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id="toc-House_of_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>House of York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Lancaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Lancaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>House of Lancaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Lancaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodville_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodville_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Woodville family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodville_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_III's_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_III's_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Richard III's group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_III's_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earl_of_Richmond's_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earl_of_Richmond's_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Earl of Richmond's group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earl_of_Richmond's_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Other characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_and_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_and_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Date and text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_and_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comedic_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedic_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Comedic elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedic_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_will_and_fatalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_will_and_fatalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Free will and fatalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_will_and_fatalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_as_anti-hero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_as_anti-hero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Richard as anti-hero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_as_anti-hero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Now_is_the_winter_of_our_discontent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Now_is_the_winter_of_our_discontent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span><i>Now is the winter of our discontent</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Now_is_the_winter_of_our_discontent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-My_kingdom_for_a_horse!" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#My_kingdom_for_a_horse!"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span><i>My kingdom for a horse!</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-My_kingdom_for_a_horse!-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lincoln's_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lincoln's_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Lincoln's assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lincoln's_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_inaccuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_inaccuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historical inaccuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_inaccuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_of_Richard_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_of_Richard_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Editions of <i>Richard III</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_of_Richard_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Richard III</i> (play)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="ريتشارد الثالث (مسرحية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد الثالث (مسرحية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Ri%C3%A7ard_(pyes)" title="III Riçard (pyes) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Riçard (pyes)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_III_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0)" title="Ричард III (пиеса) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард III (пиеса)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralj_Richard_III" title="Kralj Richard III – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kralj Richard III" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_III_(obra_de_teatre)" title="Ricard III (obra de teatre) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ricard III (obra de teatre)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III._(Shakespeare)" title="Richard III. (Shakespeare) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard III. (Shakespeare)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_den_Tredje" title="Richard den Tredje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard den Tredje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III._(Drama)" title="Richard III. (Drama) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard III. (Drama)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%93%27_(%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BE%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81)" title="Ριχάρδος ο Γ' (Σαίξπηρ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ριχάρδος ο Γ' (Σαίξπηρ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_III_(obra_de_teatro)" title="Ricardo III (obra de teatro) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ricardo III (obra de teatro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikardo_Tria_(Shakespeare)" title="Rikardo Tria (Shakespeare) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rikardo Tria (Shakespeare)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_(%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87)" title="ریچارد سوم (نمایش‌نامه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد سوم (نمایش‌نامه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(Shakespeare)" title="Richard III (Shakespeare) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard III (Shakespeare)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(toanielstik)" title="Richard III (toanielstik) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Richard III (toanielstik)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(dr%C3%A1ma)" title="Richard III (dráma) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard III (dráma)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_3%EC%84%B8_(%ED%9D%AC%EA%B3%A1)" title="리처드 3세 (희곡) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 3세 (희곡)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_III_(Shakespeare)" title="Riccardo III (Shakespeare) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riccardo III (Shakespeare)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%94)" title="ריצ'רד השלישי (מחזה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד השלישי (מחזה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(Shakesperius)" title="Richard III (Shakesperius) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Richard III (Shakesperius)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Rich%C3%A1rd_(dr%C3%A1ma)" title="III. Richárd (dráma) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Richárd (dráma)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Ричард Трети (драма) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ричард Трети (драма)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(toneelstuk)" title="Richard III (toneelstuk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard III (toneelstuk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2)" title="リチャード三世 (シェイクスピア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード三世 (シェイクスピア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(Shakespeare)" title="Richard III (Shakespeare) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard III (Shakespeare)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_III_(sztuka)" title="Ryszard III (sztuka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryszard III (sztuka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_III_(pe%C3%A7a_teatral)" title="Ricardo III (peça teatral) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ricardo III (peça teatral)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_al_III-lea_(pies%C4%83_de_teatru)" title="Richard al III-lea (piesă de teatru) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard al III-lea (piesă de teatru)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_III_(%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0)" title="Ричард III (пьеса) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ричард III (пьеса)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard III (play)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_III_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Ричард III (драма) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ричард III (драма)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikhard_III_(n%C3%A4ytelm%C3%A4)" title="Rikhard III (näytelmä) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rikhard III (näytelmä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(pj%C3%A4s)" title="Richard III (pjäs) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard III (pjäs)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Richard_(oyun)" title="III. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/George_Frederick_Cooke_as_Richard_III_Thomas_Sully.jpg/220px-George_Frederick_Cooke_as_Richard_III_Thomas_Sully.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/George_Frederick_Cooke_as_Richard_III_Thomas_Sully.jpg/330px-George_Frederick_Cooke_as_Richard_III_Thomas_Sully.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/George_Frederick_Cooke_as_Richard_III_Thomas_Sully.jpg/440px-George_Frederick_Cooke_as_Richard_III_Thomas_Sully.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Cooke" title="George Frederick Cooke">George Frederick Cooke</a> as Richard III</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sully" title="Thomas Sully">Thomas Sully</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>The Tragedy of Richard the Third</b></i>, often shortened to <i><b>Richard III</b></i>, is a play by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>. It was probably written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1592–1594</span>. It is labelled a <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">history</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a>, and is usually considered one, but it is sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">tragedy</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> edition. <i>Richard III</i> concludes Shakespeare's first <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy" title="Tetralogy">tetralogy</a> (also containing <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">Henry VI, Part 1</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">Henry VI, Part 2</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">Henry VI, Part 3</a></i>) and depicts the <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavellian</a> rise to power and subsequent short reign of King <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a> of England.<sup id="cite_ref-Baldwin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the second longest play in the <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">Shakespearean canon</a> and is the longest of the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a>, whose version of <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>, otherwise the longest, is shorter than its <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> counterpart. The play is often abridged for brevity, and peripheral characters removed. In such cases, extra lines are often invented or added from elsewhere to establish the nature of the characters' relationships. A further reason for abridgment is that Shakespeare assumed his audiences' familiarity with his <i>Henry VI</i> plays, frequently referring to these plays.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_York">House of York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: House of York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward IV">King Edward IV</a> – King of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a> – the title character, Edward IV's brother; later King Richard III</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a> – Edward IV's brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_York" title="Cecily Neville, Duchess of York">Duchess of York</a> – Edward, Richard and George's mother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward, Prince of Wales</a> – Edward IV's eldest son; later King Edward V (never crowned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_1st_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a> – Edward IV's younger son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Plantagenet,_17th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick">Boy</a> – George's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury">Girl</a> – George's daughter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Lancaster">House of Lancaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: House of Lancaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Queen Margaret</a> – widow of <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VI">King Henry VI</a></li> <li>Ghost of King Henry VI</li> <li>Ghost of <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a> – Henry VI's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Anne Neville">Lady Anne Neville</a> – widow of Edward of Westminster; later wife of <span class="nowrap">King Richard III</span></li> <li>Tressel and Berkeley – Lady Anne's attendants (non-speaking roles)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodville_family">Woodville family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Woodville family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Queen Elizabeth</a> – wife of King Edward IV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers">Earl Rivers</a> – Elizabeth's brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_1st_Marquess_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset">Marquis of Dorset</a> – Elizabeth's son (from a previous marriage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grey" title="Richard Grey">Lord Richard Grey</a> – Elizabeth's son (from a previous marriage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(died_1483)" title="Thomas Vaughan (died 1483)">Sir Thomas Vaughan</a> – ally of Rivers and Grey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_III's_group"><span id="Richard_III.27s_group"></span>Richard III's group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Richard III's group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Sir William Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Earl of Surrey</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Norfolk's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ratcliffe" title="Richard Ratcliffe">Sir Richard Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tyrrell" title="James Tyrrell">Sir James Tyrrell</a> – assassin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Lord Lovel</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Two Murderers</li> <li>Richard's <a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">page</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earl_of_Richmond's_group"><span id="Earl_of_Richmond.27s_group"></span>Earl of Richmond's group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Earl of Richmond's group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a> – Henry VI's nephew; later King Henry VII</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Derby" title="Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a> – Richmond's stepfather</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Vere,_13th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford">Earl of Oxford</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir Walter Herbert<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Blount_(English_soldier)" title="James Blount (English soldier)">Sir James Blunt</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brandon_(standard-bearer)" title="William Brandon (standard-bearer)">Sir William Brandon</a> – Richmond's standard-bearer (non-speaking role)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clergy">Clergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bourchier (bishop)">Archbishop of Canterbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Archbishop of York</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Morton (bishop)">Bishop of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Urswick" title="Christopher Urswick">Sir Christopher</a> – chaplain of Stanley's household</li> <li>John – priest</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_characters">Other characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">Lord Hastings</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a> under Edward IV</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brackenbury" title="Robert Brackenbury">Robert Brackenbury</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Lieutenant of the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Shaa" title="Edmund Shaa">Lord Mayor of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrivener" title="Scrivener">Scrivener</a></li> <li>Keeper of the Tower<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Three Citizens</li> <li>Hastings – <a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Long_(1435)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Long (1435)">Sheriff of Wiltshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ghosts of Clarence, Rivers, Grey, Vaughan, Edward (Prince of Wales), Richard (Duke of York), Hastings, Lady Anne and Buckingham</li> <li>Lords, Messengers, Soldiers etc.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolai_Abildgaard,_Richard_III_farer_op_af_lejet_skr%C3%A6kslagen_af_dr%C3%B8mmesyner,_uden_datering,_0185NMK,_Nivaagaards_Malerisamling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nicolai_Abildgaard%2C_Richard_III_farer_op_af_lejet_skr%C3%A6kslagen_af_dr%C3%B8mmesyner%2C_uden_datering%2C_0185NMK%2C_Nivaagaards_Malerisamling.jpg/220px-Nicolai_Abildgaard%2C_Richard_III_farer_op_af_lejet_skr%C3%A6kslagen_af_dr%C3%B8mmesyner%2C_uden_datering%2C_0185NMK%2C_Nivaagaards_Malerisamling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nicolai_Abildgaard%2C_Richard_III_farer_op_af_lejet_skr%C3%A6kslagen_af_dr%C3%B8mmesyner%2C_uden_datering%2C_0185NMK%2C_Nivaagaards_Malerisamling.jpg/330px-Nicolai_Abildgaard%2C_Richard_III_farer_op_af_lejet_skr%C3%A6kslagen_af_dr%C3%B8mmesyner%2C_uden_datering%2C_0185NMK%2C_Nivaagaards_Malerisamling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nicolai_Abildgaard%2C_Richard_III_farer_op_af_lejet_skr%C3%A6kslagen_af_dr%C3%B8mmesyner%2C_uden_datering%2C_0185NMK%2C_Nivaagaards_Malerisamling.jpg/440px-Nicolai_Abildgaard%2C_Richard_III_farer_op_af_lejet_skr%C3%A6kslagen_af_dr%C3%B8mmesyner%2C_uden_datering%2C_0185NMK%2C_Nivaagaards_Malerisamling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="4571" /></a><figcaption><i>Richard III terrified by nightmarish visions. Shakespeare, Act 5, Scene 9</i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Abildgaard" title="Nicolai Abildgaard">Nicolai Abildgaard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nivaagaard" title="Nivaagaard">Nivaagaard Collection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The play begins with Richard of Gloucester, the youngest brother of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a>, describing Edward's re-accession to the throne (implying the year is 1471, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Battle of Tewkesbury</a>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Now is the winter of our discontent<br /> Made glorious summer by this sun of York;<br /> And all the clouds that lour'd upon our house<br /> In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Despite this new era of peace and joy, Richard is an ugly and unloved <a href="/wiki/Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunchback">hunchback</a> who is therefore "determined to prove a <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villain</a>". Due to a prophecy that "<strong>G</strong> of Edward's heirs the murderer shall be", Richard and Edward's brother Clarence (whose given name is George) is placed under arrest. (Edward interpreted the prophecy as referring to <strong>G</strong>eorge, but it could just as easily refer to Richard of <strong>G</strong>loucester.) Speaking to Clarence as he is escorted along to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, Richard blames the queen, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth</a>, and says that he will try to help Clarence. </p><p>Richard describes to the audience his plot to marry Lady Anne, despite being responsible for the death of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">her father</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">her husband</a>. Anne attends the corpse of the late king, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, lamenting. When Richard appears, Anne berates him and says that "Henry's wounds<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] <a href="/wiki/Cruentation" title="Cruentation">bleed afresh</a>". He confesses to murdering the king, saying her beauty motivated it, and she spits at him. He proclaims his feelings for her and offers his sword for her to kill him, but she drops it. He then offers to kill himself, but she instead accepts his ring unhappily (and, it is implied, marriage) as he promises to repent for the murder. Richard exults at having won her over and tells the audience that he will discard her once she has served his purpose. </p><p>The atmosphere at Edward's court is poisonous. The established nobles are at odds with the upwardly mobile relatives of Elizabeth, a hostility fuelled by Richard's machinations. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Queen Margaret</a>, Henry VI's widow, returns, though banished, and she warns the squabbling nobles about Richard, cursing extensively. The nobles, all <a href="/wiki/Yorkists" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkists">Yorkists</a>, unite against this last <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrian</a> and ignore her warnings. </p><p>Richard orders two murderers to assassinate Clarence. The murderers arrive at the Tower with a warrant and, while they ponder how to carry out the deed, Clarence wakes and pleads for his life, telling them to go to Richard, who will reward them better for having kept him alive. One of the murderers explains that Richard hates him and indeed sent them. Clarence pleads again but is stabbed and drowned in a butt of <a href="/wiki/Malvasia#Malmsey" title="Malvasia">Malmsey wine</a> (the year 1478). </p><p>The compacted nobles pledge absent enmities before Edward, and Elizabeth asks him to pardon his brother Clarence. Richard reveals that Clarence is dead on the king's own orders. Edward, who is ill and near death, is much upset by this news, expecting the order of execution to have been stopped in time, and Richard openly blames those attending Edward. When Edward dies, Richard becomes Protector (1483). Several prominent officials in Edward's court have been imprisoned. His two young boys, including the uncrowned <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a>, are coaxed by Richard into an extended stay at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. </p><p>Assisted by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Buckingham</a>, Richard mounts a campaign to present himself as the true heir to the throne, pretending to be a modest and devout man with no pretensions to greatness. <a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">Edward's Lord Chamberlain</a>, who objects to Richard's accession, is arrested and executed on a trumped-up charge of treason. Richard and Buckingham <a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">spread the rumour</a> that Edward's two sons are illegitimate and therefore have no rightful claims, assisted by certain allies. The other lords are thus cajoled into accepting Richard as king, despite the continued survival of his nephews (the <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4909" data-file-height="3727" /></a><figcaption>English actor <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a> as Richard III just before the battle of <a href="/wiki/Bosworth_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a>. His sleep having been haunted by the ghosts of those he has murdered, he wakes to the realisation that he is alone in the world and death is imminent. <i><a href="/wiki/David_Garrick_as_Richard_III" title="David Garrick as Richard III">David Garrick as Richard III</a></i> (1745), <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Richard asks Buckingham to assassinate the princes, but Buckingham hesitates. Richard instead recruits <a href="/wiki/James_Tyrrell" title="James Tyrrell">an assassin</a> who kills both children. When Richard denies Buckingham a promised land grant, Buckingham turns against Richard and defects to the side of Henry VI's nephew, the <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Earl_of_Richmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry, Earl of Richmond">Earl of Richmond</a>, who is currently in exile. Richard has his eye on the young <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>, Edward IV's next remaining heir, and kills Lady Anne by poison so he can be free to woo this younger Elizabeth. Richard's mother, the <a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_York" title="Cecily Neville, Duchess of York">Duchess of York</a>, and the older Elizabeth mourn the princes' deaths. As prophesied, Queen Elizabeth asks Queen Margaret for help in cursing Richard. Later, the Duchess applies this lesson and curses her only surviving son before fleeing. Richard asks Queen Elizabeth to help him win her daughter Elizabeth's hand in marriage. She is not taken in by his eloquence, and stalls by saying that she will let him know her daughter's answer in due course. </p><p>The increasingly paranoid Richard loses what popularity he had. He faces rebellions, led first by Buckingham and subsequently by Richmond's invading forces. Buckingham is captured and executed. Both sides arrive for a final battle at <a href="/wiki/Bosworth_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a>, prior to which Richard, asleep, is visited by the ghosts of his victims, each telling him to "Despair and die". They likewise wish for Richmond's victory. Richard wakes, screaming for Jesus, then realises that he is all alone and cannot even pity himself. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> (1485), Richmond's stepfather <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a> and his followers desert Richard, whereupon Richard calls for the execution of Stanley's son: a young hostage. This does not happen, however, as the battle is in full swing, and Richard is at a disadvantage. Richard is unhorsed on the field, and cries out, "A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse". Richmond kills Richard and claims the throne, becoming <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_text">Date and text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Date and text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Folio_Title_Page_of_Richard_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Second_Folio_Title_Page_of_Richard_III.jpg/220px-Second_Folio_Title_Page_of_Richard_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Second_Folio_Title_Page_of_Richard_III.jpg/330px-Second_Folio_Title_Page_of_Richard_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Second_Folio_Title_Page_of_Richard_III.jpg/440px-Second_Folio_Title_Page_of_Richard_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The first page of <i>Richard III</i>, printed in the Second Folio of 1632</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Richard III</i> is believed to be one of <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Shakespeare plays">Shakespeare's earlier plays</a>, preceded only by the three parts of <i>Henry VI</i> and perhaps <i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i> and a handful of comedies. It is believed to have been written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1592</span>–1594. Although <i>Richard III</i> was entered into the <a href="/wiki/Stationers%27_Register" title="Stationers' Register">Register</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stationers%27_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Stationers' Company">Stationers' Company</a> on 20 October 1597 by the bookseller <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wise" title="Andrew Wise">Andrew Wise</a>, who published the <a href="/wiki/First_Quarto" class="mw-redirect" title="First Quarto">first Quarto</a> (Q1) later that year (with printing done by <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Simmes" title="Valentine Simmes">Valentine Simmes</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_(play)" title="Edward II (play)">Edward II</a></i>, which cannot have been written much later than 1592 (Marlowe died in 1593), is thought to have been influenced by it. A <a href="/wiki/Second_Quarto" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Quarto">second Quarto</a> (Q2) followed in 1598, printed by Thomas Creede for Andrew Wise, containing an attribution to Shakespeare on its title page.<sup id="cite_ref-BL_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Q3 appeared in 1602, Q4 in 1605, Q5 in 1612, and Q6 in 1622, the frequency attesting to its popularity. The <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> version followed in 1623. </p><p>The Folio is longer than the Quarto and contains some fifty additional passages amounting to more than two hundred lines. However, the Quarto contains some twenty-seven passages amounting to about thirty-seven lines that are absent from the Folio.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.2">: p.2 </span></sup> The two texts also contain hundreds of other differences, including the transposition of words within speeches, the movement of words from one speech to another, the replacement of words with near-synonyms, and many changes in grammar and spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.2">: p.2 </span></sup> </p><p>At one time, it was thought that the Quarto represented a separate revision of the play by Shakespeare. However, since the Quarto contains many changes that can only be regarded as mistakes, it is now widely believed that the Quarto was produced by <a href="/wiki/Memorial_reconstruction" title="Memorial reconstruction">memorial reconstruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.3–10">: p.3–10 </span></sup> It is thought likely that the Quarto was collectively produced by a company of actors remembering their lines. It is unknown why the actors did this, but it may have been to replace a missing <a href="/wiki/Prompt_book" title="Prompt book">prompt book</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.19–21">: p.19–21 </span></sup> The Folio is regarded as having much higher authority than the Quarto, but because the Folio edition was <a href="/wiki/Collated" class="mw-redirect" title="Collated">collated</a> by the printers against a Quarto (probably Q3), some errors from the Quarto found their way into the Folio.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.2">: p.2 </span></sup> Some parts of the Folio (the beginning of Act III and much of Act V) are clearly copied, with little change, direct from the Quarto.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.33">: p.33 </span></sup> The Folio also has its own corruptions and omissions, and corrections have to be supplied, where possible, from the Quarto.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.50">: p.50 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedic_elements">Comedic elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comedic elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike his previous tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i>, the play avoids graphic demonstrations of physical violence; only Richard and Clarence are shown being stabbed on-stage, while the rest (the two princes, Hastings, Brackenbury, Grey, Vaughan, Rivers, Anne, Buckingham, and King Edward) all meet their ends off-stage. Despite the villainous nature of the title character and the grim storyline, Shakespeare infuses the action with comic material, as he does with most of his tragedies. Much of the humour rises from the dichotomy between how Richard's character is known and how Richard tries to appear. </p><p>Richard himself also provides some dry remarks in evaluating the situation, as when he plans to marry Queen Elizabeth's daughter: "Murder her brothers, then marry her; Uncertain way of gain ..." Other examples of humour in this play include Clarence's reluctant murderers, and the Duke of Buckingham's report on his attempt to persuade the Londoners to accept Richard ("I bid them that did love their country's good cry, God save Richard, England's royal king!" Richard: "And did they so?" Buckingham: "No, so God help me, they spake not a word ...") Puns, a Shakespearean staple, are especially well represented in the scene where Richard tries to persuade Queen Elizabeth to woo her daughter on his behalf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_will_and_fatalism">Free will and fatalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Free will and fatalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_(London).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg/220px-Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg/330px-Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg/440px-Copper-alloy_boar_mount_from_the_Thames_foreshore_%28London%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Queen Margaret: "Thou elvish-mark'd, abortive, rooting hog!" Act 1, Scene III. The <a href="/wiki/White_boar" title="White boar">white boar</a> was Richard's personal symbol: Bronze <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a> mount thought to have been worn by a supporter of Richard III.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the central themes of <i>Richard III</i> is the idea of fate, especially as it is seen through the tension between free will and fatalism in Richard's actions and speech, as well as the reactions to him by other characters.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no doubt that Shakespeare drew heavily on <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a>'s account of Richard III as a criminal and tyrant as inspiration for his own rendering. This influence, especially as it relates to the role of divine punishment in Richard's rule of England, reaches its height in the voice of Margaret. Janis Lull suggests that "Margaret gives voice to the belief, encouraged by the growing <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> era, that individual historical events are determined by God, who often punishes evil with (apparent) evil".<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.6–8">: p.6–8 </span></sup> </p><p>Thus it seems possible that Shakespeare, in conforming to the growing "Tudor Myth" of the day, as well as taking into account new theologies of divine action and human will becoming popular in the wake of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, sought to paint Richard as the final curse of God on England in punishment for the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> in 1399.<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.6–8">: p.6–8 </span></sup> Irving Ribner argued that "the evil path of Richard is a cleansing operation which roots evil out of society and restores the world at last to the God-ordained goodness embodied in the new rule of Henry VII".<sup id="cite_ref-Ribner_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribner-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.62">: p.62 </span></sup> </p><p>Scholar <a href="/wiki/Victor_Kiernan" title="Victor Kiernan">Victor Kiernan</a> writes that this interpretation is a perfect fit with the English social perspective of Shakespeare's day: "An extension is in progress of a privileged class's assurance of preferential treatment in the next world as in this, to a favoured nation's conviction of having God on its side, of Englishmen being ... the new Chosen People".<sup id="cite_ref-Kiernan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.111–112">: p.111–112 </span></sup> </p><p>However, historical fatalism is merely one side of the argument of fate versus <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. It is also possible that Shakespeare intended to portray Richard as "a personification of the <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavellian</a> view of history as power politics".<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.6–8">: p.6–8 </span></sup> In this view, Richard is acting entirely out of his own free will in brutally taking hold of the English throne. Kiernan also presents this side of the coin, noting that Richard "boasts to us of his finesse in dissembling and deception with bits of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a> to cloak his 'naked villainy' (I.iii.334–348) ... Machiavelli, as Shakespeare may want us to realise, is not a safe guide to practical politics".<sup id="cite_ref-Kiernan_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.111–112">: p.111–112 </span></sup> </p><p>Kiernan suggests that Richard is merely acting as if God is determining his every step in a sort of Machiavellian manipulation of religion as an attempt to circumvent the moral conscience of those around him. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">historical determinism</a> is merely an illusion perpetrated by Richard's assertion of his own free will. The Machiavellian reading of the play finds evidence in Richard's interactions with the audience, as when he mentions that he is "determinèd to prove a villain" (I.i.30). However, though it seems Richard views himself as completely in control, Lull suggests that Shakespeare is using Richard to state "the tragic conception of the play in a joke. His primary meaning is that he controls his own destiny. His pun also has a second, contradictory meaning—that his villainy is predestined—and the strong providentialism of the play ultimately endorses this meaning".<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.6–8">: p.6–8 </span></sup> </p><p>Literary critic Paul Haeffner writes that Shakespeare had a great understanding of language and the potential of every word he used.<sup id="cite_ref-Haeffner_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeffner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.56–60">: p.56–60 </span></sup> One word that Shakespeare gave potential to was "joy". This is employed in Act I, Scene III, where it is used to show "deliberate emotional effect".<sup id="cite_ref-Haeffner_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeffner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.56–60">: p.56–60 </span></sup> Another word that Haeffner points out is "kind", which he suggests is used with two different definitions. </p><p>The first definition is used to express a "gentle and loving" man, which Clarence uses to describe his brother Richard to the murderers that were sent to kill him. This definition is not true, as Richard uses a gentle façade to seize the throne. The second definition concerns "the person's true nature ... Richard will indeed use Hastings kindly—that is, just as he is in the habit of using people—brutally".<sup id="cite_ref-Haeffner_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeffner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.56–60">: p.56–60 </span></sup> </p><p>Haeffner also writes about how speech is written. He compares the speeches of Richmond and Richard to their soldiers. He describes Richmond's speech as "dignified" and formal, while Richard's speech is explained as "slangy and impetuous".<sup id="cite_ref-Haeffner_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeffner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.56–60">: p.56–60 </span></sup> Richard's casualness in speech is also noted by another writer. However, Lull does not make the comparison between Richmond and Richard as Haeffner does, but between Richard and the women in his life. However, it is important to the women share the formal language that Richmond uses. She makes the argument that the difference in speech "reinforces the thematic division between the women's identification with the social group and Richard's individualism".<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.22–23">: p.22–23 </span></sup> Haeffner agrees that Richard is "an individualist, hating dignity and formality".<sup id="cite_ref-Haeffner_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeffner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.56–60">: p.56–60 </span></sup> </p><p>Janis Lull also takes special notice of the mourning women. She suggests that they are associated with "figures of repetition as anaphora—beginning each clause in a sequence with the same word—and epistrophe—repeating the same word at the end of each clause".<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.22–23">: p.22–23 </span></sup> One example of the epistrophe can be found in Margaret's speech in Act I, Scene III. Haeffner refers to these as few of many "devices and tricks of style" that occur in the play, showcasing Shakespeare's ability to bring out the potential of every word.<sup id="cite_ref-Haeffner_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeffner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.56–60">: p.56–60 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_as_anti-hero">Richard as anti-hero</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Richard as anti-hero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the play, Richard's character constantly changes and shifts and, in doing so, alters the dramatic structure of the story. </p><p>Richard immediately establishes a connection with the audience with his opening monologue. In the soliloquy he admits his amorality to the audience but at the same time treats them as if they were co-conspirators in his plotting; one may well be enamored of his rhetoric<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while being appalled by his actions. Richard shows off his wit in Act I, as seen in the interchanges with Lady Anne (Act I, Scene II) and his brother Clarence (Act I, Scene I). In his dialogues in Act I, Richard knowingly refers to thoughts he has only previously shared with the audience to keep the audience attuned to him and his objectives. In 1.1, Richard tells the audience in a soliloquy how he plans to claw his way to the throne—killing his brother Clarence as a necessary step to get there. However, Richard pretends to be Clarence's friend, falsely reassuring him by saying, "I will deliver you, or else lie for you" (1.1.115); which the audience knows—and Richard tells the audience after Clarence's exit—is the exact opposite of what he plans to do.<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.37">: p.37 </span></sup> Scholar Michael E. Mooney describes Richard as occupying a "figural position"; he is able to move in and out of it by talking with the audience on one level, and interacting with other characters on another.<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.33">: p.33 </span></sup> </p><p>Each scene in Act I is book-ended by Richard directly addressing the audience. This action on Richard's part not only keeps him in control of the dramatic action of the play, but also of how the audience sees him: in a somewhat positive light, or as the protagonist.<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.32–33">: p.32–33 </span></sup> Richard actually embodies the dramatic character of "Vice" from <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality plays</a>—with which Shakespeare was very familiar from his time—with his "impish-to-fiendish humour". Like Vice, Richard is able to render what is ugly and evil—his thoughts and aims, his view of other characters—into what is charming and amusing for the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.38">: p.38 </span></sup> </p><p>In the earlier acts of the play, too, the role of the antagonist is filled by that of the old Lancastrian queen, Margaret, who is reviled by the Yorkists and whom Richard manipulates and condemns in Act I, Scene III. </p><p>However, after Act I, the number and quality of Richard's <a href="/wiki/Asides" class="mw-redirect" title="Asides">asides</a> to the audience decrease significantly, as well as multiple scenes are interspersed that do not include Richard at all,<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.44">: p.44 </span></sup> but average Citizens (Act II, Scene III), or the Duchess of York and Clarence's children (Act II, Scene II), who are as moral as Richard is evil. Without Richard guiding the audience through the dramatic action, the audience is left to evaluate for itself what is going on. In Act IV, Scene IV, after the murder of the two young princes and the ruthless murder of Lady Anne, the women of the play—Queen Elizabeth, the Duchess of York, and even Margaret—gather to mourn their state and to curse Richard; and it is difficult as the audience not to sympathise with them. When Richard enters to bargain with Queen Elizabeth for her daughter's hand—a scene whose form echoes the same rhythmically quick dialogue as the Lady Anne scene in Act I—he has lost his vivacity and playfulness for communication; it is obvious he is not the same man.<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.32–33">: p.32–33 </span></sup> </p><p>By the end of Act IV everyone else in the play, including Richard's own mother, the Duchess, has turned against him. He does not interact with the audience nearly as much, and the inspiring quality of his speech has declined into merely giving and requiring information. As Richard gets closer to seizing the crown, he encloses himself within the world of the play; no longer embodying his facile movement in and out of the dramatic action, he is now stuck firmly within it.<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.47">: p.47 </span></sup> It is from Act IV that Richard really begins his rapid decline into truly being the antagonist. Shakespeare scholar <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Stephen Greenblatt</a> notes how Richard even refers to himself as "the formal Vice, Iniquity" (3.1.82), which informs the audience that he knows what his function is; but also like Vice in the morality plays, the fates will turn and get Richard in the end, which Elizabethan audiences would have recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the character of Richmond enters into the play in Act V to overthrow Richard and save the state from his tyranny, effectively being the instantaneous new protagonist. Richmond is a clear contrast to Richard's evil character, which makes the audience see him as such.<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.32">: p.32 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Garrick_(1717%E2%80%931779),_as_Richard_III_(from_Shakespeare%27s_%27Richard_III%27)_Nathaniel_Dance-Holland_(1735%E2%80%931811)_Stratford-upon-Avon_Town_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/David_Garrick_%281717%E2%80%931779%29%2C_as_Richard_III_%28from_Shakespeare%27s_%27Richard_III%27%29_Nathaniel_Dance-Holland_%281735%E2%80%931811%29_Stratford-upon-Avon_Town_Hall.jpg/220px-David_Garrick_%281717%E2%80%931779%29%2C_as_Richard_III_%28from_Shakespeare%27s_%27Richard_III%27%29_Nathaniel_Dance-Holland_%281735%E2%80%931811%29_Stratford-upon-Avon_Town_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/David_Garrick_%281717%E2%80%931779%29%2C_as_Richard_III_%28from_Shakespeare%27s_%27Richard_III%27%29_Nathaniel_Dance-Holland_%281735%E2%80%931811%29_Stratford-upon-Avon_Town_Hall.jpg/330px-David_Garrick_%281717%E2%80%931779%29%2C_as_Richard_III_%28from_Shakespeare%27s_%27Richard_III%27%29_Nathaniel_Dance-Holland_%281735%E2%80%931811%29_Stratford-upon-Avon_Town_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/David_Garrick_%281717%E2%80%931779%29%2C_as_Richard_III_%28from_Shakespeare%27s_%27Richard_III%27%29_Nathaniel_Dance-Holland_%281735%E2%80%931811%29_Stratford-upon-Avon_Town_Hall.jpg/440px-David_Garrick_%281717%E2%80%931779%29%2C_as_Richard_III_%28from_Shakespeare%27s_%27Richard_III%27%29_Nathaniel_Dance-Holland_%281735%E2%80%931811%29_Stratford-upon-Avon_Town_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a> (1717–1779), as Richard III (from Shakespeare's 'Richard III')</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Dance-Holland" title="Nathaniel Dance-Holland">Nathaniel Dance-Holland</a> (1771)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Keene_in_Richard_III_1884_Poster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thomas_Keene_in_Richard_III_1884_Poster.png/220px-Thomas_Keene_in_Richard_III_1884_Poster.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thomas_Keene_in_Richard_III_1884_Poster.png/330px-Thomas_Keene_in_Richard_III_1884_Poster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thomas_Keene_in_Richard_III_1884_Poster.png/440px-Thomas_Keene_in_Richard_III_1884_Poster.png 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption>Poster, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1884</span>, advertising an American production of the play, showing many key scenes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_TCS_44_-_James_Hewlett_as_Richard_the_Third_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Houghton_TCS_44_-_James_Hewlett_as_Richard_the_Third_-_cropped.jpg/220px-Houghton_TCS_44_-_James_Hewlett_as_Richard_the_Third_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Houghton_TCS_44_-_James_Hewlett_as_Richard_the_Third_-_cropped.jpg/330px-Houghton_TCS_44_-_James_Hewlett_as_Richard_the_Third_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Houghton_TCS_44_-_James_Hewlett_as_Richard_the_Third_-_cropped.jpg/440px-Houghton_TCS_44_-_James_Hewlett_as_Richard_the_Third_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="4903" /></a><figcaption>African-American <a href="/wiki/James_Hewlett_(actor)" title="James Hewlett (actor)">James Hewlett</a> as <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a> in a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1821</span> production. Below him is quoted the line "Off with his head; so much for Buckingham", a line not from the original play but from adaptations.<sup id="cite_ref-Cochran2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochran2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest certain performance occurred on <span class="nowrap">16 or 17 November</span> 1633, when <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Henrietta_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Henrietta Maria">Queen Henrietta Maria</a> watched it on the Queen's birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Jowett_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowett-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.81–82">: p.81–82 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_of_Richard_III,_the_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cast_of_Richard_III%2C_the_Abbey.jpg/220px-Cast_of_Richard_III%2C_the_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cast_of_Richard_III%2C_the_Abbey.jpg/330px-Cast_of_Richard_III%2C_the_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cast_of_Richard_III%2C_the_Abbey.jpg/440px-Cast_of_Richard_III%2C_the_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Cast of a 2018 production of <i>Richard III</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre">Abbey Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a> produced the most successful of the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> adaptations of Shakespeare with his version of <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1699_play)" title="Richard III (1699 play)">Richard III</a></i>, at <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a> starting in 1700. Cibber himself played the role till 1739, and his version was on stage for the next century and a half. It contained the lines "Off with his head; so much for Buckingham" – possibly the most famous Shakespearean line that Shakespeare did not write – and "Richard's himself again!". The original Shakespearean version returned in a production at <a href="/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells_Theatre" title="Sadler's Wells Theatre">Sadler's Wells Theatre</a> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-Halliday_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliday-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.102 & 414">: p.102 & 414 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2011 film actor <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Spacey" title="Kevin Spacey">Kevin Spacey</a> starred in an <a href="/wiki/Old_Vic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Vic">Old Vic</a> production which subsequently toured the United States, directed by stage and film director <a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a>. Spacey had played the role of Richard's henchman, the Duke of Buckingham, in the Pacino film. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Basil_Rathbone" title="Basil Rathbone">Basil Rathbone</a> played Richard III in the 1939 Universal horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London_(1939_film)" title="Tower of London (1939 film)">Tower of London</a></i>, which was directed by <a href="/wiki/Rowland_V._Lee" title="Rowland V. Lee">Rowland V. Lee</a>. The film was later remade by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> in 1962 with <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Price" title="Vincent Price">Vincent Price</a> (who had played Clarence in Lee's film) in the lead role. While both films are influenced by the characterisation and structure of Shakespeare's play, neither includes any dialogue from it. </p><p>The most famous player of the part in recent times was <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1955_film)" title="Richard III (1955 film)">1955 film version</a>. Olivier's film incorporates a few scenes and speeches from Shakespeare's <i>Henry VI, Part 3</i> and Cibber's rewrite of Shakespeare's play, but cuts entirely the characters of Queen Margaret and the Duchess of York, and Richard's soliloquy after seeing the ghosts of his victims. Olivier has Richard seduce Lady Anne while mourning over the corpse of her husband rather than her father-in-law as in the play. Olivier's rendition has been parodied by many comedians, including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>. Sellers, who had aspirations to do the role straight, appeared in a 1965 TV special on <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>' music by reciting "<a href="/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_(song)" title="A Hard Day's Night (song)">A Hard Day's Night</a>" in the style of Olivier's Richard III. The <a href="/wiki/The_Foretelling" title="The Foretelling">first episode</a> of the BBC television comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder#Series_1:_The_Black_Adder" title="Blackadder">Blackadder</a></i> in part parodies the Olivier film, visually (as in the crown motif), Peter Cook's performance as a benevolent Richard, and by mangling Shakespearean text ("Now is the summer of our sweet content made o'ercast winter by these Tudor clouds ...") </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1995_film)" title="Richard III (1995 film)">Richard Loncraine's 1995 film</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Ian_McKellen" title="Ian McKellen">Ian McKellen</a>, is set in a fictional fascist England in the 1930s, and based on an earlier highly successful stage production. Only about half the text of the play is used. The first part of his "Now is the winter of our discontent..." soliloquy is a public speech, while the second part is a private monologue. The famous final line of Richard's "A horse, my kingdom for a horse" is spoken when his jeep becomes trapped after backing up into a large pile of rubble. </p><p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> made his directoral debut and played the title role in <i><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Richard" title="Looking for Richard">Looking for Richard</a></i>, analysing the plot of the play and playing out several scenes from it, as well as conducting a broader examination of Shakespeare's continuing role and relevance in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>. Also in 1996, a pristine print of <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1912_film)" title="Richard III (1912 film)">Richard III</a></i> (1912), starring <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Warde" title="Frederick Warde">Frederick Warde</a> in the title role, was discovered by a private collector and donated to the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>. The 55-minute film is considered to be the earliest surviving American feature film. </p><p>In the out-take interviews of the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Brian_De_Palma" title="Brian De Palma">Brian De Palma</a> classic <a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1983_film)" title="Scarface (1983 film)">Scarface</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> indicated that his pre-script influences had included William Shakespeare's Richard III. </p><p>In 2002 the story of Richard III was re-told in a movie about gang culture called <i><a href="/wiki/King_Rikki" title="King Rikki">King Rikki</a></i> (also known as <i>The Street King</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Italian director <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Torre" title="Roberta Torre">Roberta Torre</a> realized a <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama</a> film, inspired by Shakespeare's play, named <i><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Richard" title="Bloody Richard">Bloody Richard</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare" title="BBC Television Shakespeare">BBC Television Shakespeare</a> version, first broadcast in 1983, starred <a href="/wiki/Ron_Cook" title="Ron Cook">Ron Cook</a> as Richard. </p><p><a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> aired a new adaptation of <i>Richard III</i> in 2016 as part of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Hollow Crown (TV series)">The Hollow Crown</a></i> series, with <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> playing the king. Executive producer Pippa Harris commented, "By filming the <i>Henry VI</i> plays as well as <i>Richard III</i>, we will allow viewers to fully appreciate how such a monstrous tyrant could find his way to power, bringing even more weight and depth to this iconic character."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Now_is_the_winter_of_our_discontent"><i>Now is the winter of our discontent</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Now is the winter of our discontent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2010 film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a></i>, features a scene where the king's speech therapist <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Logue" title="Lionel Logue">Lionel Logue</a>, as played by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush" title="Geoffrey Rush">Geoffrey Rush</a>, auditions for the role by reciting the lines, "Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this sun [or son] of York". Shakespeare critic Keith Jones believes that the film in general sets up its main character as a kind of antithesis to Richard III.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same antithesis was noted by conservative commentator Noah Millman.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Dwarf" title="Red Dwarf">Red Dwarf</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Marooned_(Red_Dwarf)" title="Marooned (Red Dwarf)">Marooned</a>", <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Rimmer" title="Arnold Rimmer">Rimmer</a> objects to <a href="/wiki/Dave_Lister" title="Dave Lister">Lister</a>'s burning of the <i>Complete Works of Shakespeare</i> in an attempt to maintain enough heat to keep him alive. When challenged, Rimmer claims he can quote from it and embarks upon the soliloquy: "Now! ... That's all I can remember. You know! That famous speech from <i>Richard III</i> – 'now, something something something something'." </p><p>In the 1967 film <i><a href="/wiki/Billion_Dollar_Brain" title="Billion Dollar Brain">Billion Dollar Brain</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Palmer" title="Harry Palmer">Harry Palmer</a> is told to use the verse as a <a href="/wiki/Code_word_(figure_of_speech)" title="Code word (figure of speech)">code phrase</a>. </p><p>John Steinbeck used the opening line for the title of his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter_of_Our_Discontent" title="The Winter of Our Discontent">The Winter of Our Discontent</a></i>. </p><p>The phrase "<a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a>" is an expression, popularised by the British media, referring to the winter of 1978–79 in the United Kingdom, during which there were widespread strikes by local authority trade unions demanding larger pay rises for their members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="My_kingdom_for_a_horse!"><span id="My_kingdom_for_a_horse.21"></span><i>My kingdom for a horse!</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: My kingdom for a horse!"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard begins act 5, scene 4 by exclaiming "A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!" after being knocked from his steed during the climactic battle.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/my_kingdom_for_a_horse#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:my kingdom for a horse">The phrase</a> illustrates the drama and desperation of his sudden fall from grace and has entered common parlance as such. </p><p>In the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a> cartoon <i><a href="/wiki/A_Ham_in_a_Role" title="A Ham in a Role">A Ham in a Role</a></i>, the dog actor says <a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a> and Richard III's lines, "Rescue, fair lord, or else the day is lost! A horse, A horse, My kingdom for a horse!" before being kicked out of the window by a <a href="/wiki/Goofy_Gophers" title="Goofy Gophers">Goofy Gophers</a>-hauled horse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>'s 1941 song <i><a href="/wiki/Could_You_Please_Oblige_Us_with_a_Bren_Gun%3F" title="Could You Please Oblige Us with a Bren Gun?">Could You Please Oblige Us with a Bren Gun?</a></i> includes a lyric referring to Colonel Montmorency: "He realised his army should be mechanised, of course/ But somewhere inside/ Experience cried/ 'My kingdom for a horse!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" </p><p>In the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood:_Men_in_Tights" title="Robin Hood: Men in Tights">Robin Hood: Men in Tights</a></i>, the character <a href="/wiki/Robin_of_Locksley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin of Locksley">Robin of Locksley</a>, played by <a href="/wiki/Cary_Elwes" title="Cary Elwes">Cary Elwes</a>, says "A horse, my kingdom for a horse!" as he arrives in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the opening scene.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>'s 1816 story <a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker_and_the_Mouse_King" title="The Nutcracker and the Mouse King">The Nutcracker and the Mouse King</a>, the Nutcracker shouts in one scene; "A horse – a horse – my kingdom for a horse!" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_quotations">Other quotations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Being_John_Malkovich" title="Being John Malkovich">Being John Malkovich</a></i> has many Shakespeare allusions, including a scene in which <a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">Malkovich</a> is shown rehearsing <i>Richard III</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> lines "Was ever woman in this humour woo'd? / Was ever woman in this humour won?" where Richard is boasting about using power, lies, and crime to seduce Lady Anne. As Visual Cultures professor Lynn Turner notes, this scene anticipates a parallel scene in which Craig uses deceit to seduce Maxine through Malkovich.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mariangela Tempera has noted that the subservience of Lady Anne in the scene contrasts with the self-assertiveness of the actress playing Lady Anne as she seduces Malkovich offstage.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a>'s 2011 film <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_and_Jill_(2011_film)" title="Jack and Jill (2011 film)">Jack and Jill</a></i>, Al Pacino reprises his role as Richard III, although the scenes are modified as Pacino interacts with the audience in a heavily comedic way.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i> <a href="/wiki/V_for_Vendetta_(film)" title="V for Vendetta (film)">V for Vendetta</a></i> when V confronts Father Lilliman, he quotes the line "And thus I clothe my naked villany in old odd ends stol'n forth of holy writ, and seem a saint when most I play the devil." </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Freaked" title="Freaked">Freaked</a></i>, an arrogant movie star who has been transformed into a "hideous mutant freak" makes use of his deformity by performing the opening soliloquy, condensed by a local professor in subtitles for the "culturally illiterate" to the more succinct "I'm ugly. I never get laid." One reviewer mentioned this as the best example of how the film seamlessly moves between highbrow and lowbrow culture.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goodbye_Girl" title="The Goodbye Girl">The Goodbye Girl</a></i>, an ambitious actor played by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss" title="Richard Dreyfuss">Richard Dreyfuss</a> is forced by his off-Broadway producer to play Richard III as a caricature of a homosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1975 film <i><a href="/wiki/L%27important_c%27est_d%27aimer" class="mw-redirect" title="L'important c'est d'aimer">L'important c'est d'aimer</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski" title="Andrzej Żuławski">Andrzej Żuławski</a>, a production of <i>Richard III</i> in French is a <i><a href="/wiki/Mise_en_abyme" title="Mise en abyme">mise en abyme</a></i> for the drama enveloping the characters in the film.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Requiem_of_the_Rose_King" title="Requiem of the Rose King">Requiem of the Rose King</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Aya_Kanno" title="Aya Kanno">Aya Kanno</a>, which began in 2013, is a loose adaptation of the first Shakespearean historical tetralogy. It depicts Richard III as <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> instead of hunchbacked.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title of the <a href="/wiki/Alistair_MacLean" title="Alistair MacLean">Alistair MacLean</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Where_Eagles_Dare" title="Where Eagles Dare">Where Eagles Dare</a></i> is inspired by Richard's complaint that the "world is grown so bad, that wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch." (Quoted in Act I, Scene III) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lincoln's_assassination"><span id="Lincoln.27s_assassination"></span>Lincoln's assassination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lincoln's assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>US President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was renowned for his love of Shakespeare, and of <i>Richard III</i> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fed <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> propaganda, especially in Virginia, where residents of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, saw Lincoln as a Richard-like tyrant and identified their capital city with the <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Earl of Richmond</a>, the hero of Shakespeare's play. Some interpreted Richard's Act IV speech as an omen favourable to the South<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>a bard of Ireland told me once<br /> I should not live long after I saw Richmond. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Within a fortnight of the president's visit to the defeated city, he was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, a Shakespearean actor known for playing both Richard and Richmond. Booth's notorious final words from the stage were "<i><a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic semper tyrannis</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_inaccuracy">Historical inaccuracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical inaccuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shakespeare, and the Tudor chroniclers who influenced him, had an interest in portraying the defeat of the Plantagenet <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a> as good conquering evil. Loyalty to the new regime required that the last Plantagenet king, <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a>, be depicted as a villain.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical inaccuracies in the play can be attributed partly to Shakespeare's sources, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Holinshed's Chronicles</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Rous_(historian)" title="John Rous (historian)">John Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polydore_Vergil" title="Polydore Vergil">Polydore Vergil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, and partly to <a href="/wiki/Artistic_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic licence">artistic licence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RingWatson2013_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingWatson2013-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these inaccuracies are listed below in the order in which they either appear or are referred to in the play. </p><p>There is no evidence to suggest that Richard was personally responsible for the death of his wife's first husband, <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Westminster">Edward of Westminster</a> (the son of Henry VI), nor that of her father, the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a> (and in <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">Henry VI, Part 3</a></i> Richard is not portrayed as being responsible for Warwick's death). Richard, then eighteen, took part in the battles in which Edward and Warwick were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shakespeare's sources do not identify Richard as being involved in the death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, who was probably murdered on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a>, had known each other for a long time before they married, having spent much of their childhood in the same household.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VI's widow, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Queen Margaret</a>, was not at court in the period covered by this play; she became Edward IV's prisoner and returned to France in 1475.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard's elder brother, <a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">Clarence</a> (George, Duke of Clarence), was not on good terms with Richard,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was imprisoned by Edward IV and was executed for treason in 1478, when Richard was in the North of England, where he continued to live until Edward IV died five years later.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard returned from the North to fulfil Edward IV's wish that he rule as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the Plantagenet tradition that a future king (in this case <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a>, the elder of the "<a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes in the tower">princes in the tower</a>") would stay in the royal apartments at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> while awaiting his coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-kendall1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kendall1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No one knows why the "princes in the tower" disappeared or what happened to them. Richard took the throne by an <a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Act of Parliament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the basis of testimony claiming that Edward IV's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Queen Elizabeth</a> (Elizabeth Woodville) had been bigamous.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary rumours that Richard had murdered his own wife appear baseless;<sup id="cite_ref-Cheetham_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheetham-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she is thought to have died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. There is no surviving evidence to suggest that he planned to marry his niece, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>, although rumours about this plan did circulate.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheetham_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheetham-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time he was also negotiating a marriage for Elizabeth with a Portuguese prince, Manuel, Duke of Beja (later <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosworth">Battle of Bosworth</a> there was no single combat between Richard and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Richmond</a> (Henry Tudor).<sup id="cite_ref-jones_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard spotted Richmond in his rearguard surrounded by French pikemen and led a cavalry charge against him.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard was steered away from Richmond by Sir <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Thomas" title="Rhys ap Thomas">Rhys ap Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Stanleys (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas, Lord Stanley</a>, and his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(Battle_of_Bosworth)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley (Battle of Bosworth)">Sir William Stanley</a>) entered the fray in support of Richmond when they saw that Richard was vulnerable;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he saw this, Richard cried "Treason".<sup id="cite_ref-kendall1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kendall1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard fell from his horse after it lost its footing in a marshy area; he was offered a new horse but declined.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only contemporary reference to Richard having any deformities was the observation that his right shoulder was slightly higher than his left, which is now known to have been caused by his <a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a> of the spine. After the <a href="/wiki/Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England" title="Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England">discovery of Richard's remains in 2012</a> it became clear that he might have been slightly hunched, though the degree and direction of the curvature was not as serious as that of what is now known as spinal <a href="/wiki/Kyphosis" title="Kyphosis">kyphosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_of_Richard_III">Editions of <i>Richard III</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Editions of Richard III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bate" title="Jonathan Bate">Bate, Jonathan</a> and Rasmussen, Eric (eds.) <i>Richard III</i> (The RSC Shakespeare; London: Macmillan, 2008)</li> <li>Davison, Peter (ed.) <i>The First Quarto of King Richard III</i> (The New Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)</li> <li>de Somogyi, Nick (ed.) <i>Richard III: The Tragedy of Richard the Third</i> (The Shakespeare Folios; London: Nick Hern Books, 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Dover_Wilson" title="J. Dover Wilson">Dover Wilson, John</a> (ed.) <i>Richard III</i> (The New Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954; revised edition 1961)</li> <li>Eccles, Mark (ed.) <i>The Tragedy of King Richard III</i> (Signet Classic Shakespeare; New York: Signet, 1964; revised edition, 1988; 2nd revised edition 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Blakemore_Evans" title="G. Blakemore Evans">Evans, G. Blakemore</a> (ed.) <i>Richard III</i> (The Pelican Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1959; revised edition 1969)</li> <li>———. <i><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Shakespeare" title="Riverside Shakespeare">The Riverside Shakespeare</a></i> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974; 2nd edn., 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Greenblatt, Stephen</a>; Cohen, Walter; Howard, Jean E. and Maus, Katharine Eisaman (eds.) <i>The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Shakespeare</i> (London: Norton, 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._W._Greg" title="W. W. Greg">Greg, W.W.</a> (ed.) <i>Richard III, 1597</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959)</li> <li>Hammond, Anthony (ed.) <i>King Richard III</i> (The Arden Shakespeare, 2nd Series; London: Arden, 1981)</li> <li>Holland, Peter (ed.) <i>Richard III</i> (The Pelican Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2000)</li> <li>Honigmann, E.A.J. (ed.) <i>Richard III</i> (The New Penguin Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1968; revised edition, 1995)</li> <li>Jowett, John (ed.) <i>Richard III</i> (The Oxford Shakespeare; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)</li> <li>Lull, Janis (ed.) <i>King Richard III</i> (The New Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; 2nd edition 2009)</li> <li>Siemon, James R. (ed.) <i>King Richard III</i> (The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd Series; London: Arden, 2009)</li> <li>Taylor, Michael (ed.) <i>Richard III</i> (The New Penguin Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2005)</li> <li>Thompson, A. Hamilton (ed.) <i>The Tragedy of King Richard the Third</i> (The Arden Shakespeare, 1st Series; London: Arden, 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wells" title="Stanley Wells">Wells, Stanley</a>; Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John and Montgomery, William (eds.) <i>The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; 2nd edn., 2005)</li> <li>Werstine, Paul and Mowat, Barbara A. (eds.) <i>Richard III</i> (Folger Shakespeare Library; Washington: Simon & Schuster, 2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Surrey appears only in the <i>Folio</i> text; his lines in 5.3 are assigned to Catesby in the quartos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell appears only in the <i>Folio</i> text; in the quartos, his line in 3.4 is absent and his line in 3.5 is spoken by Catesby.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford is identified by name only in the <i>Folio</i> text. In the quartos, he is simply "First Lord".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert is identified by name only in the <i>Folio</i> text. In the quartos, he is simply "Second Lord".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although Blunt is identified by name in 5.4 of both the <i>Folio</i> text and the quartos, he is also referred to as "Third Lord" in 5.2 of the quartos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Identified only in the <i>Folio</i> text; in the quartos, he is simply "Cardinal", and is amalgamated with the Archbishop of York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Identified only in the <i>Folio</i> text; in the quartos, he is simply "Cardinal", and is amalgamated with the Archbishop of Canterbury.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appears only in the <i>Folio</i> text; in the quartos, his lines in 1.4 are spoken by Sir Robert Brackenbury.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pursuivant is identified as Hastings only in the quartos; in the <i>Folio</i> text he is referred to as "sirrah".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiltshire appears only in the <i>Folio</i> text; his lines in 5.1 are assigned to Ratcliffe in the quartos.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Baldwin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baldwin_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinBaldwin2000" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Pat; Baldwin, Tom, eds. (2000). <i>Cambridge School Shakespeare: King Richard III</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+School+Shakespeare%3A+King+Richard+III&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Richard-III-play-by-Shakespeare">"Richard III | play by Shakespeare | Britannica"</a>. 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+III+%26%23124%3B+play+by+Shakespeare+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRichard-III-play-by-Shakespeare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nivaagaard.dk/en/samling-en/nicolai-abildgaard-4/">"Nicolai Abildgaard, Richard III terrified by nightmarish visions. Shakespeare, Act 5, Scene 9"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nivaagaard" title="Nivaagaard">Nivaagaard Collection</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolai+Abildgaard%2C+Richard+III+terrified+by+nightmarish+visions.+Shakespeare%2C+Act+5%2C+Scene+9&rft.pub=Nivaagaard+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nivaagaard.dk%2Fen%2Fsamling-en%2Fnicolai-abildgaard-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.s4ulanguages.com/william.html">[1]</a> See title page of facsimile of the original 1st edition (1597)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BL-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BL_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond, Anthony. 1981 (ed.). <i>The Arden Shakespeare: King Richard III</i>, Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205234219/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9718849/Boar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html">"Boar mount belonging to Richard III detected"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 3 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9718849/Boar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html">the original</a> on 5 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Boar+mount+belonging+to+Richard+III+detected&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2F9718849%2FBoar-mount-belonging-to-Richard-III-detected.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2013" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, Annaliese (4 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JXgRAgAAQBAJ"><i>Richard III: A Critical Reader</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2774-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-2774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+A+Critical+Reader&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-2774-7&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Annaliese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJXgRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lull-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lull, Janis. 1999 (ed.). <i>The New Cambridge Shakespeare: Richard III</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ribner-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ribner_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ribner, Irving. 1999. "Richard III as an English History Play" <i>Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Richard III</i> Ed. Hugh Macrae Richmond. New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiernan, Victor. 1993. <i>Shakespeare: Poet and Citizen</i> London: Verso.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haeffner-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haeffner_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haeffner_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haeffner_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haeffner_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haeffner_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haeffner_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haeffner, Paul. 1966. <i>Shakespeare: Richard III</i> London: Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sila Senlen. "Chapter 3: Rhetoric in the Hands of the Machiavellian Villain: William Shakespeare's <i>Richard III</i>". In <i>Words as Swords: Verbal Violence as a Construction of Authority in Renaissance and Contemporary English Drama</i>. Stuttgart: ibidem verlag, 2009. pp. 60–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mooney-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mooney_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mooney_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mooney_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mooney_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mooney_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mooney_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mooney_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mooney_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mooney, Michael E. 1990. "Shakespeare's Dramatic Transactions". Duke University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenblatt2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Greenblatt, Stephen</a> (2005). <i>Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pimlico" title="Pimlico">Pimlico</a>. pp. 33–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712600989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0712600989"><bdi>978-0712600989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Will+in+the+World%3A+How+Shakespeare+Became+Shakespeare&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0712600989&rft.aulast=Greenblatt&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cochran2014-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cochran2014_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Cochran2014" class="citation book cs1">Peter Cochran (16 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iT5QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Small-Screen Shakespeare</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 37–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6969-0"><bdi>978-1-4438-6969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small-Screen+Shakespeare&rft.pages=37-39&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6969-0&rft.au=Peter+Cochran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiT5QBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jowett-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jowett_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare2008" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William (2008). Jowett, John (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardiii0000shak"><i>Richard III</i></a></span> (reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953588-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953588-0"><bdi>978-0-19-953588-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953588-0&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardiii0000shak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halliday-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halliday_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halliday, F.E. 1964. <i>A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964,</i> Baltimore, Penguin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av36632">"King Rikki  •  British Universities Film & Video Council"</a>. Bufvc.ac.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Rikki+%26bull%3B%26%2332%3B+British+Universities+Film+%26+Video+Council&rft.pub=Bufvc.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbufvc.ac.uk%2Fshakespeare%2Findex.php%2Ftitle%2Fav36632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2017/11/27/riccardo-va-allinferno-versione-femminista-e-in-foma-di-musical-del-testo-di-shakespeare-con-la-regia-di-roberta-torre/4004748/">"Riccardo va all'inferno, versione femminista e in forma di musical del testo di Shakespeare con la regia di Roberta Torre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Il_Fatto_Quotidiano" title="Il Fatto Quotidiano">Il Fatto Quotidiano</a>. 27 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riccardo+va+all%27inferno%2C+versione+femminista+e+in+forma+di+musical+del+testo+di+Shakespeare+con+la+regia+di+Roberta+Torre&rft.pub=Il+Fatto+Quotidiano&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfattoquotidiano.it%2F2017%2F11%2F27%2Friccardo-va-allinferno-versione-femminista-e-in-foma-di-musical-del-testo-di-shakespeare-con-la-regia-di-roberta-torre%2F4004748%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarraclough2014" class="citation news cs1">Barraclough, Leo (6 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/benedict-cumberbatch-to-play-richard-iii-in-neal-streets-film-for-bbc-1201153203/">"Benedict Cumberbatch to Play Richard III in Neal Street's Film for BBC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Benedict+Cumberbatch+to+Play+Richard+III+in+Neal+Street%27s+Film+for+BBC&rft.date=2014-04-06&rft.aulast=Barraclough&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2014%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fbenedict-cumberbatch-to-play-richard-iii-in-neal-streets-film-for-bbc-1201153203%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bardfilm.blogspot.com/2011/01/shakespeare-in-kings-speech.html">Shakespeare in <i>King's Speech</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millman, Noah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/millman/weekly-double-feature-feature-richard-iii-and-the-kings-speech/">"Weekly Double Feature: <i>Richard III</i> and <i>The King's Speech</i>"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i> 24 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakespeare, <i>Richard III</i>, Act 5, scene 4, line 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakespeare & Beyond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.folger.edu/blogs/shakespeare-and-beyond/richard-iii-my-kingdom-for-a-horse/"><i>Richard III: My kingdom for a horse</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Folger_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Folger Library">Folger Library</a>, 24 August 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/LynnTurner/Papers/106030/Translating_John_Malkovich">"Translating John Malkovich" by Lynn Turner originally published in <i>Translations – Performance Research</i> 2002 – Volume 7, No. 2, June</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatchuel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hatchuel, Sarah (2005). <i>Shakespeare on Screen</i>. Publication Univ Rouen Havre. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782877753890" title="Special:BookSources/9782877753890"><bdi>9782877753890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+on+Screen&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Publication+Univ+Rouen+Havre&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9782877753890&rft.aulast=Hatchuel&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span> Essay: "Winter and Horses: References to <i>Richard III</i> on film and television"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grantland.com/blog/hollywood-prospectus/post/_/id/37403/just-how-good-is-al-pacino-in-jack-and-jill">Just How Good Is Al Pacino In Jack and Jill</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrumculture.com/2011/02/wtf-freaked.html/">"WTF:Freaked"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112142308/http://spectrumculture.com/2011/02/wtf-freaked.html">Archived</a> 12 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Spectrum Culture</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrode2001" class="citation book cs1">Brode, Douglas (2001). <i>Shakespeare in the Movies</i>. Berkley Publishing Group. pp. 237–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-18176-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-18176-6"><bdi>0-425-18176-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+in+the+Movies&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=Berkley+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-425-18176-6&rft.aulast=Brode&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-07-04/viz-media-adds-jojo-bizarre-adventures-battle-tendency-requiem-of-the-rose-king-manga/.76272">"Viz Media Adds JoJo's Bizarre Adventures: Battle Tendency, Requiem of the Rose King Manga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Viz+Media+Adds+JoJo%27s+Bizarre+Adventures%3A+Battle+Tendency%2C+Requiem+of+the+Rose+King+Manga&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2014-07-04%2Fviz-media-adds-jojo-bizarre-adventures-battle-tendency-requiem-of-the-rose-king-manga%2F.76272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Carter, Stephen L, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2013-02-07/what-abraham-lincoln-liked-about-richard-iii#xj4y7vzkg">"What Abraham Lincoln Liked about <i>Richard III</i>"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/john-wilkes-booth-9219681">"John Wilkes Booth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FYI_(U.S._TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="FYI (U.S. TV network)">Biography</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=John+Wilkes+Booth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fjohn-wilkes-booth-9219681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2013" class="citation news cs1">Smart, Alastair (20 January 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9809671/Richard-III-Visions-of-a-villain.html">"Richard III: Visions of a villain?"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9809671/Richard-III-Visions-of-a-villain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Richard+III%3A+Visions+of+a+villain%3F&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fart%2Fart-features%2F9809671%2FRichard-III-Visions-of-a-villain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Dan (25 June 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/william-shakespeare/10106855/Shakespeare-did-he-get-his-history-right.html">"Shakespeare: did he get his history right?"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/william-shakespeare/10106855/Shakespeare-did-he-get-his-history-right.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Shakespeare%3A+did+he+get+his+history+right%3F&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftheatre%2Fwilliam-shakespeare%2F10106855%2FShakespeare-did-he-get-his-history-right.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RingWatson2013-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RingWatson2013_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger2013" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 114–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9"><bdi>978-1-136-63944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=114-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63944-9&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Noelle+Watson&rft.au=Paul+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfPYAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ross-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ross_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ross_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ross_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ross_(historian)" title="Charles Ross (historian)">Ross, Charles</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zbmkggaM_k8C&q=Charles+Ross+(1974),+Edward+IV."><i>Edward IV</i></a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520027817" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520027817"><bdi>978-0520027817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+IV&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0520027817&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzbmkggaM_k8C%26q%3DCharles%2BRoss%2B%281974%29%2C%2BEdward%2BIV.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Murray_Kendall" title="Paul Murray Kendall">Kendall, Paul Murray</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGQOAQAAIAAJ&q=richard+iii"><i>Warwick the Kingmaker</i></a>. London: Allen, & Unwin. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-351-17096-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-351-17096-6"><bdi>978-0-351-17096-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warwick+the+Kingmaker&rft.place=London&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Allen%2C+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-351-17096-6&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGQOAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Drichard%2Biii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolffe, Bertram (1981). Henry VI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartley, Cathy (2003). A Historical Dictionary of British Women.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Hicks1986" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Hicks (1986). <i>Richard III as Duke of Gloucester: a study in character</i>. University of York. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900701627" title="Special:BookSources/9780900701627"><bdi>9780900701627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III+as+Duke+of+Gloucester%3A+a+study+in+character&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+York&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780900701627&rft.au=Michael+A.+Hicks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2015" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Annette (2015). <i>Richard Duke of Gloucester as Lord Protector and High Constable of England</i>. UK: Imprimis Imprimatur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9576840-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9576840-4-1"><bdi>978-0-9576840-4-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Duke+of+Gloucester+as+Lord+Protector+and+High+Constable+of+England&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Imprimis+Imprimatur&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9576840-4-1&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kendall1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kendall1_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kendall1_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kendall" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Murray_Kendall" title="Paul Murray Kendall">Kendall, Paul Murray</a> (1956). <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(biography)" title="Richard III (biography)"><i>Richard the Third</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+the+Third&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandPhillipsOrmrodMartin2014" class="citation book cs1">Brand, Paul; Phillips, Seymour; Ormrod, Mark; Martin, Geoffrey; Curry, Anne; Horrox, Rosemary (24 November 2014). Given-Wilson, Chris (ed.). <i>Parliament Rolls of Medieval England – Richard III: January 1484</i>. Institute of Historical Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliament+Rolls+of+Medieval+England+%E2%80%93+Richard+III%3A+January+1484&rft.pub=Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Seymour&rft.au=Ormrod%2C+Mark&rft.au=Martin%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Curry%2C+Anne&rft.au=Horrox%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Commines1855" class="citation book cs1">de Commines, Philipe (1855). H. G. Bohn (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sstnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The memoirs of Philip de Commines, lord of Argenton, Volume 1</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+memoirs+of+Philip+de+Commines%2C+lord+of+Argenton%2C+Volume+1&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=de+Commines&rft.aufirst=Philipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsstnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheetham-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheetham_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheetham_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheethamFraser1972" class="citation book cs1">Cheetham, Anthony; <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (1972). <i>The Life and Times of Richard III</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 175–176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Richard+III&rft.place=London&rft.pages=175-176&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Cheetham&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1983" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Barrie (March 1983). "The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of the 'Holy Princess'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Ricardian</i>. <b>6</b> (90).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=The+Portuguese+Connection+and+the+Significance+of+the+%27Holy+Princess%27&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=90&rft.date=1983-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)" title="Michael Jones (historian)">Jones, Michael</a> (2003). <i>Bosworth 1485: Psychology of a Battle</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-909-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-909-8"><bdi>978-1-84854-909-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosworth+1485%3A+Psychology+of+a+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84854-909-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1993" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Ralph (1993). <i>Sir Rhys ap Thomas and his family: a study in the Wars of the Roses and early Tudor politics</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-3121-86" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-708-3121-86"><bdi>978-0-708-3121-86</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Rhys+ap+Thomas+and+his+family%3A+a+study+in+the+Wars+of+the+Roses+and+early+Tudor+politics&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-708-3121-86&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrimes1972" class="citation book cs1">Chrimes, Stanley Bertram (1972). <i>Henry VII</i>. London: Eyre Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Chrimes&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Bertram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">Gillingham, John</a> (1981). <i>The Wars of the Roses: peace and conflict in fifteenth-century England</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses%3A+peace+and+conflict+in+fifteenth-century+England&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangleyJones2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Langley" title="Philippa Langley">Langley, Philippa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)" title="Michael Jones (historian)">Jones, Michael</a> (2013). <i>The Search for Richard III, The King's Grave</i>. John Marray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8485-48-930" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8485-48-930"><bdi>978-1-8485-48-930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Richard+III%2C+The+King%27s+Grave&rft.pub=John+Marray&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-8485-48-930&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebyMitchellRobinsonBrough2014" class="citation journal cs1">Appleby, Jo; Mitchell, Piers D.; Robinson, Claire; Brough, Alison; Rutty, Guy; Harris, Russell A; Thompson, David; Morgan, Bruno (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60762-5">"The scoliosis of Richard III, last Plantagenet King of England: diagnosis and clinical significance"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>383</b> (9932): 1944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2814%2960762-5">10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60762-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24881996">24881996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44719129">44719129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+scoliosis+of+Richard+III%2C+last+Plantagenet+King+of+England%3A+diagnosis+and+clinical+significance&rft.volume=383&rft.issue=9932&rft.pages=1944&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44719129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24881996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2814%2960762-5&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Piers+D.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Claire&rft.au=Brough%2C+Alison&rft.au=Rutty%2C+Guy&rft.au=Harris%2C+Russell+A&rft.au=Thompson%2C+David&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2814%2960762-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2016" class="citation web cs1">King, Turi (2 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/how-close-was-shakespeares-portrayal-richard">"How close was Shakespeare's portrayal of Richard III?"</a>. <i>British Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Council&rft.atitle=How+close+was+Shakespeare%27s+portrayal+of+Richard+III%3F&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Turi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2Fvoices-magazine%2Fhow-close-was-shakespeares-portrayal-richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+III+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/william-shakespeare/richard-iii">Richard III</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/1503">The Tragedy of King Richard III</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/works/richard-iii"><i>Richard III</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705183229/http://www.bl.uk/works/richard-iii">Archived</a> 5 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the British Library</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Richard+III&author=Shakespeare&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Richard III</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/quotes/now-is-the-winter-of-our-discontent/">"Now is the winter of our discontent" Soliloquy translated into modern English</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Shakespeare" title="Template:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Shakespeare" title="Template talk:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Shakespeare" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">Plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Comedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well" title="All's Well That Ends Well">All's Well That Ends Well</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors" title="The Comedy of Errors">The Comedy of Errors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre" title="Pericles, Prince of Tyre">Pericles, Prince of Tyre</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Gentlemen_of_Verona" title="The Two Gentlemen of Verona">The Two Gentlemen of Verona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Noble_Kinsmen" title="The Two Noble Kinsmen">The Two Noble Kinsmen</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">Tragedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Athens" title="Timon of Athens">Timon of Athens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">Histories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/King_John_(play)" title="King John (play)">King John</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_(play)" title="Edward III (play)">Edward III</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></i></li> <li><i>Henry IV</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_2" title="Henry IV, Part 2">2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_(play)" title="Henry VI (play)">Henry VI</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">1</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">3</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a></i> ✻</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Early texts of Shakespeare's works">Early editions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespeare_plays_in_quarto" title="List of Shakespeare plays in quarto">Quarto publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Folio" title="Second Folio">Second Folio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_problem_play" title="Shakespearean problem play">Problem plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romances" title="Shakespeare's late romances">Late romances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriad" title="Henriad">Henriad</a></li> <li>Characters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(A%E2%80%93K)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (A–K)">A–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(L%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (L–Z)">L–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_character" title="Ghost character">Ghost character</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Chronology of Shakespeare's plays">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance" title="Shakespeare in performance">Performances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_settings" title="List of Shakespearean settings">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_scenes" title="List of Shakespearean scenes">Scenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chandos_portrait" title="Chandos portrait"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/75px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/113px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/150px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrarch%27s_and_Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Petrarch's and Shakespeare's sonnets">comparison to Petrarch</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lover%27s_Complaint" title="A Lover's Complaint">A Lover's Complaint</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle" title="The Phoenix and the Turtle">The Phoenix and the Turtle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Lucrece" title="The Rape of Lucrece">The Rape of Lucrece</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)" title="Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)">Venus and Adonis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_apocrypha" title="Shakespeare apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arden_of_Faversham" title="Arden of Faversham">Arden of Faversham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Merlin" title="The Birth of Merlin">The Birth of Merlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Cardenio" title="The History of Cardenio">Cardenio</a></i> ✻†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Falsehood" title="Double Falsehood">Double Falsehood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside_(play)" title="Edmund Ironside (play)">Edmund Ironside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Em" title="Fair Em">Fair Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locrine" title="Locrine">Locrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Prodigal" title="The London Prodigal">The London Prodigal</a></i></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Won" title="Love's Labour's Won">Love's Labour's Won</a></i> †</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Devil_of_Edmonton" title="The Merry Devil of Edmonton">The Merry Devil of Edmonton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucedorus" title="Mucedorus">Mucedorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan" title="The Puritan">The Puritan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Maiden%27s_Tragedy" title="The Second Maiden's Tragedy">The Second Maiden's Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sejanus_His_Fall" title="Sejanus His Fall">Sejanus His Fall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Oldcastle" title="Sir John Oldcastle">Sir John Oldcastle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More_(play)" title="Sir Thomas More (play)">Sir Thomas More</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lord_Cromwell" title="Thomas Lord Cromwell">Thomas Lord Cromwell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock_(play)" title="Thomas of Woodstock (play)">Thomas of Woodstock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Hamlet" title="Ur-Hamlet">Ur-Hamlet</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vortigern_and_Rowena" title="Vortigern and Rowena">Vortigern and Rowena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Yorkshire_Tragedy" title="A Yorkshire Tragedy">A Yorkshire Tragedy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim" title="The Passionate Pilgrim">The Passionate Pilgrim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Queen" title="To the Queen">To the Queen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Life of William Shakespeare">Life</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Birthplace" title="Shakespeare's Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Works_of_Shakespeare" title="Complete Works of Shakespeare">Complete Works</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of translations of works by William Shakespeare">Translations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_coat_of_arms" title="Shakespeare coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Collaborations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_editors" title="Shakespeare's editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_handwriting" title="Shakespeare's handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>/<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Men_(playing_company)" title="King's Men (playing company)">King's Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre" title="The Theatre">The Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_Theatre" title="Curtain Theatre">Curtain Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_plays_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Music in the plays of William Shakespeare">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Place" title="New Place">New Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Shakespeare" title="Portraits of Shakespeare">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Religious views of William Shakespeare">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Sexuality of William Shakespeare">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_of_Shakespeare%27s_name" title="Spelling of Shakespeare's name">Spelling of his name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_writing_style" title="Shakespeare's writing style">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_will" title="Shakespeare's will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon">Grave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_attribution_studies" title="Shakespeare attribution studies">Attribution studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardolatry" title="Bardolatry">Bardolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_festival" title="Shakespeare festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Influence of William Shakespeare">Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_William_Shakespeare" title="Memorials to William Shakespeare">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_William_Shakespeare_screen_adaptations" title="List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations">Screen adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Star_Trek" title="Shakespeare and Star Trek">Shakespeare and <i>Star Trek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_titled_after_Shakespeare" title="List of works titled after Shakespeare">Works titled after Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Royal Shakespeare Theatre">Royal Shakespeare Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust" title="Shakespeare Birthplace Trust">Shakespeare Birthplace Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> (replica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Institute" title="Shakespeare Institute">Shakespeare Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(wife_of_Shakespeare)" title="Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)">Anne Hathaway</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna Hall</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespeare" title="Hamnet Shakespeare">Hamnet Shakespeare</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Quiney" title="Judith Quiney">Judith Quiney</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnard" title="Elizabeth Barnard">Elizabeth Barnard</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shakespeare" title="John Shakespeare">John Shakespeare</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shakespeare" title="Mary Shakespeare">Mary Arden</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Shakespeare" title="Gilbert Shakespeare">Gilbert Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Shakespeare" title="Joan Shakespeare">Joan Shakespeare</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Shakespeare" title="Edmund Shakespeare">Edmund Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shakespeare" title="Richard Shakespeare">Richard Shakespeare</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)" title="John Hall (physician)">John Hall</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quiney" title="Thomas Quiney">Thomas Quiney</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>✻ <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Shakespeare and other authors</a></li> <li>† Lost</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Shakespeare" title="Category:William Shakespeare">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_first_historical_tetralogy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shakespeare_tetralogy" title="Template:Shakespeare tetralogy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shakespeare_tetralogy" title="Template talk:Shakespeare tetralogy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shakespeare_tetralogy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shakespeare tetralogy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_first_historical_tetralogy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s first historical tetralogy</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">Henry VI, Part 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">Henry VI, Part 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">Henry VI, Part 3</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1#Characters" title="Henry VI, Part 1">1 Henry VI</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter">Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury">Lord Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford">Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Bishop of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Earl of Suffolk</a></li> <li>Duke of Somerset (conflation of <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Beauchamp,_13th_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Viscount_Lisle" title="John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle">John Talbot</a></li> <li>Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer_(1376-1409)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Mortimer (1376-1409)">Sir Edmund Mortimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer,_5th_Earl_of_March" title="Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March">Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fastolf" title="John Fastolf">Sir John Fastolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles the Dauphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan la Pucelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">Reignier, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_II,_Duke_of_Alen%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean II, Duke of Alençon">Duke of Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Dunois" title="Jean de Dunois">Bastard of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_d%27Arc" title="Jacques d'Arc">Jacques d'Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Siege of Orléans">Siege of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patay" title="Battle of Patay">Battle of Patay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2#Characters" title="Henry VI, Part 2">2 Henry VI</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Queen Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Cardinal of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Duke of Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cade">Jack Cade</a></li> <li>Duke of Somerset (conflation of <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Duchess_of_Gloucester" title="Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester">Duchess of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_de_Clifford" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford">Lord Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_de_Clifford" class="mw-redirect" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford">Young Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margery_Jourdemayne" title="Margery Jourdemayne">Margery Jourdayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fiennes,_1st_Baron_Saye_and_Sele" title="James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele">Lord Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Scales,_7th_Baron_Scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Scales, 7th Baron Scales">Lord Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3#Characters" title="Henry VI, Part 3">3 Henry VI</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Queen Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_de_Clifford" class="mw-redirect" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford">Lord Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Lady Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Vere,_12th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford">Earl of Oxford</a></li> <li>Duke of Somerset (conflation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">Lord Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(Battle_of_Bosworth)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley (Battle of Bosworth)">Sir William Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville,_2nd_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland">Earl of Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers">Lord Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_of_Savoy" title="Bona of Savoy">Bona of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Prince Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Lord Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_V_de_Bueil" title="Jean V de Bueil">Lord Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Battle of Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Battle of Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Battle of Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">Second Battle of St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Battle of Tewkesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Characters"><i>Richard III</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Queen Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_York" title="Cecily Neville, Duchess of York">Duchess of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Queen Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Lady Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">Lord Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Sir William Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ratcliffe" title="Richard Ratcliffe">Sir Richard Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers">Lord Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_1st_Marquess_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset">Marquis of Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tyrrell" title="James Tyrrell">Sir James Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grey" title="Richard Grey">Lord Richard Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Prince Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Plantagenet,_17th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury">Countess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Archbishop of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Earl of Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(died_1483)" title="Thomas Vaughan (died 1483)">Sir Thomas Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Urswick" title="Christopher Urswick">Sir Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brackenbury" title="Robert Brackenbury">Robert Brackenbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Lord Lovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Ghost of Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Ghost of Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Shaa" title="Edmund Shaa">Lord Mayor of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Vere,_13th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford">Earl of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Blount_(English_soldier)" title="James Blount (English soldier)">Sir James Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brandon_(standard-bearer)" title="William Brandon (standard-bearer)">Sir William Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">Bishop of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Long_(died_1490)" title="Henry Long (died 1490)">Sheriff of Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On screen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tetralogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Age_of_Kings" title="An Age of Kings">An Age of Kings</a></i> (1960; TV)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Roses_(adaptation)" title="The Wars of the Roses (adaptation)">The Wars of the Roses</a></i> (1965; TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare#The_First_Part_of_Henry_the_Sixt" title="BBC Television Shakespeare">BBC Television Shakespeare</a> (1983; TV)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Hollow Crown (TV series)">The Hollow Crown</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VI, Part 1 (film)">Henry VI, Part 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VI, Part 2 (film)">Henry VI, Part 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(2016_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III (2016 film)">Richard III</a></i> (2016; TV)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Film">Richard III</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1912_film)" title="Richard III (1912 film)">The Life and Death of King Richard III</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1955_film)" title="Richard III (1955 film)">Richard III</a></i> (1955)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Foretelling" title="The Foretelling">The Foretelling</a>" (1983; TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare:_The_Animated_Tales#Richard_III" title="Shakespeare: The Animated Tales">"King Richard III"</a> (1994; TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1995_film)" title="Richard III (1995 film)"><i>Richard III</i></a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Richard" title="Looking for Richard">Looking for Richard</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(2007_film)" title="Richard III (2007 film)">Richard III</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_for_Magistrates" title="The Mirror for Magistrates">The Mirror for Magistrates</a></i> (1559)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Holinshed's Chronicles</a></i> (1577)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardus_Tertius" title="Richardus Tertius">Richardus Tertius</a></i> (1580)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Tragedy_of_Richard_III" title="The True Tragedy of Richard III">The True Tragedy of Richard III</a></i> (<i>c.</i>1590)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_kill_all_the_lawyers" title="Let's kill all the lawyers">Let's kill all the lawyers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Even_a_worm_will_turn" title="Even a worm will turn">Even a worm will turn</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(1699_play)" title="Richard III (1699 play)">The Tragical History of King Richard the Third</a></i> (1699)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_Garrick_as_Richard_III" title="David Garrick as Richard III">David Garrick as Richard III</a></i> (1745)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Helpmann_Award_for_Best_Play" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C4C3D0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HelpmannAward_Play" title="Template:HelpmannAward Play"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HelpmannAward_Play" title="Template talk:HelpmannAward Play"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HelpmannAward_Play" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HelpmannAward Play"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Helpmann_Award_for_Best_Play" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Helpmann_Award_for_Best_Play" title="Helpmann Award for Best Play">Helpmann Award for Best Play</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_After_George" title="Life After George">Life After George</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloudstreet#Film.2C_TV_or_theatrical_adaptations" title="Cloudstreet">Cloudstreet</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_(play)" title="Copenhagen (play)">Copenhagen</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(play)" title="Inheritance (play)">Inheritance</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sapphires_(play)" title="The Sapphires (play)">The Sapphires</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stuff_Happens" title="Stuff Happens">Stuff Happens</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i>The Lost Echo</i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?">Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Roses_(Shakespeare)" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Roses (Shakespeare)">War of the Roses</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard III</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i>Ganesh Versus the Third Reich</i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River_(play)" title="The Secret River (play)">The Secret River</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_America" title="Angels in America">Angels in America</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie" title="The Glass Menagerie">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bleeding_Tree" title="The Bleeding Tree">The Bleeding Tree</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Drover%27s_Wife_(play)" title="The Drover's Wife (play)">The Drover's Wife</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_(play)" title="The Children (play)">The Children</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Counting_and_Cracking" title="Counting and Cracking">Counting and Cracking</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652011#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/192632325">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4099359-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82015147">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945886n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945886n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007520683305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615868306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/430b9483-a2f9-41ba-93b8-38c837f3a678">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&oldid=1258514113">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_(play)&oldid=1258514113</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1590s_plays" title="Category:1590s plays">1590s plays</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Henriad" title="Category:Henriad">Henriad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Renaissance_plays" title="Category:English Renaissance plays">English Renaissance plays</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_English_monarchs" title="Category:Cultural depictions of English monarchs">Cultural depictions of English monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plays_set_in_the_15th_century" title="Category:Plays set in the 15th century">Plays set in the 15th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plays_set_in_England" title="Category:Plays set in England">Plays set in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plays_set_in_London" title="Category:Plays set in London">Plays set in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_III_of_England" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Richard III of England">Cultural 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