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id="toc-Organizational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Formation and early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Civic_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Civic_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>National Civic Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Civic_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_restriction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_restriction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Immigration restriction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_restriction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition_against_child_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_against_child_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Coalition against child labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_against_child_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_after:_1917–1921" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_after:_1917–1921"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>World War I and after: 1917–1921</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_after:_1917–1921-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>New Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>World War II and merger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical problems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_problems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical problems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sexism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_between_affiliated_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_between_affiliated_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conflicts between affiliated unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_between_affiliated_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical achievements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_achievements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical achievements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizing_and_coordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizing_and_coordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Organizing and coordination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizing_and_coordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Political action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Secretaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasurers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasurers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Treasurers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasurers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary-Treasureres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary-Treasureres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Secretary-Treasureres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary-Treasureres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliated_unions_and_brotherhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliated_unions_and_brotherhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Affiliated unions and brotherhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliated_unions_and_brotherhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_federations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_federations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>State federations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_federations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_and_general_references_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_and_general_references_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cited and general references and further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cited_and_general_references_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cited and general references and further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cited_and_general_references_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">American Federation of Labor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="American Federation of Labor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Federation of Labor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Estadounidense_del_Trabajo" title="Federación Estadounidense del Trabajo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federación Estadounidense del Trabajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_am%C3%A9ricaine_du_travail" title="Fédération américaine du travail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fédération américaine du travail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EC%97%B0%EB%A7%B9" title="미국노동연맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국노동연맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="American Federation of Labor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פדרציית העבודה האמריקאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדרציית העבודה האמריקאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="アメリカ労働総同盟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ労働総同盟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameryka%C5%84ska_Federacja_Pracy" title="Amerykańska Federacja Pracy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amerykańska Federacja Pracy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Американская федерация труда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская федерация труда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="American Federation of Labor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="American Federation of Labor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96" title="Американська федерація праці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська федерація праці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="美国劳工联合会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国劳工联合会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q464242#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Labor organization from 1886 to 1955</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">American Federation of Labor</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AFL-label.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AFL-label.jpg/220px-AFL-label.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AFL-label.jpg/330px-AFL-label.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AFL-label.jpg/440px-AFL-label.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">A.F. of L.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Organized_Trades_and_Labor_Unions" title="Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions">Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">December 8, 1886<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1886-12-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">December 4, 1955<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1955-12-04</span>)</span><br />(68 years, 11 months and 26 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">New York City; later Washington, D.C.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="country-name">United States</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_McBride_(labor_leader)" title="John McBride (labor leader)">John McBride</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(labor_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Green (labor leader)">William Green</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>American Federation of Labor</b> (<b>A.F. of L.</b>) was a national federation of <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">labor unions in the United States</a> that continues today as the <a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO</a>. It was founded in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>, in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions eager to provide mutual support and disappointed in the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a> was elected the full-time president at its founding convention and was re-elected every year except one until his death in 1924. He became the major spokesperson for the union movement. </p><p>The A.F. of L. was the largest union grouping, even after the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO) by unions that were expelled by the A.F. of L. in 1935. The A.F. of L. was founded and dominated by <a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">craft unions</a>, especially in the building trades. In the late 1930s, craft affiliates expanded by organizing on an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial union</a> basis to meet the challenge from the CIO. The A.F. of L. and the CIO competed bitterly in the late 1930s but then cooperated during World War II and afterward. In 1955, the two merged to create the <a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO</a>, which has comprised the longest lasting and most influential labor federation in the United States to this day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_history">Organizational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organizational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powderly-terence-1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Powderly-terence-1890.jpg/170px-Powderly-terence-1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Powderly-terence-1890.jpg/255px-Powderly-terence-1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Powderly-terence-1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terence_Powderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Terence Powderly">Terence Powderly</a>, Grand Master Workman of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a>, whose refusal to negotiate with craft unions led to formation of the AFL</figcaption></figure> <p>The American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.) was organized as an association of trade unions in 1886. The organization emerged from a dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a> (K of L) organization, in which the leadership of that organization solicited locals of various <a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">craft unions</a> to withdraw from their International organizations and to affiliate with the K of L directly, an action which would have moved funds from the various unions to the K of L.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Organized_Trades_and_Labor_Unions" title="Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions">Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions</a> also merged into what would become the American Federation of Labor. </p><p>One of the organizations embroiled in this controversy was the <a href="/wiki/Cigar_Makers%27_International_Union" title="Cigar Makers' International Union">Cigar Makers' International Union</a> (CMIU), a group subject to competition from a <a href="/wiki/Dual_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual union">dual union</a>, a rival "Progressive Cigarmakers' Union", organized by members suspended or expelled by the CMIU.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-134_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-134-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two cigar unions competed with one another in signing contracts with various cigar manufacturers, who were at this same time combining themselves into <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">manufacturers' associations</a> of their own in New York City, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Chicago, and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-134_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-134-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1886, the Cigar Manufacturers' Association of New York City announced a 20 percent wage cut in factories around the city. The Cigar Makers' International Union refused to accept the cut and 6,000 of its members in 19 factories were <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">locked out</a> by the owners. A <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> lasting four weeks ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-135_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-135-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just when it appeared that the strike might be won, the New York District Assembly of the Knights of Labor leaped into the breach, offering to settle with the 19 factories at a lower wage scale than that proposed by the CMIU, so long as only the Progressive Cigarmakers' Union was employed.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-135_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-135-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leadership of the CMIU was enraged and demanded that the New York District Assembly be investigated and punished by the national officials of the Knights of Labor. The committee of investigation was controlled by individuals friendly to the New York District Assembly, however, and the latter was exonerated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Federation of Labor was thus originally formed as an alliance of craft unions outside the Knights of Labor as a means of defending themselves against this and similar incursions.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-136_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 25, 1886, a circular letter was issued by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Strasser" title="Adolph Strasser">Adolph Strasser</a> of the Cigar Makers and <a href="/wiki/P._J._McGuire" class="mw-redirect" title="P. J. McGuire">P. J. McGuire</a> of the Carpenters, addressed to all national trade unions and calling for their attendance of a conference in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on May 18.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The call stated that an element of the Knights of Labor was doing "malicious work" and causing "incalculable mischief by arousing antagonisms and dissensions in the labor movement."<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-136_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The call was signed by Strasser and McGuire, along with representatives of the Granite Cutters, the Iron Molders, and the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Organized_Trades_and_Labor_Unions" title="Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions">Federation of Trades of North America</a>, a forerunner of the A.F. of L. founded in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-136_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forty-three invitations were mailed, which drew the attendance of 20 delegates and letters of approval from 12 other unions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this preliminary gathering, held in Donaldson Hall on the corner of Broad and Filbert Streets,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the K of L was charged with conspiring with anti-union bosses to provide labor at below going union rates and with making use of individuals who had <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">crossed picket lines</a> or defaulted on payment of union dues.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-137_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-137-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body authored a "treaty" to be presented to the forthcoming May 24, 1886, convention of the Knights of Labor, which demanded that the K of L cease attempting to organize members of International Unions into its own assemblies without permission of the unions involved and that K of L organizers violating this provision should suffer immediate suspension.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-137_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-137-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For its part, the Knights of Labor considered the demand for the parcelling of the labor movement into narrow craft-based fiefdoms to be anathema, a violation of the principle of solidarity of all workers across craft lines.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations with the dissident craft unions were nipped in the bud by the governing General Assembly of the K of L, however, with the organization's Grand Master Workman, <a href="/wiki/Terence_V._Powderly" title="Terence V. Powderly">Terence V. Powderly</a> refusing to enter into serious discussions on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actions of the New York District Assembly of the K of L were upheld. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_early_years">Formation and early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation and early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gompers-1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gompers-1887.jpg/220px-Gompers-1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gompers-1887.jpg/330px-Gompers-1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gompers-1887.jpg/440px-Gompers-1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Gompers in the office of the American Federation of Labor, 1887.</figcaption></figure> <p>Convinced that no accommodation with the leadership of the Knights of Labor was possible, the heads of the five labor organizations which issued the call for the April 1886 conference issued a new call for a convention to be held December 8, 1886, in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>, in order to construct "an American federation of alliance of all national and international trade unions."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty-two delegates representing 13 national unions and various other local labor organizations responded to the call, agreeing to form themselves into an American Federation of Labor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revenue for the new organization was to be raised on the basis of a "per-capita tax" of its member organizations, set at the rate of one-half cent per member per month (i.e. six cents per year, equal to $2.03 today).<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-143_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-143-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governance of the organization was to be by annual conventions, with one delegate allocated for every 4,000 members of each affiliated union.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-143_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-143-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founding convention voted to make the President of the new federation a full-time official at a salary of $1,000 per year (equal to $33,911 today), and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a> of the Cigar Makers' International Union was elected to the position.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner2-143_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2-143-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gompers would ultimately be re-elected to the position by annual conventions of the organization for every year save one until his death nearly four decades later. </p><p>Although the founding convention of the A.F. of L. had authorized the establishment of a publication for the new organization, Gompers made use of the existing labor press to generate support for the position of the craft unions against the Knights of Labor. Powerful opinion-makers of the American labor movement such as the Philadelphia <i>Tocsin,</i> <i>Haverhill Labor,</i> the <i>Brooklyn Labor Press,</i> and the <i>Denver Labor Enquirer</i> granted Gompers space in their pages, in which he made the case for the unions against the attacks of employers, "all too often aided by the K of L."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Headway was made in the form of endorsement by various local labor bodies. Some assemblies of the K of L supported the Cigar Makers' position and departed the organization: in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, 30 locals left the organization, while the membership of the Knights in Chicago fell from 25,000 in 1886 to just 3,500 in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factional warfare broke out in the K of L, with Terence Powderly blaming the organization's travails on "radicals" in its ranks, while those opposing Powderly called for an end to what they perceived as "autocratic leadership".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the face of the steady disintegration of its rival, the fledgling American Federation of Labor struggled to maintain itself, with the group showing very slow and incremental growth in its first years, only cracking the 250,000 member mark in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts63_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts63-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group from the outset concentrated upon the income and working conditions of its membership as its almost sole focus. The A.F. of L.'s founding convention declaring "higher wages and a shorter workday" to be "preliminary steps toward great and accompanying improvements in the condition of the working people." Participation in partisan politics was avoided as inherently divisive, and the group's constitution was structured to prevent the admission of political parties as affiliates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This fundamentally conservative "pure and simple" approach limited the A.F. of L. to matters pertaining to working conditions and rates of pay, relegating political goals to its allies in the political sphere. The Federation favored pursuit of workers' immediate demands rather than challenging the property rights of owners, and took a pragmatic view of politics which favored tactical support for particular politicians over formation of a party devoted to workers' interests. The A.F. of L.'s leadership believed the expansion of the capitalist system was seen as the path to betterment of labor, an orientation making it possible for the A.F. of L. to present itself as what one historian has called "the conservative alternative to working class radicalism".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gompers-Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gompers-Mitchell.jpg/170px-Gompers-Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gompers-Mitchell.jpg/255px-Gompers-Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gompers-Mitchell.jpg/340px-Gompers-Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Gompers with <a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(United_Mine_Workers)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mitchell (United Mine Workers)">John Mitchell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_of_America" title="United Mine Workers of America">United Mine Workers of America</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The A.F. of L. faced its first major reversal when employers launched an <a href="/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop">open shop</a> movement in 1903, designed to drive unions out of construction, mining, longshore and other industries. Membership in the A.F. of L.'s affiliated unions declined between 1904 and 1914 in the face of this concerted anti-union drive, which made effective use of legal <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunctions</a> against <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a>, court rulings given force when backed with the armed might of the state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At its November 1907 Convention in Norfolk, Virginia, the A.F. of L. founded the future <a href="/wiki/North_America%27s_Building_Trades_Unions" title="North America's Building Trades Unions">North America's Building Trades Unions</a> (NABTU) as its Department of Building Trades.<sup id="cite_ref-const_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-const-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p><p>Ever the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatist</a>, Gompers argued that labor should "reward its friends and punish its enemies" in both major parties. However, in the 1900s (decade), the two parties began to realign, with the main faction of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> coming to identify with the interests of banks and manufacturers, while a substantial portion of the rival <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> took a more labor-friendly position. While not precluding its members from belonging to the Socialist Party or working with its members, the A.F. of L. traditionally refused to pursue the tactic of independent political action by the workers in the form of the existing Socialist Party or the establishment of a new labor party. After 1908, the organization's tie to the Democratic party grew increasingly strong.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Civic_Federation">National Civic Federation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National Civic Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some unions within the A.F. of L. helped form and participated in the <a href="/wiki/National_Civic_Federation" title="National Civic Federation">National Civic Federation</a>. The National Civic Federation was formed by several progressive employers who sought to avoid labor disputes by fostering collective bargaining and "responsible" unionism. Labor's participation in this federation, at first tentative, created internal division within the A.F. of L. <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">Socialists</a>, who believed the only way to help workers was to remove large industry from private ownership, denounced labor's efforts at cooperation with the capitalists in the National Civic Federation. The A.F. of L. nonetheless continued its association with the group, which declined in importance as the decade of the 1910s drew to a close.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1890s, Gompers was planning an international federation of labor, starting with the expansion of A.F. of L. affiliates in Canada, especially Ontario. He helped the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Trades_and_Labour_Congress_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trades and Labour Congress of Canada">Trades and Labour Congress</a> with money and organizers, and by 1902, the A.F. of L. came to dominate the Canadian union movement.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration_restriction">Immigration restriction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Immigration restriction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_mans_burden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Union_mans_burden.jpg/170px-Union_mans_burden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Union_mans_burden.jpg/255px-Union_mans_burden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Union_mans_burden.jpg/340px-Union_mans_burden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>1922 cartoon from the <i>American Federationist</i>. The caption reads: The Union Man's Burden; Every organized worker carries an unorganized worker "strapped to his back".</figcaption></figure> <p>The A.F. of L. vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral, cultural, and racial reasons. The issue unified the workers who feared that an influx of new workers would flood the labor market and lower wages.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a> was not a factor because upwards of half the union members were themselves immigrants or the sons of immigrants from Ireland, Germany and Britain. Nativism was a factor when the A.F. of L. even more strenuously opposed all immigration from Asia because it represented (to its Euro-American members) an alien culture that could not be assimilated into American society. The A.F. of L. intensified its opposition after 1906 and was instrumental in passing immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s, such as the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>, and seeing that they were strictly enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mink (1986) concludes that the link between the A.F. of L. and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> rested in part on immigration issues, noting the large corporations, which supported the Republicans, wanted more immigration to augment their labor force.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prohibition gained strength as the German American community came under fire. The A.F. of L. was against prohibition as it was viewed as cultural right of the working class to drink.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coalition_against_child_labor">Coalition against child labor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coalition against child labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor in the United States">Child labor</a> was an issue on which the A.F. of L. found common ground with middle class reformers who otherwise kept their distance. The A.F. of L. joined campaigns at the state and national level to limit the employment of children under age 14.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904 a major national organization emerged, the <a href="/wiki/National_Child_Labor_Committee" title="National Child Labor Committee">National Child Labor Committee</a> (NCLC).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In state after state reformers launched crusades to pass laws restricting child labor, with the ultimate goals of rescuing young bodies and increasing school attendance. The frustrations included the Supreme Court striking down two national laws as unconstitutional, and weak enforcement of state laws due to the political influence of employers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_after:_1917–1921"><span id="World_War_I_and_after:_1917.E2.80.931921"></span>World War I and after: 1917–1921</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War I and after: 1917–1921"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_anticommunism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/American_anticommunism.jpg/220px-American_anticommunism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/American_anticommunism.jpg/330px-American_anticommunism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/American_anticommunism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>1919 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> cartoon portraying "reds" and IWW members as a violent mob held back by threat of a US Army machine gun</figcaption></figure> <p>The A.F. of L. and its affiliates were strong supporters of the war effort. The risk of disruptions to war production by labor radicals provided the A.F. of L. political leverage to gain recognition and mediation of labor disputes, often in favor of improvements for workers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A.F. of L. unions avoided strikes in favor of arbitration. Wages soared as near-full employment was reached at the height of the war. The A.F. of L. unions strongly encouraged young men to enlist in the military, and fiercely opposed efforts to reduce recruiting and slow war production by pacifists, the anti-war <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) and the radical faction of Socialists. To keep factories running smoothly, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">President Wilson</a> established the <a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="National War Labor Board (1918–1919)">National War Labor Board</a> in 1918, which forced management to negotiate with existing unions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson also appointed A.F. of L. president Gompers to the powerful <a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Defense" title="Council of National Defense">Council of National Defense</a>, where he set up the War Committee on Labor.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The A. F. of L. was strongly committed to the national war aims and cooperated closely with Washington. It used the opportunity to grow rapidly. It worked out an informal agreement with the United States government, in which the A.F. of L. would coordinate with the government both to support the war effort and to join "into an alliance to crush radical labor groups" that opposed the war effort, especially the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gompers chaired the wartime Labor Advisory Board. He attended the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919 as an official advisor on labor issues.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, the A.F. of L. petitioned Washington for the release of prisoners who had been convicted under Wartime Emergency Laws. Wilson did not act but President Warren Harding did so.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1919--the first year of peace--was one of turmoil in the labor movement. A.F. of L. membership soared to 2.4 million in 1917 and 4.1 million at the end of 1919. The A.F. of L. unions tried to make their gains permanent and called a series of major strikes in meat, steel and other industries. The strikes ultimately failed. Many African Americans had taken war jobs; other became strikebreakers in 1919. Racial tensions were high, with major race riots. The economy was very prosperous during the war but entered a postwar recession. In general, workers lost out and the A.F. of L. lost influence.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg/170px-Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg/255px-Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg/340px-Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>American Federation of Labor head Samuel Gompers (right) endorsed the pro-labor independent Presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> in 1924.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the pro-business environment of the 1920s, business launched a large-scale offensive on behalf of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop">open shop</a>", which meant that a person did not have to be a union member to be hired. A.F. of L. unions lost membership steadily until 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, following the death of Samuel Gompers, <a href="/wiki/UMWA" class="mw-redirect" title="UMWA">UMWA</a> member and A.F. of L. vice president <a href="/wiki/William_Green_(labor_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Green (labor leader)">William Green</a> became the president of the labor federation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization endorsed pro-labor progressive <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> in the 1924 presidential election. He only carried his home state of Wisconsin. The campaign failed to establish a permanent independent party closely connected to the labor movement, however, and thereafter the Federation embraced ever more closely the Democratic Party, despite the fact that many union leaders remained Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in 1928 won the votes of many Protestant A.F. of L. members.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Deal">New Deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Strikes_in_the_United_States_in_the_1930s" title="Strikes in the United States in the 1930s">Strikes in the United States in the 1930s</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> were hard times for the unions, and membership fell sharply across the country. As the national economy began to recover in 1933, so did union membership. The <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> of president <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, a Democrat, strongly favored labor unions. He made sure that relief operations like the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> did not include a training component that would produce skilled workers who would compete with union members in a still glutted market. The major legislation was the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> of 1935, called the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner Act">Wagner Act</a>. It greatly strengthened organized unions, especially by weakening the company unions that many workers belonged to. It was to the members advantage to transform a company union into a local of an A.F. of L. union, and thousands did so, dramatically boosting the membership. The Wagner Act also set up to the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a>, which used its powers to rule in favor of unions and against the companies. </p><p>In the early 1930s, A.F. of L. president <a href="/wiki/William_Green_(labor_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Green (labor leader)">William Green</a> (president, 1924–1952) experimented with an industrial approach to organizing in the automobile and steel industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Irving_Bernstein._1969_94–95_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irving_Bernstein._1969_94–95-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A.F. of L. made forays into <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a> by chartering federal labor unions, which would organize across an industry and be chartered by the Federation, not through existing craft unions, guilds, or brotherhoods. As early as 1923, the A.F. of L. had chartered federal labor unions, including six news writer locals that had formerly been part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Typographical_Union" title="International Typographical Union">International Typographical Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the 1930s the A.F. of L. began chartering these federal labor unions as an industrial organizing strategy. The dues in these federal labor unions (FLUs) were kept intentionally low to make them more accessible to low paid industrial workers; however, these low dues later allowed the Internationals in the Federation to deny members of FLUs voting membership at conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, Green sent William Collins to Detroit to organize automobile workers into a federal labor union.<sup id="cite_ref-Irving_Bernstein._1969_94–95_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irving_Bernstein._1969_94–95-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year workers at the Westinghouse plant in East Springfield MA, members of federal labor union 18476, struck for recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, the A.F. of L. received 1,205 applications for charters for federal labor unions, 1006 of which were granted.<sup id="cite_ref-Irving_Bernstein._1969_355_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irving_Bernstein._1969_355-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1934, the A.F. of L. had successfully organized 32,500 autoworkers using the federal labor union model.<sup id="cite_ref-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the leadership of the craft union internationals that made up the federation, advocated for the FLU's to be absorbed into existing craft union internationals and for these internationals to have supremacy of jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irving_Bernstein._1969_355_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irving_Bernstein._1969_355-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1933 A.F. of L. convention in Washington, DC, John Frey of the <a href="/wiki/International_Molders_and_Foundry_Workers_Union_of_North_America" title="International Molders and Foundry Workers Union of North America">Molders and Metal Trades</a> pushed for craft union internationals to have jurisdictional supremacy over the FLU's; the <a href="/wiki/United_Brotherhood_of_Carpenters_and_Joiners_of_America" title="United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America">Carpenters</a> headed by William Hutchenson and the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">IBEW</a> also pushed for FLU's to turn over their members to the authority of the craft internationals between 1933 and 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, one hundred FLUs met separately and demanded that the A.F. of L. continue to issue charters to unions organizing on an industrial basis independent of the existing craft union internationals.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935 the FLUs representing autoworkers and rubber workers both held conventions independent of the craft union internationals.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1935 A.F. of L. convention, Green and the advocates of traditional craft unionism faced increasing dissension led by <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a> of the coal miners, Sidney Hillman of the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Clothing_Workers_of_America" title="Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America">Amalgamated</a>, David Dubinsky of the <a href="/wiki/International_Ladies%27_Garment_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union">Garment Workers</a>, Charles Howard of the <a href="/wiki/International_Typographical_Union" title="International Typographical Union">ITU</a>, Thomas McMahon of the <a href="/wiki/Textile_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Textile Workers Union of America">Textile Workers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Zaritsky" title="Max Zaritsky">Max Zaritsky</a> of the Hat, Cap, and Millinery Workers, in addition to the members of the FLU's themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis argued that the A.F.of L. was too heavily oriented toward traditional craftsmen, and was overlooking the opportunity to organize millions of semiskilled workers, especially those in industrial factories that made automobiles, rubber, glass and steel. In 1935 Lewis led the dissenting unions in forming a new Congress for Industrial Organization (CIO) within the A.F. of L. Both the new CIO industrial unions, and the older A.F. of L. crafts unions grew rapidly after 1935. President Franklin D. Roosevelt became a hero to them. He won reelection in a landslide in 1936, and by a closer margin in 1940. Labor unions gave strong support in 1940, compared to very strong support in 1936. The Gallup Poll showed CIO voters declined from 85% in 1935 to 79% in 1940. A.F. of L. voters went from 80% to 71%. Other union members went from 74% to 57%. Blue collar workers who were not union members went 72% to 64%.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_merger">World War II and merger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War II and merger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The A.F. of L. retained close ties to the Democratic machines in big cities through the 1940s. Its membership surged during the war and it held on to most of its new members after wartime legal support for labor was removed. Despite its close connections to many in Congress, the A.F. of L. was not able to block the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1947, the union supported the <a href="/wiki/1947_Telephone_strike" title="1947 Telephone strike">strike efforts of thousands of switchboard operators</a> by donating thousands of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, the A.F. of L. and CIO merged to form the <a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_problems">Historical problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism">Racism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Lilliputians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Chinese_Lilliputians.jpg/240px-Chinese_Lilliputians.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Chinese_Lilliputians.jpg/360px-Chinese_Lilliputians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Chinese_Lilliputians.jpg/480px-Chinese_Lilliputians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>"The American Gulliver and Chinese Lilliputians", from 1901 pamphlet</figcaption></figure> <p>During its first years, the A.F. of L. admitted nearly anyone. Gompers opened the A.F. of L. to radical and socialist workers and to some semiskilled and unskilled workers. Women, African Americans, and immigrants joined in small numbers. By the 1890s, the Federation had begun to organize only skilled workers in craft unions and became an organization of mostly white men. Although the A.F. of L. preached a policy of egalitarianism in regard to African-American workers, it actively discriminated against them.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A.F. of L. sanctioned the maintenance of segregated locals within its affiliates, particularly in the construction and railroad industries, a practice that often excluded black workers altogether from union membership and thus from employment in organized industries.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, the A.F. of L. lobbied Congress to reauthorize the 1882 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)">Chinese Exclusion Act</a>, and issued a pamphlet entitled "Some reasons for Chinese Exclusion. Meat vs. Rice. American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism. Which shall survive?".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A.F. of L. also began one of the first organized labor boycotts when they began putting white stickers on the cigars made by unionized white cigar rollers while simultaneously discouraging consumers from purchasing cigars rolled by Chinese workers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexism">Sexism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sexism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most ways, the A.F. of L.'s treatment of women workers paralleled its policy towards black workers. The A.F. of L. never adopted a strict policy of gender exclusion and, at times, even came out in favor of women's unionism. However, despite such rhetoric, it only half-heartedly supported women's attempts to organize and, more often, took pains to keep women out of unions and the workforce altogether. Only two national unions affiliated with the A.F. of L. at its founding openly included women, and others passed bylaws barring women's membership entirely. The A.F. of L. hired its first female organizer, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Kenney_O%27Sullivan" title="Mary Kenney O'Sullivan">Mary Kenney O'Sullivan</a>, only in 1892, released her after five months, and it did not replace her or hire another <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">woman</a> national organizer until 1908. Women who organized their own unions were often turned down in bids to join the Federation, and even women who did join unions found them hostile or intentionally inaccessible. Unions often held meetings at night or in bars when women might find it difficult to attend and where they might feel uncomfortable, and male unionists heckled women who tried to speak at meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, the A.F. of L. viewed women workers as competition, strikebreakers, or an unskilled labor reserve that kept wages low. As such, it often opposed women's employment entirely. When it organized women workers, it most often did so to protect men's jobs and earning power, not to improve the conditions, lives, or wages of women workers. In response, most women workers remained outside the labor movement. In 1900, only 3.3% of working women were organized into unions. In 1910, even as the A.F. of L. surged forward in membership, that number had dipped to 1.5%. It improved to 6.6% over the next decade, but women remained mostly outside of unions and practically invisible inside of them into the mid-1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attitudes gradually changed within the A.F. of L. by the pressure of organized female workers. Female-domination began to emerge in the first two decades of the 20th century, including particularly the <a href="/wiki/International_Ladies_Garment_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ladies Garment Workers' Union">International Ladies Garment Workers' Union</a>. Women organized independent locals among New York hat makers, in the Chicago stockyards, and among Jewish and Italian waist makers, to name only three examples. Through the efforts of middle-class reformers and activists, often of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Trade_Union_League" title="Women's Trade Union League">Women's Trade Union League</a>, those unions joined the A.F. of L.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_between_affiliated_unions">Conflicts between affiliated unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conflicts between affiliated unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFL-certificate-1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AFL-certificate-1919.jpg/170px-AFL-certificate-1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AFL-certificate-1919.jpg/255px-AFL-certificate-1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AFL-certificate-1919.jpg/340px-AFL-certificate-1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="2318" /></a><figcaption>The A.F. of L. arbitrated disputes between member unions and enforced its decisions by rescinding charters, when necessary. <i>(1919 Cigar Makers' Union charter certificate.)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginning, unions affiliated with the A.F. of L. found themselves in conflict when both unions claimed jurisdiction over the same groups of workers: both the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_United_Brewery,_Flour,_Cereal,_Soft_Drink_and_Distillery_Workers" title="International Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink and Distillery Workers">Brewers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a> claimed to represent beer truck drivers, both the Machinists and the <a href="/wiki/International_Typographical_Union" title="International Typographical Union">International Typographical Union</a> claimed to represent certain printroom employees, and the Machinists and a fledgling union known as the "Carriage, Wagon and Automobile Workers Union" sought to organize the same employees even though neither union had made any effort to organize or bargain for those employees. In some cases, the A.F. of L. mediated the dispute, usually by favoring the larger or more influential union. The A.F. of L. often reversed its jurisdictional rulings over time, as the continuing jurisdictional battles between the Brewers and the Teamsters showed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Affiliates within the AFL formed "departments" to help resolve these jurisdictional conflicts and to provide a more effective voice for member unions in given industries. The <a href="/wiki/Metal_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Metal Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Metal Trades Department</a> engaged in some organizing of its own, primarily in shipbuilding, where unions such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Association" title="United Association">Pipefitters</a>, Machinists and <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers" title="International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers">Iron Workers</a> joined through local metal workers' councils to represent a diverse group of workers. The <a href="/wiki/Railway_Employes%27_Department" title="Railway Employes' Department">Railway Employes' Department</a> dealt with both jurisdictional disputes between affiliates and pursued a common legislative agenda for all of them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_achievements">Historical achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizing_and_coordination">Organizing and coordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organizing and coordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The A.F. of L. made efforts in its early years to assist its affiliates in organizing: it advanced funds or provided organizers or, in some cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a>, helped form the union. The A.F. of L. also used its influence, including refusal of charters or expulsion, to heal splits within affiliated unions, to force separate unions seeking to represent the same or closely related jurisdictions to merge, or to mediate disputes between rival factions where both sides claimed to represent the leadership of an affiliated union. The A.F. of L. also chartered "<a href="/wiki/Directly_Affiliated_Local_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly Affiliated Local Union">federal unions</a>", local unions not affiliated with any international union, in those fields in which no affiliate claimed jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The A.F. of L. also encouraged the formation of local labor bodies, known as central labor councils, in major metropolitan areas in which all of the affiliates could participate. Those local labor councils acquired a great deal of influence in some cases. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Federation_of_Labor" title="Chicago Federation of Labor">Chicago Federation of Labor</a> spearheaded efforts to organize <a href="/wiki/Meat_packing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat packing industry">packinghouse</a> and steel workers during and immediately after World War I. Local building trades councils also became powerful in some areas. In <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, the local Building Trades Council, led by Carpenters official <a href="/wiki/P._H._McCarthy" title="P. H. McCarthy">P. H. McCarthy</a>, not only dominated the local labor council but helped elect McCarthy mayor of San Francisco in 1909. In a very few cases early in the A.F. of L.'s history, state and local bodies defied A.F. of L. policy or chose to disaffiliate over policy disputes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_action">Political action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Gompers had contact with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> and such as A.F. of L. co-founder <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._McGuire" title="Peter J. McGuire">Peter J. McGuire</a>, the A.F. of L. adopted a philosophy of "business unionism" that emphasized unions' contribution to businesses' profits and national economic growth. The business unionist approach also focused on skilled workers' immediate job-related interests, while refusing to "rush to the support of any one of the numerous society-saving or society destroying schemes" involved in larger political issues.<sup id="cite_ref-LCW_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCW-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach was set by Gompers, who was influenced by a fellow cigar maker (and former socialist) Ferdinand Laurrel. Despite his socialist contacts, Gompers himself was not a socialist.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Federation_of_Labor_Building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/American_Federation_of_Labor_Building.JPG/170px-American_Federation_of_Labor_Building.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/American_Federation_of_Labor_Building.JPG/255px-American_Federation_of_Labor_Building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/American_Federation_of_Labor_Building.JPG/340px-American_Federation_of_Labor_Building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="3069" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor_Building" title="American Federation of Labor Building">American Federation of Labor Building</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>, in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Employers discovered the efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">labor injunctions</a>, first used with great effect by the <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> administration during the <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a> in 1894. While the A.F. of L. sought to outlaw "<a href="/wiki/Yellow-dog_contract" title="Yellow-dog contract">yellow dog contracts</a>", to limit the courts' power to impose "government by injunction" and to obtain exemption from the <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> laws that were being used to criminalize labor organizing, the courts reversed what few legislative successes the labor movement won.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The A.F. of L. concentrated its political efforts during the last decades of the Gompers administration on securing freedom from state control of unions—in particular an end to the court's use of labor injunctions to block the right to organize or strike and the application of the anti-trust laws to criminalize labor's use of <a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">pickets</a>, boycotts and strikes. The A.F. of L. thought that it had achieved the latter with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Antitrust Act</a> in 1914—which Gompers referred to as "Labor's <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>". But in <i><a href="/wiki/Duplex_Printing_Press_Co._v._Deering" title="Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering">Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering</a></i>, 254 U.S. 443 (1921), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> narrowly read the Act and codified the federal courts' existing power to issue injunctions rather than limit it. The court read the phrase "between an employer and employees" (contained in the first paragraph of the Act) to refer only to cases involving an employer and its own employees, leaving the courts free to punish unions for engaging in <a href="/wiki/Sympathy_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathy strike">sympathy strikes</a> or secondary boycotts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The A.F. of L.'s pessimistic attitude towards politics did not, on the other hand, prevent affiliated unions from pursuing their own agendas. Construction unions supported legislation that governed entry of contractors into the industry and protected workers' rights to pay, rail and mass production industries sought workplace safety legislation, and unions generally agitated for the passage of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> statutes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the same time, the A.F. of L. took efforts on behalf of women in supporting protective legislation. It advocated fewer hours for women workers, and based its arguments on assumptions of female weakness. Like efforts to unionize, most support for protective legislation for women came out of a desire to protect men's jobs. If women's hours could be limited, reasoned A.F. of L. officials, they would infringe less on male employment and earning potential. But the A.F. of L. also took more selfless efforts. Even from the 1890s, the A.F. of L. declared itself vigorously in favor of women's suffrage. It often printed pro-suffrage articles in its periodical, and in 1918, it supported the National Union of Women's Suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The A.F. of L. relaxed its rigid stand against legislation after the death of Gompers. Even so, it remained cautious. Its proposals for unemployment benefits (made in the late 1920s) were too modest to have practical value, as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> soon showed. The impetus for the major federal labor laws of the 1930s came from the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. The enormous growth in union membership came after Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a> in 1933 and <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> in 1935. The A.F. of L. refused to sanction or participate in the mass strikes led by <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a> of the United Mine Workers and other left unions such as the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Clothing_Workers_of_America" title="Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America">Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America</a>. After the A.F. of L. expelled the CIO in 1936, the CIO undertook a major organizing effort. In 1947, when the Taft-Hartley Act was passed, political activities were stirred. In resistance to the new law, the CIO joined the A.F. of L., and political co-operation set the path for union unity. The two groups merged, eight years later, into the AFL–CIO coalition with George Meany as the new president.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a>, 1886–1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McBride_(labor_leader)" title="John McBride (labor leader)">John McBride</a>, 1894–1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a>, 1895–1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(labor_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Green (labor leader)">William Green</a>, 1924–1952</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a>, 1952–1955 (afterwards President of the AFL–CIO)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretaries">Secretaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Secretaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1886: <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._McGuire" title="Peter J. McGuire">Peter J. McGuire</a></dd> <dd>1889: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Evans_(unionist)" title="Chris Evans (unionist)">Chris Evans</a></dd> <dd>1894: <a href="/wiki/August_McCraith" title="August McCraith">August McCraith</a></dd> <dd>1897: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Morrison_(labor_unionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Morrison (labor unionist)">Frank Morrison</a></dd> <dd>1935: <i>Position merged</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasurers">Treasurers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Treasurers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1886: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Edmonston" title="Gabriel Edmonston">Gabriel Edmonston</a></dd> <dd>1890: <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Lennon" title="John Brown Lennon">John Brown Lennon</a></dd> <dd>1917: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Tobin" title="Daniel J. Tobin">Daniel J. Tobin</a></dd> <dd>1928: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Francis_Ryan" title="Martin Francis Ryan">Martin Francis Ryan</a></dd> <dd>1935: <i>Position merged</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary-Treasureres">Secretary-Treasureres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Secretary-Treasureres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1936: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Morrison_(labor_unionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Morrison (labor unionist)">Frank Morrison</a></dd> <dd>1939: <a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a></dd> <dd>1952: <a href="/wiki/William_F._Schnitzler" title="William F. Schnitzler">William F. Schnitzler</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliated_unions_and_brotherhoods">Affiliated unions and brotherhoods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Affiliated unions and brotherhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><b>Sources:</b> <i>American Labor Year Book, 1926,</i> pp. 85–87, 103–172. <i>American Labor Press Directory,</i> pp. 1–11.</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="string">Union </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="date">Organized </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="date">Affiliated<sup id="cite_ref-maryland_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maryland-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="date">Left<sup id="cite_ref-maryland_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maryland-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="string">Reason left<sup id="cite_ref-maryland_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maryland-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">1900 members<sup id="cite_ref-wolman_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolman-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">1925 members<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">1953 members<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America">Actors and Artistes of America, Associated</a> </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>10,100 </td> <td>36,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="National Agricultural Workers' Union">Agricultural Workers' Union, National</a> </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>12,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Air Line Dispatchers' Association </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>524 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Air Line Pilots' Association">Air Line Pilots' Association, International</a> </td> <td>1931 </td> <td> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>6,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_Workers%27_International_Union" title="Aluminum Workers' International Union">Aluminum Workers' International Union</a> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Heat_and_Frost_Insulators_and_Allied_Workers" title="International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers">Asbestos Workers, International Union of Heat and Frost Insulators and</a> </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td> </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td>6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union,_Allied_Industrial_Workers_of_America" title="International Union, Allied Industrial Workers of America">Automobile Workers of America, International Union of United</a> </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>1939 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">Auto Workers, United</a> </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>Transferred to CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bakery,_Confectionery,_Tobacco_Workers_and_Grain_Millers%27_International_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union">Bakery and Confectionery Workers of America, International Union of</a> </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>21,800 </td> <td>172,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Journeymen_Barbers%27_International_Union_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Journeymen Barbers' International Union of America">Barbers' International Union of America, Journeymen</a> </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1888 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>6,900 </td> <td>48,000 </td> <td>65,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Bill_Posters_and_Billers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="International Alliance of Bill Posters and Billers of America">Bill Posters and Billers of America, International Alliance of</a> </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Blacksmiths,_Drop_Forgers_and_Helpers" title="International Brotherhood of Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers and Helpers">Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers and Helpers, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>Merged into Boilermakers </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Boilermakers,_Iron_Ship_Builders,_Blacksmiths,_Forgers_and_Helpers" title="International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers">Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1880 </td> <td>1882 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,800 </td> <td>17,100 </td> <td>150,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Bookbinders" title="International Brotherhood of Bookbinders">Bookbinders, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>3,600 </td> <td>13,600 </td> <td>49,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boot_and_Shoe_Workers%27_Union" title="Boot and Shoe Workers' Union">Boot and Shoe Workers' Union</a> </td> <td>1895 </td> <td>1895 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,700 </td> <td>36,200 </td> <td>50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brassworkers, International Brotherhood of </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_United_Brewery,_Flour,_Cereal,_Soft_Drink_and_Distillery_Workers" title="International Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink and Distillery Workers">Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink Workers of America</a> </td> <td>1884 </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td>18,300 </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Brick_and_Clay_Workers_of_America" title="United Brick and Clay Workers of America">Brick and Clay Workers of America, United</a> </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>23,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">Bricklayers', Masons and Plasterers' International Union of America</a> </td> <td>1865 </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>33,400 </td> <td>70,000 </td> <td>100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers" title="International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers">Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, International Association of</a> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td>16,300 </td> <td>125,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Broom and Whisk Makers' Union, International </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>400 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>380 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Building Laborers' International Protective Union of North America </td> <td> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Building_Service_Employees_International_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Building Service Employees International Union">Building Service Employees International Union</a> </td> <td>1921 </td> <td>1921 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>6,200 </td> <td>185,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Carpenters_and_Joiners_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamated Association of Carpenters and Joiners of America">Carpenters and Joiners, Amalgamated Association of</a> </td> <td>1867 </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>Expelled </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Brotherhood_of_Carpenters_and_Joiners_of_America" title="United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America">Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1867 </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>68,400 </td> <td>317,000 </td> <td>750,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carriage and Wagonmakers' International Union </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Cement,_Lime_and_Gypsum_Workers%27_International_Union" title="United Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers' International Union">Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers' International Union, United</a> </td> <td>1939 </td> <td>1939 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>35,157 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Workers%27_Union" title="International Chemical Workers' Union">Chemical Workers' Union, International</a> </td> <td>1944 </td> <td>1944 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>69,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cigar_Makers%27_International_Union" title="Cigar Makers' International Union">Cigarmakers' International Union</a> </td> <td>1864 </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>37,100 </td> <td>23,500 </td> <td>11,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Cleaning_and_Dye_House_Workers" title="International Association of Cleaning and Dye House Workers">Cleaning and Dye House Workers, International Association of</a> </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Hatters,_Cap_and_Millinery_Workers_International_Union" title="United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union">Cloth Hat, Cap and Millinery Workers' International Union</a> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>Merged into Hatters </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>7,800 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Sleeping_Car_Conductors" title="Order of Sleeping Car Conductors">Conductors, Order of Sleeping Car</a> </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>2,300 </td> <td>16,819 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coopers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Coopers' International Union of North America">Coopers' International Union of North America</a> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1891 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td>5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cutting Die and Cutter Makers of America, International Union of </td> <td> </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diamond Workers' Protective Union of America </td> <td>1910 </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>1954 </td> <td>Merged into Jewelry Workers </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>400 </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Distillery,_Rectifying_and_Wine_Workers%27_International_Union_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery, Rectifying and Wine Workers' International Union of America">Distillery, Rectifying and Wine Workers' International Union of America</a> </td> <td>1940 </td> <td>1940 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elastic Goring Weavers, Amalgamated Association of </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1927 </td> <td>Dissolved </td> <td>300 </td> <td>100 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1891 </td> <td>1891 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,800 </td> <td>142,000 </td> <td>500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Elevator_Constructors" title="International Union of Elevator Constructors">Elevator Constructors, International Union of</a> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>8,100 </td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Federal_Employees" title="National Federation of Federal Employees">Federal Employees, National Federation of</a> </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>1931 </td> <td>Disaffiliated </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>20,200 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">Fire Fighters, International Association of</a> </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td>76,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Flat_Glass_Workers_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Flat Glass Workers of North America">Flat Glass Workers of America, Federation of</a> </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>Transferred to CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flight Engineers' International Association </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>720 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Foundry_Employees" title="International Brotherhood of Foundry Employees">Foundry Employees, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>1939 </td> <td>Expelled </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Furriers' Union of the United States of America and Canada </td> <td> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>Resigned </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Fur_%26_Leather_Workers_Union" title="International Fur & Leather Workers Union">Fur Workers' Union of the United States and Canada, International</a> </td> <td>1913 </td> <td>1913 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>Transferred to CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>11,400 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Furniture Workers of America, International Union of </td> <td> </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>Merged into Wood Workers </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Garment_Workers_of_America" title="United Garment Workers of America">Garment Workers of America, United</a> </td> <td>1891 </td> <td>1891 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>7,400 </td> <td>47,500 </td> <td>50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glass_Bottle_Blowers%27_Association" title="Glass Bottle Blowers' Association">Glass Bottle Blowers' Association</a> </td> <td>1847 </td> <td>1899 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,200 </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td>41,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Window_Glass_Cutters%27_League_of_America" title="Window Glass Cutters' League of America">Glass Cutters' League of America, Window</a> </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>1928 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>1,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glass Employees' Association of America </td> <td> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Flint_Glass_Workers%27_Union" title="American Flint Glass Workers' Union">Glass Workers' Union, American Flint</a> </td> <td>1878 </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>5,300 </td> <td>30,028 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glass Workers, National Window </td> <td>1872 </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1928 </td> <td>Dissolved </td> <td> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Glove_Workers%27_Union_of_America" title="International Glove Workers' Union of America">Glove Workers' Union of America, International</a> </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Government_Employees" title="American Federation of Government Employees">Government Employees, American Federation of</a> </td> <td>1932 </td> <td>1932 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>48,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Grain_Millers" title="American Federation of Grain Millers">Grain Millers, American Federation of</a> </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>35,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Granite_Cutters%27_International_Association" title="Granite Cutters' International Association">Granite Cutters' International Association</a> </td> <td>1877 </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>5,900 </td> <td>8,500 </td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Handbag,_Luggage,_Belt_and_Novelty_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Handbag, Luggage, Belt and Novelty Workers' Union">Handbag, Luggage, Belt, and Novelty Workers' Union, International</a> </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hatfinishers' International Union of North America </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>Merged into Hatters </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hatmakers' International Union of North America </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>Merged into Hatters </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Hatters_of_North_America" title="United Hatters of North America">Hatters of North America, United</a> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>7,600 </td> <td>11,500 </td> <td>32,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laborers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America">Hod Carriers, Building and Common Laborers' Union, International</a> </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>61,500 </td> <td>386,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Journeymen_Horseshoers_of_the_United_States_and_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Journeymen Horseshoers of the United States and Canada">Horseshoers of United States and Canada, International Union of Journeymen</a> </td> <td>1874 </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>2,100 </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>243 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horse Collar Makers' National Union </td> <td> </td> <td>1888 </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Hosiery_Workers" title="American Federation of Hosiery Workers">Hosiery Workers, American Federation of</a> </td> <td>1915 </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Employees_and_Restaurant_Employees_Union" title="Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union">Hotel and Restaurant Employees' International Alliance and Bartenders' League of America</a> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,800 </td> <td>38,500 </td> <td>402,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Agents%27_International_Union" title="Insurance Agents' International Union">Insurance Agents' International Union</a> </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Iron,_Steel_and_Tin_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers">Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, Amalgamated Association of</a> </td> <td>1876 </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>Transferred to CIO </td> <td>14,000 </td> <td>11,400 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Jewelry_Workers%27_Union" title="International Jewelry Workers' Union">Jewelry Workers' Union, International</a> </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>800 </td> <td>16,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Lace_Operatives_of_America" title="Amalgamated Lace Operatives of America">Lace Operatives of America, The Chartered Association of</a> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>Expelled </td> <td>400 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Ladies%27_Garment_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ladies' Garment Workers Union">Ladies' Garment Workers Union, International</a> </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>90,000 </td> <td>390,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lasters' Protective Union </td> <td> </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1895 </td> <td>Merged into Boot and Shoe </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Wood,_Wire_and_Metal_Lathers" title="International Union of Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers">Lathers, International Union of Wood, Wire and Metal</a> </td> <td>1899 </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>600 </td> <td>8,900 </td> <td>15,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laundry_Workers%27_International_Union" title="Laundry Workers' International Union">Laundry Workers' International Union</a> </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>2,100 </td> <td>5,500 </td> <td>100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Leather_Workers%27_International_Union" title="United Leather Workers' International Union">Leather Workers' International Union, United</a> </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>Merged into Meat Cutters </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Letter_Carriers" title="National Association of Letter Carriers">Letter Carriers, National Association of</a> </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>13,800 </td> <td>32,500 </td> <td>95,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Rural_Letter_Carriers" title="National Federation of Rural Letter Carriers">Letter Carriers, National Federation of Rural</a> </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>Merged into Letter Carriers </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>300 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Lithographers_of_America" title="Amalgamated Lithographers of America">Lithographers of America, Amalgamated</a> </td> <td>1882 </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>Transferred to CIO </td> <td>1,800 </td> <td>5,300 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Locomotive_Engineers_and_Trainmen" title="Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen">Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1883 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Locomotive_Firemen_and_Enginemen" title="Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen">Locomotive Firemen, Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1873 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Longshoremen, International Brotherhood of </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association" title="International Longshoremen's Association">Longshoremen's Association, International</a> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>Expelled </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>31,800 </td> <td>75,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers" title="International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers">Machinists, International Association of</a> </td> <td>1888 </td> <td>1895 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>23,500 </td> <td>71,400 </td> <td>699,298 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Machinists' International Union </td> <td> </td> <td>1891 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Maintenance_of_Way_Employes" title="Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes">Maintenance of Way Employes, United Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>37,400 </td> <td>182,831 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Marble,_Slate_and_Stone_Polishers,_Rubbers_and_Sawyers,_Tile_and_Marble_Setters%27_Helpers" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Marble, Slate and Stone Polishers, Rubbers and Sawyers, Tile and Marble Setters' Helpers">Marble, Slate and Stone Polishers, Rubbers and Sawyers, Tile and Marble Setters' Helpers, International Association of</a> </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>3,200 </td> <td>5,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marine_Engineers%27_Beneficial_Association" title="Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association">Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association, National</a> </td> <td>1875 </td> <td> </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>Disaffiliated </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Masters,_Mates_%26_Pilots" title="International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots">Masters, Mates and Pilots of America</a> </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td> </td> <td>3,900 </td> <td>9,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Meat_Cutters_and_Butcher_Workmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen">Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen, Amalgamated</a> </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>3,200 </td> <td>12,200 </td> <td>195,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mechanics and Foremen of Naval Shore Establishments, National Association of Master </td> <td> </td> <td>1933 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Special_Delivery_Messengers" title="National Association of Special Delivery Messengers">Messengers, National Association of Special Delivery</a> </td> <td>1932 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metal Engravers' International Union </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>1921 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Metal_Polishers%27_Union_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="International Metal Polishers' Union of North America">Metal Polishers Union of North America, International</a> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Mine,_Mill,_and_Smelter_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers">Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, International Union of</a> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>Transferred to CIO </td> <td> </td> <td>8,500 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_of_America" title="United Mine Workers of America">Mine Workers of America, United</a> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>115,500 </td> <td>400,000 </td> <td>600,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Molders_and_Foundry_Workers_Union_of_North_America" title="International Molders and Foundry Workers Union of North America">Molders' Union of America, International</a> </td> <td>1859 </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>18,000 </td> <td>27,500 </td> <td>65,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mosaic and Encaustic Tilelayers' International Union </td> <td> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">Musicians, American Federation of</a> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>6,200 </td> <td>80,000 </td> <td>242,167 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Musicians' Mutual League </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Office_and_Professional_Employees_International_Union" title="Office and Professional Employees International Union">Office Employees International Union</a> </td> <td>1942 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>28,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oil,_Chemical_and_Atomic_Workers_International_Union" title="Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union">Oil Field, Gas Well and Refinery Workers of America, International Association of</a> </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>Transferred to CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Painters_and_Allied_Trades" title="International Union of Painters and Allied Trades">Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers of America, Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>28,000 </td> <td>107,600 </td> <td>208,189 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Paper_Makers" title="International Brotherhood of Paper Makers">Papermakers, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>400 </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>208,189 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pattern_Makers%27_League_of_North_America" title="Pattern Makers' League of North America">Pattern Makers' League of North America</a> </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>2,200 </td> <td>7,000 </td> <td>12,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pavers,_Rammermen,_Flag_Layers,_Bridge_and_Stone_Curb_Setters_and_Sheet_Asphalt_Pavers" title="International Union of Pavers, Rammermen, Flag Layers, Bridge and Stone Curb Setters and Sheet Asphalt Pavers">Pavers, Rammermen, Flag Layers, Bridge and Stone Curb Setters and Sheet Asphalt Pavers, International Union of</a> </td> <td>1905 </td> <td>1905 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>Merged into Hod Carriers </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paving_Cutters%27_Union_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Paving Cutters' Union of the United States">Paving Cutters' Union of the United States</a> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>1904 </td> <td> </td> <td>Disaffiliated </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pen and Pocket Knife Grinders' and Polishers' National Union </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Photo-Engravers_Union_of_North_America" title="International Photo-Engravers Union of North America">Photo-Engravers' Union of North America, International</a> </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>400 </td> <td>7,200 </td> <td>14,222 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Piano, Organ and Musical Instrument Workers' Union of America, International </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>1902 </td> <td> </td> <td>Merged into Carpenters </td> <td>6,100 </td> <td>600 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">Plasterers and Cement Finishers' International Association of the United States and Canada, Operative</a> </td> <td>1862 </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>6,500 </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td>37,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Plate_Printers,_Die_Stampers_and_Engravers_Union_of_North_America" title="International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers Union of North America">Plate Printers' and Die Stampers' Union of North America, International</a> </td> <td>1891 </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>600 </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Association" title="United Association">Plumbers and Steamfitters of the United States and Canada, United Association of</a> </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>39,200 </td> <td>201,343 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pocketbook Workers of America, International </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>1925 </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>Merged into Handbag Workers </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Post Office and Postal Transportation Service Mail Handlers, Watchmen and Messengers, National Association of </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Postal_Supervisors" title="National Association of Postal Supervisors">Postal Supervisors, National Association of</a> </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Disaffiliated </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>16,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Transport_Association" title="National Postal Transport Association">Postal Transport Association, National</a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>27,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Post_Office_Clerks" title="National Federation of Post Office Clerks">Post Office Clerks, National Federation of</a> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>23,700 </td> <td>95,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Brotherhood_of_Operative_Potters" class="mw-redirect" title="National Brotherhood of Operative Potters">Potters, National Brotherhood of Operative</a> </td> <td>1899 </td> <td>1899 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>2,200 </td> <td>8,100 </td> <td>30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Powder and High Explosive Workers, United </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1943 </td> <td>Disbanded </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>200 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Print Cutters' Association of America, International </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>Merged with Timber Workers </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Printers and Color Mixers of the United States, International Association of Machine </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>Merged with Timber Workers </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Printing_Pressmen_and_Assistants%27_Union_of_North_America" title="International Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union of North America">Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union of North America, International</a> </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>9,100 </td> <td>40,000 </td> <td>95,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Pulp,_Sulphite,_and_Paper_Mill_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper Mill Workers">Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1909 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>141,575 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quarrymen's National Union of America </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Workers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Quarry Workers' International Union of North America">Quarry Workers' International Union of North America</a> </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1938 </td> <td>Transferred to CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radio and Television Directors' Guild </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Railroadmen's Union, Steam </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Signalmen" title="Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen">Railroad Signalmen of America, Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>14,394 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Railroad_Telegraphers" title="Order of Railroad Telegraphers">Railroad Telegraphers, Order of</a> </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>1899 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>39,200 </td> <td>60,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Railroad Trainmen, Brotherhood of </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Yardmasters_of_America" title="Railroad Yardmasters of America">Railroad Yardmasters of America</a> </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>3,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railway_Carmen" title="Brotherhood of Railway Carmen">Railway Carmen, Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1888 </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td> </td> <td>125,000 </td> <td>106,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railway_Clerks" class="mw-redirect" title="Brotherhood of Railway Clerks">Railway Clerks, Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1899 </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>500 </td> <td>91,200 </td> <td>300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Railway_Conductors" title="Order of Railway Conductors">Railway Conductors, Order of</a> </td> <td>1868 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Railway Patrolmen's International Union </td> <td>1949 </td> <td>1949 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>2,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Railway Shopmen, Brotherhood of </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Retail_Clerks%27_International_Protective_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail Clerks' International Protective Association">Retail Clerks' International Protective Association</a> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1891 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Union_of_Roofers,_Waterproofers_and_Allied_Workers" title="United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers">Roofers, United Slate, Tile and Composition + Damp and Waterproof Workers' Association</a> </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>13,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Rubber,_Cork,_Linoleum_and_Plastic_Workers_of_America" title="United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America">Rubber Workers of America, United</a> </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>Transferred to CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saddle and Harnessmakers' National Union </td> <td> </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>Merged into Leather Workers </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sawsmiths' National Union </td> <td> </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1924 </td> <td>Dissolved </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seafarers_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Seafarers International Union of North America">Seamen's International Union of America</a> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,200 </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td>70,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_Workers%27_International_Association" title="Sheet Metal Workers' International Association">Sheet Metal Workers' Union, Amalgamated</a> </td> <td>1888 </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>2,900 </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td>32,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Siderographers" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Siderographers">Siderographers, International Association of</a> </td> <td>1899 </td> <td> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silk Hatters' Association of North America </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silk Workers, National Federation of </td> <td> </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Spinners%27_Union" title="International Spinners' Union">Spinners' Union, International</a> </td> <td>1858 </td> <td>1881 </td> <td>1925 </td> <td>Disaffiliated </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spring Knife Makers' National Protective Union of America </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Theatrical_Stage_Employes" class="mw-redirect" title="International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employes">Stage Employees and Moving Picture Machine Operators of the United States and Canada</a> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>42,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of</a> </td> <td>1932 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>85,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stationary Engineers, Brotherhood of </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Stationary_Firemen_and_Oilers" class="mw-redirect" title="International Brotherhood of Stationary Firemen and Oilers">Stationary Firemen and Oilers, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>60,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">Steam and Operating Engineers, International Union of</a> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>2,700 </td> <td>25,300 </td> <td>187,180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Steam_Shovel_and_Dredgemen" title="International Brotherhood of Steam Shovel and Dredgemen">Steam Shovel and Dredgemen, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1915 </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Stereotypers%27_and_Electrotypers%27_Union" title="International Stereotypers' and Electrotypers' Union">Stereotypers' and Electrotypers' Union, International</a> </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>6,800 </td> <td>10,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Journeymen_Stonecutters%27_Association_of_North_America" title="Journeymen Stonecutters' Association of North America">Stone Cutters' Association, Journeymen</a> </td> <td>1853 </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>7,500 </td> <td>5,100 </td> <td>1,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stove_Mounters%27_International_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Stove Mounters' International Union">Stove Mounters' International Union</a> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>900 </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>12,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Transit_Union" title="Amalgamated Transit Union">Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, Amalgamated Association of</a> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td>101,000 </td> <td>200,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Switchmen%27s_Union_of_North_America" title="Switchmen's Union of North America">Switchmen's Union of North America</a> </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>8,900 </td> <td>10,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Table Knife Grinders' National Union </td> <td> </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>1911 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tack Makers' Protective Union of the United States and Canada </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Journeymen_Tailors_Union" title="Journeymen Tailors Union">Tailors' Union of America, Journeymen</a> </td> <td>1883 </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>Merged into Clothing Workers </td> <td>7,300 </td> <td>9,300 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tanners and Curriers of America, United Brotherhood of </td> <td> </td> <td>1891 </td> <td>1895 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">Teachers, American Federation of</a> </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td>50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters" title="International Brotherhood of Teamsters">Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stablemen and Helpers, International Brotherhood of</a> </td> <td>1899 </td> <td>1899 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>4,700 </td> <td>78,900 </td> <td>1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Professional_and_Technical_Engineers" title="International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers">Technical Engineers', Architects' and Draftsmen's Unions, International Federation of</a> </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>600 </td> <td>6,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Telegraphers_Union_of_America" title="Commercial Telegraphers Union of America">Telegraphers' Union of America, Commercial</a> </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>4,100 </td> <td>33,705 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Textile_Workers_of_America" title="United Textile Workers of America">Textile Workers of America, United</a> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td>90,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Theatrical_Press_Agents_%26_Managers" title="Association of Theatrical Press Agents & Managers">Theatrical Press Agents and Managers, Association of</a> </td> <td>1928 </td> <td>1928 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>Merged into Stage Employees </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>? </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Timber Workers, International Union of </td> <td> </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>Dissolved </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Workers_International_Union" title="Tobacco Workers International Union">Tobacco Workers International Union</a> </td> <td>1895 </td> <td>1895 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td>32,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Allied_Novelty_and_Production_Workers" title="International Union of Allied Novelty and Production Workers">Toy Workers, International Union of Doll and</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1952 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_and_Subway_Constructors%27_International_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnel and Subway Constructors' International Union">Tunnel and Subway Constructors' International Union</a> </td> <td>1910 </td> <td>1910 </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>Merged into Hod Carriers </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Typographia, German-American </td> <td>1869 </td> <td>1881 </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>Merged into Typographical </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Typographical_Union" title="International Typographical Union">Typographical Union, International</a> </td> <td>1852 </td> <td>1881 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>71,000 </td> <td>94,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upholsterers_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Upholsterers International Union of North America">Upholsterers International Union of North America</a> </td> <td>1882 </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>59,100 </td> <td>7,600 </td> <td>54,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Varnishers' International Union of America, Hardwood Furniture and Piano </td> <td> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>Suspended </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Wall_Paper_Crafts_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Wall Paper Crafts of North America">Wall Paper Crafts of North America, United</a> </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td>600 </td> <td>2,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wire Weavers' Protective Association, America </td> <td>1876 </td> <td>1895 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Transferred to AFL–CIO </td> <td>200 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wood Carvers' Association of North America, International </td> <td>1883 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td> </td> <td>Disaffiliated </td> <td>1,800 </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wood Workers' International Union of America, Machine </td> <td> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>Merged into Carpenters </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wool Hatters' Association </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td> <td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_federations">State federations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: State federations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_AFL%E2%80%93CIO#The_second_Pennsylvania_Federation_of_Labor,_1901-present" title="Pennsylvania AFL–CIO">Pennsylvania Federation of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Federation_of_Labor" title="Texas State Federation of Labor">Texas State Federation of Labor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labour">Organized labour portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, Phillip S. <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2: From the Founding of the AFL to the Emergence of American Imperialism</i>. New York: International Publishers, 1955; pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner2-134-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-134_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-134_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner2-135-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-135_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-135_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pp. 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner2-136-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-136_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-136_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-136_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to noting authorship, in his posthumously-published memoirs Samuel Gompers provides the complete text of the call. See: Gompers, Samuel <i>Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography</i>. In two volumes. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1925; vol. 1, pp. 236–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gompers, <i>Seventy Years of Life and Labor,</i> vol. 1, pg. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gompers, <i>Seventy Years of Life and Labor,</i> vol. 1, pg. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner2-137-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-137_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-137_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner2-143-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-143_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-143_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner2-143_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gompers, <i>Seventy Years of Life and Labor,</i> vol. 1, pg. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 2,</i> pg. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts63-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts63_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William C. 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Lane, "American Trade Unions, Mass Immigration and the Literacy Test: 1900–1917," <i>Labor History,</i> Winter 1984, Vol. 25#1 pp. 5–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gwendolyn Mink, <i>Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875–1920</i> (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazin1995" class="citation book cs1">Kazin, Michael (1995). <i>The Populist Persuasion</i>. 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Princeton University Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400839469" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400839469"><bdi>978-1400839469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+American+Political+History&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1400839469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfsWLGcZ7pyAC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_J._Lichtman2000" class="citation book cs1">Allan J. Lichtman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbGiJpDk6pwC&pg=PA188"><i>Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739101261" title="Special:BookSources/9780739101261"><bdi>9780739101261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prejudice+and+the+Old+Politics%3A+The+Presidential+Election+of+1928&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780739101261&rft.au=Allan+J.+Lichtman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbGiJpDk6pwC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irving_Bernstein._1969_94–95-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irving_Bernstein._1969_94–95_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irving_Bernstein._1969_94–95_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Bernstein.1969" class="citation book cs1">Irving Bernstein. (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 94–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Irving+Bernstein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Bernstein.1969" class="citation book cs1">Irving Bernstein. (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 94–95, 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pages=94-95%2C+127&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Irving+Bernstein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Bernstein.1969" class="citation book cs1">Irving Bernstein. (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 94–95, 627.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pages=94-95%2C+627&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Irving+Bernstein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Bernstein.1969" class="citation book cs1">Irving Bernstein. (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Irving+Bernstein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irving_Bernstein._1969_355-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irving_Bernstein._1969_355_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irving_Bernstein._1969_355_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Bernstein.1969" class="citation book cs1">Irving Bernstein. (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Irving+Bernstein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toledo_Auto-Lite_Strike_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufcw324.org/toledo-auto-lite-strike">"Toledo Auto-Lite Strike"</a>. ufcw324.org. January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327172244/https://ufcw324.org/toledo-auto-lite-strike/">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toledo+Auto-Lite+Strike&rft.pub=ufcw324.org&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufcw324.org%2Ftoledo-auto-lite-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Bernstein.1969" class="citation book cs1">Irving Bernstein. (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 355,383–396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pages=355%2C383-396&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Irving+Bernstein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Bernstein.1969" class="citation book cs1">Irving Bernstein. (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Irving+Bernstein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Bernstein.1969" class="citation book cs1">Irving Bernstein. (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Irving+Bernstein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Bernstein.1969" class="citation book cs1">Irving Bernstein. (1969). <i>A History of the American Worker: Turbulent Years</i>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 386–398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Worker%3A+Turbulent+Years&rft.pages=386-398&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Irving+Bernstein.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving Bernstein, "John L. Lewis and the Voting Behavior of the C.I.O." <i>Public Opinion Quarterly</i> , (1941) 5#2 (1941), pp. 233-249 at p. 241. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744938">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811080024/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744938">Archived</a> August 11, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Federation_of_Labor">"American Federation of Labor"</a>. Ohio History Central. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116075739/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Federation_of_Labor">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Federation+of+Labor&rft.pub=Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FAmerican_Federation_of_Labor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613025237/https://cwa-union.org/about/cwa-history">"CWA History | Communications Workers of America"</a>. June 13, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cwa-union.org/about/cwa-history">the original</a> on June 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CWA+History+%7C+Communications+Workers+of+America&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcwa-union.org%2Fabout%2Fcwa-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-people/george-meany">"George Meany"</a>. AFL–CIO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116084427/https://aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-people/george-meany">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Meany&rft.pub=AFL%E2%80%93CIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faflcio.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Flabor-history-people%2Fgeorge-meany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael K. Honey, <i>Southern labor and Black Civil Rights</i> (1993) p 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman, Arthur. <i>Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,</i> pp. 296–302, Random House, New York, NY. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4">978-1-4000-6964-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernest Obadele-Starks, <i>Black Unionism in the Industrial South</i> (2001) p 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGompersGutstadt1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers, Samuel</a>; Gutstadt, Herman (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002701816"><i>Meat vs. rice; American manhhod against Asiatic coolieism, which shall survive?</i></a>. American Federation of Labor printed as Senate document 137 (1902); reprinted with intro. and appendices by Asiatic Exclusion League, 1908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413145653/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002701816">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2021</span> – via HathiTrust Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meat+vs.+rice%3B+American+manhhod+against+Asiatic+coolieism%2C+which+shall+survive%3F&rft.pub=American+Federation+of+Labor+printed+as+Senate+document+137+%281902%29%3B+reprinted+with+intro.+and+appendices+by+Asiatic+Exclusion+League%2C+1908&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Gompers&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Gutstadt%2C+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F002701816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/hb658004br/"><i>Some reasons for Chinese exclusion: Meat vs. rice; American manhood against Asiatic coolieism. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2021</span> – via UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+reasons+for+Chinese+exclusion%3A+Meat+vs.+rice%3B+American+manhood+against+Asiatic+coolieism.+Which+shall+survive%3F&rft.pub=American+Federation+of+Labor&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalisphere.org%2Fitem%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fhb658004br%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_F._Rubio" title="Philip F. Rubio">Philip F. Rubio</a> (2001), <i>A history of affirmative action, 1619–2000</i> p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillip Foner, <i>Women and the American Labor Movement from Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I</i>. New York: The Free Press, 1979; p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Kessler-Harris, "Where Are the Organized Women Workers?" <i>Feminist Studies,</i> vol. 3, no. 1. (Autumn, 1975), pg. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>Women and the American Labor Movement,</i> pp. 304–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCW-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LCW_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGompers1919" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gompers, Samuel (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924069587388#page/n35/mode/2up">"The Philosophy of Trade Unionism"</a>. In Robbins, Hayes (ed.). <i>Labor and the Common Welfare</i>. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philosophy+of+Trade+Unionism&rft.btitle=Labor+and+the+Common+Welfare&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+%26+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Gompers&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924069587388%23page%2Fn35%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGompers1919" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gompers, Samuel (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924069587388#page/n205/mode/2up">"Organized Labor's Challenge"</a>. In Robbins, Hayes (ed.). <i>Labor and the Common Welfare</i>. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organized+Labor%27s+Challenge&rft.btitle=Labor+and+the+Common+Welfare&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+%26+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Gompers&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924069587388%23page%2Fn205%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/economy-1991/labor-in-america-the-trade-unions-role/american-federation-of-labor.php">"American Federation Of Labor < Labor In America-The Trade Unions' Role < Economy 1991 < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond"</a>. <i>www.let.rug.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323055001/http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/economy-1991/labor-in-america-the-trade-unions-role/american-federation-of-labor.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.let.rug.nl&rft.atitle=American+Federation+Of+Labor+%3C+Labor+In+America-The+Trade+Unions%27+Role+%3C+Economy+1991+%3C+American+History+From+Revolution+To+Reconstruction+and+beyond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.rug.nl%2Fusa%2Foutlines%2Feconomy-1991%2Flabor-in-america-the-trade-unions-role%2Famerican-federation-of-labor.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Kessler-Harris, <i>Out to Work: A History of Wage Earning Women in the United States</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982; pp. 200–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/AFL-CIO">"AFL-CIO | History, Meaning, Purpose, Leaders, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=AFL-CIO+%7C+History%2C+Meaning%2C+Purpose%2C+Leaders%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAFL-CIO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maryland-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maryland_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maryland_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maryland_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umdlabor.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/3/9/29397087/inactive_organizations.pdf">"Inactive Organizations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UMD Labor Collections</i>. University of Maryland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327054630/https://umdlabor.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/3/9/29397087/inactive_organizations.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UMD+Labor+Collections&rft.atitle=Inactive+Organizations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumdlabor.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F2%2F9%2F3%2F9%2F29397087%2Finactive_organizations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolman-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wolman_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolman1924" class="citation book cs1">Wolman, Leo (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c5905/c5905.pdf"><i>The Growth of American Trade Unions, 1880-1923</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NBER. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016001743/https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c5905/c5905.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+American+Trade+Unions%2C+1880-1923&rft.pub=NBER&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Wolman&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fchapters%2Fc5905%2Fc5905.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Federation of Labor: History, Encyclopedia, Reference Book,</i> pp. 434–446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_1127_1953.pdf"><i>Directory of Labor Unions in the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington DC: United States Department of Labor. 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516031907/https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_1127_1953.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+Labor+Unions+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Labor&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffraser.stlouisfed.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2Fpublications%2Fbls%2Fbls_1127_1953.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Labor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_and_general_references_and_further_reading">Cited and general references and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cited and general references and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>American Federation of Labor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somereasonsforc00labogoog"><i>Some Reasons for Chinese Exclusion. Meat vs. Rice. American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism. Which Shall Survive?</i></a> Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Labor, 1901.</li> <li>Gompers, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032724696"><i>American Labor and the War</i></a>. New York: George H. Doran Co., n.d. [1918].</li> <li>Gompers, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924013854553"><i>Labor and the Employer</i></a>. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1920.</li> <li>Gompers, Samuel. <i>Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography</i>. In two volumes. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1925.</li> <li><i>The Samuel Gompers Papers</i>. Currently published in 11 volumes, coverage to 1921. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991–2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arnesen, Eric, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History</i> (2006), 2064pp; 650 articles by experts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0415968267">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Baker, Jay N. "The American Federation of Labor" (1912) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/785647">https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/785647</a></li> <li>Beik, Millie, ed. <i>Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History</i> (2005) over 100 annotated primary documents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0313318646/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Boris, Eileen, Nelson Lichtenstein, and Thomas Paterson. <i>Major Problems In The History Of American Workers: Documents and Essays</i> (2002)</li> <li>Brody, David. <i>In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195067908">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Brooks, George W.; Derber, Milton; McCabe, David A.; and Taft, Philip (eds.), <i>Interpreting the Labor Movement</i>. Madison: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1952.</li> <li>Browne, Waldo Ralph. <i>What's what in the Labor Movement: A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor</i> (1921) 577pp; encyclopedia of labor terms, organizations and history. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epc3AAAAMAAJ">complete text online</a></li> <li>Commons, John R, et al. <i>History of Labour in the United States</i>. esp. <i>Vol. 2: 1860–1896</i> (1918); <i>Vol. 4: Labor Movements, 1896–1932</i> (1935).</li> <li>Currarino, Rosanne. "The Politics of 'More': The Labor Question and the Idea of Economic Liberty in Industrial America." <i>Journal of American History</i>. vol. 93, no. 1 (June 2006).</li> <li>Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Joseph McCartin. <i>Labor in America: A History</i> (9th ed. 2017), textbook; originally written by Foster Dulles</li> <li>Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine, eds. <i>Labor Leaders in America</i> (1987) biographies of key leaders, written by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252013433/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Foner, Philip S. <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States</i>. In 10 volumes. New York: International Publishers, 1947–1994; <i>Vol. 2: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism</i> (1955); <i>Vol. 3: The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900–1909</i> (1964); <i>Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910–1915</i> (1980); <i>Vol. 6: On the Eve of America's Entrance into World War I, 1915–1916</i> (1982); <i>Vol. 7: Labor and World War I, 1914–1918</i> (1987); <i>Vol. 8: Post-war Struggles, 1918–1920</i> (1988). a view from the Left that is hostile to Gompers</li> <li>Galenson, Walter. <i>The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1935–1941</i> (1960)</li> <li>Greene, Julie. <i>Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881–1917</i> (1998)</li> <li>Karson, Marc. <i>American Labor Unions and Politics, 1900–1918</i>. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1958.</li> <li>Kersten, Andrew E. <i>Labor's home front: the American Federation of Labor during World War II</i> (NYU Press, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laborshomefronta0000kers">online</a></li> <li>Lichtenstein, Nelson. <i>State of the Union: A Century of American Labor</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691116547/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Livesay, Harold C. <i>Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America</i> (1993), short biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samuelgompersorg00haro">online</a></li> <li>McCartin, Joseph A. <i>Labor's Great War: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations, 1912–21</i>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997.</li> <li>Mandel, Bernard. <i>Samuel Gompers: A Biography</i> (1963), highly detailed negative biography</li> <li>Mink, Gwendolyn. <i>Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875–1920</i> (1986)</li> <li>Orth, Samuel Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=3038"><i>The Armies of Labor: A Chronicle of the Organized Wage-Earners</i></a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1919.</li> <li>Roberts, William C. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924014538288"><i>American Federation of Labor: History, Encyclopedia, Reference Book</i></a>. Washington, DC: American Federation of Labor, 1919.</li> <li>Taft, Philip. <i>The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers</i>. (Harper, 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afoflintimeofgom0000taft">online</a> <ul><li>Taft, Philip. <i>The A.F. of L. from the Death of Gompers to the Merger</i>. (Harper, 1959) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afoflfromd00taft">online vol 2</a> Major scholarly studies</li></ul></li> <li>Walker, Roger W. "The AFL and child-labor legislation: An exercise in frustration." <i>Labor History</i> 11.3 (1970): 323–340.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collections">Collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv95516">Washington State Federation of Labor Records</a>. 1881–1967. 45.44 cubic feet (including 2 microfilm reels, 1 package, and 1 vertical file). At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv62599">Harry E. B. Ault Papers</a>, 1899–1965. 5.46 cubic feet. At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv81854">Leo F. Flynn Papers</a>, 1890–1970. 1.09 cubic feet (2 boxes). At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv72973">George E. Rennar Papers</a>, 1933–1972. approximately 34.73 cubic feet. At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Federation_of_Labor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article about "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Labor,_American_Federation_of" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Labor, American Federation of">American Federation of Labor</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215201026/http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/unions/">Unions of the AFL–CIO</a>, List and links to AFL–CIO affiliated unions. aflcio.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.umd.edu/special/collections/afl-cio">George Meany Memorial AFL–CIO Archive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a> (designated as official repository by the AFL–CIO in 2013, succeeding the closed <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_College" title="National Labor College">National Labor College</a>), consisting of around 40 million documents</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AFL-CIO" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AFL-CIO" title="Template:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AFL-CIO" title="Template talk:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AFL-CIO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AFL-CIO" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a> (1955–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland">Lane Kirkland</a> (1979–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Donahue" title="Thomas R. Donahue">Thomas R. Donahue</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)" title="John Sweeney (labor leader)">John J. Sweeney</a> (1995–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trumka" title="Richard Trumka">Richard Trumka</a> (2009–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Shuler" title="Liz Shuler">Liz Shuler</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_America%27s_Building_Trades_Unions" title="North America's Building Trades Unions">Building Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maritime Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Maritime Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Metal Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Metal Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Professional_Employees,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Department for Professional Employees, AFL–CIO">Professional Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Transportation Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Transportation Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Label_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Union Label Department, AFL–CIO">Union Label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituency groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph_Institute" title="A. Philip Randolph Institute">A. Philip Randolph Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Retired_Americans" title="Alliance for Retired Americans">Alliance for Retired Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American_Labor_Alliance" title="Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance">Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Black_Trade_Unionists" title="Coalition of Black Trade Unionists">Coalition of Black Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Labor_Union_Women" title="Coalition of Labor Union Women">Coalition of Labor Union Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Council_for_Latin_American_Advancement" title="Labor Council for Latin American Advancement">Labor Council for Latin American Advancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_at_Work" title="Pride at Work">Pride at Work</a></li> <li>Union Veterans Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Communications_Association" title="International Labor Communications Association">International Labor Communications Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Center" title="Solidarity Center">Solidarity Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_for_America_Institute" title="Working for America Institute">Working for America Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Rights_at_Work" title="American Rights at Work">American Rights at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_and_Working-Class_History_Association" title="Labor and Working-Class History Association">Labor and Working-Class History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_America" title="Working America">Working America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO_Employees_Federal_Credit_Union" title="AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union">AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_College" title="National Labor College">National Labor College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unions_affiliated_with_the_AFL-CIO" title="List of unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO">Affiliated unions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America">AAAA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Musical_Artists" title="American Guild of Musical Artists">AGMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Variety_Artists" title="American Guild of Variety Artists">AGVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Italian_American_Actors" title="Guild of Italian American Actors">GIAA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">AEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Government_Employees" title="American Federation of Government Employees">AFGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">AFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_School_Administrators" title="American Federation of School Administrators">AFSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">AFSCME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">AFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association,_International" title="Air Line Pilots Association, International">ALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Postal_Workers_Union" title="American Postal Workers Union">APWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Association" title="American Radio Association">ARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Train_Dispatchers_Association" title="American Train Dispatchers Association">ATDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Transit_Union" title="Amalgamated Transit Union">ATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Heat_and_Frost_Insulators_and_Allied_Workers" title="International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers">AWIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">BAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakery,_Confectionery,_Tobacco_Workers_and_Grain_Millers_International_Union" title="Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union">BCTGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Signalmen" title="Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen">BRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_School_Employees_Association" title="California School Employees Association">CSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America" title="Communications Workers of America">CWA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Flight_Attendants" title="Association of Flight Attendants">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Union of Electrical Workers">IUE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcast_Employees_and_Technicians" title="National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians">NABET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing,_Publishing_and_Media_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing, Publishing and Media Workers">PPMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuild-CWA" title="NewsGuild-CWA">TNG</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NewsGuild-CWA_Locals" title="List of NewsGuild-CWA Locals">Locals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">FLOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass,_Molders,_Pottery,_Plastics_and_Allied_Workers_International_Union" title="Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union">GMPIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">IAFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers" title="International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers">IAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Federal_Employees" title="National Federation of Federal Employees">NFFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Communications_International_Union" title="Transportation Communications International Union">TCIU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Theatrical_Stage_Employees" title="International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees">IATSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Boilermakers,_Iron_Ship_Builders,_Blacksmiths,_Forgers_and_Helpers" title="International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers">IBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">IBEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Professional_and_Technical_Engineers" title="International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers">IFPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association" title="International Longshoremen's Association">ILA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers" title="International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers">Ironworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Allied_Novelty_and_Production_Workers" title="International Union of Allied Novelty and Production Workers">IUANPW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Elevator_Constructors" title="International Union of Elevator Constructors">IUEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">IUOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Police_Associations" title="International Union of Police Associations">IUPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Painters_and_Allied_Trades" title="International Union of Painters and Allied Trades">IUPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America">LIUNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Mail_Handlers_Union" title="National Postal Mail Handlers Union">NPMHU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Engineers%27_Beneficial_Association" title="Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association">MEBA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Aviation_Safety_Specialists" title="Professional Aviation Safety Specialists">PASS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Letter_Carriers" title="National Association of Letter Carriers">NALC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Association" title="National Air Traffic Controllers Association">NATCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association" title="National Football League Players Association">NFLPA/FPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nurses_United" title="National Nurses United">NNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxi_Workers%27_Alliance" title="National Taxi Workers' Alliance">NTWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League_Players_Association" title="National Women's Soccer League Players Association">NWSLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">OPCMIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_and_Professional_Employees_International_Union" title="Office and Professional Employees International Union">OPEIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plate_Printers,_Die_Stampers_and_Engravers_Union_of_North_America" title="International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers Union of North America">Printers & Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafarers_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Seafarers International Union of North America">SIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Sheet_Metal,_Air,_Rail_and_Transportation_Workers" title="International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers">SMART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Transport Workers Union of America">TWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Association" title="United Association">UA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">UAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">UFCW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distillery,_Wine_and_Allied_Workers%27_International_Union" title="Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers' International Union">DWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail,_Wholesale_and_Department_Store_Union" title="Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union">RWDSU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">UMWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">USW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Union_of_Roofers,_Waterproofers_and_Allied_Workers" title="United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers">UURWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Utility Workers Union of America">UWUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_East" title="Writers Guild of America, East">WGAE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State federations and <br />central labor councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>California (<a href="/wiki/South_Bay_Labor_Council" title="South Bay Labor Council">South Bay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Florida AFL–CIO">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Indiana AFL–CIO">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maine AFL–CIO">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Massachusetts AFL–CIO">Massachusetts</a></li> <li>New York (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Central_Labor_Council" title="New York City Central Labor Council">New York City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Oregon AFL–CIO">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Pennsylvania AFL–CIO">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Rhode Island AFL–CIO">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Labor_Council" title="Washington State Labor Council">Washington State</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_County_Labor_Council" title="King County Labor Council">King</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="West Virginia AFL–CIO">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Federation of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directly_affiliated_local_union" title="Directly affiliated local union">Directly affiliated local union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464242#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="American Federation of Labor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20050215010&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005263944&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257762705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027853462">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10446639">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67697mf">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&oldid=1260721153">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Labor&oldid=1260721153</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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