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<span>Origins and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_Koine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_Koine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Biblical Koine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_Koine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Septuagint_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Septuagint_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Septuagint Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Septuagint_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>New Testament Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patristic_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patristic_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Patristic Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patristic_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_Attic_and_Koine_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_Attic_and_Koine_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Differences between Attic and Koine Greek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differences_between_Attic_and_Koine_Greek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differences between Attic and Koine Greek subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_Attic_and_Koine_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_in_grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_in_grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Differences in grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_in_grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament_Greek_phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_Greek_phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>New Testament Greek phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_Greek_phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_Koine_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_Koine_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sample Koine texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_Koine_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample Koine texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_Koine_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sample_1_–_A_Roman_decree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_1_–_A_Roman_decree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sample 1 – A Roman decree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_1_–_A_Roman_decree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_2_–_Greek_New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_2_–_Greek_New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sample 2 – Greek New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_2_–_Greek_New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Koine Greek</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine" title="Koine – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koine" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%94_%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD" title="ኮይኔ ግሪክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮይኔ ግሪክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="اليونانية العامية المختلطة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اليونانية العامية المختلطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_helenistico" title="Griego helenistico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Griego helenistico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Koiné" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="কোইনে গ্রিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোইনে গ্রিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Кайнэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кайнэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8D_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кайнэ (грэцкая мова) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кайнэ (грэцкая мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Койне – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Койне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_koin%C3%A9" title="Grec koiné – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grec koiné" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Койне – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Койне" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koiné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koiné" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine" title="Koine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinee" title="Koinee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koinee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Ελληνιστική Κοινή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνιστική Κοινή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Koiné" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojnea_greka_lingvo" title="Kojnea greka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kojnea greka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine" title="Koine – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koine" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="زبان یونانی کوینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان یونانی کوینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A8_(grec)" title="Koinè (grec) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Koinè (grec)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghr%C3%A9igis_choitianta" title="An Ghréigis choitianta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghréigis choitianta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Koiné" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="코이네 그리스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코이네 그리스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine" title="Koine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Koine" title="Bahasa Yunani Koine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Koine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_grec_koine" title="Lingua grec koine – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua grec koine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Койне – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Койне" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_gr%C3%ADska" title="Koine gríska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Koine gríska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A8" title="Koinè – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Koinè" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="יוונית קוינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוונית קוינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Elllas_Koyni" title="Basa Elllas Koyni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Elllas Koyni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Койне – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Койне" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyunani" title="Kiyunani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiyunani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Койне – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Койне" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Graeca_antiqua_communis" title="Lingua Graeca antiqua communis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Graeca antiqua communis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_g%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_nyelv" title="Koiné görög nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koiné görög nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Коине – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Коине" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_grika_k%C3%B4ine" title="Fiteny grika kôine – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny grika kôine" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%87" title="اليونانيه العاميه المختلطه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليونانيه العاميه المختلطه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Koine" title="Bahasa Yunani Koine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Koine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A8" title="Koinè – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koinè" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC" title="コイネー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コイネー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koiné" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koiné" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کوینہ یونانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوینہ یونانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greeksch" title="Koine Greeksch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koine Greeksch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine" title="Koine – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koine" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" title="Koiné – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Koiné" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83_comun%C4%83" title="Limba greacă comună – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba greacă comună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Койне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Койне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenistick%C3%A9_koin%C3%A9" title="Helenistické koiné – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Helenistické koiné" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="گریکی کوەینە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گریکی کوەینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8)" title="Коине (грчки) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коине (грчки)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_gr%C4%8Dki" title="Koine grčki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koine grčki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinee" title="Koinee – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koinee" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine" title="Koine – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koine" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griyegong_Koine" title="Griyegong Koine – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Griyegong Koine" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Койне – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Койне" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษากรีกคอยนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากรีกคอยนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koini_Grek%C3%A7esi" title="Koini Grekçesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koini Grekçesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of Greek in the ancient world</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">Koiné language</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Koine" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Koine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Koine (disambiguation)">Koine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Koine Greek</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[(h)e̝<span class="wrap"> </span>kyˈne̝<span class="wrap"> </span>diˈalektos]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<br />By the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, used in the Southern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, parts of Southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">300 BC – 600 AD (Byzantine official use until 1453); developed into <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, survives as the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic churches</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Koine Greek</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=173">grc</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(a proposal to use ecg was rejected in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/grc-koi">grc-koi</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/koin1234">koin1234</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Koine Greek</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος</span></span>, <span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hē koinḕ diálektos</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the common dialect</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also variously known as <b>Hellenistic Greek</b>, <b>common Attic</b>, the <b>Alexandrian dialect</b>, <b>Biblical Greek</b>, <b>Septuagint Greek</b> or <b>New Testament Greek</b>, was the <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">common supra-regional form</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> spoken and written during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. It evolved from the spread of Greek following the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in the fourth century BC, and served as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of much of the Mediterranean region and the Middle East during the following centuries. It was based mainly on <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> speech forms, with various admixtures brought about through <a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">dialect levelling</a> with other varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Bubenik_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bubenik-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koine Greek included styles ranging from conservative literary forms to the spoken vernaculars of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the dominant language of the Byzantine Empire, it developed further into <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, which then turned into <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary Koine was the medium of much <a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">post-classical</a> Greek literary and scholarly writing, such as the works of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bubenik_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bubenik-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koine is also the language of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (the 3rd century BC Greek translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>), the Christian <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and of most early Christian theological writing by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>. In this context, Koine Greek is also known as "Biblical", "New Testament", "ecclesiastical", or "patristic" Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> wrote his private thoughts in Koine Greek in a work that is now known as <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koine Greek continues to be used as the liturgical language of services in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> and in some <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English-language name <i>Koine</i> is derived from the Koine Greek term <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>hē koinḕ diálektos</i></span></i>), meaning "the common dialect".<sup id="cite_ref-mw_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek word <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κοινή">κοινή</a></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>koinḗ</i></span></i>) itself means "common". The word is pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> in US English and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> in UK English. The pronunciation of the word <i>koine</i> itself gradually changed from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[koinéː]</a></span> (close to the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek#Classical_Attic" title="Attic Greek">Classical Attic</a> pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[koi̯.nɛ̌ː]</a></span>) to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[cyˈni]</a></span> (close to the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ciˈni]</a></span>). In Modern Greek, the language is referred to as <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ελληνιστική Κοινή</span></span>, "Hellenistic Koiné", in the sense of "Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">supraregional language</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient scholars used the term <i>koine</i> in several different senses. Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Dyscolus" title="Apollonius Dyscolus">Apollonius Dyscolus</a> (second century AD) and <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Herodianus" title="Aelius Herodianus">Aelius Herodianus</a> (second century AD) maintained the term <i>koine</i> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a>, while others used it to refer to any vernacular form of Greek speech which differed somewhat from the literary language.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Koine Greek became a language of literature by the first century BC, some people distinguished two forms: written as the literary post-classical form (which should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a>), and vernacular as the day-to-day <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others chose to refer to Koine as "the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>" or "Alexandrian dialect" (<span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ Ἀλεξανδρέων διάλεκτος</span></span>), or even the universal dialect of its time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern classicists have often used the former sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenistic_Greek-MAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hellenistic_Greek-MAP.jpg/250px-Hellenistic_Greek-MAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hellenistic_Greek-MAP.jpg/375px-Hellenistic_Greek-MAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hellenistic_Greek-MAP.jpg/500px-Hellenistic_Greek-MAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Greek-speaking areas during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (323 to 31 BC) <div><ul><li>Dark blue: areas where Greek speakers probably were a majority</li><li>Light blue: areas that were significantly Hellenized</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Koine <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> arose as a common dialect within the armies of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a>, their newly formed common variety was spoken from the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> of Egypt to the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced existing <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">ancient Greek dialects</a> with an everyday form that people anywhere could understand.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though elements of Koine Greek took shape in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, the post-Classical period of Greek is defined as beginning with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, when cultures under Greek sway in turn began to influence the language. </p><p>The passage into the next period, known as <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, is sometimes dated from the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> in 330 AD, but often only from the end of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. The post-Classical period of Greek thus refers to the creation and evolution of Koine Greek throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman eras of history until the start of the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The linguistic roots of the Common Greek dialect had been unclear since ancient times. During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, most scholars thought of Koine as the result of the mixture of the four main Ancient Greek dialects, "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ ἐκ τῶν τεττάρων συνεστῶσα</span></span>" (the composition of the Four). This view was supported in the early twentieth century by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Paul Kretschmer</a> in his book <i>Die Entstehung der Koine</i> (1901), while <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Wilamowitz-Moellendorff" title="Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff">Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Antoine Meillet</a>, based on the intense Ionic elements of the Koine – <span title="Ionic Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">σσ</span></span> instead of <span title="Classical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ττ</span></span> and <span title="Ionic Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ρσ</span></span> instead of <span title="Classical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ρρ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">θάλασσα – θάλαττα</span></span>, 'sea'; <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀρσενικός – ἀρρενικός</span></span>, 'potent, virile') – considered Koine to be a simplified form of <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The view accepted by most scholars today was given by the Greek linguist <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Hatzidakis" title="Georgios Hatzidakis">Georgios Hatzidakis</a>, who showed that despite the "composition of the Four", the "stable nucleus" of Koine Greek is Attic. In other words, Koine Greek can be regarded as Attic with the admixture of elements especially from Ionic, but also from other dialects. The degree of importance of the non-Attic linguistic elements on Koine can vary depending on the region of the Hellenistic world.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In that respect, the varieties of Koine spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> colonies of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, cf. <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a>) would have more intense <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> characteristics than others and those of Laconia and Cyprus would preserve some <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a> characteristics, respectively. The literary Koine of the Hellenistic age resembles Attic in such a degree that it is often mentioned as <i>Common Attic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Script_from_Rosetta_Stone_(36140196440).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greek_Script_from_Rosetta_Stone_%2836140196440%29.jpg/265px-Greek_Script_from_Rosetta_Stone_%2836140196440%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greek_Script_from_Rosetta_Stone_%2836140196440%29.jpg/398px-Greek_Script_from_Rosetta_Stone_%2836140196440%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greek_Script_from_Rosetta_Stone_%2836140196440%29.jpg/530px-Greek_Script_from_Rosetta_Stone_%2836140196440%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Greek script from the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> decree issued in the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>, 2nd century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The first scholars who studied Koine, both in Alexandrian and Early Modern times, were classicists whose prototype had been the literary <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> of the Classical period and frowned upon any other variety of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>. Koine Greek was therefore considered a decayed form of Greek which was not worthy of attention.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reconsideration on the historical and linguistic importance of Koine <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> began only in the early 19th century, where renowned scholars conducted a series of studies on the evolution of Koine throughout the entire <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The sources used on the studies of Koine have been numerous and of unequal reliability. The most significant ones are the inscriptions of the post-Classical periods and the <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a>, for being two kinds of texts which have authentic content and can be studied directly.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other significant sources are the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the Greek translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, and the Greek <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The teaching of these texts was aimed at the most common people, and for that reason, they use the most popular language of the era. </p><p>Other sources can be based on random findings such as inscriptions on vases written by popular painters, mistakes made by Atticists due to their imperfect knowledge of Attic Greek or even some surviving Greco-Latin glossaries of the Roman period,<sup id="cite_ref-Augsburg_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augsburg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g.: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Καλήμερον, ἦλθες;</span></span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bono die, venisti?</i></span><br />Good day, you came? </p><p><span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἐὰν θέλεις, ἐλθὲ μεθ' ἡμῶν.</span></span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Si vis, veni mecum</i></span>.<br />If you want, come with us.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ποῦ;</span></span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ubi?</i></span><br />Where? </p><p><span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Πρὸς φίλον ἡμέτερον Λύκιον.</span></span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ad amicum nostrum Lucium.</i></span><br />To our friend Lucius. </p><p><span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Τί γὰρ ἔχει;</span></span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quid enim habet?</i></span><br />Indeed, what does he have?<br />What is it with him? </p> <p><span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρρωστεῖ.</span></span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Aegrotat.</i></span><br />He's sick.</p></blockquote> <p>Finally, a very important source of information on the ancient Koine is the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern Greek</a> language with all its dialects and its own <i>Koine</i> form, which have preserved some of the ancient language's oral linguistic details which the written tradition has lost. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a> preserved the ancient pronunciation of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span> as ε (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νύφε, συνέλικος, τίμεσον, πεγάδι</span></span> for standard Modern Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">νύφη, συνήλικος, τίμησον, πηγάδι</span></span> etc.),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian language</a> preserved the long α instead of η (<span title="Tsakonian-language text"><span lang="tsd">ἁμέρα, ἀστραπά, λίμνα, χοά</span></span> etc.) and the other local characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dialects from the southern part of the Greek-speaking regions (<a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, etc.), preserve the pronunciation of the double similar consonants (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄλ-λος, Ἑλ-λάδα, θάλασ-σα</span></span>), while others pronounce in many words υ as ου or preserve ancient double forms (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κρόμμυον – κρεμ-μυον, ράξ – ρώξ</span></span> etc.). Linguistic phenomena like the above imply that those characteristics survived within Koine, which in turn had countless variations in the Greek-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/200px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/300px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/400px-P46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a> is one of the oldest extant <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> manuscripts in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, written on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, with its 'most probable date' between 175 and 225.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_Koine">Biblical Koine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biblical Koine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Biblical Koine</i> refers to the varieties of Koine Greek used in <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Greek" title="Bible translations into Greek">Bible translations into Greek</a> and related texts. Its main sources are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, a 3rd century BC Greek translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (Old Testament) and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">texts not included in the Hebrew Bible</a>;</li> <li>The Greek New Testament, composed originally in Greek.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Septuagint_Greek">Septuagint Greek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Septuagint Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></div> <p>There has been some debate to what degree Biblical Greek represents the mainstream of contemporary spoken Koine and to what extent it contains specifically <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a> features. These could have been induced either through the practice of translating closely from <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> originals, or through the influence of the regional non-standard Greek spoken by originally Aramaic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenized Jews</a>. </p><p>Some of the features discussed in this context are the Septuagint's normative absence of the particles <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μέν</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δέ</span></span>, and the use of <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐγένετο</span></span> to denote "it came to pass". Some features of Biblical Greek which are thought to have originally been non-standard elements eventually found their way into the main of the Greek language. </p><p>S. J. Thackeray, in <i>A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek According to the Septuagint</i> (1909), wrote that only the five books of the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> may be considered "good Koine". One issue debated by scholars is whether and how much the translation of the Pentateuch influenced the rest of the Septuagint, including the translation of Isaiah.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another point that scholars have debated is the use of <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐκκλησία</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ekklēsía</i></span> as a translation for the Hebrew <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">קָהָל</span></span> <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">qāhāl</i></span>. Old Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/James_Barr_(biblical_scholar)" title="James Barr (biblical scholar)">James Barr</a> has been critical of <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymological</a> arguments that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ekklēsía</i></span> refers to "the community called by God to constitute his People". Kyriakoula Papademetriou explains: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He maintains that <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐκκλησία</span></span> is merely used for designating the notion of meeting and gathering of men, without any particular character. Therefore, etymologizing this word could be needless, or even misleading, when it could guide to false meanings, for example that <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐκκλησία</span></span> is a name used for the people of God, Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Testament_Greek">New Testament Greek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Testament Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_New_Testament" title="Language of the New Testament">Language of the New Testament</a></div> <p>The authors of the New Testament follow the Septuagint translations for over half their quotations from the Old Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Historical_present" title="Historical present">historical present</a>" tense is a term used for present tense verbs that are used in some narrative sections of the New Testament to describe events that are in the past with respect to the speaker. This is seen more in works attributed to <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a> than <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used 151 times in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></i> in passages where a reader might expect a past tense verb. Scholars have presented various explanations for this; in the early 20th century some scholars argued that the use of the historical present tense in <i>Mark</i> was due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, but this theory fell out of favor in the 1960s. Another group of scholars believed the historical present tense was used to heighten the dramatic effect, and this interpretation was favored in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a></i> translation. In Volume II of the 1929 edition of <i>A Grammar of the New Testament</i>, W.F. Howard argues that the heavy use of the historical present in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, compared with the relatively infrequent usage by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> was evidence that heavy use of this verb tense is a feature of vernacular Koine, but other scholars have argued that the historical present can be a literary form to "denote semantic shifts to more prominent material."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patristic_Greek">Patristic Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patristic Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>patristic Greek</i> is sometimes used for the Greek written by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers#Greek_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Greek Church Fathers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christian</a> theologians in late antiquity. Christian writers in the earliest time tended to use a simple register of Koiné, relatively close to the spoken language of their time, following the model of the Bible. After the 4th century, when Christianity became the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a>, more learned registers of Koiné also came to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_Attic_and_Koine_Greek">Differences between Attic and Koine Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Differences between Attic and Koine Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koine period Greek differs from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a> in many ways: <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">word formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> (sound system).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_in_grammar">Differences in grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Differences in grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine Greek grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine Greek phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a></div> <p>During the period generally designated as Koine Greek, a great deal of phonological change occurred. At the start of the period, the pronunciation was virtually identical to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a>, whereas in the end, it had much more in common with <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a>. </p><p>The three most significant changes were the loss of vowel length distinction, the replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">pitch accent system</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent system</a>, and the monophthongization of several diphthongs: </p> <ul><li>The ancient distinction between long and short vowels was gradually lost, and from the second century BC all vowels were isochronic (having equal length).<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From the second century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">Ancient Greek pitch accent</a> was replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilosis" title="Psilosis">Psilosis</a>: loss of <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. Rough breathing had already been lost in the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a> varieties of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The diphthongs <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾱͅ,</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῃ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῳ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːi<span class="wrap"> </span>eːi<span class="wrap"> </span>oːi/</span> were respectively simplified to the long vowels <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾱ</span></span>, <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span>, <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ω</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː<span class="wrap"> </span>eː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The diphthongs <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αι</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ει</span></span>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οι</span></span> became <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αι</span></span>, which had already been pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> by the Boeotians since the 4th century BC and written η (e.g. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πῆς, χῆρε, μέμφομη</span></span>), became in Koine, too, first a long vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> and then, with the loss of distinctive vowel length and openness distinction <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, merging with ε. The diphthong <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ει</span></span> had already merged with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ι</span></span> in the 5th century BC in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, and by the 4th century BC in <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> (e.g. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΛΕΓΙΣ</span></span>), and it acquired this pronunciation also in Koine. The diphthong <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οι</span></span> fronted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>, merging with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">υ</span></span>. The diphthong <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">υι</span></span> came to be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yj]</span>, but eventually lost its final element and also merged with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">υ</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diphthong ου had been already raised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> in the 6th century BC, and remains so in Modern Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The diphthongs <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αυ</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ευ</span></span> came to be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[av<span class="wrap"> </span>ev]</span> (via <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aβ<span class="wrap"> </span>eβ]</span>), but are partly <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilated</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[af<span class="wrap"> </span>ef]</span> before the <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> consonants <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">θ, κ, ξ, π, σ, τ, φ, χ, and ψ</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Simple vowels mostly preserved their ancient pronunciations. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> (classically pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span>) was raised and merged with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ι</span></span>. In the 10th century AD, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">υ/οι</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> unrounded to merge with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ι</span></span>. These changes are known as <a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">iotacism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The consonants also preserved their ancient pronunciations to a great extent, except <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">β, γ, δ, φ, θ, χ</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζ</span></span>. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Β, Γ, Δ</span></span>, which were originally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span>, became the fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> (via <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span>, which they still are today, except when preceded by a nasal consonant (μ, ν); in that case, they retain their ancient pronunciations (e.g. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γαμβρός > γαμπρός</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣamˈbros]</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄνδρας > άντρας</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈandras]</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγγελος > άγγελος</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈaŋɟelos]</span>). The latter three (Φ, Θ, Χ), which were initially pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirates</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ/</span> respectively), developed into the fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> (via <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸ]</span>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>. Finally ζ, which is still metrically categorised as a double consonant with ξ and ψ because it may have initially been pronounced as σδ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> or δσ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span>, later acquired its modern-day value of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-andriotes_15-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andriotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Testament_Greek_phonology">New Testament Greek phonology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Testament Greek phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Koine-period Greek in the table is taken from a reconstruction by Benjamin Kantor of New Testament Judeo-Palestinian Koine Greek. The realizations of most phonemes reflect general changes around the Greek-speaking world, including vowel isochrony and monophthongization, but certain sound values differ from other Koine varieties such as Attic, Egyptian and Anatolian.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More general Koine phonological developments include the spirantization of <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Γ</span></span>, with palatal allophone before front-vowels and a plosive allophone after nasals, and <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">β</span></span>. <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">φ, θ</span></span> and <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">χ</span></span> still preserve their ancient aspirated plosive values, while the unaspirated stops <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">π, τ, κ</span></span> have perhaps begun to develop voiced allophones after nasals.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial aspiration has also likely become an optional sound for many speakers of the popular variety.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monophthongization (including the initial stage in the fortition of the second element in the αυ/ευ diphthongs) and the loss of vowel-timing distinctions are carried through. On the other hand, Kantor argues for certain vowel qualities differing from the rest of the Koine in the Judean dialect. Although it is impossible to know the exact realizations of vowels, it is tentatively argued that the mid-vowels <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ε</span></span>/<span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">αι</span></span> and <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span> had a more open pronunciation than other Koine dialects, distinguished as open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> vs. close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than as true-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e̞/</span> vs. close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e̝/</span> as has been suggested for other varieties such as Egyptian.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is evidenced on the basis of Hebrew transcriptions of <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ε</span></span> with <i>pataḥ/qamets</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and not <i>tsere/segol</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>. Additionally, it is posited that <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">α</span></span> perhaps had a back vowel pronunciation as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, dragged backwards due to the opening of <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ε</span></span>. Influence of the Aramaic substrate could have also caused confusion between <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">α</span></span> and <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ο</span></span>, providing further evidence for the back vowel realization.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>letter</th> <th>Greek</th> <th>transliteration</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alpha</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">α</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">a</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beta</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">β</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">b</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/<span class="wrap"> </span>([b,<span class="wrap"> </span>β])</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gamma</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">γ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">g</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/<span class="wrap"> </span>([ɣ,<span class="wrap"> </span>g,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʝ])</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delta</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">δ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">d</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Epsilon</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">e</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zeta</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ζ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">z</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eta</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ē</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Theta</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">θ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">th</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iota</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">i</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kappa</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">κ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">k</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/<span class="wrap"> </span>([k,<span class="wrap"> </span>g])</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lambda</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">λ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">l</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/<span class="wrap"> </span>([ʎ](?)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mu</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">μ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">m</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nu</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ν</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">n</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/<span class="wrap"> </span>([n,<span class="wrap"> </span>m])</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xi</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ξ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">x</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Omicron</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ο</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">o</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o̞/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pi</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">π</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">p</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/<span class="wrap"> </span>([p,<span class="wrap"> </span>b])</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rho</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ρ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">r</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sigma</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">σ (-σ-/-σσ-)</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">s (-s-/-ss-)</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/<span class="wrap"> </span>([s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z])</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tau</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">τ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">t</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/<span class="wrap"> </span>([t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d])</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upsilon</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">υ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">y</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phi</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">φ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ph</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chi</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">χ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ch</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Psi</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ψ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ps</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ps/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Omega</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ω</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ō</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">αι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ai</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ει</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ei</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">οι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oi</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">υι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">yi</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yi/</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">αυ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">au</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑɸ(ʷ),<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑβ(ʷ)]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ευ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eu</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛɸ(ʷ),<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛβ(ʷ)]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ου</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ou</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">αι (ᾳ)</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">āi</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ηι (ῃ)</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ēi</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ωι (ῳ)</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ōi</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">῾</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">h</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(/h/)</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_Koine_texts">Sample Koine texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sample Koine texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following texts show differences from Attic Greek in all aspects – grammar, morphology, vocabulary and can be inferred to show differences in phonology. </p><p>The following comments illustrate the phonological development within the period of Koine. The phonetic transcriptions are tentative and are intended to illustrate two different stages in the reconstructed development, an early conservative variety still relatively close to Classical Attic, and a somewhat later, more progressive variety approaching Modern Greek in some respects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_1_–_A_Roman_decree"><span id="Sample_1_.E2.80.93_A_Roman_decree"></span>Sample 1 – A Roman decree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sample 1 – A Roman decree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following excerpt, from a decree of the Roman Senate to the town of <a href="/wiki/Thisbae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thisbae">Thisbae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> in 170 BC, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a hypothetical conservative variety of mainland Greek Koiné in the early Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transcription shows raising of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>, partial (pre-consonantal/word-final) raising of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῃ</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ει</span></span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span>, retention of pitch accent, and retention of word-initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> (the <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">περὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">peri</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ὧν</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hoːn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">Θισ[β]εῖς</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tʰizbîːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">λόγους</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lóɡuːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἐποιήσαντο·</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">epojéːsanto;</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">περὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">peri</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τῶν</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">toːn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">καθ᾿</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">katʰ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">αὑ[τ]οὺς</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hautùːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">πραγμάτων,</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">praːɡmátoːn,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">οἵτινες</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hoítines</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἐν</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">en</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τῇ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tiː</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">φιλίᾳ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pʰilíaːi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τῇ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tiː</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἡμετέρᾳ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heːmetéraːi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἐνέμειναν,</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">enémiːnan,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ὅπως</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hópoːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">αὐτοῖς</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">autois</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">δοθῶσιν</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dotʰôːsin</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">[ο]ἷς</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hois</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τὰ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">καθ᾿</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">katʰ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">αὑτοὺς</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hautùːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">πράγματα</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">práːɡmata</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἐξηγήσωνται,</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ekseːɡéːsoːntai,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">περὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">peri</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τούτου</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">túːtuː</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τοῦ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tuː</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">πράγματος</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">práːɡmatos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">οὕτως</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">húːtoːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἔδοξεν·</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">édoksen;</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ὅπως</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hópoːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">Κόιντος</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈkʷintos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">Μαίνιος</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈmainios</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">στρατηγὸς</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">strateːɡòs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τῶν</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">toːn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἐκ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ek</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τῆς</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">teːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">συνκλήτου</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">syŋkléːtuː</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">[π]έντε</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pénte</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἀποτάξῃ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">apotáksiː,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">οἳ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hoi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἂν</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">an</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">αὐτῷ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">autoːi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἐκ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ek</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τῶν</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">toːn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">δημοσίων</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">deːmosíoːn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">πρα[γμ]άτων</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">praːɡmátoːn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">καὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kai</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">τῆς</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">teːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">ἰδίας</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">idíaːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">πίστεως</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">písteoːs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-koine" style="margin: 0px;">φαίνωνται.</p><p lang="grc-x-koine-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pʰaínoːntai</p></div><p style="display: none;">περὶ ὧν Θισ[β]εῖς λόγους ἐποιήσαντο· περὶ τῶν καθ᾿ αὑ[τ]οὺς πραγμάτων, οἵτινες ἐν τῇ φιλίᾳ τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἐνέμειναν, ὅπως αὐτοῖς δοθῶσιν [ο]ἷς τὰ καθ᾿ αὑτοὺς πράγματα ἐξηγήσωνται, περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν· ὅπως Κόιντος Μαίνιος στρατηγὸς τῶν ἐκ τῆς συνκλήτου [π]έντε ἀποτάξῃ οἳ ἂν αὐτῷ ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων πρα[γμ]άτων καὶ τῆς ἰδίας πίστεως φαίνωνται.</p><p style="display: none;">peri hoːn tʰizbîːs lóɡuːs epojéːsanto; peri toːn katʰ hautùːs praːɡmátoːn, hoítines en tiː pʰilíaːi tiː heːmetéraːi enémiːnan, hópoːs autois dotʰôːsin hois ta katʰ hautùːs práːɡmata ekseːɡéːsoːntai, peri túːtuː tuː práːɡmatos húːtoːs édoksen; hópoːs ˈkʷintos ˈmainios strateːɡòs toːn ek teːs syŋkléːtuː pénte apotáksiː, hoi an autoːi ek toːn deːmosíoːn praːɡmátoːn kai teːs idíaːs písteoːs pʰaínoːntai</p><p style="clear: left;">Concerning those matters about which the citizens of Thisbae made representations. Concerning their own affairs: the following decision was taken concerning the proposal that those who remained true to our friendship should be given the facilities to conduct their own affairs; that our praetor/governor Quintus Maenius should delegate five members of the senate who seemed to him appropriate in the light of their public actions and individual good faith.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_2_–_Greek_New_Testament"><span id="Sample_2_.E2.80.93_Greek_New_Testament"></span>Sample 2 – Greek New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sample 2 – Greek New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following excerpt, <a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1">the beginning of the Gospel of John</a>, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a progressive popular variety of Koiné in the early Christian era.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modernizing features include the loss of vowel length distinction, monophthongization, transition to stress accent, and raising of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. Also seen here are the bilabial fricative pronunciation of diphthongs <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αυ</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ευ</span></span>, loss of initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, fricative values for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">β</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γ</span></span>, and partial post-nasal voicing of voiceless stops. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">Ἐν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἀρχῇ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">arˈkʰi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἦν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ὁ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">λόγος,</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈloɣos,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">καὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ὁ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">λόγος</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈloɣos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἦν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">im</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">πρὸς</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bros</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">τὸν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to(n)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">θεόν,</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tʰeˈo(n),</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">καὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">θεὸς</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tʰeˈos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἦν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ὁ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">λόγος.</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈloɣos.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">οὗτος</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈutos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἦν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἐν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">en</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἀρχῇ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">arˈkʰi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">πρὸς</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pros</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">τὸν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to(n)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">θεόν.</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tʰeˈo(n).</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">πάντα</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈpanda</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">δι᾽</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">di</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">αὐτοῦ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aɸˈtu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἐγένετο,</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eˈʝeneto,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">καὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">χωρὶς</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kʰoˈris</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">αὐτοῦ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aɸˈtu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἐγένετο</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eˈʝeneto</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">οὐδὲ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ude</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἕν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ὃ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">γέγονεν.</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈʝeɣonen.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἐν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">en</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">αὐτῷ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aɸˈto</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ζωὴ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zoˈi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἦν,</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">in,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">καὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἡ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ζωὴ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zoˈi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἦν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">τὸ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">φῶς</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pʰos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">τῶν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ton</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἀνθρώπων.</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">anˈtʰropon;</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">καὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">τὸ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">φῶς</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pʰos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἐν</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">en</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">τῇ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">di</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">σκοτίᾳ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">skoˈtia</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">φαίνει,</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ˈpʰeni,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">καὶ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">ἡ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">σκοτία</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">skoˈti(a)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">αὐτὸ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a(ɸ)ˈto</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">οὐ</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">u</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc-x-biblical" style="margin: 0px;">κατέλαβεν.</p><p lang="grc-x-biblical-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaˈtelaβen</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν. πάντα δι᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἕν ὃ γέγονεν. ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν, καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἦν τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων. καὶ τὸ φῶς ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ φαίνει, καὶ ἡ σκοτία αὐτὸ οὐ κατέλαβεν.</p><p style="display: none;">ˈen arˈkʰi in o ˈloɣos, ke o ˈloɣos im bros to(n) tʰeˈo(n), ke tʰeˈos in o ˈloɣos. ˈutos in en arˈkʰi pros to(n) tʰeˈo(n). ˈpanda di aɸˈtu eˈʝeneto, ke kʰoˈris aɸˈtu eˈʝeneto ude ˈen o ˈʝeɣonen. en aɸˈto zoˈi in, ke i zoˈi in to pʰos ton anˈtʰropon; ke to pʰos en di skoˈtia ˈpʰeni, ke i skoˈti(a) a(ɸ)ˈto u kaˈtelaβen</p><p style="clear: left;"><a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.</a> He was in the beginning with God. All things were made by Him; and without Him was not anything made that was made. In Him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light shines in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronunciation: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KOY</span>-nee</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-collins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KOY</span>-nay</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">or</span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">koy-<span style="font-size:90%">NAY</span></i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mw_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[(h)e̝<span class="wrap"> </span>kyˈne̝<span class="wrap"> </span>diˈalektos]</a></span>, <span class="IPA-label">later</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[i<span class="wrap"> </span>cyˈni<span class="wrap"> </span>ðiˈalektos]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Latin gloss in the source erroneously has "with me", while the Greek means "with us".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the other hand, not all scholars agree that the Pontic pronunciation of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span> as <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ε</span></span> is an archaism. Apart from the improbability that the sound change <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span>><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e̝(ː)/</span>><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> did not occur in this important region of the Roman Empire, Horrocks notes that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ε</span></span> can be written in certain contexts for any letter or digraph representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> in other dialects–e.g. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ι</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ει</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οι</span></span>, or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">υ</span></span>, which were never pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> in Ancient Greek–not just η (c.f. όνερον, κοδέσπενα, λεχάρι for standard όνειρο, οικοδέσποινα, λυχάρι.) He therefore attributes this feature of East Greek to vowel weakening, paralleling the omission of unstressed vowels. Horrocks (2010: 400)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For convenience, the rough breathing mark represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, even if it was not commonly used in contemporary orthography. Parentheses denote the loss of the sound.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Constantelos" title="Demetrios Constantelos">Demetrios J. Constantelos</a>, <i>The Greek Orthodox Church: faith, history, and practice,</i> Seabury Press, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2009-060">"Change Request Documentation: 2009-060"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Change+Request+Documentation%3A+2009-060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Frequest%2F2009-060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-collins_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Koine">"Koine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CollinsDictionary.com">CollinsDictionary.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norton& Company Inc. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91847-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91847-2"><bdi>978-0-393-91847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+Together+Worlds+Apart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton%26+Company+Inc&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-393-91847-2&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Augsburg-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Augsburg_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost03/Dositheus/dos_col3.html">Augsburg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergari2015" class="citation book cs1">Vergari, Romina (2015-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110312164/9783110312164-013/9783110312164-013.xm">"Aspects of Polysemy in Biblical Greek: the Semantic Micro-Structure of Kρισις"</a>. In Eberhard Bons; Jan Joosten; Regine Hunziker-Rodewald (eds.). <i>Biblical Lexicology: Hebrew and Greek</i>. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031216-4"><bdi>978-3-11-031216-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+Polysemy+in+Biblical+Greek%3A+the+Semantic+Micro-Structure+of+K%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82&rft.btitle=Biblical+Lexicology%3A+Hebrew+and+Greek&rft.place=Berlin%2C+M%C3%BCnchen%2C+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.isbn=978-3-11-031216-4&rft.aulast=Vergari&rft.aufirst=Romina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fbooks%2F9783110312164%2F9783110312164-013%2F9783110312164-013.xm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapademetriou2015" class="citation book cs1">Papademetriou, Kyriakoula (2015-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110312164/9783110312164-012/9783110312164-012.xml">"The dynamic semantic role of etymology in the meaning of Greek biblical words. The case of the word ἐκκλησία"</a>. In Eberhard Bons; Jan Joosten; Regine Hunziker-Rodewald (eds.). <i>Biblical Lexicology: Hebrew and Greek</i>. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031216-4"><bdi>978-3-11-031216-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+dynamic+semantic+role+of+etymology+in+the+meaning+of+Greek+biblical+words.+The+case+of+the+word+%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.btitle=Biblical+Lexicology%3A+Hebrew+and+Greek&rft.place=Berlin%2C+M%C3%BCnchen%2C+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.isbn=978-3-11-031216-4&rft.aulast=Papademetriou&rft.aufirst=Kyriakoula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fbooks%2F9783110312164%2F9783110312164-012%2F9783110312164-012.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansTov2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A.; Tov, Emanuel (2008-10-01). "Introduction". <i>Exploring the Origins of the Bible (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology): Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective</i>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58558-814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58558-814-5"><bdi>978-1-58558-814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Origins+of+the+Bible+%28Acadia+Studies+in+Bible+and+Theology%29%3A+Canon+Formation+in+Historical%2C+Literary%2C+and+Theological+Perspective&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-58558-814-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft.au=Tov%2C+Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterPitts2013" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Stanley E.; Pitts, Andrew (2013-02-21). "Markan Idiolect in the Study of the Greek New Testament". <i>The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23477-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23477-2"><bdi>978-90-04-23477-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Markan+Idiolect+in+the+Study+of+the+Greek+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Context%2C+History%2C+and+Development&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23477-2&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rft.au=Pitts%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsburn1983" class="citation journal cs1">Osburn, Carroll D. (1983). "The Historical Present in Mark as a Text-Critical Criterion". <i>Biblica</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 486–500. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42707093">42707093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Present+in+Mark+as+a+Text-Critical+Criterion&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=486-500&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42707093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Osburn&rft.aufirst=Carroll+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStricklandYoung2017" class="citation book cs1">Strickland, Michael; Young, David M. (2017-11-15). <i>The Rhetoric of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-3847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-3847-4"><bdi>978-1-5064-3847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Jesus+in+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-3847-4&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Young%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horrocks (1997: ch.5.11.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A concise survey of the major differences between Attic and Koine Greek can be found in Reece, Steve, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30641319/Teaching_Koine_Greek_in_a_Classics_Department">Teaching Koine Greek in a Classics Department</a>", <i>Classical Journal</i> 93.4 (1998) 417–429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horrocks (2010: 162)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKantor2023">Kantor 2023</a>:345,764</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGignac1970" class="citation journal cs1">Gignac, Francis T. (1970). "The Pronunciation of Greek Stops in the Papyri". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>101</b>: 185–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2936047">10.2307/2936047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2936047">2936047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Pronunciation+of+Greek+Stops+in+the+Papyri&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=185-202&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2936047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2936047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gignac&rft.aufirst=Francis+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horrocks (2010): 111, 170–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horrocks (2010): 171, 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKantor2023">Kantor 2023</a>:613</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In example, c.f. Horrocks (2010), 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKantor2023">Kantor 2023</a>:613</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Horrocks (1997), <i>Greek: A history of the language and its speakers</i>, p. 87, cf. also pp. 105–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horrocks (1997: 94).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abel, F.-M. <i>Grammaire du grec biblique</i>.</li> <li>Allen, W. Sidney, <i>Vox Graeca: a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek – 3rd ed.</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33555-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33555-8">0-521-33555-8</a></li> <li>Andriotis, Nikolaos P. <i>History of the Greek Language</i></li> <li>Buth, Randall, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicallanguagecenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Greek_Pronunciation_2008.pdf"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἡ κοινὴ προφορά</span></span>: Koine Greek of Early Roman Period</a></i></li> <li>Bruce, Frederick F. <i>The Books and the Parchments: Some Chapters on the Transmission of the Bible</i>. 3rd ed. Westwood, NJ: Revell, 1963. Chapters 2 and 5.</li> <li>Conybeare, F.C. and Stock, St. George. <i>Grammar of Septuagint Greek: With Selected Readings, Vocabularies, and Updated Indexes</i>.</li> <li>Horrocks, Geoffrey C. (2010). <i>Greek: A history of the language and its speakers</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1956" class="citation cs2">Weir, Herbert (1956), <i>Greek Grammar</i>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36250-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36250-5"><bdi>978-0-674-36250-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Grammar&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36250-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantor2023" class="citation cs2">Kantor, Benjamin (2023), <i>he Pronunciation of New Testament Greek Judeo-Palestinian Greek Phonology and Orthography from Alexander to Islam</i>, Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802878311" title="Special:BookSources/9780802878311"><bdi>9780802878311</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=he+Pronunciation+of+New+Testament+Greek+Judeo-Palestinian+Greek+Phonology+and+Orthography+from+Alexander+to+Islam&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780802878311&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1956" class="citation cs2">Smyth, Herbert Weir (1956), <i>Greek Grammar</i>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36250-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36250-5"><bdi>978-0-674-36250-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Grammar&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36250-5&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoine+Greek" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. <i>A companion to the Ancient Greek language.</i> Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Blass, Friedrich, and Albert Debrunner. 1961. <i>Greek grammar of the New Testament and other early Christian literature.</i> Translated and revised by R. W. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos, ed. 2007. <i>A history of Ancient Greek: From the beginnings to Late Antiquity.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. <i>A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._E._Easterling" title="P. E. Easterling">Easterling, P. E.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Handley" title="Carol Handley">Carol Handley</a>. 2001. <i>Greek Scripts: An Illustrated Introduction.</i> London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.</li> <li>Evans, T. V., and Dirk Obbink, eds. 2009. <i>The language of the papyri.</i> Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.</li> <li>Gignac, Francis T. 1976–1981. <i>A grammar of the Greek papyri of the Roman and Byzantine periods.</i> 2 vols. Milan: Cisalpino-La Goliardica.</li> <li>Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. <i>The Greek language.</i> London: Faber & Faber.</li> <li>Stevens, Gerald L. 2009. <i>New Testament Greek Intermediate: From Morphology to Translation.</i> Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press.</li> <li>––––. 2009. <i>New Testament Greek Primer.</i> Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Κοινή">Κοινή</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Koine Greek</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Koine+Greek&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Koine+Greek">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Koine+Greek&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/ntgol">New Testament Greek Online</a> by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">Linguistics Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westarinstitute.org/resources/koine-greek-keyboard/">Free Koine Greek Keyboard</a> – A unicode keyboard originally developed by Char Matejovsky for use by Westar Institute scholars</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/bgreek/forum/">The Biblical Greek Forum</a> – An online community for Biblical Greek</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greek-language.com">Greek-Language.com</a> – Dictionaries, manuscripts of the Greek New Testament, and tools for applying linguistics to the study of Hellenistic Greek</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegreek.net">Diglot</a> A daily di-glot or tri-glot (Vulgate) reading</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin and genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ages_of_Greek" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language_periods" title="Template:Greek language periods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language_periods" title="Template talk:Greek language periods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language_periods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language periods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ages_of_Greek" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ages of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd millennium BC</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1100 BC</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–300 BC</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC – AD 600</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600–1453</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold">Since 1453</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koine</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107358#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit 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