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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_von_1924" title="Immigration Act von 1924 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Immigration Act von 1924" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_1924" title="قانون الهجرة لسنة 1924 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون الهجرة لسنة 1924" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_von_1924" title="Immigration Act von 1924 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Immigration Act von 1924" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_inmigraci%C3%B3n_de_1924" title="Ley de inmigración de 1924 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de inmigración de 1924" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_enmigra_akto_de_1924" title="Usona enmigra akto de 1924 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona enmigra akto de 1924" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B2%DB%B4" title="قانون مهاجرت ۱۹۲۴ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون مهاجرت ۱۹۲۴" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_d%27immigration_Johnson-Reed_de_1924" title="Loi d'immigration Johnson-Reed de 1924 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi d'immigration Johnson-Reed de 1924" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%EB%85%84_%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%BC%EB%B2%95" title="1924년 이민법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1924년 이민법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_1924" title="חוק ההגירה של 1924 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק ההגירה של 1924" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%97%A5%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95" title="排日移民法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="排日移民法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson-Reed_Act" title="Johnson-Reed Act – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Johnson-Reed Act" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_imigra%C8%9Biei_din_1924" title="Legea imigrației din 1924 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea imigrației din 1924" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Immigration Act of 1924" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Immigration Act of 1924" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1924 United States anti-immigration law</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Asian Exclusion Act" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Immigration Act of 1924</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to limit the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States, and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Johnson-Reed Act</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/68th_United_States_Congress" title="68th United States Congress">68th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">May 26, 1924</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/68/139">68–139</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">43 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-43-153">153</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the House of Representatives as H.R. 7995</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on April 12, 1924 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/68-1/h55">323–71</a>)</li><li><b>Agreed to by the House</b> on May 15, 1924 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/68-1/h90">308–62</a>) and by the <b>Senate</b> on May 15, 1924 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/68-1/s126">69–9</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> on May 24, 1924</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Immigration Act of 1924</b>, or <b>Johnson–Reed Act</b>, including the <b>Asian Exclusion Act</b> and <b>National Origins Act</b> (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/68/139">68–139</a>, 43 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-43-153">153</a>, enacted <span data-sort-value="000000001924-05-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 26, 1924</span>), was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal law">United States federal law</a> that prevented <a href="/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Asian immigration to the United States">immigration from Asia</a> and set quotas on the number of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also authorized the creation of the country's first formal <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border control</a> service, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a>, and established a "consular control system" that allowed entry only to those who first obtained a <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">visa</a> from a <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United States">U.S. consulate</a> abroad. </p><p>Enacted amid increasing public and political anxiety about the country's rapid social and demographic changes, the 1924 act supplanted earlier legislation by vastly reducing immigration from countries outside the Western Hemisphere: Immigrants from Asia were banned,<sup id="cite_ref-gov_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the total annual immigration quota for the rest of the world was capped at 165,000—an 80% reduction of the yearly average before 1914. The act temporarily reduced the annual quota of any nationality from 3% of their <a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910 population</a>, per the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a> of 1921, to 2% as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890 census</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-gov_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new quota was implemented in 1927, based on each nationality's share of the total U.S. population in the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920 census</a>, which would govern U.S. immigration policy until 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-ABA1924_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA1924-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1931_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1931-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1966_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Department of State, the purpose of the act was "to preserve the ideal of U.S. homogeneity."<sup id="cite_ref-gov_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1924 act would define U.S. immigration policy for nearly three decades, until being substantially revised by the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a> and ultimately replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_laws_concerning_immigration_and_naturalization_in_the_United_States" title="History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States">History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</a> declared that only people of European or white descent were eligible for naturalization, but eligibility was extended to people of African descent in the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guisepi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guisepi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> laborers and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> were barred from <a href="/wiki/Immigrating" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrating">immigrating</a> to the U.S. in the 1882 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> and the (unenforced) <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A limitation on <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern European</a> immigration was first proposed in 1896 in the form of the literacy test bill. Henry Cabot Lodge was confident the bill would provide an indirect measure of reducing emigration from these countries, but after passing both houses of Congress, it was vetoed by President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another proposal for immigration restriction was introduced again in 1909 by U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a> restricted immigration further in a variety of ways. It increased restrictions on Asian immigration, raised the general immigrant head tax, excluded those deemed to be diseased or mentally unwell, and in light of intense lobbying by the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a>, introduced the literacy test for all new immigrants to prove their ability to read English.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_I_recession" title="Post–World War I recession">post–World War I recession</a>, many Americans believed that bringing in more immigrants would worsen the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">unemployment rate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a> of 1919–1921 had fueled fears of foreign radicals migrating to undermine American values and provoke an uprising like the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Imai_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of immigrants entering the United States decreased for about a year from July 1919 to June 1920 but doubled in the year after that.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #006150; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#006150; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF"><b>Eugenics Movement</b></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_trium_liberorum#Eugenic_implications" title="Jus trium liberorum">Jus trium liberorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea" title="Lex Papia Poppaea">Lex Papia Poppaea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_incest" title="Jewish views on incest">Jewish views on incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest in the Bible</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily<br />Diseased Offspring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>" <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">US eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Canadian Eugenics</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Japanese eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Mexican eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States#Eugenics_and_race" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation_in_Sweden" title="Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden">Swedish sterilization program (1906–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Peruvian sterilization program (1990–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning in Singapore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_genome_editing_incident" title="He Jiankui genome editing incident">He Jiankui genome editing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Human genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted<br />reproductive technology</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Goldscheid" title="Rudolf Goldscheid">Goldscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliano_Moreira" title="Juliano Moreira">Moreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn (Henry Fairfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla#On_society" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Popenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkmar_Weiss" title="Volkmar Weiss">Weiss</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and<br />Its Development</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892–1893)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901/1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Essays in Eugenics">Essays in Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural<br />Selection</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_with_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dance with the Devil">The Dance with the Devil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Eugenics">Jewish Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of<br />Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Without significant post-war activity</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Women%27s_Guild" title="Co-operative Women's Guild">Co-operative Women's Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> <p><b>With significant post-war activity</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Renamed "<i>Annals of Human Genetics</i>" 1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies#History_and_funding" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Renamed "<i>Journal of Biosocial Science</i>" 1968)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">FREED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">HDF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">J. Soc. Political Econ. Stud.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">LCI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prevention" title="Project Prevention">Project Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/14px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/21px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/29px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:History of Science">History of Science portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Albert_Johnson_(congressman)" title="Albert Johnson (congressman)">Albert Johnson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">eugenics</a> advocate, and Senator <a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">David Reed</a> were the two main architects of the act. They conceived the act as a bulwark against "a stream of alien blood"; it likewise found support among xenophobic and nativist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. However, some proponents, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL), welcomed the act for reducing cheap immigrant labor that would compete with local workers. Both public and Congressional opposition was minimal. In the wake of intense <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>, it passed with strong congressional support.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were nine dissenting votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a handful of opponents in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, the most vigorous of whom was freshman <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Emanuel Celler</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish American">Jewish American</a>. Decades later, he pointed out the act's "startling discrimination against central, eastern and southern Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-cq_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cq-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of the act sought to establish a distinct American identity by preserving its ethnic homogeneity.<sup id="cite_ref-jones277_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones277-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed told the Senate that earlier legislation "disregards entirely those of us who are interested in keeping American stock up to the highest standard—that is, the people who were born here."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, most of whom were Catholics or Jews, arrived sick and starving, were less capable of contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">American economy</a>, and were unable to adapt to <a href="/wiki/American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="American culture">American culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones277_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones277-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugenics was used as justification for the act's restriction of certain races or ethnicities of people to prevent the spread of perceived feeblemindedness in American society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a>, himself a Jewish immigrant from Britain and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL), supported the act because he opposed the cheap labor that immigration represented even though the act would sharply reduce Jewish immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the AFL and the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> supported the act.<sup id="cite_ref-koven_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koven-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Higham_(historian)" title="John Higham (historian)">John Higham</a> concludes: "Klan backing made no material difference. Congress was expressing the will of the nation.".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg/220px-CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg/330px-CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg/440px-CalvinCoolidgeimmigration3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2885" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> signs the Immigration Act on the <a href="/wiki/South_Lawn_(White_House)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lawn (White House)">White House South Lawn</a> along with appropriation bills for the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans Bureau">Veterans Bureau</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> is on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lobbyists from the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>, where a majority of Japanese, Korean, and other East Asian immigrants had settled, were especially concerned with excluding Asian immigrants. The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act had already slowed Chinese immigration, but as Japanese and – to a lesser degree – Korean and Filipino laborers began arriving and putting down roots in <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, an exclusionary movement formed in reaction to the "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a>." <a href="/wiki/Valentine_S._McClatchy" title="Valentine S. McClatchy">Valentine S. McClatchy</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The McClatchy Company">The McClatchy Company</a> and a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">anti-Japanese</a> movement, argued, "They come here specifically and professedly for the purpose of colonizing and establishing here permanently the proud <a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato race</a>." He cites their supposed inability to assimilate to American culture and the economic threat that they posed to white businessmen and farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Imai_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposing the act, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> said, "The legislation would seem to be quite unnecessary, even for the purpose for which it is devised."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act faced strong opposition from the Japanese government with which the U.S. government had maintained a cordial economic and political relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Imai_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, the bill was called by some the "Japanese Exclusion" act.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Matsui_Keishir%C5%8D" title="Matsui Keishirō">Matsui Keishirō</a> instructed the Japanese ambassador to the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Masanao_Hanihara" title="Masanao Hanihara">Masanao Hanihara</a>, to write to Hughes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the manifest object of the [section barring Japanese immigrants] is to single out Japanese as a nation, stigmatizing them as unworthy and undesirable in the eyes of the American people. And yet the actual result of that particular provision, if the proposed bill becomes law as intended, would be only to exclude 146 Japanese per year.... I realize, as I believe you do, the grave consequences which the enactment of the measure retaining that particular provision would inevitably bring upon the otherwise happy and mutually advantageous relations between our two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wisconsin Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>, who did not vote on the bill, in a statement to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, said that the bill would have to be revisioned "to make its operation simple, humane, and free from the misery and disappointment to which would-be immigrants are now subjected."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the Senate interpreted Hanihara's phrase "grave consequences" as a threat, which was used by hardliners of the bill to fuel both houses of Congress to vote for it. Because 1924 was an <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">election year</a>, and he was unable to form a compromise, President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> declined to use his <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> power to block the act,<sup id="cite_ref-Duus_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duus-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although both houses passed it by a veto-overriding two-thirds majority. The act was signed into law on May 24, 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:America_of_the_melting_pot_comes_to_end.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/America_of_the_melting_pot_comes_to_end.png/220px-America_of_the_melting_pot_comes_to_end.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/America_of_the_melting_pot_comes_to_end.png/330px-America_of_the_melting_pot_comes_to_end.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/America_of_the_melting_pot_comes_to_end.png/440px-America_of_the_melting_pot_comes_to_end.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>New York Times headline announcing "America of the melting pot comes to end," with before and after map of immigration quotas from Europe, showing preference for immigration from Germany and the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>The immigration act made permanent the basic limitations on <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration to the United States</a> established in 1921 and modified the <a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a>, which had been established in that year. In conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a>, it governed American immigration policy until the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a>, which revised it completely, was passed. </p><p>The act provided that no alien ineligible to become a citizen could be admitted to the U.S. as an immigrant. That was aimed primarily at Japanese aliens,<sup id="cite_ref-gov_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they were not explicitly named in the act.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It imposed fines on transportation companies who landed aliens in violation of <a href="/wiki/U.S._immigration_law" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. immigration law">U.S. immigration law</a>. It defined the term "immigrant" and designated all other alien entries into the U.S. as "non-immigrant," or temporary visitors. It also established classes of admission for such non-immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act set a total immigration quota of 165,000 for countries outside the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, an 80% reduction from average before World War I, and barred immigrants from Asia, including Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Guisepi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guisepi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> was then a <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. colony</a> and so its citizens were <a href="/wiki/U.S._nationals" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. nationals">U.S. nationals</a> and could thus travel freely to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act did not include China since it was already barred under the Chinese Exclusion Act. </p><p>The 1924 act reduced the annual quota of any nationality from 3% of their <a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910 population</a> (as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a> of 1921) to 2% of the number of foreign-born persons of any nationality residing in the U.S. according to the <a href="/wiki/1890_census" class="mw-redirect" title="1890 census">1890 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-koven_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koven-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent census existed, but at the behest of a eugenics subcommittee chaired by eugenicist <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a>, Congress used the 1890 one to increase immigrants from Northern and Western Europe and to decrease those from Eastern and Southern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)"><i>Commonweal</i></a>, the act "relied on false nostalgia for a census that only seemed to depict a homogenous, Northern European–descended nation: in reality, 15 percent of the nation were immigrants in 1890."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1890-based quotas were set to last until 1927, when they would be replaced by of a total annual quota of 150,000, proportional to the national origins figures from the <a href="/wiki/1920_census" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 census">1920 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this did little to diversify the nations from which immigrants came because the 1920 census did not include Blacks, Mulattos, and Asians as part of the American population used for the quotas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The lowest quota per country was 100 individuals,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but even then only those eligible for citizenship could immigrate to the U.S. (i.e. only whites in China could immigrate).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Establishing national origin quotas for the country proved to be a difficult task, and was not accepted and completed until 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The act gave 85% of the immigration quota to Northern and Western Europe and those who had an education or had a trade. The other 15% went disproportionately to Eastern and Southern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act established preferences under the quota system for certain relatives of U.S. residents, including their unmarried children under 21, their parents, and spouses at least 21 and over. It also preferred immigrants at least 21 who were skilled in agriculture and their wives and dependent children under 16. Non-quota status was accorded to wives and unmarried children under 18 of U.S. citizens; natives of Western Hemisphere countries, with their families; non-immigrants; and certain others. </p><p>Subsequent amendments eliminated certain elements of the law's <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against women">discrimination against women</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but this was not more fully achieved until <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">1952</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quota_calculation_formula">Quota calculation formula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quota calculation formula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927, the 1924 act was modified to use census data from 1920. The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of the Census">Bureau of the Census</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> estimated the <i>National Origins of the White Population of the United States in 1920</i> in numbers,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is this italicized text a name of a document? Need a secondary source or quote to explain why this is different from the raw 1920 census data. (August 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> then calculated the percentage share each nationality made up. The National Origins Formula derived quotas by calculating the equivalent proportion of each nationality out of a total pool of 150,000 annual quota immigrants, with a minimum quota of 100. This formula was used until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 adopted a simplified formula limiting each country to a flat quota of one-sixth of one percent of that nationality's 1920 population count, with a minimum quota of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1930_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1930-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1931_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1931-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1966_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"><b>Country of origin</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"><b>Population count</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"><b>Percentage share</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005843000000000000♠">843,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.942% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005778000000000000♠">778,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.869% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Czechoslovakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006171500000000000♠">1,715,000</span> </td> <td align="right">1.916% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005705000000000000♠">705,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.788% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004690000000000000♠">69,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.077% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005339000000000000♠">339,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.379% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006184200000000000♠">1,842,000</span> </td> <td align="right">2.058% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7007154890000000000♠">15,489,000</span> </td> <td align="right">17.305% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005183000000000000♠">183,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.204% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005519000000000000♠">519,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.580% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7007106530000000000♠">10,653,000</span> </td> <td align="right">11.902% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006346200000000000♠">3,462,000</span> </td> <td align="right">3.868% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005141000000000000♠">141,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.158% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005230000000000000♠">230,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.257% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006188100000000000♠">1,881,000</span> </td> <td align="right">2.102% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006141900000000000♠">1,419,000</span> </td> <td align="right">1.585% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006389300000000000♠">3,893,000</span> </td> <td align="right">4.349% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Portugal</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005263000000000000♠">263,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.294% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005176000000000000♠">176,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.197% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a> (part of <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006166100000000000♠">1,661,000</span> </td> <td align="right">1.856% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005150000000000000♠">150,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.168% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006197700000000000♠">1,977,000</span> </td> <td align="right">2.209% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">Syria</a> & <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/23px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/35px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/45px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="496" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Lebanon</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004730000000000000♠">73,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.082% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006101900000000000♠">1,019,000</span> </td> <td align="right">1.138% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005135000000000000♠">135,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.151% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7007392160000000000♠">39,216,000</span> </td> <td align="right">43.814% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Yugoslavia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005504000000000000♠">504,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.563% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1920 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> Total</b> </td> <td align="right"><b><span data-sort-value="7007895070000000000♠">89,507,000</span></b> </td> <td align="right"><b>100.000%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotas_by_country_under_successive_laws">Quotas by country under successive laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quotas by country under successive laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Listed below are historical quotas on emigration from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a>, by country, as applied in given fiscal years ending June 30, calculated according to successive immigration laws and revisions from the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to the final quota year of 1965. The 1922 and 1925 systems based on dated census records of the foreign-born population were intended as temporary measures; the 1924 Act's National Origins Formula based on the 1920 census of the total U.S. population took effect on July 1, 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-ABA1924_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA1924-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1922_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1922-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1924_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1924-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1930_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1930-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1931_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1931-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statabstract1966_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statabstract1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Annual <a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Quota</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Act of 1921</a></th> <th colspan="4">Act of 1924</th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Act of 1952</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1922<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% </th> <th>1925<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% </th> <th>1930<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% </th> <th>1965<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Albania_%281920%E2%80%931926%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania_%281920%E2%80%931926%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Albania_%281920%E2%80%931926%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Albania_%281920%E2%80%931926%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Albania_%281920%E2%80%931926%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Albania_%281920%E2%80%931926%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albania</a> </td> <td>288 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Armenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenia</a></span> </td> <td>230 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>124 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a> </td> <td>7,451 </td> <td>2.08% </td> <td>785 </td> <td>0.48% </td> <td>1,413 </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>1,405 </td> <td>0.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>1,563 </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>512 </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>1,304 </td> <td>0.85% </td> <td>1,297 </td> <td>0.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span> </td> <td>302 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Czechoslovakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></span> </td> <td>14,357 </td> <td>4.01% </td> <td>3,073 </td> <td>1.87% </td> <td>2,874 </td> <td>1.87% </td> <td>2,859 </td> <td>1.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="397" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a> </td> <td>301 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>228 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>5,619 </td> <td>1.57% </td> <td>2,789 </td> <td>1.69% </td> <td>1,181 </td> <td>0.77% </td> <td>1,175 </td> <td>0.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>1,348 </td> <td>0.38% </td> <td>124 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>116 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>115 </td> <td>0.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>3,921 </td> <td>1.10% </td> <td>471 </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>569 </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>566 </td> <td>0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Fiume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Fiume</a> </td> <td>71 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span> </td> <td>5,729 </td> <td>1.60% </td> <td>3,954 </td> <td>2.40% </td> <td>3,086 </td> <td>2.01% </td> <td>3,069 </td> <td>1.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></span> </td> <td>67,607 </td> <td>18.90% </td> <td>51,227 </td> <td>31.11% </td> <td>25,957 </td> <td>16.89% </td> <td>25,814 </td> <td>16.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span> </td> <td>3,294 </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>307 </td> <td>0.20% </td> <td>308 </td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a></span> </td> <td>5,638 </td> <td>1.58% </td> <td>473 </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>869 </td> <td>0.57% </td> <td>865 </td> <td>0.55% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td>75 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-uk_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>28,567 </td> <td>17.35% </td> <td>17,853 </td> <td>11.61% </td> <td>17,756 </td> <td>11.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span> </td> <td>42,057 </td> <td>11.75% </td> <td>3,854 </td> <td>2.34% </td> <td>5,802 </td> <td>3.77% </td> <td>5,666 </td> <td>3.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td>1,540 </td> <td>0.43% </td> <td>142 </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>236 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>235 </td> <td>0.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td>2,460 </td> <td>0.69% </td> <td>344 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>386 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>384 </td> <td>0.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td>92 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>3,607 </td> <td>1.01% </td> <td>1,648 </td> <td>1.00% </td> <td>3,153 </td> <td>2.05% </td> <td>3,136 </td> <td>1.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td>12,202 </td> <td>3.41% </td> <td>6,453 </td> <td>3.92% </td> <td>2,377 </td> <td>1.55% </td> <td>2,364 </td> <td>1.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></span> </td> <td>31,146 </td> <td>8.70% </td> <td>5,982 </td> <td>3.63% </td> <td>6,524 </td> <td>4.24% </td> <td>6,488 </td> <td>4.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Portugal</a> </td> <td>2,465 </td> <td>0.69% </td> <td>503 </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>440 </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>438 </td> <td>0.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span> </td> <td>7,419 </td> <td>2.07% </td> <td>603 </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>295 </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td>289 </td> <td>0.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a> (part of <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>24,405 </td> <td>6.82% </td> <td>2,248 </td> <td>1.37% </td> <td>2,784 </td> <td>1.81% </td> <td>2,697 </td> <td>1.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a> </td> <td>912 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>131 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>252 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>250 </td> <td>0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>20,042 </td> <td>5.60% </td> <td>9,561 </td> <td>5.81% </td> <td>3,314 </td> <td>2.16% </td> <td>3,295 </td> <td>2.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>3,752 </td> <td>1.05% </td> <td>2,081 </td> <td>1.26% </td> <td>1,707 </td> <td>1.11% </td> <td>1,698 </td> <td>1.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>2,388 </td> <td>0.67% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>226 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>225 </td> <td>0.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-uk_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>77,342 </td> <td>21.62% </td> <td>34,007 </td> <td>20.65% </td> <td>65,721 </td> <td>42.76% </td> <td>65,361 </td> <td>41.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Yugoslavia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span> </td> <td>6,426 </td> <td>1.80% </td> <td>671 </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>845 </td> <td>0.55% </td> <td>942 </td> <td>0.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span> </td> <td>359 </td> <td>0.10% </td> <td>221 </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>200 </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>700 </td> <td>0.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Total from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </td> <td>356,135 </td> <td>99.53% </td> <td>161,546 </td> <td>98.10% </td> <td>150,591 </td> <td>97.97% </td> <td>149,697 </td> <td>94.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Total from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </td> <td>1,066 </td> <td>0.30% </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td>0.79% </td> <td>1,323 </td> <td>0.86% </td> <td>3,690 </td> <td>2.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Total from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </td> <td>122 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>0.73% </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>0.78% </td> <td>4,274 </td> <td>2.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Total from all Countries</b> </td> <td><b>357,803</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>164,667</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>153,714</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>158,561</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quota per country limited to 3% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1910 census (FY 1922-1924)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quota per country limited to 2% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1890 census (FY 1925-1929)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quota per nationality limited to a percentage share of 150,000 in a ratio proportional to the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin as a share of all U.S. inhabitants in the 1920 census (FY 1930-1952)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quota per nationality limited to one-sixth of 1% of the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin in the 1920 census (FY 1953-1965)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uk-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uk_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uk_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From 1921 to 1924, quota for <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> encompassed all of Ireland; after 1925, only <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, with a separate quota created for the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> excluding regions falling under the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Barred_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Barred Zone">Asiatic Barred Zone</a> while in effect</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visas_and_border_control">Visas and border control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visas and border control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The act also established the "consular control system" of immigration, which divided responsibility for immigration between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department">U.S. State Department</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service</a>. The act also mandated no alien to be allowed to enter the U.S. without a valid immigration <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visa</a> issued by an American <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consular officer</a> abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consular officers were now allowed to issue visas to eligible applicants, but the number of visas to be issued by each consulate annually was limited, and no more than 10% of the quota could be given out in any one month. Aliens were not able to leave their home countries before having a valid visa, as opposed to the old system of deporting them at ports of debarkation. That gave a double layer of protection to the border since if they were found to be inadmissible, immigrants could still be deported on arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_Border_Patrol">Establishment of Border Patrol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Establishment of Border Patrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Origins Act authorized the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">United States Border Patrol</a>, which was established two days after the act was passed, primarily to guard the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Airriess40_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airriess40-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A $10 tax was imposed on Mexican immigrants, who were allowed to continue immigrating based on their perceived willingness to provide cheap labor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_immigration_to_the_United_States_1881-1940.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/European_immigration_to_the_United_States_1881-1940.png/220px-European_immigration_to_the_United_States_1881-1940.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/European_immigration_to_the_United_States_1881-1940.png/330px-European_immigration_to_the_United_States_1881-1940.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/European_immigration_to_the_United_States_1881-1940.png/440px-European_immigration_to_the_United_States_1881-1940.png 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>Relative proportions of immigrants from Northwestern Europe<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (red) and Southern and Eastern Europe<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (blue) in the decades before and after the act</figcaption></figure> <p>The act was seen in a negative light in Japan, causing resignations of ambassadors and protests.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A citizen committed <i><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a></i> near the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Embassy_in_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Embassy in Tokyo">U.S. Embassy in Tokyo</a> with a note that read: "Appealing to the American people".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American businesses situated in Japan suffered the economic brunt of the legislation's repercussions, as the Japanese government subsequently increased tariffs on American trading by '100 per cent'.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passage of the Immigration Act has been credited with ending a growing democratic movement in Japan during this time period, and opening the door to Japanese militarist government control.<sup id="cite_ref-neiwert_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neiwert-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to David C. Atkinson, on the Japanese government's perception of the act, "this indignity is seen as a turning point in the growing estrangement of the U.S. and Japan, which culminated in the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act's revised formula reduced total emigration from 357,803 between 1923 and 1924 to 164,667 between 1924 and 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Airriess40_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airriess40-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law's impact varied widely by country. Emigration from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> fell 19%, while emigration from Italy fell more than 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1901 to 1914, 2.9 million Italians immigrated, an average of 210,000 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 1924 quota, only 4,000 per year were allowed since the 1890 quota counted only 182,580 Italians in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the annual quota for Germany after the passage of the act was over 55,000 since German-born residents in 1890 numbered 2,784,894.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany, Britain, and Ireland had the highest representation in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provisions of the act were so restrictive that in 1924 more Italians, Czechs, Yugoslavs, Greeks, Lithuanians, Hungarians, Poles, Portuguese, Romanians, Spaniards, Chinese, and Japanese left the U.S. than arrived as immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-koven_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koven-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, the U.S. modified the act to set immigration quotas for their allies in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Guisepi_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guisepi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immigration quotas were eased in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and replaced in the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_migration">Jewish migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jewish migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The law sharply curtailed emigration from countries that were previously host to the vast majority of the Jews in the U.S., almost 75% of whom emigrated from Russia alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Eastern European immigration did not become substantial until the late 19th century, the law's use of the population of the U.S. in 1890 as the basis for calculating quotas effectively made mass migration from Eastern Europe, where the vast majority of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> lived at the time, impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, the quotas were adjusted to one-sixth of 1% of the 1920 census figures, and the overall immigration limit reduced to 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-cq_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cq-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Airriess40_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airriess40-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act was seen as causing many Jews to instead immigrate to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">mandatory Palestine</a>, spurring the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Aliyah" title="Fourth Aliyah">Fourth Aliyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gur_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gur-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a> noted the act spurred immigration levels not anticipated during the drafting of the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gur_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gur-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law was not modified to aid the flight of <a href="/wiki/Jews_escaping_from_German-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe">Jewish refugees</a> in the 1930s or 1940s despite the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quotas were adjusted to allow more Jewish refugees after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but without increasing immigration overall.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The act has been characterized as the culmination of decades of intentional exclusion of Asian immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act had negative economic effects. Economists have argued that both innovation and employment were negatively affected by the restrictions. In a 2020 paper, the economists <a href="/wiki/Petra_Moser" title="Petra Moser">Petra Moser</a> and Shmuel San demonstrated that the drastic reduction in immigration from Eastern and Southern European scientists led to fewer new patents, not only from immigrants but also from native-born scientists working in their fields.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the mass migration of unskilled workers had been a spur to innovation, according to a paper by Kirk Doran and Chungeun Yoon, who found "using variation induced by 1920s quotas, which ended history's largest international migration" that "inventors in cities and industries exposed to fewer low-skilled immigrants applied for fewer patents."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor did US-born workers benefit, according to a 2023 study in the <i>American Economic Journal.</i> Farming, a sector of the economy highly reliant on migrant labor, shifted towards more capital-intensive forms of agriculture, whereas the mining industry, another immigrant-reliant industry, contracted.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking back on the significance of the act, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Laughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Laughlin">Harry Laughlin</a>, the eugenicist who served as expert advisor to the House Committee on Immigration during the legislative process, praised it as a political breakthrough in the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> as a theoretical foundation for immigration policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the reliance upon eugenics in forming the policy, and growing public reception towards scientific racism as justification for restriction and <a href="/wiki/Racial_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial stereotypes">racial stereotypes</a> by 1924, the act has been seen as a piece of legislation that formalized the views of contemporary U.S. society.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Mae_Ngai" title="Mae Ngai">Mae Ngai</a> writes of the national origins quota system: </p> <blockquote><p>At one level, the new immigration law differentiated Europeans according to nationality and ranked them in a hierarchy of desirability. At another level, the law constructed a <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a> race, in which persons of European descent shared a common Whiteness distinct from those deemed to be not White.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In 1928, Nazi leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> praised the act for banishing "strangers of the blood".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. immigration law was cited favorably by the framers of Nazi legislation due to its excluding "wholly foreign racial population masses".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Exclusion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Exclusion Act">Anarchist Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Anti-Italianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History of antisemitism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">History of immigration to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a> – 1924 US federal law granting citizenship to Native Americans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Immigration_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Immigration Acts">List of United States Immigration Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_National_Monument" title="Statue of Liberty National Monument">Statue of Liberty National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Defined in the act as immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">the British Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Defined in the act as immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar people">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greece</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On May 18, 1937, the Omnibus Immigration Bill entered Congress, which was intended to naturalize Jews who had <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">entered the country illegally</a>. It was supported by a majority, including most Republicans, future Democrat President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, as well as Southern '<a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> invited 982 refugees, most of whom were Jewish, to stay at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ontario_Emergency_Refugee_Shelter" title="Fort Ontario Emergency Refugee Shelter">Fort Ontario Emergency Refugee Shelter</a> until the war was over.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> argue that the <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> movement includes an attempt to return to the exclusion of pre-1965 U.S. immigration law.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/summer/immigration-law-1">"Race, Nationality, and Reality"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. August 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Nationality%2C+and+Reality&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2002%2Fsummer%2Fimmigration-law-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1909" class="citation news cs1">Lodge, Henry (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306093754/http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/pdocs/lodge_immigration.pdf">"The Restriction of Immigration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Wisconsin</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/pdocs/lodge_immigration.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.atitle=The+Restriction+of+Immigration&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.history.wisc.edu%2Fhist102%2Fpdocs%2Flodge_immigration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gov_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act">"The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)"</a>. <i>U.S Department of State Office of the Historian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S+Department+of+State+Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=The+Immigration+Act+of+1924+%28The+Johnson-Reed+Act%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1921-1936%2Fimmigration-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABA1924-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABA1924_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABA1924_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaman1924" class="citation journal cs1">Beaman, Middleton (July 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25709038">"CURRENT LEGISLATION: The Immigration Act of 1924"</a>. <i>American Bar Association Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (7). American Bar Association: 490–492. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25709038">25709038</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=CURRENT+LEGISLATION%3A+The+Immigration+Act+of+1924.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=490-492&rft.date=1924-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25709038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beaman&rft.aufirst=Middleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25709038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statabstract1931-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statabstract1931_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statabstract1931_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statabstract1931_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329144712/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1931/compendia/statab/53ed/1931-03.pdf"><i>Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1931.</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (53rd ed.), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, August 1931, pp. 103–107, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1931/compendia/statab/53ed/1931-03.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States%3A+1931.&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=103-107&rft.edition=53rd&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Bureau+of+Foreign+and+Domestic+Commerce&rft.date=1931-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F1931%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F53ed%2F1931-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statabstract1966-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statabstract1966_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statabstract1966_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statabstract1966_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328113257/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1966/compendia/statab/87ed/1966-02.pdf">"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1966"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Statistical Abstract of the United States ...: Finance, Coinage, Commerce, Immigration, Shipping, the Postal Service, Population, Railroads, Agriculture, Coal and Iron</i> (87th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census: 89–93. July 1966. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-4741">0081-4741</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/04-018089">04-018089</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781377180">781377180</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1966/compendia/statab/87ed/1966-02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States+...%3A+Finance%2C+Coinage%2C+Commerce%2C+Immigration%2C+Shipping%2C+the+Postal+Service%2C+Population%2C+Railroads%2C+Agriculture%2C+Coal+and+Iron&rft.atitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States%3A+1966.&rft.pages=89-93&rft.date=1966-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781377180&rft.issn=0081-4741&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F04-018089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F1966%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F87ed%2F1966-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guisepi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guisepi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guisepi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guisepi_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuisepi2007" class="citation news cs1">Guisepi, Robert A. (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527055848/http://history-world.org/asian_americans.htm">"Asian Americans"</a>. <i>World History International</i>. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+History+International&rft.atitle=Asian+Americans&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.aulast=Guisepi&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-world.org%2Fasian_americans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTichenor2002" class="citation book cs1">Tichenor, Daniel J (2002). <i>Dividing lines: the politics of immigration control in America</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400824984" title="Special:BookSources/9781400824984"><bdi>9781400824984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dividing+lines%3A+the+politics+of+immigration+control+in+America&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781400824984&rft.aulast=Tichenor&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTichenor2002" class="citation book cs1">Tichenor, Daniel J (2002). <i>Dividing Lines: the politics of immigration control in America</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400824984" title="Special:BookSources/9781400824984"><bdi>9781400824984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dividing+Lines%3A+the+politics+of+immigration+control+in+America&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781400824984&rft.aulast=Tichenor&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imai-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imai_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imai_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imai_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImai" class="citation web cs1">Imai, Shiho. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Immigration%20Act%20of%201924/">"Immigration Act of 1924"</a>. Densho Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+Act+of+1924&rft.pub=Densho+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Imai&rft.aufirst=Shiho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.densho.org%2FImmigration%2520Act%2520of%25201924%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannato2009" class="citation book cs1">Cannato, Vincent J. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpassageh00cann_0"><i>American Passage: The History of Ellis Island</i></a></span>. New York: Harper. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpassageh00cann_0/page/331">331</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-194039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-194039-2"><bdi>978-0-06-194039-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Passage%3A+The+History+of+Ellis+Island&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-194039-2&rft.aulast=Cannato&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpassageh00cann_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1924/04/19/archives/immigration-bill-passes-the-senate-by-vote-of-62-to-6-ban-on.html">"Immigration Bill Passes Senate by Vote of 62 to 6"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. April 19, 1924<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Immigration+Bill+Passes+Senate+by+Vote+of+62+to+6&rft.date=1924-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1924%2F04%2F19%2Farchives%2Fimmigration-bill-passes-the-senate-by-vote-of-62-to-6-ban-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=s68_1-126&sort=vote">"Senate Vote #126 (May 15, 1924)"</a>. <i>govtrack.us</i>. Civic Impulse, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govtrack.us&rft.atitle=Senate+Vote+%23126+%28May+15%2C+1924%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvote.xpd%3Fvote%3Ds68_1-126%26sort%3Dvote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cq-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cq_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal52-1380984">"Immigration and Nationality Act"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Almanac</a></i>. 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CQ+Almanac&rft.atitle=Immigration+and+Nationality+Act&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cqpress.com%2Fcqalmanac%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dcqal52-1380984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones277-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones277_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones277_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maldwyn_Jones" title="Maldwyn Jones">Jones, Maldwyn Allen</a> (1992) [1960]. <i>American Immigration</i> (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226406336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226406336"><bdi>978-0226406336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Immigration&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=237&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0226406336&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Maldwyn+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078">"Who Was Shut Out?: Immigration Quotas, 1925–1927"</a>. <i>History Matters</i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Matters&rft.atitle=Who+Was+Shut+Out%3F%3A+Immigration+Quotas%2C+1925%E2%80%931927&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymatters.gmu.edu%2Fd%2F5078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson1964" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, George M. (1964). <i>A History of American Immigration. 1820–1924</i>. New York: Russel & Russel. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+American+Immigration.+1820%E2%80%931924&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Russel+%26+Russel&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynton2016" class="citation book cs1">Baynton, Douglas C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdrFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Defectives in the Land: Disability and Immigration in the Age of Eugenics</i></a>. Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-36433-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-36433-9"><bdi>978-0-226-36433-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defectives+in+the+Land%3A+Disability+and+Immigration+in+the+Age+of+Eugenics&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Chicago%3B+London%3A+The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-226-36433-9&rft.aulast=Baynton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdrFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGompers" class="citation web cs1">Gompers, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205035035/http://www.numbersusa.com/content/learn/issues/unions/what-samuel-gompers-had-say-about-illega.html">"Immigration and labor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numbersusa.com/content/learn/issues/unions/what-samuel-gompers-had-say-about-illega.html">the original</a> on February 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+labor&rft.aulast=Gompers&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numbersusa.com%2Fcontent%2Flearn%2Fissues%2Funions%2Fwhat-samuel-gompers-had-say-about-illega.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koven-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koven_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koven_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koven_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven G. Koven, Frank Götzke, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq04PFuRmQgC&pg=PA133">American Immigration Policy: Confronting the Nation's Challenges</a></i> (Springer, 2010), p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Higham, <i>Strangers in the land: Patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925</i> (Rutgers University Press, 1955) p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a> (1935). <i>The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Civilization%3A+Our+Oriental+Heritage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowChuma2016" class="citation book cs1">Chow, Misuzu Hanihara; Chuma, Kiyofuku (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DzyVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124"><i>The Turning Point in US-Japan Relations: Hanihara's Cherry Blossom Diplomacy in 1920–1930</i></a>. Springer. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-58154-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-58154-2"><bdi>978-1-349-58154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turning+Point+in+US-Japan+Relations%3A+Hanihara%27s+Cherry+Blossom+Diplomacy+in+1920%E2%80%931930&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-58154-2&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Misuzu+Hanihara&rft.au=Chuma%2C+Kiyofuku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzyVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QPg4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA311">"International Documents"</a>. <i>Advocate of Peace</i>. <b>86</b>. American Peace Society: 311. 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advocate+of+Peace&rft.atitle=International+Documents&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=311&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQPg4AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La Follette Makes Statement on Ku Klux Klan, Immigration, Minority Rights and Zionism; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 15, 1924</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duus-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duus_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuus1999" class="citation book cs1">Duus, Masayo Umezawa (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H68wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306"><i>The Japanese Conspiracy: The Oahu Sugar Strike of 1920</i></a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 306–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520204850" title="Special:BookSources/9780520204850"><bdi>9780520204850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Conspiracy%3A+The+Oahu+Sugar+Strike+of+1920&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=306-7&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520204850&rft.aulast=Duus&rft.aufirst=Masayo+Umezawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH68wDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Atkinson, David C. (February 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4659392/history-fallout-restricting-immigration/">"What History Can Tell Us About the Fallout From Restricting Immigration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+History+Can+Tell+Us+About+the+Fallout+From+Restricting+Immigration&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4659392%2Fhistory-fallout-restricting-immigration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohi2013" class="citation book cs1">Sohi, Seema (2013). Zhao, Xiaojian; Park, Edward J. W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA535"><i>Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-240-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Americans%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+Economic%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-240-1&rft.aulast=Sohi&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AxIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaman1924" class="citation journal cs1">Beaman, Middleton (1924). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonweal&rft.atitle=Making+an+American&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft.aulast=Gee&rft.aufirst=Melody+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Fmaking-american&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/68th-congress/session-1/c68s1ch190.pdf">Immigration Act of 1924 (43 Stat.153)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323020221/https://loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/68th-congress/session-1/c68s1ch190.pdf">Archived</a> March 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/coolidge-signs-stringent-immigration-law">"Coolidge signs Immigration Act of 1924"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Coolidge+signs+Immigration+Act+of+1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fcoolidge-signs-stringent-immigration-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgai2014" class="citation book cs1">Ngai, Mae M. (January 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400850235"><i>Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400850235">10.1515/9781400850235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5023-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5023-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-5023-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impossible+Subjects%3A+Illegal+Aliens+and+the+Making+of+Modern+America&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400850235&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5023-5&rft.aulast=Ngai&rft.aufirst=Mae+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781400850235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States%3A+1922.&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=100-101&rft.edition=45th&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Bureau+of+Foreign+and+Domestic+Commerce&rft.date=1923-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F1923%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F45ed%2F1922-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statabstract1924-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statabstract1924_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328004741/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1925/compendia/statab/47ed/1924-02.pdf"><i>Statistical Abstract of the 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Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00088-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00088-9"><bdi>0-674-00088-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Americans%3A+Immigration%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+Diverse+Democracy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-674-00088-9&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingamericans00desm%2Fpage%2F195%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgai2004" class="citation book cs1">Ngai, Mae M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X1dzAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"><i>Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America</i></a>. Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16082-5"><bdi>978-0-691-16082-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impossible+Subjects%3A+Illegal+Aliens+and+the+Making+of+Modern+America&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16082-5&rft.aulast=Ngai&rft.aufirst=Mae+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX1dzAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodolsky2021" class="citation web cs1">Podolsky, Robin (February 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/columnist/333457/purim-a-celebration-of-difference-and-a-call-to-action/">"Purim: A Celebration of Difference and a Call to Action"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Journal">Jewish Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Journal&rft.atitle=Purim%3A+A+Celebration+of+Difference+and+a+Call+to+Action&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft.aulast=Podolsky&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishjournal.com%2Fcommentary%2Fcolumnist%2F333457%2Fpurim-a-celebration-of-difference-and-a-call-to-action%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2018" class="citation web cs1">Young, Patrick (August 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://longislandwins.com/immigration-history/when-americas-racist-immigration-law-inspired-hitler/">"When America's Racist Immigration Law Inspired Hitler"</a>. <i>Long Island Wins</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Long+Island+Wins&rft.atitle=When+America%27s+Racist+Immigration+Law+Inspired+Hitler&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flongislandwins.com%2Fimmigration-history%2Fwhen-americas-racist-immigration-law-inspired-hitler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allerfeldt, Kristofer. "'And We Got Here First': Albert Johnson, National Origins and Self-Interest in the Immigration Debate of the 1920s." <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> 45.1 (2010): 7-26.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2020" class="citation news cs1">Diamond, Anna (May 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1924-law-slammed-door-immigrants-and-politicians-who-pushed-it-back-open-180974910/">"The 1924 Law That Slammed the Door on Immigrants and the Politicians Who Pushed it Back Open"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+1924+Law+That+Slammed+the+Door+on+Immigrants+and+the+Politicians+Who+Pushed+it+Back+Open&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2F1924-law-slammed-door-immigrants-and-politicians-who-pushed-it-back-open-180974910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckerson1966" class="citation journal cs1">Eckerson, Helen F. (1966). "Immigration and National Origins". <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. The New Immigration. <b>367</b>: 4–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271626636700102">10.1177/000271626636700102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1034838">1034838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144501178">144501178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Immigration+and+National+Origins&rft.volume=367&rft.pages=4-14&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144501178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1034838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271626636700102&rft.aulast=Eckerson&rft.aufirst=Helen+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Higham, John. <i>Strangers in the land: Patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925</i> (2nd ed. Rutgers University Press, 1963) pp 301–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangersinlandh0000unse">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ian, Haney-López (2006). <i>White by law: the legal construction of race</i> (Rev. and updated, 10th anniversary ed.). New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814736947" title="Special:BookSources/0814736947"><bdi>0814736947</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213815614">213815614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+by+law%3A+the+legal+construction+of+race&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Rev.+and+updated%2C+10th+anniversary&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213815614&rft.isbn=0814736947&rft.aulast=Ian&rft.aufirst=Haney-L%C3%B3pez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Kevin R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol73/iss4/2/">"Race, the Immigration Laws, and Domestic Race Relations: A "Magic Mirror" into the Heart of Darkness"</a>. <i>Indiana Law Journal</i>. <b>73</b>: 1111–1159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Race%2C+the+Immigration+Laws%2C+and+Domestic+Race+Relations%3A+A+%22Magic+Mirror%22+into+the+Heart+of+Darkness&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=1111-1159&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kevin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.law.indiana.edu%2Filj%2Fvol73%2Fiss4%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Keely, Charles B. "Immigration in the Interwar Period." in <i>Immigration and US Foreign Policy</i> (Routledge, 2019) pp. 43–56.</li> <li>Lee, Erika. "America first, immigrants last: American xenophobia then and now." <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> 19.1 (2020): 3–18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/o7drkfxvvbaifotn2binrf7sju/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C9656464A5BA481C7F976C4835173E2D/S1537781419000409a.pdf/div-class-title-america-first-immigrants-last-american-xenophobia-then-and-now-div.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemayBarkan1999" class="citation book cs1">Lemay, Michael Robert; Barkan, Elliott Robert, eds. (1999). <i>U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30156-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30156-8"><bdi>978-0-313-30156-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Immigration+and+Naturalization+Laws+and+Issues%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30156-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marinari, Maddalena. <i>Unwanted: Italian and Jewish mobilization against restrictive immigration laws, 1882–1965</i> (UNC Press Books, 2019).</li> <li>Montoya, Benjamin C. <i>Risking Immeasurable Harm: Immigration Restriction and US-Mexican Diplomatic Relations, 1924–1932</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs_TDwAAQBAJ&dq=1924+immigration+restriction&pg=PA326">online</a></li> <li>Ngai, Mae M. "The architecture of race in American immigration law: A reexamination of the Immigration Act of 1924." <i>Journal of American History</i> 86.1 (1999): 67–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cres100.sites.ucsc.edu/files/2019/01/Ngai-2kpq6wr.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgai2004" class="citation book cs1">Ngai, Mae M. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/impossi_nga_2004_00_9423"><i>Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16082-5"><bdi>978-0-691-16082-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impossible+Subjects%3A+Illegal+Aliens+and+the+Making+of+Modern+America&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16082-5&rft.aulast=Ngai&rft.aufirst=Mae+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimpossi_nga_2004_00_9423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jia Lynn (2020). <i>One Mighty and Irresistible Tide: The Epic Struggle Over American Immigration, 1924–1965</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-63584-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-63584-3"><bdi>978-0-393-63584-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120099419">1120099419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Mighty+and+Irresistible+Tide%3A+The+Epic+Struggle+Over+American+Immigration%2C+1924%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120099419&rft.isbn=978-0-393-63584-3&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jia+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqO6DwAAQBAJ&dq=1924+immigration+restriction&pg=PT5">online</a></li> <li>Yuill, Kevin. " 'America must remain American': The Liberal Contribution to Race Restrictions in the 1924 Immigration Act." <i>Federal History</i> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/13154/1/13154.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZolberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Zolberg, Aristide (2006). <i>A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02218-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02218-8"><bdi>978-0-674-02218-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+by+Design%3A+Immigration+Policy+in+the+Fashioning+of+America&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02218-8&rft.aulast=Zolberg&rft.aufirst=Aristide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+Act+of+1924" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151216211400/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/">Statistics of who was allowed in after the Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212031412/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5080">"'Shut the Door': A Senator Speaks for Immigration Restriction"</a> – transcript of speech given before Congress by Sen. <a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Ellison D. Smith</a>, April 9, 1924</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001338/http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/essay9text.html">Eugenics Laws Restricting Immigration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924100432/http://library.uwb.edu/static/usimmigration/43%20stat%20153.pdf">Text of 1924 Immigration Act and enabling proclamation by the President</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived September 24, 2016). Additional archives: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115123031/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/68th-congress/session-1/c68s1ch190.pdf">Chapter 190, An Act To limit the immigration of aliens into the United States, and for other purposes, May 26, 1924</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120222257/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/68th-congress.php">Statutes at Large: Congress 68 - Law Library of Congress</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228084926/http://www.civics-online.org/library/formatted/texts/immigration1924.htm">Quotas defined in Immigration Law of 1924</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calvin_Coolidge" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calvin_Coolidge" title="Template:Calvin Coolidge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calvin_Coolidge" title="Template talk:Calvin Coolidge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calvin_Coolidge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calvin Coolidge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calvin_Coolidge" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">30th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1923–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">29th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1921–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts#Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts:_1780–present" title="Governor of Massachusetts">48th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> (1919–1921)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Early_life_and_family_history" title="Calvin Coolidge">Early life and family history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_Homestead" title="Coolidge Homestead">Boyhood home and first inauguration site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Notch_Cemetery" title="Plymouth Notch Cemetery">gravesite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge_House" title="Calvin Coolidge House">Calvin Coolidge House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Early_career_and_marriage" title="Calvin Coolidge">Early career and marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Lieutenant_Governor_and_Governor_of_Massachusetts_(1916−1921)" title="Calvin Coolidge">Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_police_strike" title="Boston police strike">Boston police strike</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Vice_presidency_(1921−1923)" title="Calvin Coolidge">Vice Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Post-presidency_(1929–1933)" title="Calvin Coolidge">Retirement and death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Industry_and_trade" title="Calvin Coolidge">Industry and trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Taxation_and_government_spending" title="Calvin Coolidge">Taxation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1924" title="Revenue Act of 1924">Revenue Act of 1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1926" title="Revenue Act of 1926">Revenue Act of 1926</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1928" title="Revenue Act of 1928">Revenue Act of 1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest" title="Allegheny National Forest">Allegheny National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Civil_rights" title="Calvin Coolidge">Civil rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke%E2%80%93McNary_Act" title="Clarke–McNary Act">Clarke–McNary Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1924" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1924">Oil Pollution Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_Adjusted_Compensation_Act" title="World War Adjusted Compensation Act">World War Adjusted Compensation Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Opposition_to_farm_subsidies" title="Calvin Coolidge">Opposition to farm subsidies</a> (<a href="/wiki/McNary%E2%80%93Haugen_Farm_Relief_Bill" title="McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill">McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1925" title="Judiciary Act of 1925">Judiciary Act of 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Federal Corrupt Practices Act">Federal Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Labor_Act" title="Railway Labor Act">Railway Labor Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_Act_of_1926" title="Passport Act of 1926">Passport Act of 1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Flood_control" title="Calvin Coolidge">Flood control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1928" title="Flood Control Act of 1928">Flood Control Act of 1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1926 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Addresses (1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1927 State of the Union Address">1927)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_do_not_choose_to_run" title="I do not choose to run">I do not choose to run</a>" (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-time_rule" title="Equal-time rule">Equal-time rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFadden_Act" title="McFadden Act">McFadden Act</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_Little_State_of_Vermont_speech" title="Brave Little State of Vermont speech">Brave Little State of Vermont speech</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McSweeney-McNary_Act_of_1928" title="McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928">McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Conservation_Act" title="Migratory Bird Conservation Act">Migratory Bird Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Jenkins_Act" title="Reed–Jenkins Act">Reed–Jenkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Foreign_policy" title="Calvin Coolidge">Foreign policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation of Nicaragua</a> (1912–1933), <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">United States occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934), <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">United States occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924), <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> (1922), <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">Kellogg–Briand Pact</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover">Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#Cabinet" title="Calvin Coolidge">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nominations">Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1918_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidential transition of Warren G. Harding">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 United States presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge">The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge</a></i> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of things named after Calvin Coolidge">Things named after Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sesquicentennial_coinage" title="United States Sesquicentennial coinage">Sesquicentennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Coolidge" title="SS President Coolidge">SS <i>President Coolidge</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Coolidge" title="Grace Coolidge">Grace Coolidge</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coolidge" title="John Coolidge">John Coolidge</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Coolidge_Sr." title="John Calvin Coolidge Sr.">John Calvin Coolidge Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Galusha_Coolidge" title="Calvin Galusha Coolidge">Calvin Galusha Coolidge</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Brown (U.S. senator)">Arthur Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Brown" title="Olympia Brown">Olympia Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coolidge" title="Charles A. Coolidge">Charles A. Coolidge</a> (cousins)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_A._Coolidge" title="Marcus A. Coolidge">Marcus A. Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Coolidge" title="Arthur W. Coolidge">Arthur W. Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Coolidge" title="Martha Coolidge">Martha Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coolidge" title="Carlos Coolidge">Carlos Coolidge</a> (distant relations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Rice_(colonist)" title="Edmund Rice (colonist)">Edmund Rice</a> (ancestor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(dog)" title="Rob Roy (dog)">Rob Roy</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(raccoon)" title="Rebecca (raccoon)">Rebecca</a> (pet raccoon)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">← Warren G. Harding</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">← Thomas R. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calvin_Coolidge" title="Category:Calvin Coolidge">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_American_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_American" title="Template:Chinese American"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_American" title="Template talk:Chinese American"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_American" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese American"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_American_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese American topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-born_Chinese" title="American-born Chinese">American-born Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhou Americans">Fuzhou Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_American" title="Hyphenated American">Hyphenated American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American history">Chinese American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._immigration_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China">U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years:_History_of_the_Chinese_in_America" title="One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America">One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_location" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Colorado" title="History of Chinese Americans in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Chinese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li>Illinois (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of Chinese Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li>Massachusetts (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston" title="Chinese Americans in Boston">Boston</a>)</li> <li>Michigan (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of Chinese Americans in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a>)</li> <li>Mississippi (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_the_Mississippi_Delta" title="Chinese Americans in the Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>)</li> <li>Missouri (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_St._Louis" title="History of Chinese Americans in St. Louis">St. Louis</a>)</li> <li>New York (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">New York City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Americans_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Chinese Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="Chinese Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Chinese Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Washington State (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Seattle" title="History of Chinese Americans in Seattle">Seattle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Anti-Chinese<br /> discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States">Anti-Chinese legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Coolie_Act" title="Anti-Coolie Act">Anti-Coolie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_Chinese_Labor_Strike" title="1867 Chinese Labor Strike">1867 Chinese Labor Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" title="San Francisco riot of 1877">San Francisco riot of 1877</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tape_v._Hurley" title="Tape v. Hurley">Tape v. Hurley</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Squak_Valley_Chinese_laborers,_1885" title="Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885">Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" title="Rock Springs massacre">Rock Springs massacre</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma_riot_of_1885" title="Tacoma riot of 1885">Tacoma riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886" title="Seattle riot of 1886">Seattle riot of 1886</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hells Canyon Massacre">Hells Canyon Massacre</a> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_race_riots_of_1907" title="Pacific Coast race riots of 1907">Pacific Coast race riots of 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingham_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellingham riots">Bellingham riots</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Vincent_Chin" title="Killing of Vincent Chin">Killing of Vincent Chin</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Akai_Gurley" title="Killing of Akai Gurley">Killing of Akai Gurley</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_the_United_States" title="Chinatowns in the United States">Chinatowns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamblee,_Georgia#Atlanta_Chinatown" title="Chamblee, Georgia">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin#Austin_Chinatown" title="Greater Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Baltimore" title="Chinatown, Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boise" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Boise">Boise</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Boston</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Quincy_(Quincy,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Quincy (Quincy, Massachusetts)">Quincy</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Chicago" title="Chinatown, Chicago">Chicago</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Argyle_Street_Historic_District" title="West Argyle Street Historic District">West Argyle Street</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinatown,_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Chinatown, Cleveland">Cleveland</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatown,_Cleveland" title="Asiatown, Cleveland">Asiatown</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="Chinese Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richardson,_Texas" title="Richardson, Texas">Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Denver" title="Chinatown, Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Detroit" title="Chinatown, Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Honolulu" title="Chinatown, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Houston" title="Chinatown, Houston">Houston</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Downtown_Houston" title="East Downtown Houston">East Downtown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Las_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locke,_California" title="Locke, California">Locke, California</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Los_Angeles" title="Chinatown, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_enclaves_in_the_San_Gabriel_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Miami_Beach,_Florida#2000_census" title="North Miami Beach, Florida">North Miami Beach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montville,_Connecticut" title="Montville, Connecticut">Montville, Connecticut</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Chinatown, Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_New_Orleans" title="Chinatown, New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">New York City</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Brooklyn" title="Chinatowns in Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Queens" title="Chinatowns in Queens">Queens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_District,_Oklahoma_City" title="Asia District, Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Phoenix" title="Chinatown, Phoenix">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown (Pittsburgh)">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)">Squirrel Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-Americans_in_Portland,_Maine" title="Chinese-Americans in Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Chinatown" title="Old Town Chinatown">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Providence">Providence, Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Salem,_Oregon" title="Chinatown, Salem, Oregon">Salem, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_St._Louis" title="Chinatown, St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Salt_Lake_City" title="Chinatown, Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_Thematic_Historic_District" title="Asian Pacific Thematic Historic District">San Diego</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco Bay</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">San Francisco Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Oakland">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_District,_San_Francisco" title="Richmond District, San Francisco">Richmond District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_District,_San_Francisco" title="Sunset District, San Francisco">Sunset District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_San_Jose,_California" title="Chinatowns in San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Seattle" title="History of Chinese Americans in Seattle">Seattle-Tacoma</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown%E2%80%93International_District,_Seattle" title="Chinatown–International District, Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Tacoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Tacoma">Tacoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Spokane" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Spokane">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Washington,_D.C." title="Chinatown, Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland#Asian" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville, Maryland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnemucca,_Nevada#Chinatown" title="Winnemucca, Nevada">Winnemucca, Nevada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Food</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese cuisine</a></dd> <dt>Film</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Chinese_Americans" title="Category:Films about Chinese Americans">American Chinese films</a></dd> <dt>Terminology</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinaman%27s_chance" title="Chinaman's chance">Chinaman's chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jook-sing" title="Jook-sing">Jook-sing</a></dd> <dt>Events</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Love_Boat_(study_tour)" title="Love Boat (study tour)">Love boat</a></dd> <dt>Education</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_school" title="Chinese school">Chinese school</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></dd> <dt>Transportation</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_bus_lines" title="Chinatown bus lines">Chinatown bus lines</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Chinese_in_America" title="Museum of Chinese in America">Museum of Chinese in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_Museum" title="Chinese American Museum">Chinese American Museum</a> (Los Angeles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_Museum_DC" title="Chinese American Museum DC">Chinese American Museum DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Historical_Society_of_America" title="Chinese Historical Society of America">Chinese Historical Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_Wah_Chung_%26_Co._Museum" title="Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum">Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Luke_Museum_of_the_Asian_Pacific_American_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience">Wing Luke Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo_Hing_Society_Hall" title="Wo Hing Society Hall">Wo Hing Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese-American_organizations" title="Category:Chinese-American organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_American_associations" title="List of Chinese American associations">List of Chinese American associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_Citizens_Alliance" title="Chinese American Citizens Alliance">Chinese American Citizens Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_church" title="Chinese American church">Chinese American church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Community_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Community Centre">Chinese Community Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Consolidated_Benevolent_Association" title="Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association">Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Historical_Society_of_Southern_California" title="Chinese Historical Society of Southern California">Chinese Historical Society of Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_Halls_on_Maui" title="Chinese Society Halls on Maui">Chinese Society Halls on Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_On_Association" title="Ying On Association">Ying On Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Staff_and_Workers%27_Association" title="Chinese Staff and Workers' Association">Chinese Staff and Workers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_for_Affirmative_Action" title="Chinese for Affirmative Action">Chinese for Affirmative Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_100_(United_States)" title="Committee of 100 (United States)">Committee of 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Chinese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Chinese Americans">Organization of Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Kong_Tong" title="Bing Kong Tong">Bing Kong Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_Sing_Association" title="Hip Sing Association">Hip Sing Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathay_Bank" title="Cathay Bank">Cathay Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_International_Bank" title="United International Bank">United International Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Commerce_Bank" title="Global Commerce Bank">Global Commerce Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_West_Bank" title="East West Bank">East West Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_banks" title="Overseas Chinese banks">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Americans" title="List of Chinese Americans">List of Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_significant_Chinese-American_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations">List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">DAPA (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434492#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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