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decoding="async" width="123" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Golding_Bird.jpg/185px-Golding_Bird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Golding_Bird.jpg/246px-Golding_Bird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Golding_Bird" title="Golding Bird">Golding Bird</a></b> (9 December 1814 – 27 October 1854) was a medical doctor who researched the chemistry of urine and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease" title="Kidney stone disease">kidney stones</a>. From 1836, he lectured at <a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital" title="Guy's Hospital">Guy's Hospital</a> and published <i>Elements of Natural Philosophy</i>, a textbook on science for medical students. Bird was innovative in the medical use of electricity, designing his own equipment and bringing medical <a href="/wiki/Electrotherapy" title="Electrotherapy">electrotherapy</a> into the mainstream. He invented a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Daniell_cell" title="Daniell cell">Daniell cell</a> in 1837, making key discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Electrometallurgy" title="Electrometallurgy">electrometallurgy</a>. Bird also designed a flexible <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a>, and in 1840 published the first description of one. In 1842, he was the first to describe <a href="/wiki/Hyperoxaluria" title="Hyperoxaluria">oxaluria</a>, a condition which leads to the formation of a particular kind of stone, and published a comprehensive paper on urinary deposits in 1844. A devout Christian, Bird believed that Bible study and prayer were just as important to medical students as their studies. He founded the Christian Medical Association, although it did not become active until after his death. 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margin-left: 0.5em;"> <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 115px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lizzie_Esau_in_2024.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lizzie Esau"><img alt="Lizzie Esau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lizzie_Esau_in_2024.png/115px-Lizzie_Esau_in_2024.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lizzie_Esau_in_2024.png/173px-Lizzie_Esau_in_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lizzie_Esau_in_2024.png/230px-Lizzie_Esau_in_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="4173" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Lizzie Esau</div></div> </div> <ul><li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Esau" title="Lizzie Esau">Lizzie Esau</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> covered <a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Man_(Bo_Diddley_song)" title="I'm a Man (Bo Diddley song)">a 1955 song</a> for <a href="/wiki/My_Lady_Jane" title="My Lady Jane">a 2024 series</a> about <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">a 1553 queen</a>?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Omar_Amiralay" title="Omar Amiralay">a Syrian filmmaker</a> repurposed footage from <b><a href="/wiki/Film_Essay_on_the_Euphrates_Dam" title="Film Essay on the Euphrates Dam">his first film</a></b> in <b><a href="/wiki/A_Flood_in_Baath_Country" title="A Flood in Baath Country">his last film</a></b> in order to criticize his younger self?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Celeste_Caeiro" title="Celeste Caeiro">Celeste Caeiro</a></b><span class="nowrap">'s</span> actions led to the naming of the 1974 coup in Portugal as the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blooming_Onion" title="Operation Blooming Onion">Operation Blooming Onion</a></b> uncovered instances of "modern-day slavery" amongst <a href="/wiki/H-2A_visa" title="H-2A visa">H-2A visa</a> workers in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">the state of Georgia</a>?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/L%27Attaque" title="L'Attaque">L'Attaque</a>, the board game that became <i><a href="/wiki/Stratego" title="Stratego">Stratego</a></i>, was patented in 1908 by its designer, <b><a href="/wiki/Hermance_Edan" title="Hermance Edan">a 57-year-old woman</a></b>?</li> <li>... that the Australian <b><a href="/wiki/Light_Weight_Air_Warning_Radar" title="Light Weight Air Warning Radar">Light Weight Air Warning Radar</a></b> was once loaded using canoes and later manhandled up a 200 foot cliff?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewell_(neo-Nazi)" title="Thomas Sewell (neo-Nazi)">Thomas Sewell</a></b> attempted to recruit Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a>, into the <a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a>?</li> <li>... that while supporting a law easing restrictions on <b><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">abortion in Gabon</a></b>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rose_Christiane_Raponda" title="Rose Christiane Raponda">Rose Christiane Raponda</a> said "it is not yet the right time" for further legalization?</li> <li>... that "<b><a href="/wiki/Trevor_(duck)" title="Trevor (duck)">the world's loneliest duck</a></b>" arrived on the remote Pacific island country of <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> in 2018?</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist dyk-footer noprint" style="margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recent_additions" title="Wikipedia:Recent additions">Archive</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Start a new article</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Did_you_know" title="Template talk:Did you know">Nominate an article</a></b></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="In_the_news" id="mp-itn-h2" class="mp-h2">In the news</h2> <div id="mp-itn" class="mp-contains-float"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1053378754">.mw-parser-output .itn-img{float:right;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.2em}</style><div role="figure" class="itn-img"> <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 121px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bashar_al-Assad_(2018-05-17)_02_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bashar al-Assad in 2018"><img alt="Bashar al-Assad in 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/121px-Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/182px-Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/242px-Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word; text-align: left;">Bashar al-Assad</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Syrian rebel forces <b><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus" title="Fall of Damascus">capture Damascus</a></b> following <a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">multiple offensives</a> as <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">overthrown</a> president <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> <i>(pictured)</i> flees to Russia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Reopening_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Reopening of Notre-Dame de Paris">reopens</a></b> following reconstruction after <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire" title="Notre-Dame fire">the 2019 fire</a>.</li> <li>The first round of <b><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Romanian_presidential_election" title="2024–25 Romanian presidential election">the Romanian presidential election</a></b> is annulled by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Romania" title="Constitutional Court of Romania">Constitutional Court</a> following allegations of <a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Russian involvement in regime change">Russian electoral interference</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Barnier_government" title="Barnier government">French government</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Barnier_government" title="Collapse of the Barnier government">collapses</a></b> following a vote of <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">no confidence</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>.</li></ul> <div class="itn-footer" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"> <div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Ongoing</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_August_2024_%E2%80%93_present)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 August 2024 – present)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024)">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <div><b><a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_2024" title="Deaths in 2024">Recent deaths</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Pillitteri" title="Paolo Pillitteri">Paolo Pillitteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Tabberer" title="Maggie Tabberer">Maggie Tabberer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Powers" title="Kelly Powers">Kelly Powers</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ali_Yusuf" title="Mohamed Ali Yusuf">Mohamed Ali Yusuf</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Mathers" title="Debbie Mathers">Debbie Mathers</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Preger-Simon" title="Marianne Preger-Simon">Marianne Preger-Simon</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist itn-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:In_the_news/Candidates" title="Wikipedia:In the news/Candidates">Nominate an article</a></b></li></ul> </div></div> <h2 id="On_this_day" id="mp-otd-h2" class="mp-h2">On this day</h2> <div id="mp-otd" class="mp-contains-float"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Day" title="International Anti-Corruption Day">International Anti-Corruption Day</a></b> </p> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;" id="mp-otd-img"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;" id="mp-otd-img"> <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 181px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SRI_Computer_Mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First computer mouse"><img alt="First computer mouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/SRI_Computer_Mouse.jpg/181px-SRI_Computer_Mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/SRI_Computer_Mouse.jpg/272px-SRI_Computer_Mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/SRI_Computer_Mouse.jpg/362px-SRI_Computer_Mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">First computer mouse</div></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1688" title="1688">1688</a> – In the only substantial military action in England during the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> were decisively victorious at the <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(1688)" title="Battle of Reading (1688)">Battle of Reading</a></b>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a> – French actress, journalist and leading suffragette <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Durand" title="Marguerite Durand">Marguerite Durand</a> founded the feminist newspaper <i><b><a href="/wiki/La_Fronde_(newspaper)" title="La Fronde (newspaper)">La Fronde</a></b></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></b> gave what became known as "<b><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos" title="The Mother of All Demos">The Mother of All Demos</a></b>", publicly debuting the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a> <i>(pictured)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>, and the bit-mapped <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> using the computer system <a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich" title="Rod Blagojevich">Rod Blagojevich</a>, the governor of Illinois, <b><a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich_corruption_charges" title="Rod Blagojevich corruption charges">was arrested on corruption charges</a></b>, including for attempting to sell the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> seat being vacated by president-elect <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Desha" title="Joseph Desha">Joseph Desha</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1768)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1868)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alister_Murdoch" title="Alister Murdoch">Alister Murdoch</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1912)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eliane_Morissens" title="Eliane Morissens">Eliane Morissens</a></b> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2006)</li></ul></div> <div style="margin-top:0.5em;"> More anniversaries: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a></li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist otd-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries/December" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December">Archive</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/daily-article-l.lists.wikimedia.org/" class="extiw" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_days_of_the_year" title="List of days of the year">List of days of the year</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries">About</a></b></li></ul> </div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mp-middle" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="From_today's_featured_list" id="mp-tfl-h2" class="mp-h2"><span id="From_today.27s_featured_list"></span>From today's featured list</h2> <div id="mp-tfl" class="mp-contains-float"><div id="mp-tfl-img" style="float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.4em 0.9em;"><div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 105px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Climber_with_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rock climber with equipment"><img alt="Rock climber with equipment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Climber_with_equipment.jpg/105px-Climber_with_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Climber_with_equipment.jpg/158px-Climber_with_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Climber_with_equipment.jpg/210px-Climber_with_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="2262" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Rock climber with equipment</div></div> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rock-climbing_equipment" title="Rock-climbing equipment">Rock-climbing equipment</a></b> varies with the specific type of <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">climbing</a> undertaken. <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">Bouldering</a> needs the least equipment outside of <a href="/wiki/Climbing_shoe" title="Climbing shoe">climbing shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate#Uses" title="Magnesium carbonate">climbing chalk</a> and optional <a href="/wiki/Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">crash pads</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">Sport climbing</a> adds <a href="/wiki/Climbing_rope" title="Climbing rope">ropes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climbing_harness" title="Climbing harness">harnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belay_device" title="Belay device">belay devices</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quickdraw" title="Quickdraw">quickdraws</a> to clip into pre-drilled <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(climbing)" title="Bolt (climbing)">bolts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional climbing</a> adds the need to carry a "rack" of temporary passive and active <a href="/wiki/Rock-climbing_equipment#Protection_devices" title="Rock-climbing equipment">protection devices</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multi-pitch_climbing" title="Multi-pitch climbing">Multi-pitch climbing</a>, and the related <a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">big wall climbing</a>, adds devices to assist in ascending and descending <a href="/wiki/Fixed_rope" title="Fixed rope">fixed ropes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">Aid climbing</a> uses unique equipment to give mechanical assistance to the climber in their upward movement. Advances in equipment are a key part of <a href="/wiki/History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">rock-climbing history</a>, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Climbing_rope" title="Climbing rope">climbing rope</a>. Modern equipment includes <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_rope" title="Dynamic rope">dynamic ropes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plyometrics" title="Plyometrics">plyometric</a> training tools, advanced <a href="/wiki/Spring-loaded_camming_device" title="Spring-loaded camming device">spring-loaded camming devices</a> for protection, and advanced rope control devices such as <a href="/wiki/Self-locking_device" title="Self-locking device">self-locking devices</a>, progress capture devices, and <a href="/wiki/Belay_device#Assisted_braking" title="Belay device">assisted braking devices</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Rock-climbing_equipment" title="Rock-climbing equipment">Full list...</a></b>) </p> <div class="tfl-recent" style="text-align: right;"> Recently featured: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Japan" title="List of battleships of Japan">Battleships of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Community_episodes" title="List of Community episodes"><i>Community</i> episodes</a></li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist tfl-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_featured_list/December_2024" title="Wikipedia:Today's featured list/December 2024">Archive</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_lists" title="Wikipedia:Featured lists">More featured lists</a></b></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div id="mp-lower" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="Today's_featured_picture" id="mp-tfp-h2" class="mp-h2"><span id="Today.27s_featured_picture"></span>Today's featured picture</h2> <div id="mp-tfp"> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0 3px 3px; width:100%; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 0.9em 0 0; width:400px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_(Leucojum_vernum)-20230220-RM-161056.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leucojum vernum"><img alt="Leucojum vernum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg/400px-Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg/600px-Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg/800px-Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5182" data-file-height="3886" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding:0 6px 0 0"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Leucojum_vernum" title="Leucojum vernum">Leucojum vernum</a></b></i>, commonly called the spring snowflake, is a species of flowering plant in the family <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>. It is native to central and southern Europe from Belgium to Ukraine. <i>L. vernum</i> is cultivated as an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plant</a> for its white flowers in spring. The plant multiplies in favourable conditions to form clumps. Each plant bears a single white flower with greenish marks near the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepal</a>, on a stem about 10 to 20 centimetres (3.9 to 7.9 inches) tall, occasionally more. The Latin <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">specific epithet</a> <i>vernum</i> means 'relating to spring'; its close relative, <i><a href="/wiki/Leucojum_aestivum" title="Leucojum aestivum">L. aestivum</a></i>, blooms in summer. This photograph of a <i>L. vernum</i> flower, taken in <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>, Germany, was <a href="/wiki/Focus_stacking" title="Focus stacking">focus-stacked</a> from 32 separate images. </p> <p style="text-align:left;"><small>Photograph credit: <a href="/wiki/User:Ermell" title="User:Ermell">Reinhold Möller</a></small></p> <div class="potd-recent" style="text-align:right;"> Recently featured: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-12-08" title="Template:POTD/2024-12-08">Jean Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-12-07" title="Template:POTD/2024-12-07">Ugandan kob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-12-06" title="Template:POTD/2024-12-06">Great Yarmouth Town Hall</a></li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist potd-footer noprint" 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auto}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-prettybars{width:100%;height:1px;margin:0.5em 0;background-color:#c8ccd1;flex-shrink:1;align-self:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count{padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="wikipedia-languages nourlexpansion"> <p>This Wikipedia is written in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Many <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" class="extiw" title="meta:List of Wikipedias">other Wikipedias are available</a>; some of the largest are listed below. </p> <ul class="plainlinks"> <li> <div class="wikipedia-languages-count-container"> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> <div role="heading" aria-level="3" class="wikipedia-languages-count">1,000,000+ articles</div> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist wikipedia-languages-langs inline"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Arabic (ar:)" lang="ar">العربية</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="German (de:)" lang="de">Deutsch</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Spanish (es:)" lang="es">Español</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Persian (fa:)" lang="fa">فارسی</span></a>‎</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="French (fr:)" lang="fr">Français</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Italian (it:)" lang="it">Italiano</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Dutch (nl:)" lang="nl">Nederlands</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Japanese (ja:)" lang="ja">日本語</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Polish (pl:)" lang="pl">Polski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Portuguese (pt:)" lang="pt">Português</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Russian (ru:)" lang="ru">Русский</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Swedish (sv:)" lang="sv">Svenska</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Ukrainian (uk:)" lang="uk">Українська</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Vietnamese (vi:)" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Chinese (zh:)" lang="zh">中文</span></a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li> <div class="wikipedia-languages-count-container"> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> <div role="heading" aria-level="3" class="wikipedia-languages-count">250,000+ articles</div> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist wikipedia-languages-langs inline"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Indonesian (id:)" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Malay (ms:)" lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Minnan (nan:)" lang="nan">閩南語</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bulgarian (bg:)" lang="bg">Български</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Catalan (ca:)" lang="ca">Català</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Czech (cs:)" lang="cs">Čeština</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Danish (da:)" lang="da">Dansk</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Esperanto (eo:)" lang="eo">Esperanto</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Basque (eu:)" lang="eu">Euskara</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Hebrew (he:)" lang="he">עברית</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Armenian (hy:)" lang="hy">Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Korean (ko:)" lang="ko">한국어</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Hungarian (hu:)" lang="hu">Magyar</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Norwegian (no:)" lang="no">Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Romanian (ro:)" lang="ro">Română</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Simple English (simple:)" lang="en">Simple English</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Slovak (sk:)" lang="sk">Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Serbian (sr:)" lang="sr">Srpski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Serbo-Croatian (sh:)" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Finnish (fi:)" lang="fi">Suomi</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Turkish (tr:)" lang="tr">Türkçe</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Uzbek (uz:)" lang="uz">Oʻzbekcha</span></a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li> <div class="wikipedia-languages-count-container"> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> <div role="heading" aria-level="3" class="wikipedia-languages-count">50,000+ articles</div> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist wikipedia-languages-langs inline"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Asturian (ast:)" lang="ast">Asturianu</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Azerbaijani (az:)" lang="az">Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bangla (bn:)" lang="bn">বাংলা</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bosnian (bs:)" lang="bs">Bosanski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Central Kurdish (ckb:)" lang="ckb">کوردی</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Estonian (et:)" lang="et">Eesti</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Greek (el:)" lang="el">Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Western Frisian (fy:)" lang="fy">Frysk</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Irish (ga:)" lang="ga">Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Galician (gl:)" lang="gl">Galego</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Croatian (hr:)" lang="hr">Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Georgian (ka:)" lang="ka">ქართული</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Kurdish (ku:)" lang="ku">Kurdî</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Latvian (lv:)" lang="lv">Latviešu</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Lithuanian (lt:)" lang="lt">Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Malayalam (ml:)" lang="ml">മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Macedonian (mk:)" lang="mk">Македонски</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Burmese (my:)" lang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Norwegian Nynorsk (nn:)" lang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Punjabi (pa:)" lang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Albanian (sq:)" lang="sq">Shqip</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Slovenian (sl:)" lang="sl">Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Thai (th:)" lang="th">ไทย</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Telugu (te:)" lang="te">తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Urdu (ur:)" lang="ur">اردو</span></a></li></ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div></div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐59b954b7fb‐5pnxl Cached time: 20241209000446 Cache expiry: 3600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.321 seconds Real time usage: 0.412 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5574/1000000 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1225315602. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=1225315602">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=1225315602</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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