Hebrew text.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Israel_Museum_Jerusalem-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_Museum_Jerusalem_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_Museum_Jerusalem_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/significance">"The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls: Nature and Significance"</a>. Israel Museum Jerusalem. Retrieved 4 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Digital+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+Nature+and+Significance&rft.pub=Israel+Museum+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdss.collections.imj.org.il%2Fsignificance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSS-2"><a href="#cite_ref-DSS_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dead-Sea-Scrolls">"Dead Sea Scrolls | Definition, Discovery, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls+%7C+Definition%2C+Discovery%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDead-Sea-Scrolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLashGoldsteinShai2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lash, Mordechay; Goldstein, Yossi; Shai, Itzhaq (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fbha-650">"Underground-Archaeological Research in the West Bank, 1947–1968: Management, Complexity, and Israeli Involvement"</a>. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. 30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fbha-650">10.5334/bha-650</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1062-4740">1062-4740</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229403120">229403120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Underground-Archaeological+Research+in+the+West+Bank%2C+1947%E2%80%931968%3A+Management%2C+Complexity%2C+and+Israeli+Involvement&rft.volume=30&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229403120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1062-4740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fbha-650&rft.aulast=Lash&rft.aufirst=Mordechay&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Yossi&rft.au=Shai%2C+Itzhaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fbha-650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuhaimeLabadie2020" class="citation book cs1">Duhaime, Bernard; Labadie, Camille (2020). "Intersections and Cultural Exchange: Archaeology, Culture, International Law and the Legal Travels of the Dead Sea Scrolls". Canada's Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-62015-2_6">10.1007/978-3-319-62015-2_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-62014-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-62014-5"><bdi>978-3-319-62014-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2731-3883">2731-3883</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236757632">236757632</a>. <q>Thus, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan base their claims on territorial aspects (places of discovery of the scrolls), humanitarian (illegal deprivation following the occupation of East Jerusalem by Israel) and legal (they claim to have proof of purchase of several scrolls) while, for its part, Israel's claims are primarily based in religious notions, invoking the sacred history of the Jewish people and recalling that the scrolls discovered in Qumran are, for the majority, the oldest known copies of biblical texts and are therefore of fundamental importance for the historical and religious heritage of Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intersections+and+Cultural+Exchange%3A+Archaeology%2C+Culture%2C+International+Law+and+the+Legal+Travels+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Public+Diplomacy&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Palgrave+Macmillan+Series+in+Global+Public+Diplomacy&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-62015-2_6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236757632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2731-3883&rft.isbn=978-3-319-62014-5&rft.aulast=Duhaime&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Labadie%2C+Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem-5"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602100949/http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/33424">"Hebrew University Archaeologists Find 12th Dead Sea Scrolls Cave"</a>. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/33424">the original</a> on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+University+Archaeologists+Find+12th+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Cave&rft.pub=The+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.huji.ac.il%2Fen%2Farticle%2F33424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahue2017" class="citation web cs1">Donahue, Michelle Z. (10 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083440/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/02/dead-sea-scrolls-cave-discovered-judea-israel-west-bank-forgeries/">"New Dead Sea Scroll Find May Help Detect Forgeries"</a>. nationalgeographic.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/02/dead-sea-scrolls-cave-discovered-judea-israel-west-bank-forgeries/">the original</a> on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalgeographic.com&rft.atitle=New+Dead+Sea+Scroll+Find+May+Help+Detect+Forgeries&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=Michelle+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2017%2F02%2Fdead-sea-scrolls-cave-discovered-judea-israel-west-bank-forgeries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfri2009" class="citation news cs1">Ofri, Ilani (13 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106121620/https://www.haaretz.com/scholar-the-essenes-dead-sea-scroll-authors-never-existed-1.272034">"Scholar: The Essenes, Dead Sea Scroll 'authors,' never existed"</a>. Ha'aretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/scholar-the-essenes-dead-sea-scroll-authors-never-existed-1.272034">the original</a> on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ha%27aretz&rft.atitle=Scholar%3A+The+Essenes%2C+Dead+Sea+Scroll+%27authors%2C%27+never+existed&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft.aulast=Ofri&rft.aufirst=Ilani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fscholar-the-essenes-dead-sea-scroll-authors-never-existed-1.272034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-golb-2009-8"><a href="#cite_ref-golb-2009_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolb2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Golb, Norman</a> (5 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/jerusalem_origin_dss.pdf">"On the Jerusalem Origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">University of Chicago Oriental Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610094416/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/jerusalem_origin_dss.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Jerusalem+Origin+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=2009-06-05&rft.aulast=Golb&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fpdf%2Fjerusalem_origin_dss.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes1977" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (1977). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Qumran in Perspective. London: Collins. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002161428" title="Special:BookSources/978-0002161428"><bdi>978-0002161428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls.+Qumran+in+Perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0002161428&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/learn-about-the-scrolls/languages-and-scripts">"Languages and Scripts"</a>. Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Scripts&rft.pub=Leon+Levy+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadseascrolls.org.il%2Flearn-about-the-scrolls%2Flanguages-and-scripts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2008" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Rory (27 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/27/israel">"From papyrus to cyberspace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222091723/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/27/israel">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+papyrus+to+cyberspace&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Faug%2F27%2Fisrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSSDL-Intro-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSSDL-Intro_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSSDL-Intro_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/learn-about-the-scrolls/introduction">"The Digital Library: Introduction"</a>. Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Digital+Library%3A+Introduction&rft.pub=Leon+Levy+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadseascrolls.org.il%2Flearn-about-the-scrolls%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Leaney, A.R.C. From Judaean Caves: The Story of the Dead Sea Scrolls. p. 27, Religious Education Press, 1961. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-DSS-Bible-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSS-Bible_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSS-Bible_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbegg,_Jr.FlintUlrich2002" class="citation book cs1">Abegg, Jr., Martin; Flint, Peter; <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Ulrich, Eugene</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/B-001-001-932">The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: The Oldest Known Bible Translated for the First Time into English</a>. San Francisco: Harper. pp. xiv–xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060600640" title="Special:BookSources/0060600640"><bdi>0060600640</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Bible%3A+The+Oldest+Known+Bible+Translated+for+the+First+Time+into+English&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=xiv-xvii&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0060600640&rft.aulast=Abegg%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Flint%2C+Peter&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FB-001-001-932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualreligion.net/iho/dss.html#ASOR">"Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. virtualreligion.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205180008/http://virtualreligion.net/iho/dss.html#ASOR">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2005. Retrieved 25 January 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=virtualreligion.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvirtualreligion.net%2Fiho%2Fdss.html%23ASOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Humphries, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl4a.org/uploads/pdf/Early%20Christianity.pdf">Early Christianity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214110659/http://dl4a.org/uploads/pdf/Early%20Christianity.pdf">Archived</a> 14 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-Guide-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans-Guide_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans-Guide_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2010" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (2010). Holman's Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville: Holmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4852-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4852-8"><bdi>978-0-8054-4852-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holman%27s+Guide+to+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Holmans&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4852-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrever2003" class="citation book cs1">Trever, John C. (2003). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Personal Account. Piscataway: Gorgias Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593330422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593330422"><bdi>978-1593330422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+A+Personal+Account&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1593330422&rft.aulast=Trever&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanderKamFlint2005-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanderKamFlint2005_19-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKamFlint2005" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James; Flint, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBMXnB4CRpUC">The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their Significance For Understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity</a>. A&C Black. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567084682" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567084682"><bdi>978-0567084682</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009053317/http://books.google.com/books?id=SBMXnB4CRpUC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+Their+Significance+For+Understanding+the+Bible%2C+Judaism%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Christianity&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0567084682&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Flint%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBMXnB4CRpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblicaltheology.com-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biblicaltheology.com_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-biblicaltheology.com_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-biblicaltheology.com_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-biblicaltheology.com_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.S.L._Frantisek_Trstensky" class="citation web cs1">S.S.L. Frantisek Trstensky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326092939/http://biblicaltheology.com/Research/TrstenskyF01.pdf">"The Archaeological Site of Qumran and the Personality of Roland De Vaux"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicaltheology.com/Research/TrstenskyF01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Archaeological+Site+of+Qumran+and+the+Personality+of+Roland+De+Vaux&rft.au=S.S.L.+Frantisek+Trstensky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicaltheology.com%2FResearch%2FTrstenskyF01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanderkam-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderkam_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderkam_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderkam_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderkam_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderkam_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderkam_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderkam_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanderkam_21-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKam1994" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James C. (1994). The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802807366" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802807366"><bdi>978-0802807366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Today&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0802807366&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnosis.org-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnosis.org_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnosis.org_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnosis.org_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030816214926/http://www.gnosis.org/library/dss/dss_timeline.htm">"Dead Sea Scrolls: Timetable"</a>. The Gnostic Society Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/dss/dss_timeline.htm">the original</a> on 16 August 2003. Retrieved 23 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+Timetable&rft.pub=The+Gnostic+Society+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Flibrary%2Fdss%2Fdss_timeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/discovery">"Digital Dead Sea Scrolls at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem – Discovery"</a>. Retrieved 4 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+at+the+Israel+Museum%2C+Jerusalem+%E2%80%93+Discovery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdss.collections.imj.org.il%2Fdiscovery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibAnn-24"><a href="#cite_ref-LibAnn_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYizhar_Hirschfeld2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yizhar_Hirschfeld" title="Yizhar Hirschfeld">Yizhar Hirschfeld</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517184932/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA52/LA52247Hirschfeld_Qumran.pdf">"Qumran in the Second Temple Period: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence"</a> (PDF). Liber Annuus. 52: 279–281. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/LA52/LA52247Hirschfeld_Qumran.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2016. <q>Some of these caves, such as 4 and 5, are located ca. 160 yd from the site, while others, such as 1, 2, 3 and 11, are at a distance of 1 mile to its north (Fig. 12)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liber+Annuus&rft.atitle=Qumran+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Reassessing+the+Archaeological+Evidence.&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=279-281&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Yizhar+Hirschfeld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fofm%2Fsbf%2FBooks%2FLA52%2FLA52247Hirschfeld_Qumran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Martinez/Tigchelaar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7xcvitgyGmgU0sxOVV3SXVBZTQ/view?usp=sharing">The Dead Sea Scrolls Edition</a>, Caves 1 to 11 & more (Enoch Aramaic fragments and translation by Milik: Hénoc au pays des aromates, pp. 413, 425, 430) </li> <li id="cite_note-Q12_2017-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Q12_2017_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Q12_2017_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209094500/http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/33424">"Hebrew University Archaeologists Find 12th Dead Sea Scrolls Cave"</a> (Press release). Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 8 February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/33424">the original</a> on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+University+Archaeologists+Find+12th+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Cave&rft.pub=Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.huji.ac.il%2Fen%2Farticle%2F33424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKernan-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKernan_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKernan_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernan2017" class="citation web cs1">McKernan, Bethan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/new-dead-sea-scrolls-cave-discovered-archaelogists-artefacts-2000-year-old-antiquities-west-bank-a7571696.html">"New Dead Sea Scrolls cave filled with ancient artefacts discovered for first time in 60 years"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115211657/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/new-dead-sea-scrolls-cave-discovered-archaelogists-artefacts-2000-year-old-antiquities-west-bank-a7571696.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=New+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+cave+filled+with+ancient+artefacts+discovered+for+first+time+in+60+years&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fnew-dead-sea-scrolls-cave-discovered-archaelogists-artefacts-2000-year-old-antiquities-west-bank-a7571696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Associated_Press-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Associated_Press_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZion2021" class="citation web cs1">Zion, Ilan (16 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/new-dead-sea-scrolls-israel-19844d3eb208190914182e78d9d79aac">"Israeli experts announce discovery of more Dead Sea scrolls"</a>. APNews. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APNews&rft.atitle=Israeli+experts+announce+discovery+of+more+Dead+Sea+scrolls&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft.aulast=Zion&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fnew-dead-sea-scrolls-israel-19844d3eb208190914182e78d9d79aac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-israel-finds-new-dead-sea-scroll-first-such-discovery-in-60-years-1.9621317">"Israel Finds New Dead Sea Scrolls, First Such Discovery in 60 Years"</a>. Haaretz. 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+Finds+New+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%2C+First+Such+Discovery+in+60+Years&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Farchaeology%2F.premium-israel-finds-new-dead-sea-scroll-first-such-discovery-in-60-years-1.9621317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2021" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (16 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/16/world/middleeast/dead-sea-scrolls-israel.html">"Israel Reveals Newly Discovered Fragments of Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+Reveals+Newly+Discovered+Fragments+of+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F03%2F16%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fdead-sea-scrolls-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/dead-sea-scrolls-discoveries-are-first-ancient-bible-texts-be-n1261182">"Newly discovered fragments of Dead Sea Scrolls reveal hidden ancient Bible texts"</a>. NBC News. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Newly+discovered+fragments+of+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+reveal+hidden+ancient+Bible+texts&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fdead-sea-scrolls-discoveries-are-first-ancient-bible-texts-be-n1261182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseAbegg_Jr.Cook2005" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Michael; Abegg Jr., Martin; Cook, Edward (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise">The Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. New York: Harper San Francisco. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/n26">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060766627" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060766627"><bdi>978-0060766627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Harper+San+Francisco&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0060766627&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Abegg+Jr.%2C+Martin&rft.au=Cook%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadseascrollsne00wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7xcvitgyGmgamt2dVRoX3dHdGM/view">Les manuscrits de la Mer Morte avec textes originaux traduits en français par I. Fortunato)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geza_Vermes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Vermes">Vermes, Geza</a> (1998). The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. London, England: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024501-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-024501-4"><bdi>0-14-024501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+in+English&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-14-024501-4&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1951-1110-1">British Museum Collection</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.S.L._Frantisek_Trstensky" class="citation web cs1">S.S.L. Frantisek Trstensky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicaltheology.com/Research/TrstenskyF01.pdf">"The Archaeological Site Of Qumran and the Personality Of Roland De Vaux"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 22 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Archaeological+Site+Of+Qumran+and+the+Personality+Of+Roland+De+Vaux&rft.au=S.S.L.+Frantisek+Trstensky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicaltheology.com%2FResearch%2FTrstenskyF01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/dss/dss_timeline.htm">"Dead Sea Scrolls: Timetable"</a>. The Gnostic Society Library. Retrieved 23 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+Timetable&rft.pub=The+Gnostic+Society+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Flibrary%2Fdss%2Fdss_timeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Milik (1957). "Dix ans de découverte dans le désert de Juda" | Discoveries in the Judaean Desert; Milik (1976). The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments Qumran Cave 4 with the collaboration of Black M. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Baillet, Maurice ed. Les 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân (ed., vol. 3 of Discoveries in the Judaean Desert; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 144–145, pl. XXX. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Muro, Ernest A., "The Greek Fragments of Enoch from Qumran Cave 7 (7Q4, 7Q8, &7Q12 = 7QEn gr = Enoch 103:3–4, 7–8)," Revue de Qumran 18 no. 70 (1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Puech, Émile, "Sept fragments grecs de la Lettre d'Hénoch (1 Hén 100, 103, 105) dans la grotte 7 de Qumrân (= 7QHén gr)," Revue de Qumran 18 no. 70 (1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_41-1">b</a> Humbert and Chambon, Excavations of Khirbet Qumran and Ain Feshkha, 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-Garcia_Martinez_1999-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garcia_Martinez_1999_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garcia_Martinez_1999_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinezTigchelaar1995" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, Florentino Garcia; Tigchelaar, Eibert J.C. (1995). The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802844934" title="Special:BookSources/9780802844934"><bdi>9780802844934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Study+Edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780802844934&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Florentino+Garcia&rft.au=Tigchelaar%2C+Eibert+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzmyer-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer2008" class="citation book cs1">Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC">A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 104, 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802862419" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802862419"><bdi>978-0802862419</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115180557/https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Guide_to_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_and_Rela.html?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+Related+Literature&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=104%2C+109&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0802862419&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTILXeWJ2eNAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Baillet ed. Les 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân (ed.), 147–162, pl. XXXIXXXV. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Stegemann, Hartmut. "The Qumran Essenes: Local Members of the Main Jewish Union in Late Second Temple Times." pp. 83–166 in The Madrid Qumran Congress: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Madrid, 18–21 March 1991, Edited by J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner. Vol. 11 of Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Leiden: Brill, 1992. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks1994" class="citation web cs1">Shanks, Hershel (July–August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706065646/https://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/dead-sea-scrolls-12.asp">"An Interview with John Strugnell"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/dead-sea-scrolls-12.asp">the original</a> on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+John+Strugnell&rft.date=1994-07%2F1994-08&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Hershel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib-arch.org%2Fonline-exclusives%2Fdead-sea-scrolls-12.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman,_Maxine_2010-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman,_Maxine_2010_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman,_Maxine_2010_47-1">b</a> Grossman, Maxine. Rediscovering the Dead Sea Scrolls. pp. 66–67. 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe-Looijer2013" class="citation thesis cs1">De-Looijer, G. A. M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728001717/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7727/">The Qumran paradigm: A critical evaluation of some foundational hypotheses in the construction of the 'Qumran Sect</a> (Doctoral). PhD Thesis, Durham University. pp. 1–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7727/">the original</a> on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Qumran+paradigm%3A+A+critical+evaluation+of+some+foundational+hypotheses+in+the+construction+of+the+%27Qumran+Sect.&rft.inst=PhD+Thesis%2C+Durham+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=De-Looijer&rft.aufirst=G.+A.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.dur.ac.uk%2F7727%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> de Vaux, Roland, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1959). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Milik, Józef Tadeusz, Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judea, London: SCM, 1959. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> For Sowmy, see: Trever, John C., The Untold Story of Qumran, (Westwood: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1965), p. 25. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Schiffman, Lawrence H., Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: their True Meaning for Judaism and Christianity, Anchor Bible Reference Library (Doubleday) 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> O'Callaghan–Martínez, Josep, Cartas Cristianas Griegas del Siglo V, Barcelona: E. Balmes, 1963.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Eisenman, Robert H. James, the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls. 1st American ed. New York: Viking, 1997. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Chernoivanenko, Vitaly. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.ukma.edu.ua/docs/faculty/chernoivanenko/publications/chernoivanenko_jerusalem-theoryen.pdf">The Jerusalem Theory of the Dead Sea Scrolls Authorship: Origins, Evolution, and Discussions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317215902/http://history.ukma.edu.ua/docs/faculty/chernoivanenko/publications/chernoivanenko_jerusalem-theoryen.pdf">Archived</a> 17 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," in Ukrainian Orientalistics: Special Issue on Jewish Studies, Кyiv: NaUKMA Omeljan Pritsak Center for Oriental Studies, 2011: 9–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Rengstorf, Karl Heinrich. Hirbet Qumran und die Bibliothek vom Toten Meer. Translated by J.R. Wilkie. Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, 1960.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Golb, Norman, "On the Jerusalem Origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls", University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 5 June 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Golb, Norman, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? The Search for the Secret of Qumran, New York: Scribner, 1995.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Hirschfeld, Yizhar, Qumran in Context: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence, Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2004. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYizhakPeleg2007" class="citation web cs1">Yizhak, Magen; Peleg, Yuval (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/images/shop/jsp/JSP6_Qumran_color.pdf">"The Qumran Excavations 1993–2004: Preliminary Report, JSP 6"</a> (PDF). Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128071000/http://www.antiquities.org.il/images/shop/jsp/JSP6_Qumran_color.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Qumran+Excavations+1993%E2%80%932004%3A+Preliminary+Report%2C+JSP+6&rft.pub=Jerusalem%3A+Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Yizhak&rft.aufirst=Magen&rft.au=Peleg%2C+Yuval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2Fimages%2Fshop%2Fjsp%2FJSP6_Qumran_color.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Doudna, G. "Carbon-14 Dating", in Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Schiffman, Lawrence, Tov, Emanuel, & VanderKam, James, eds., Vol. 1 (Oxford: 2000).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_62-1">b</a> Grossman, Maxine. "Rediscovering the Dead Sea Scrolls." pp. 48–51. 2010. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Schofield, Alison. "From Qumran to the Yahad." p. 81. 2009. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Nir-El_and_Broshi_black-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Nir-El_and_Broshi_black_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNir-ElBroshi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nir-El, Yoram; Broshi, Magen (2009). "The Black Ink of the Qumran Scrolls". Dead Sea Discoveries. 3 (2): 157–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851796X00183">10.1163/156851796X00183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4201558">4201558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dead+Sea+Discoveries&rft.atitle=The+Black+Ink+of+the+Qumran+Scrolls&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-167&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851796X00183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4201558%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nir-El&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft.au=Broshi%2C+Magen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nir-El_and_Broshi_red-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nir-El_and_Broshi_red_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nir-El_and_Broshi_red_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNir-ElBroshi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nir-El, Yoram; Broshi, Magen (2007). "The Red Ink of the Dead Sea Scrolls". Archaeometry. 38 (1): 97–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.1996.tb00763.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.1996.tb00763.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=The+Red+Ink+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.1996.tb00763.x&rft.aulast=Nir-El&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft.au=Broshi%2C+Magen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itsgila.com-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itsgila.com_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itsgila.com_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itsgila.com_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130426194314/http://www.itsgila.com/headlinerscrolls.htm">"Shepherds, Scholars and the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. itsgila.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itsgila.com/headlinerscrolls.htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shepherds%2C+Scholars+and+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=itsgila.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itsgila.com%2Fheadlinerscrolls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magness,_Jodi_P.33-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magness,_Jodi_P.33_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magness,_Jodi_P.33_67-1">b</a> Magness, Jodi. The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls. p. 33. 2002.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> McFarlane, Callie. A Clear Destiny. p. 126. 2011.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-aaas.org-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aaas.org_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaas.org_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommers2006" class="citation web cs1">Sommers, Benjamin (8 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091013213623/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/1108scrolls.shtml">"Scientists Decode Dead Sea Scrolls with DNA and Infrared Digital Photography"</a>. AAAS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/1108scrolls.shtml">the original</a> on 13 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientists+Decode+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+with+DNA+and+Infrared+Digital+Photography&rft.pub=AAAS&rft.date=2006-11-08&rft.aulast=Sommers&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2006%2F1108scrolls.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/history/dead-sea-scrolls-protons.html">"Dead Sea Scrolls Made Locally, Tests Show"</a>. Discovery. 10 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814115417/http://news.discovery.com/history/dead-sea-scrolls-protons.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Made+Locally%2C+Tests+Show&rft.pub=Discovery&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fhistory%2Fdead-sea-scrolls-protons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scrolls/dead.html">"The Dead Sea"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120093414/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scrolls/dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fscrolls%2Fdead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224004/http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Saving_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_for_the_Next_2000_Years%2C_Dodo_Joseph_Shenhav%2C_Biblical_Archaeology_Review%2C_Jul/Aug_1981">"Saving the Dead Sea Scrolls for the Next 2000 Years, Dodo Joseph Shenhav, Biblical Archaeology Review, Jul/Aug 1981 – CojsWiki"</a>. cojs.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Saving_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_for_the_Next_2000_Years,_Dodo_Joseph_Shenhav,_Biblical_Archaeology_Review,_Jul/Aug_1981">the original</a> on 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cojs.org&rft.atitle=Saving+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+for+the+Next+2000+Years%2C+Dodo+Joseph+Shenhav%2C+Biblical+Archaeology+Review%2C+Jul%2FAug+1981+%E2%80%93+CojsWiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fcojswiki%2FSaving_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls_for_the_Next_2000_Years%2C_Dodo_Joseph_Shenhav%2C_Biblical_Archaeology_Review%2C_Jul%2FAug_1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-antiquities.org.il-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antiquities.org.il_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquities.org.il_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquities.org.il_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquities.org.il_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquities.org.il_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquities.org.il_73-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquities.org.il_73-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPnina_Shor" class="citation web cs1">Pnina Shor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523101658/http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=522">"Conservation of the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=522">the original</a> on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.au=Pnina+Shor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2Farticle_Item_eng.asp%3Fsec_id%3D17%26sub_subj_id%3D522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrows,_Millar_1958-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows,_Millar_1958_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows,_Millar_1958_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows,_Millar_1958_74-2">c</a> Burrows, Millar. More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls. 1958.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-RockefellerHist-75"><a href="#cite_ref-RockefellerHist_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005201100/http://www.imj.org.il/rockefeller/eng/Establishment.html">"West meets East – The Story of the Rockefeller Museum"</a>. imj.org.il. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imj.org.il/rockefeller/eng/Establishment.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imj.org.il&rft.atitle=West+meets+East+%E2%80%93+The+Story+of+the+Rockefeller+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imj.org.il%2Frockefeller%2Feng%2FEstablishment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzmyer1992-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer1992_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer1992_76-1">b</a> Fitzmyer, Joseph A. Responses to 101 Questions on the Dead Sea Scrolls. 1992.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/science/nine-unopened-dead-sea-scrolls-found/">"Nine unopened Dead Sea Scrolls found"</a>. Fox News. 24 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313070303/http://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/03/13/nine-unopened-dead-sea-scrolls-found/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Nine+unopened+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+found&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fscience%2Fnine-unopened-dead-sea-scrolls-found%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314000426/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/culture/2014/02/27/Nine-manuscripts-biblical-text-unearthed-Qumran_10153990.html">"Nine manuscripts with biblical text unearthed in Qumran"</a>. ANSAmed. 27 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/culture/2014/02/27/Nine-manuscripts-biblical-text-unearthed-Qumran_10153990.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANSAmed&rft.atitle=Nine+manuscripts+with+biblical+text+unearthed+in+Qumran&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansamed.info%2Fansamed%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsections%2Fculture%2F2014%2F02%2F27%2FNine-manuscripts-biblical-text-unearthed-Qumran_10153990.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531102302/http://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/dead-sea-scrolls-04.asp">"Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/dead-sea-scrolls-04.asp">the original</a> on 31 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib-arch.org%2Fonline-exclusives%2Fdead-sea-scrolls-04.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Israel Antiquities Authority Personnel Records. Dated 1952 and 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeven2008" class="citation journal cs1">Verhoeven, G. (2008). "Imaging the invisible using modified digital still cameras for straightforward and low-cost archaeological near-infrared photography". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (12): 3087–3100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JArSc..35.3087V">2008JArSc..35.3087V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2008.06.012">10.1016/j.jas.2008.06.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Imaging+the+invisible+using+modified+digital+still+cameras+for+straightforward+and+low-cost+archaeological+near-infrared+photography&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3087-3100&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2008.06.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JArSc..35.3087V&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Dorrell, Peter G. Photography in Archaeology and Conservation 2nd Edition. 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> American Schools of Oriental Research. The Biblical Archaeologist. Volumes 55–56. 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Shanks, Hershel. Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls: And Other Adventures of an Archaeology Outsider (2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa.gov-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/scrolls.html">"Seeing into the Past"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503075726/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/scrolls.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seeing+into+the+Past&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fvision%2Fearth%2Ftechnologies%2Fscrolls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Other_Ancient_Documents_1675-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Other_Ancient_Documents_1675_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Other_Ancient_Documents_1675_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527084809/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/35946/1/93-1675.pdf">"Multi-Spectral Digital Imaging of Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Ancient Documents"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/35946/1/93-1675.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-Spectral+Digital+Imaging+of+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+Other+Ancient+Documents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2014%2F35946%2F1%2F93-1675.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibmanBitlerShor" class="citation web cs1">Libman, Elena; Bitler, Tania; Shor, Pnina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121142607/http://antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=391&id=760">"Conservation, Science and Scholarly Collaboration"</a>. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=391&id=760">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservation%2C+Science+and+Scholarly+Collaboration&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.aulast=Libman&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Bitler%2C+Tania&rft.au=Shor%2C+Pnina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2Farticle_Item_eng.asp%3Fsec_id%3D17%26sub_subj_id%3D391%26id%3D760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2012" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Eyal (18 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130101114104/http://googleblog.blogspot.co.il/2012/12/in-beginningbringing-scrolls-of-genesis.html">"Official Blog: "In the beginning"... bringing the scrolls of Genesis and the Ten Commandments online"</a>. Googleblog.blogspot.co.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.co.il/2012/12/in-beginningbringing-scrolls-of-genesis.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Blog%3A+%22In+the+beginning%22...+bringing+the+scrolls+of+Genesis+and+the+Ten+Commandments+online&rft.pub=Googleblog.blogspot.co.il&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleblog.blogspot.co.il%2F2012%2F12%2Fin-beginningbringing-scrolls-of-genesis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSSDL-Main-89"><a href="#cite_ref-DSSDL-Main_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il">"Dead seascrolls.org/il"</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+seascrolls.org%2Fil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadseascrolls.org.il&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/about-the-project/the-digital-library">"The Digital Library: About the Project"</a>. The Dead Sea Scrolls. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Digital+Library%3A+About+the+Project&rft.pub=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadseascrolls.org.il%2Fabout-the-project%2Fthe-digital-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnavaNeuhofGingoldSagy2020" class="citation journal cs1">Anava, Sarit; Neuhof, Moran; Gingold, Hila; Sagy, Or; Munters, Arielle; Svensson, Emma M.; Afshinnekoo, Ebrahim; Danko, David; Foox, Jonathan; Shor, Pnina; Riestra, Beatriz; Huchon, Dorothée; Mason, Christopher E.; Mizrahi, Noam; Jakobsson, Mattias; Rechavi, Oded (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.046">"Illuminating Genetic Mysteries of the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Cell. 181 (6): 1218–1231.e27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.046">10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32492404">32492404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219300081">219300081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Illuminating+Genetic+Mysteries+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1218-1231.e27&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219300081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32492404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.046&rft.aulast=Anava&rft.aufirst=Sarit&rft.au=Neuhof%2C+Moran&rft.au=Gingold%2C+Hila&rft.au=Sagy%2C+Or&rft.au=Munters%2C+Arielle&rft.au=Svensson%2C+Emma+M.&rft.au=Afshinnekoo%2C+Ebrahim&rft.au=Danko%2C+David&rft.au=Foox%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Shor%2C+Pnina&rft.au=Riestra%2C+Beatriz&rft.au=Huchon%2C+Doroth%C3%A9e&rft.au=Mason%2C+Christopher+E.&rft.au=Mizrahi%2C+Noam&rft.au=Jakobsson%2C+Mattias&rft.au=Rechavi%2C+Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2020.04.046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-dna-unlocks-the-secrets-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls-1.8897769">"DNA Unlocks the Secrets of the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613043300/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-dna-unlocks-the-secrets-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls-1.8897769">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=DNA+Unlocks+the+Secrets+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-dna-unlocks-the-secrets-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls-1.8897769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/project">"Digital Dead Sea Scrolls at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem – The Project"</a>. Retrieved 4 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+at+the+Israel+Museum%2C+Jerusalem+%E2%80%93+The+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdss.collections.imj.org.il%2Fproject&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111014825/http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/09/how-one-photographer-helped-google-digitize-the-dead-sea-scrolls.php">"Welcome to nginx!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/09/how-one-photographer-helped-google-digitize-the-dead-sea-scrolls.php">the original</a> on 11 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+nginx%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidealab.talkingpointsmemo.com%2F2011%2F09%2Fhow-one-photographer-helped-google-digitize-the-dead-sea-scrolls.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131108073851/http://archives.dawn.com/archives/45166">"Archaeology: Fragments of History"</a>. 26 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dawn.com/archives/45166">the original</a> on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Fragments+of+History&rft.date=2009-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dawn.com%2Farchives%2F45166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/resources/FAQ.shtml">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forion.mscc.huji.ac.il%2Fresources%2FFAQ.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay" class="citation web cs1">Day, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501170639/http://www.satsonline.org/userfiles/Day_OriginAndMeaningOfMatthew5.10.pdf">"Those who are persecuted because of righteousness, are those who pursue righteousness: an examination of the origin and meaning Matthew 5:10"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satsonline.org/userfiles/Day_OriginAndMeaningOfMatthew5.10.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Those+who+are+persecuted+because+of+righteousness%2C+are+those+who+pursue+righteousness%3A+an+examination+of+the+origin+and+meaning+Matthew+5%3A10&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satsonline.org%2Fuserfiles%2FDay_OriginAndMeaningOfMatthew5.10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elledge,_C.D_P.88-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elledge,_C.D_P.88_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elledge,_C.D_P.88_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elledge,_C.D_P.88_98-2">c</a> Elledge, C.D. The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls. p. 88. 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-dss-ant-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dss-ant_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dss-ant_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseAbegg_Jr.Cook2005" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Michael O.; Abegg Jr., Martin; Cook, Edward, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise">The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation</a> (revised ed.). New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076662-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076662-7"><bdi>978-0-06-076662-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+A+New+Translation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-076662-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadseascrollsne00wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Reeves, John C. and Kampen, John. Pursuing the Text. pp. 111–112. 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-Glob,_Norman_2012-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glob,_Norman_2012_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glob,_Norman_2012_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glob,_Norman_2012_101-2">c</a> Glob, Norman. Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls. 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiffman,_Lawrence_H._1997-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiffman,_Lawrence_H._1997_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiffman,_Lawrence_H._1997_102-1">b</a> Schiffman, Lawrence H. et al. "The Dead Sea scrolls: fifty years after their discovery: proceedings of the Jerusalem Congress, July 20–25, 1997." 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19910922/1306832/copies-of-dead-sea-scrolls-to-go-public">"Copies of Dead Sea Scrolls To Go Public – Release Would End Scholars' Dispute'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a>. 22 September 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021081134/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19910922&slug=1306832">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Copies+of+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+To+Go+Public+%E2%80%93+Release+Would+End+Scholars%27+Dispute%27&rft.date=1991-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F19910922%2F1306832%2Fcopies-of-dead-sea-scrolls-to-go-public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-orion.mscc.huji.ac.il-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orion.mscc.huji.ac.il_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orion.mscc.huji.ac.il_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519110203/http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/resources/djd.shtml">"DJD Index"</a>. Hebrew University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/resources/djd.shtml">the original</a> on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DJD+Index&rft.pub=Hebrew+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forion.mscc.huji.ac.il%2Fresources%2Fdjd.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809032608/http://www.yourbiblequotes.com/dead-sea-scrolls/">"The Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Your Bible Quotes. 28 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourbiblequotes.com/dead-sea-scrolls/">the original</a> on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Your+Bible+Quotes&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourbiblequotes.com%2Fdead-sea-scrolls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118003723/http://huc.edu/news/article/2011/huc-jir-mourns-dr-ben-zion-wacholder-freehof-professor-emeritus-talmud-and">HUC-JIR Mourns Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder</a>, Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion, 31 March 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huc.edu/news/article/2011/huc-jir-mourns-dr-ben-zion-wacholder-freehof-professor-emeritus-talmud-and">the original</a> on 18 November 2015, retrieved 17 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HUC-JIR+Mourns+Dr.+Ben+Zion+Wacholder&rft.pub=Hebrew+Union+College+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Institute+of+Religion&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhuc.edu%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2011%2Fhuc-jir-mourns-dr-ben-zion-wacholder-freehof-professor-emeritus-talmud-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britan-107"><a href="#cite_ref-britan_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154274/Dead-Sea-Scrolls">"Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412153300/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154274/Dead-Sea-Scrolls">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F154274%2FDead-Sea-Scrolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Eisenman, Robert H.</a> and James Robinson, A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls in two volumes (Biblical Archaeology Society of Washington, DC, 1991). </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Civil Case (Jer) 41/92 Qimron v. Shanks et al. (30 March 1993) [Hebrew]. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Unofficial translation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/law/members/birnhack/DSStranslation.pdf">"CA 2709/93, 2811/93 Eisenman et al v. Qimron (30 August 2000)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520081457/http://www.tau.ac.il/law/members/birnhack/DSStranslation.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CA+2709%2F93%2C+2811%2F93+Eisenman+et+al+v.+Qimron+%2830+August+2000%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2Flaw%2Fmembers%2Fbirnhack%2FDSStranslation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnhack2006" class="citation cs2">Birnhack, Michael D. (30 May 2006), The Dead Sea Scrolls Case: Who Is an Author?, 23 (3) EIPR 128 (2001), <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=905114">905114</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Case%3A+Who+Is+an+Author%3F&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D905114%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Birnhack&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Roberta Rosenthal Kwall, "Inspiration and Innovation: The Intrinsic Dimension of the Artistic Soul" 81 Notre Dame L. Rev.. 1945 (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> David Nimmer, Authorship and Originality, 38 Houston L. Rev. 1, 159 (2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Urszula Tempska, "Originality after the Dead Sea Scrolls Decision: Implications for the American Law of Copyright", 6 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 119 (2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Timothy H. Lim, "Intellectual Property and the Dead Sea Scrolls", Dead Sea Discoveries Vol 9, No. 2 (2002) p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgson-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgson_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgson_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgson_116-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgson2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Georgson, Seth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://essays.wisluthsem.org:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/111/SeniorThesis2012Georgson.pdf">Book Digitization: a Practical and Urgent Necessity for the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a> (PDF) (M.Divinity). Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. p. 26. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Book+Digitization%3A+a+Practical+and+Urgent+Necessity+for+the+Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft.inst=Wisconsin+Lutheran+Seminary&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Georgson&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fessays.wisluthsem.org%3A8080%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F111%2FSeniorThesis2012Georgson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocker2007" class="citation cs2">Rocker, Simon (16 November 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726031448/http://website.thejc.com/home.aspx?ParentId=m13s100&AId=56661">The Dead Sea Scrolls...made in St John's Wood</a>, The Jewish Chronicle, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://website.thejc.com/home.aspx?ParentId=m13s100&AId=56661">the original</a> on 26 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls...made+in+St+John%27s+Wood&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.date=2007-11-16&rft.aulast=Rocker&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsite.thejc.com%2Fhome.aspx%3FParentId%3Dm13s100%26AId%3D56661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Uthmann2010" class="citation cs2">von Uthmann, Jorg (18 June 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118052340/http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20100618/ARTICLE/6181000">Exhibit offers context for Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, HeraldTribune.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20100618/ARTICLE/6181000">the original</a> on 18 November 2015, retrieved 17 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exhibit+offers+context+for+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=HeraldTribune.com&rft.date=2010-06-18&rft.aulast=von+Uthmann&rft.aufirst=Jorg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldtribune.com%2Farticle%2F20100618%2FARTICLE%2F6181000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118070818/http://www.news.va/en/news/verbum-domini-bible-exhibit-opens-in-vatican">"'Verbum Domini' Bible Exhibit opens in Vatican"</a>. News.va. 29 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.va/en/news/verbum-domini-bible-exhibit-opens-in-vatican">the original</a> on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Verbum+Domini%27+Bible+Exhibit+opens+in+Vatican&rft.pub=News.va&rft.date=2012-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.va%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fverbum-domini-bible-exhibit-opens-in-vatican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623202935/http://www.olivetree.com/store/product.php?productid=17117">"Qumran (non-biblical texts)"</a>. olivetree.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olivetree.com/store/product.php?productid=17117">the original</a> on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qumran+%28non-biblical+texts%29&rft.pub=olivetree.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olivetree.com%2Fstore%2Fproduct.php%3Fproductid%3D17117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxwellinstitute.byu.edu-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxwellinstitute.byu.edu_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxwellinstitute.byu.edu_121-1">b</a> "From Other Publishers: Dead Sea Scrolls Reader Released." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/insights/?vol=25&num=2&id=423">http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/insights/?vol=25&num=2&id=423</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701184403/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/insights/?vol=25&num=2&id=423">Archived</a> 1 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711220606/http://www.brill.nl/dead-sea-scrolls-reader-6-vols">"The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader (6 vols)"</a>. brill.nl. October 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.nl/dead-sea-scrolls-reader-6-vols">the original</a> on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Reader+%286+vols%29&rft.pub=brill.nl&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.nl%2Fdead-sea-scrolls-reader-6-vols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dss.collections.imj.org.il">"Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Project at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem"</a>. Retrieved 4 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Digital+Project+at+the+Israel+Museum%2C+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdss.collections.imj.org.il&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Eyal (26 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118095015/http://googleblog.blogspot.co.il/2011/09/from-desert-to-web-bringing-dead-sea.html">"Official Blog: From the desert to the web: bringing the Dead Sea Scrolls online"</a>. Googleblog.blogspot.co.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.co.il/2011/09/from-desert-to-web-bringing-dead-sea.html">the original</a> on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Blog%3A+From+the+desert+to+the+web%3A+bringing+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+online&rft.pub=Googleblog.blogspot.co.il&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleblog.blogspot.co.il%2F2011%2F09%2Ffrom-desert-to-web-bringing-dead-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinovich2010" class="citation news cs1">Rabinovich, Abraham (26 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101012524/http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/A-sound-in-silence">"A sound in silence"</a>. Jerusalem Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/A-sound-in-silence">the original</a> on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=A+sound+in+silence&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft.aulast=Rabinovich&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMagazine%2FFeatures%2FA-sound-in-silence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Plitch" class="citation book cs1">Van Der Plitch, Johannes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914023047/http://ehacksandcheats.com/pdf/2007DeadSeaDiscovvdPlicht.pdf">Radiocarbon dating and the dead sea scrolls: A comment on 'Redating'</a> (PDF). Center for Isotope Research, Groningen University and Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehacksandcheats.com/pdf/2007DeadSeaDiscovvdPlicht.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiocarbon+dating+and+the+dead+sea+scrolls%3A+A+comment+on+%27Redating%27&rft.pub=Center+for+Isotope+Research%2C+Groningen+University+and+Faculty+of+Archaeology%2C+Leiden+University&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Plitch&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehacksandcheats.com%2Fpdf%2F2007DeadSeaDiscovvdPlicht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows1986" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Millar (1986). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Chicago: Moody Press. p. 304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Millar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Fagan, Brian M., and Charlotte Beck, The Oxford Companion to Archeology, entry on the "Dead sea scrolls", Oxford University Press, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-DávidLange2012-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DávidLange2012_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DávidLange2012_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDávidLangeDe_TroyerTzoref2012" class="citation book cs1">Dávid, Nóra; Lange, Armin; De Troyer, Kristin; Tzoref, Shani (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Akn_nhHegIC&pg=PR9">The Hebrew Bible in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 9–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3525535554" title="Special:BookSources/978-3525535554"><bdi>978-3525535554</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111613/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Akn_nhHegIC&pg=PR9">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+in+Light+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pages=9-&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3525535554&rft.aulast=D%C3%A1vid&rft.aufirst=N%C3%B3ra&rft.au=Lange%2C+Armin&rft.au=De+Troyer%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Tzoref%2C+Shani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Akn_nhHegIC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbeggFlint2012-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AbeggFlint2012_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbeggFlint2012_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_G._AbeggPeter_FlintEugene_Ulrich2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin G. Abegg; Peter Flint; Eugene Ulrich (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmm8Mvjw2WQC&pg=PR16">The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible</a>. HarperCollins. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062031129" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062031129"><bdi>978-0062031129</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101061138/http://books.google.com/books?id=Jmm8Mvjw2WQC&pg=PR16">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Bible&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0062031129&rft.au=Martin+G.+Abegg&rft.au=Peter+Flint&rft.au=Eugene+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmm8Mvjw2WQC%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806141936/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=44&chapid=226">"The Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=44&chapid=226">the original</a> on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Neal+A.+Maxwell+Institute+for+Religious+Scholarship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2F%3Fbookid%3D44%26chapid%3D226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Gaster" title="Theodor Gaster">Gaster, Theodor H.</a>, The Dead Sea Scriptures, Peter Smith Pub Inc., 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0844667021" title="Special:BookSources/0844667021">0844667021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> E. Tov, "Joshua, Book of," in Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (eds. L.H. Schiffman and J.C. VanderKam; 2 vols.; New York: Oxford University Press, 2000) 1: 431. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-von_Weissenberg-134"><a href="#cite_ref-von_Weissenberg_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Weissenberg" class="citation journal cs1">von Weissenberg, Hanne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/393434">"The Twelve Minor Prophets at Qumran and the Canonical Process:Amos as a "Case Study""</a>. The Hebrew Bible in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls: 357–376. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+in+Light+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.atitle=The+Twelve+Minor+Prophets+at+Qumran+and+the+Canonical+Process%3AAmos+as+a+%22Case+Study%22&rft.pages=357-376&rft.aulast=von+Weissenberg&rft.aufirst=Hanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F393434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> A.A. Di Lella, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/19-tobit-nets.pdf">New English Translation of the Septuagint, "Tobit" (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917190042/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/19-tobit-nets.pdf">Archived</a> 17 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rezetko-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Rezetko_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezetko2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rezetko, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2013.v13.a2">"The Qumran Scrolls of the Book of Judges: Literary Formation, Textual Criticism, and Historical Linguistics"</a>. Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 13 (2): 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2013.v13.a2">10.5508/jhs.2013.v13.a2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F120003">2066/120003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=The+Qumran+Scrolls+of+the+Book+of+Judges%3A+Literary+Formation%2C+Textual+Criticism%2C+and+Historical+Linguistics&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F120003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs.2013.v13.a2&rft.aulast=Rezetko&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5508%252Fjhs.2013.v13.a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EC-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EC_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EC_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606092331/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898691,00.html">"Art: Endless Cave in Jerusalem"</a>. Time. 30 April 1965. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898691,00.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Art%3A+Endless+Cave+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=1965-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C898691%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-140"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326110448/http://www.imj.org.il/shrine_center/shrinemap.asp?bss=13765&bscp=12940">"Map of the Shrine"</a>. imj.org.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imj.org.il/shrine_center/shrinemap.asp?bss=13765&bscp=12940">the original</a> on 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imj.org.il&rft.atitle=Map+of+the+Shrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imj.org.il%2Fshrine_center%2Fshrinemap.asp%3Fbss%3D13765%26bscp%3D12940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3s-141"><a href="#cite_ref-:3s_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504093641/http://lluker.faculty.ltss.edu/SOB-STM.htm">"The Shrine of the Book and Second Temple Model"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lluker.faculty.ltss.edu/SOB-STM.htm">the original</a> on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shrine+of+the+Book+and+Second+Temple+Model&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flluker.faculty.ltss.edu%2FSOB-STM.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_new_Jordan_Museum-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_new_Jordan_Museum_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_new_Jordan_Museum_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519062637/http://www.ritmeyer.com/2011/05/11/the-new-jordan-museum/">"The new Jordan Museum"</a>. ritmeyer.com. 11 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ritmeyer.com/2011/05/11/the-new-jordan-museum/">the original</a> on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+new+Jordan+Museum&rft.pub=ritmeyer.com&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ritmeyer.com%2F2011%2F05%2F11%2Fthe-new-jordan-museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-143"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023135413/http://luhot.ru/news/263/72/v-stolitse-iordanii-ammane-otkryt-novyj-iordanskij-muzej-hranyaschij-vazhnejshie-artefakty-biblejskoj-arheologii">"Visit at the Jordan Museum, July 2013 (blog with pictures; in Russian)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luhot.ru/news/263/72/v-stolitse-iordanii-ammane-otkryt-novyj-iordanskij-muzej-hranyaschij-vazhnejshie-artefakty-biblejskoj-arheologii">the original</a> on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+at+the+Jordan+Museum%2C+July+2013+%28blog+with+pictures%3B+in+Russian%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fluhot.ru%2Fnews%2F263%2F72%2Fv-stolitse-iordanii-ammane-otkryt-novyj-iordanskij-muzej-hranyaschij-vazhnejshie-artefakty-biblejskoj-arheologii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2017" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Charlotte (14 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-owns-the-dead-sea-scrolls-1513293988">"Who Owns the Dead Sea Scrolls?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Who+Owns+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3F&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwho-owns-the-dead-sea-scrolls-1513293988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/January/Jordans-Claims-to-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Ridiculous/">"Jordan Claims Ownership of Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. CBN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021075551/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/January/Jordans-Claims-to-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Ridiculous/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan+Claims+Ownership+of+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=CBN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2Fcbnnews%2Finsideisrael%2F2010%2FJanuary%2FJordans-Claims-to-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Ridiculous%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/135318">"Arabs Claim Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Arutz Sheva. 2 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206165815/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/135318">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arutz+Sheva&rft.atitle=Arabs+Claim+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.date=2010-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F135318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Shamayleh2010" class="citation news cs1">El-Shamayleh, Nisreen (3 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2010/11/201011294521445917.html">"Anger over Dead Sea Scrolls (video)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103184943/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2010/11/201011294521445917.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anger+over+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+%28video%29&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft.aulast=El-Shamayleh&rft.aufirst=Nisreen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fvideo%2Fmiddleeast%2F2010%2F11%2F201011294521445917.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor-Wood2010" class="citation news cs1">McGregor-Wood, Simon (14 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/israel-jordan-fighting-dead-sea-scrolls/story?id=9558941">"Who Owns the Dead Sea Scrolls?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702072212/https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/israel-jordan-fighting-dead-sea-scrolls/story?id=9558941">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Who+Owns+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3F&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft.aulast=McGregor-Wood&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTravel%2Fisrael-jordan-fighting-dead-sea-scrolls%2Fstory%3Fid%3D9558941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatib2010" class="citation web cs1">Khatib, Ahmad (11 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525113615/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j4Lm1ed__c-wKiQ_t-9Af70OIMSw">"Jordan wants the Dead Sea Scrolls back from Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j4Lm1ed__c-wKiQ_t-9Af70OIMSw">the original</a> on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan+wants+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+back+from+Israel&rft.pub=Agence+France-Presse&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft.aulast=Khatib&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5j4Lm1ed__c-wKiQ_t-9Af70OIMSw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2009" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Oakland (9 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/article/616059">"Dead Sea Scrolls stir storm at ROM"</a>. Toronto Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404102932/http://www.thestar.com/article/616059">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls+stir+storm+at+ROM&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Oakland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Farticle%2F616059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614023049/http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/learn-about-the-scrolls/discovery-and-publication?locale=en_US">"The Dead Sea Scrolls – Discovery and Publication"</a>. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/learn-about-the-scrolls/discovery-and-publication?locale=en_US">the original</a> on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+%E2%80%93+Discovery+and+Publication&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadseascrolls.org.il%2Flearn-about-the-scrolls%2Fdiscovery-and-publication%3Flocale%3Den_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-152"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_152-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/deadsea.html">"History & Overview of the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008223510/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/deadsea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%26+Overview+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHistory%2Fdeadsea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/dead-sea-scrolls-scam-dozens-of-recently-sold-fragments-are-fakes-experts-warn/">"Dead Sea Scrolls scam: Dozens of recently sold fragments are fakes, experts warn"</a>. The Times of Israel. 3 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026015958/https://www.timesofisrael.com/dead-sea-scrolls-scam-dozens-of-recently-sold-fragments-are-fakes-experts-warn/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls+scam%3A+Dozens+of+recently+sold+fragments+are+fakes%2C+experts+warn&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fdead-sea-scrolls-scam-dozens-of-recently-sold-fragments-are-fakes-experts-warn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.com-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history.com_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.com_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruitt2016" class="citation web cs1">Pruitt, Sarah (11 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/news/secrets-of-new-dead-sea-scrolls-come-to-light">"Secrets of New Dead Sea Scrolls Come to Light"</a>. history.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013130409/http://www.history.com/news/secrets-of-new-dead-sea-scrolls-come-to-light">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+New+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Come+to+Light&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.aulast=Pruitt&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fsecrets-of-new-dead-sea-scrolls-come-to-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924145720/https://www.museumofthebible.org/museum-of-the-bible-releases-research-findings-unpublished-dead-sea-scrolls-fragments">"Museum of the Bible Releases Research Findings on 13 Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls Fragments"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumofthebible.org/museum-of-the-bible-releases-research-findings-unpublished-dead-sea-scrolls-fragments">the original</a> on 24 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+the+Bible+Releases+Research+Findings+on+13+Unpublished+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Fragments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofthebible.org%2Fmuseum-of-the-bible-releases-research-findings-unpublished-dead-sea-scrolls-fragments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2018" class="citation web cs1">Gannon, Megan (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/63895-dead-sea-scroll-fakes.html">"Dead Sea Scroll Fragments in Museum of the Bible Are Fake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711035121/https://www.livescience.com/63895-dead-sea-scroll-fakes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Sea+Scroll+Fragments+in+Museum+of+the+Bible+Are+Fake&rft.pub=Live+Science&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F63895-dead-sea-scroll-fakes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreshko2020" class="citation web cs1">Greshko, Michael (13 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314005637/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/03/museum-of-the-bible-dead-sea-scrolls-forgeries/">"'Dead Sea Scrolls' at the Museum of the Bible are all forgeries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/03/museum-of-the-bible-dead-sea-scrolls-forgeries/">the original</a> on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Dead+Sea+Scrolls%27+at+the+Museum+of+the+Bible+are+all+forgeries&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft.aulast=Greshko&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2F2020%2F03%2Fmuseum-of-the-bible-dead-sea-scrolls-forgeries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115175606/https://www.apu.edu/media/news/release/25415/">"Publication of Azusa Pacific University's Dead Sea Scrolls to Enhance Biblical Scholarship"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apu.edu/media/news/release/25415">the original</a> on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publication+of+Azusa+Pacific+University%27s+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+to+Enhance+Biblical+Scholarship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apu.edu%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2Frelease%2F25415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520075115/https://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/HIGH/OIM_A30303_72dpi.html">"Fragment of a scroll (Palestine: Qumran, Cave 4, 6.4 cm H, 4.2 cm W)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/HIGH/OIM_A30303_72dpi.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fragment+of+a+scroll+%28Palestine%3A+Qumran%2C+Cave+4%2C+6.4+cm+H%2C+4.2+cm+W%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2FOI%2FMUS%2FHIGH%2FOIM_A30303_72dpi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115114307/http://www.star-telegram.com/2012/04/13/3882403/fort-worth-seminary-unveils-newly.html">"Fort Worth seminary unveils newly acquired Dead Sea Scrolls fragment"</a>. 14 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-telegram.com/2012/04/13/3882403/fort-worth-seminary-unveils-newly.html">the original</a> on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Worth+seminary+unveils+newly+acquired+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+fragment&rft.date=2012-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.star-telegram.com%2F2012%2F04%2F13%2F3882403%2Ffort-worth-seminary-unveils-newly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrori" class="citation web cs1">Drori, Amir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523092819/http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=523#MMMas">"The Completion of the Publication of the Scrolls"</a>. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=523#MMMas">the original</a> on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Completion+of+the+Publication+of+the+Scrolls&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.aulast=Drori&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2Farticle_Item_eng.asp%3Fsec_id%3D17%26sub_subj_id%3D523%23MMMas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPnina_Shor" class="citation web cs1">Pnina Shor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523101658/http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=522#MMMas">"Conservation of the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=522#MMMas">the original</a> on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.au=Pnina+Shor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2Farticle_Item_eng.asp%3Fsec_id%3D17%26sub_subj_id%3D522%23MMMas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610152451/http://www.schoyencollection.com/dsscrolls.html">"12. Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. The Schoyen Collection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoyencollection.com/dsscrolls.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12.+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=The+Schoyen+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoyencollection.com%2Fdsscrolls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Live_Science-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Live_Science_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Live_Science_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Live_Science_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Live_Science_165-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarus2017" class="citation news cs1">Jarus, Owen (3 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/58507-new-dead-sea-scrolls-sold-in-us.html">"28 New Dead Sea Scrolls Fragments Sold in US"</a>. Live Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409071412/https://www.livescience.com/58507-new-dead-sea-scrolls-sold-in-us.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=28+New+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Fragments+Sold+in+US&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.aulast=Jarus&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F58507-new-dead-sea-scrolls-sold-in-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-houstonlawreview.org-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-houstonlawreview.org_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-houstonlawreview.org_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimmer" class="citation web cs1">Nimmer, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923111121/http://www.houstonlawreview.org/archive/downloads/38-1_pdf/HLR38P1.pdf">"Copyright in the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a> (PDF). Houston Law Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonlawreview.org/archive/downloads/38-1_pdf/HLR38P1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Copyright+in+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.aulast=Nimmer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonlawreview.org%2Farchive%2Fdownloads%2F38-1_pdf%2FHLR38P1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213235332/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/d/dead_sea_scrolls/index.html?query=SHANKS,%20HERSHEL&field=per&match=exact">"Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. The New York Times. New York, New York. 23 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/d/dead_sea_scrolls/index.html?query=SHANKS,%20HERSHEL&field=per&match=exact">the original</a> on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fsubjects%2Fd%2Fdead_sea_scrolls%2Findex.html%3Fquery%3DSHANKS%2C%2520HERSHEL%26field%3Dper%26match%3Dexact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> Books <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbegg_Jr.BowleyCookTov2003" class="citation book cs1">Abegg Jr., Martin; <a href="/wiki/James_E._Bowley" title="James E. Bowley">Bowley, James E.</a>; Cook, Edward M.; <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Tov, Emanuel</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/package/9789004310391?">The Dead Sea Scrolls Concordance</a>. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004125213" title="Special:BookSources/9004125213"><bdi>9004125213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Concordance&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9004125213&rft.aulast=Abegg+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Bowley%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Cook%2C+Edward+M.&rft.au=Tov%2C+Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fpackage%2F9789004310391%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllegro1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Marco_Allegro" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marco Allegro">Allegro, John Marco</a> (1979). The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth. Devon: Westbridge Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0715376802" title="Special:BookSources/0715376802"><bdi>0715376802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+the+Christian+Myth&rft.place=Devon&rft.pub=Westbridge+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0715376802&rft.aulast=Allegro&rft.aufirst=John+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2009" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Simon (2009). Insights into the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Beginner's Guide. Charleston: BookSurge Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1546638315" title="Special:BookSources/978-1546638315"><bdi>978-1546638315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insights+into+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.place=Charleston&rft.pub=BookSurge+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1546638315&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoccaccini1998" class="citation book cs1">Boccaccini, Gabriele (1998). Beyond the Essene Hypothesis: The Parting of Ways between Qumran and Enochic Judaism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802843609" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802843609"><bdi>978-0802843609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Essene+Hypothesis%3A+The+Parting+of+Ways+between+Qumran+and+Enochic+Judaism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0802843609&rft.aulast=Boccaccini&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Millar_Burrows" title="Millar Burrows">Burrows, Millar</a> (1955). The Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517625350" title="Special:BookSources/0517625350"><bdi>0517625350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0517625350&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Millar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Millar_Burrows" title="Millar Burrows">Burrows, Millar</a> (1958). More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Scrolls and New Interpretations, with Translations of Important Recent Discoveries. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670489169" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670489169"><bdi>978-0670489169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Light+on+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+New+Scrolls+and+New+Interpretations%2C+with+Translations+of+Important+Recent+Discoveries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0670489169&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Millar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth1995" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H. (1995). "The Theologies of the Dead Sea Scrolls". In Ringgren, H. (ed.). The Faith of Qumran: Theology of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: Crossroad. pp. xv–xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824512583" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824512583"><bdi>978-0824512583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theologies+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+Qumran%3A+Theology+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xv-xxi&rft.pub=Crossroad&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0824512583&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chernoivanenko, Vitaly. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317215902/http://history.ukma.edu.ua/docs/faculty/chernoivanenko/publications/chernoivanenko_jerusalem-theoryen.pdf">The Jerusalem Theory of the Dead Sea Scrolls Authorship: Origins, Evolution, and Discussions</a>," in Ukrainian Orientalistics: Special Issue on Jewish Studies, Кyiv: NaUKMA Omeljan Pritsak Center for Oriental Studies, 2011: 9–29.</li> <li>Collins, John J., Apocalypticism in the Dead Sea Scrolls, New York: Routledge, 1997.</li> <li>Collins, John J., and <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig A. Evans</a>. Christian Beginnings and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Grand Rapids: Baker, 2006. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Cook, Edward M. (1994). Solving the Mysteries of the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Light on the Bible, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Cross, Frank Moore</a> (1995). The Ancient Library of Qumran, 3rd ed., Minneapolis: Fortress Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800628071" title="Special:BookSources/0800628071">0800628071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Powell_Davies" title="A. Powell Davies">Davies, A. Powell</a> (1956). The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Signet. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Davies" title="Philip R. Davies">Davies, Philip R.</a>, George J. Brooke, and Phillip R. Callaway (2002). The Complete World of the Dead Sea Scrolls, London: Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500051119" title="Special:BookSources/0500051119">0500051119</a></li> <li>de Vaux, Roland, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1959). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Dimant, Devorah, and <a href="/wiki/Uriel_Rappaport" title="Uriel Rappaport">Uriel Rappaport</a> (eds.), The Dead Sea Scrolls: Forty Years of Research, Leiden and Jerusalem: E.J. Brill, Magnes Press, Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Eisenman, Robert H.</a>, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians, Shaftesbury: Element, 1996.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenmanO._Wise1993" class="citation book cs1">Eisenman, Robert H.; O. Wise, Michael (1993). The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered: The First Complete Translation and Interpretation of 50 Key Documents Withheld for Over 35 Years. Shaftesbury: Element. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140232509" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140232509"><bdi>978-0140232509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Uncovered%3A+The+First+Complete+Translation+and+Interpretation+of+50+Key+Documents+Withheld+for+Over+35+Years&rft.place=Shaftesbury&rft.pub=Element&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0140232509&rft.aulast=Eisenman&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=O.+Wise%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810201940/http://www.filbluz.ca/resources/DeadSeaRolls_eisenman%26wise.pdf">1992</a>.</li> <li>Eisenman, Robert H. and James Robinson, A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls 2 vol., Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1991.</li> <li>Fitzmyer, Joseph A., Responses to 101 Questions on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Paulist Press 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809133482" title="Special:BookSources/0809133482">0809133482</a></li> <li>Galor, Katharina, Jean-Baptiste Humbert, and Jürgen Zangenberg. Qumran: The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates: Proceedings of a Conference held at Brown University, 17–19 November 2002, Edited by Florentino García Martínez, Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 57. Leiden: Brill, 2006.</li> <li>García-Martinez, Florentino, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English, (Translated from Spanish into English by Wilfred G. E. Watson) (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994).</li> <li>García Martínez Florentino, Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar, Editors, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615144741/http://www.filbluz.ca/resources/_The.Dead.Sea.Scrolls.Study.Edition_Martinez-Tigchelaar.pdf">The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition</a>, Brill, 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Gaster" title="Theodor Gaster">Gaster, Theodor H.</a>, The Dead Sea Scriptures, Peter Smith Pub Inc., 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0844667021" title="Special:BookSources/0844667021">0844667021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Golb, Norman</a>, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? The Search for the Secret of Qumran, New York: Scribner, 1995.</li> <li>Golb, Norman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/jerusalem_origin_dss.pdf">On the Jerusalem Origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610094416/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/jerusalem_origin_dss.pdf">Archived</a> 10 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">University of Chicago Oriental Institute</a>, 5 June 2009.</li> <li>Heline, Theodore, Dead Sea Scrolls, New Age Bible & Philosophy Center, 1957, Reprint edition 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0933963165" title="Special:BookSources/0933963165">0933963165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizhar_Hirschfeld" title="Yizhar Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld, Yizhar</a>, Qumran in Context: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence, Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2004.</li> <li>Israeli, Raphael, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110305122432/http://www.transactionpub.com/cgi-bin/transactionpublishers.storefront/en/Product/1-4128-0703-4">Routledge</a> Piracy in Qumran: The Battle over the Scrolls of the Pre-Christ Era], Transaction Publishers: 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412807036" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412807036">978-1412807036</a></li> <li>Khabbaz, C., "Les manuscrits de la mer Morte et le secret de leurs auteurs", Beirut, 2006. (Ce livre identifie les auteurs des fameux manuscrits de la mer Morte et dévoile leur secret).</li> <li>Magen, Yizhak, and Yuval Peleg, The Qumran Excavations 1993–2004: Preliminary Report, JSP 6 (Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/images/shop/jsp/JSP6_Qumran_color.pdf">Download</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128071000/http://www.antiquities.org.il/images/shop/jsp/JSP6_Qumran_color.pdf">Archived</a> 28 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Magen, Yizhak, and Yuval Peleg, "Back to Qumran: Ten years of Excavations and Research, 1993–2004," in The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates (Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 57), Brill, 2006 (pp. 55–116).</li> <li>Magness, Jodi, The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002.</li> <li>Maier, Johann, The Temple Scroll, [German edition was 1978], (Sheffield:JSOT Press [Supplement 34], 1985).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Milik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jozef Milik">Milik, Józef Tadeusz</a>, Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judea, London: SCM, 1959.</li> <li>Muro, E. A., "The Greek Fragments of Enoch from Qumran Cave 7 (7Q4, 7Q8, &7Q12 = 7QEn gr = Enoch 103:3–4, 7–8)." Revue de Qumran 18, no. 70 (1997): 307, 12, pl. 1.</li> <li>O'Callaghan-Martínez, Josep, Cartas Cristianas Griegas del Siglo V, Barcelona: E. Balmes, 1963.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Qimron" title="Elisha Qimron">Qimron, Elisha</a>, The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Harvard Semitic Studies, 1986. (This is a serious discussion of the Hebrew language of the scrolls.)</li> <li>Rengstorf, Karl Heinrich, Hirbet Qumran und die Bibliothek vom Toten Meer, Translated by J.R. Wilkie. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1960.</li> <li>Roitman, Adolfo, ed. A Day at Qumran: The Dead Sea Sect and Its Scrolls. Jerusalem: The Israel Museum, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Sanders" title="James A. Sanders">Sanders, James A.</a>, ed. Dead Sea scrolls: The Psalms scroll of Qumrân Cave 11 (11QPsa), (1965) Oxford, Clarendon Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Schiffman, Lawrence H.</a>, Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: their True Meaning for Judaism and Christianity, Anchor Bible Reference Library (Doubleday) 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385481217" title="Special:BookSources/0385481217">0385481217</a>, (Schiffman has suggested two plausible theories of origin and identity – a Sadducean splinter group, or perhaps an Essene group with Sadducean roots.) Excerpts of this book can be read at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914171731/http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls">COJS: Dead Sea Scrolls</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Schiffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence H. Schiffman">Schiffman, Lawrence H.</a>, and James C. VanderKam, eds. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. 2 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Shanks, Hershel, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vintage Press 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679780890" title="Special:BookSources/0679780890">0679780890</a> (recommended introduction to their discovery and history of their scholarship)</li> <li>Stegemann, Hartmut. "The Qumran Essenes: Local Members of the Main Jewish Union in Late Second Temple Times." pp. 83–166 in The Madrid Qumran Congress: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Madrid, 18–21 March 1991, Edited by J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Mountainer. Vol. 11 of Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Leiden: Brill, 1992.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiede2000" class="citation book cs1">Thiede, Carsten Peter (2000). The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312293615" title="Special:BookSources/0312293615"><bdi>0312293615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+the+Jewish+Origins+of+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0312293615&rft.aulast=Thiede&rft.aufirst=Carsten+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Thiering" title="Barbara Thiering">Thiering, Barbara</a>, Jesus the Man, New York: Atria, 2006.</li> <li>Thiering, Barbara, Jesus and the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060677821" title="Special:BookSources/0060677821">0060677821</a>), New York: HarperCollins, 1992</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadin1985" class="citation book cs1">Yadin, Yigael (1985). The Temple Scroll: The Hidden Law of the Dead Sea Sect. New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Temple+Scroll%3A+The+Hidden+Law+of+the+Dead+Sea+Sect&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Yadin&rft.aufirst=Yigael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Other sources <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Dead Sea Scrolls Study Vol 1: 1Q1 – 4Q273, Vol. 2: 4Q274 – 11Q31, (compact disc), Logos Research Systems, Inc., (contains the non-biblical portion of the scrolls with Hebrew and Aramaic transcriptions in parallel with English translations)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accordancebible.com/Comprehensive-Crossreferences">Comprehensive Cross Reference interactive module for Dead Sea Scrolls, Josephus, Philo, Nag Hammadi Library, Pseudepigrapha, Old Testament Apocrypha, New Testament Apocrypha, Plato, Pythagoras, Dhammapada, Egyptian Book of the Dead, Tacitus, Talmud, New and Old Testaments, Apostolic and Early Church Fathers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714044855/https://www.accordancebible.com/Comprehensive-Crossreferences">Archived</a> 14 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1961" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Roland Kenneth (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jiwPAQAAIAAJ">The Dead Sea Scrolls: An Introduction</a>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1074346286">1074346286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1074346286&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Roland+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjiwPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkinsPopoviç2015" class="citation journal cs1">Harkins, Angela Kim; Popoviç, Mladen, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/dsd/22/3/dsd.22.issue-3.xml?language=en">"Religious Experience and the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Dead Sea Discoveries. 22 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dead+Sea+Discoveries&rft.atitle=Religious+Experience+and+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fdsd%2F22%2F3%2Fdsd.22.issue-3.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Scrolls" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibleplaces.com/qumrancaves/">Bible Places: Qumran Caves</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1725431/jewish/what-are-the-dead-sea-scrolls.htm">Chabad.org: What are the Dead Sea Scrolls?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imj.org.il/en/wings/shrine-book/dead-sea-scrolls">Israel Museum, Jerusalem: Shrine of the Book – Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/dead-sea-scrolls/">My Jewish Learning: Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F3C301;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Template:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Template talk:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Q106" title="4Q106">4Q106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q107" title="4Q107">4Q107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q108" title="4Q108">4Q108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q119" title="4Q119">4Q119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4Q120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q121" title="4Q121">4Q121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q122" title="4Q122">4Q122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q126" title="4Q126">4Q126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q127" title="4Q127">4Q127</a></li> <li>4Q166</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q175" title="4Q175">4Q175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q240" title="4Q240">4Q240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q246" title="4Q246">4Q246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q252" class="mw-redirect" title="4Q252">4Q252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q448" title="4Q448">4Q448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q521" title="4Q521">4Q521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Qahat" title="Testament of Qahat">4Q542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q41" title="4Q41">4QDeuteronomyn (4Q41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QInstruction" title="4QInstruction">4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QMMT" title="4QMMT">4QMMT (4Q394–399)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6Q6" title="6Q6">6Q6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q1" title="7Q1">7Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Psalms_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Psalms Scroll">11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">11QpaleoLev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q13" title="11Q13">11Q13 Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q18_New_Jerusalem" title="11Q18 New Jerusalem">11Q18 New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkhi_Nafshi" title="Barkhi Nafshi">Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mysteries">The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Scroll" title="Copper Scroll">Copper Scroll (3Q15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document (CD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Genesis Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Scroll" title="Isaiah Scroll">Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa</a><a href="/wiki/1QIsab" title="1QIsab">,1QIsab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Commentary" title="Nahum Commentary">Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Dead_Sea_Scroll" title="New Jerusalem Dead Sea Scroll">New Jerusalem Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Physiognomies" title="Qumran Physiognomies">Physiognomies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Qumran_%22Horoscopes%22_(4Q186)" title="Qumran "Horoscopes" (4Q186)">Horoscopes (4Q186)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Ezekiel" title="Pseudo-Ezekiel">Pseudo-Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Blessing" title="The Rule of the Blessing">Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Congregation" title="The Rule of the Congregation">Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Samuel_Scroll" title="The Samuel Scroll">Samuel Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seekers_After_Smooth_Things" title="The Seekers After Smooth Things">The Seekers After Smooth Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Sabbath_Sacrifice" title="Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice">Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q510%E2%80%93511" title="4Q510–511">Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll (11Q19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Hymns" title="Thanksgiving Hymns">Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Messiah" title="The War of the Messiah">The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran Caves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_1" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1">cave 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_2" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_3" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_4" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_5" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_6" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_7" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_8" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_9" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_10" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_11" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_cemetery" title="Qumran cemetery">Qumran cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">Ein Feshkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlit" title="Kohlit">Kohlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secacah" title="Secacah">Secacah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls">Carbon dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahad_Ostracon" title="Yahad Ostracon">Yahad Ostracon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_messiahs" title="Dual messiahs">Dual messiahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_Priest" title="Wicked Priest">Wicked Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Calendrical texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abegg" title="Martin Abegg">Martin G. Abegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Allegro" title="John M. Allegro">John Marco Allegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Baumgarten" title="Joseph M. Baumgarten">Joseph M. Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Sidnie White Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dupont-Sommer" title="André Dupont-Sommer">André Dupont-Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Hanan Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Flint" title="Peter Flint">Peter W. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">David Noel Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Humbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Humbert">Jean-Baptiste Humbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentino_Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Florentino García Martínez">Florentino García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lankester_Harding" title="Gerald Lankester Harding">Gerald Lankester Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizhar_Hirschfeld" title="Yizhar Hirschfeld">Yizhar Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest-Marie_Laperrousaz" title="Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz">Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Magness" title="Jodi Magness">Jodi Magness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Qimron" title="Elisha Qimron">Elisha Qimron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Sanders" title="James A. Sanders">James A. Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Lawrence Schiffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Hershel Shanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_W._Skehan" title="Patrick W. Skehan">Patrick W. Skehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Steckoll" title="Solomon H. Steckoll">Solomon H. Steckoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Stegemann" title="Hartmut Stegemann">Hartmut Stegemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Strugnell" title="John Strugnell">John Strugnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Sukenik" title="Eleazar Sukenik">Eleazar Sukenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Peter_Thiede" title="Carsten Peter Thiede">Carsten Peter Thiede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Trever" title="John C. Trever">John C. Trever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Eugene Ulrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Géza Vermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_O%27Callaghan_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José O'Callaghan Martínez">José O'Callaghan Martínez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albright_Institute_of_Archaeological_Research" title="Albright Institute of Archaeological Research">AIAR</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Overseas_Research" title="American Society of Overseas Research">ASOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Enoch_Scroll" title="Aramaic Enoch Scroll">Aramaic Enoch Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Center" title="Orion Center">Orion Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert" title="Discoveries in the Judaean Desert">Discoveries in the Judaean Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Samuel">Mar Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed_edh-Dhib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed edh-Dhib">Muhammed edh-Dhib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_Albina" title="Najib Albina">Najib Albina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145780#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145780#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145780#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/185489183">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4048098-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79071139">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008383q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008383q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2006374776&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3563634">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90143307">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000686298&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000015277">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cbblh2bcwxz6">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810650597305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/15267">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265098105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518063406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028200500">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&oldid=1257074424">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&oldid=1257074424</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Category:Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_archaeological_discoveries" title="Category:1946 archaeological discoveries">1946 archaeological discoveries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_biblical_manuscripts" title="Category:1st-century BC biblical manuscripts">1st-century BC biblical manuscripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_biblical_manuscripts" title="Category:1st-century biblical manuscripts">1st-century biblical manuscripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_BC_biblical_manuscripts" title="Category:2nd-century BC biblical manuscripts">2nd-century BC biblical manuscripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_BC_biblical_manuscripts" title="Category:3rd-century BC biblical manuscripts">3rd-century BC biblical manuscripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Hebrew_texts" title="Category:Ancient Hebrew texts">Ancient Hebrew texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Jewish_history" title="Category:Ancient Jewish history">Ancient Jewish history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_corpora" title="Category:Archaeological corpora">Archaeological corpora</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_discoveries_in_the_West_Bank" title="Category:Archaeological discoveries in the West Bank">Archaeological discoveries in the West Bank</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Category:Archaeology of Palestine (region)">Archaeology of Palestine (region)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collection_of_the_Israel_Museum" title="Category:Collection of the Israel Museum">Collection of the Israel Museum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Essene_texts" title="Category:Essene texts">Essene texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_manuscripts" title="Category:Hebrew manuscripts">Hebrew manuscripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_West_Bank" title="Category:History of the West Bank">History of the West Bank</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Category:Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaean_Desert" title="Category:Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judea" title="Category:Judea">Judea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2016">Articles with dead external links from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from March 2024">Use Oxford spelling from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2012" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2012">Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_expert_attention_from_June_2012" title="Category:Articles needing expert attention from June 2012">Articles needing expert attention from June 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_expert_attention" title="Category:All articles needing expert attention">All articles needing expert attention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_articles_needing_expert_attention" title="Category:Law articles needing expert attention">Law articles needing expert attention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 03:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Scrolls&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-7d6rx","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.289","walltime":"2.706","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36728,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":397826,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17575,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":781159,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2365.143 1 -total"," 30.36% 718.149 3 Template:Reflist"," 10.79% 255.122 70 Template:Cite_web"," 10.65% 251.918 67 Template:R"," 10.01% 236.810 72 Template:R/ref"," 9.17% 216.941 29 Template:Cite_book"," 6.44% 152.200 1 Template:Langx"," 6.36% 150.448 13 Template:Fix"," 6.33% 149.762 1 Template:Jewish_culture"," 6.31% 149.254 85 Template:R/superscript"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.197","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20235844,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","19.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","17.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","11.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","6.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.8"],["(for generator)","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::get","40","3.2"],["pcall","40","3.2"],["[others]","260","21.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-gbf8z","timestamp":"20241128193338","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dead_Sea_Scrolls","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q145780","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q145780","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-29T21:50:19Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T03:01:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4c\/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg","headline":"15,000 fragments of about 850 scrolls from ancient Judaism"}</script> </body> </html>